Synthesis of Biopolymer based Hydrogel

and its application in waste water treatment

A REPORT FOR DESIGN ENGINEERING

Submitted by
Name Enrollment No.
Thakor Mit 200280105025
Bhatt Rohan 200280105026
Parate Khushil 200280105027

for the award of the degree of

BECHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Chemical Engineering Department

L.D. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the students namely Thakor Mit

(200280105025), Bhatt Rohan (200280105026) and
Parate Khushil (200280105027) of B.E. (Chemical
Engineering) Semester 3 have successfully completed the
course work and related tasks for the course of Design
Engineering 1A (3140005) during the academic term
ending in the month of December 2021.

Date:
Place: LDCE, Ahmedabad

Prof. Sandip H. Bhatt Dr. Paresh Rana

(Faculty Guide) (Head of the Department)
 Acknowledgement

We take this opportunity to thank all those who have contributed their
supporting preparing this project. Firstly, we would like to express our deep
sense of gratitude towards GTU (Gujarat Technological University) for
initiating this innovative & productive project.

We are also very thankful to Principal Dr. Rajul Gajjar, L.D. Collage of
Engineering for giving us this opportunity and initiative to undertake this
project. We would also thank our HOD Dr. Paresh Rana & our project guide
Assoc3iate Prof. Sandip H. Bhatt, Chemical Engineering ,L.D. College of
Engineering, who has always provided continuous guidance & support and
always been a stepping stone in completing project.

We are also grateful to our faculties, parents, colleagues and friends whose
continuous support has always boost our morale towards working on this
project.
Design Engineering is a general term that covers multiple engineering
disciplines including Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering,
Chemical Engineering, Aeronautical Engineering, Civil Engineering,
Computer Engineering, Information Technology and
Structural/Building/Architectural Engineering.

The uniting concept is a focus on applying the engineering design process,

in which engineers develop new product or processes with a primary
emphasis on functional utility.

While industrial designers may be responsible for the conceptual

aestheticand ergonomic aspects of a design, the design engineer usually
works with a team of engineers and other designers to develop conceptual
and detailed designs.
He may work with industrial designers and marketers to develop the
product concept and specifications, and may direct the design effort.
 CONTENTS

 WHAT IS HYDROGEL? 6
 ITS SYNTHESIS AND USE 7
 CANVAS 1:- AEIOU SUMMARY 8
 CANVAS 2:- EMPATHY MAPPING 12
 CANVAS 3:- IDEATION CANVAS 15
 CANVAS 4:- PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CANVAS 19
 CANVAS 5:- MIND MAPPING CANVAS 24
 Abstract

The growth of industry fulfills our necessity and promotes

economic development. However, pollutants from such industries
pollute water bodies which pose a high risk for living organisms.

Thus, researchers have been urged to develop an efficient

method to remove toxic heavy metal ions from water bodies. The
adsorption method shows promising results for the removal of
heavy metal ions and is easy to operate on a large scale, thus
can be applied to practical applications.
Numerous adsorbents were developed and reported, among
them Hydrogel, which attract great attention because of the
reusability, ease of preparation, and handling.

Hydrogel are generally prepared by the cross-linking of polymers

that result in a three-dimensional structure, showing high porosity
and high functionality.
They are hydrophilic in nature because of the functional groups,
and are non-toxic. Thus, this review provides various methods of
hydrogel adsorbents preparation and summarizes recent progress
in the use of hydrogel adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal
ions.

Further, the mechanism involved in the removal of heavy metal

ions is briefly discussed. The most recent studies about the
adsorption method for the treatment of heavy metal ions
contaminated water are presented.
 WHAT IS HYDROGEL?

A Hydrogel is a cross linked hydrophilic polymer that does not

dissolve in water. They are highly absorbent yet maintain well
defined structures. These properties underpin several
applications, especially in the biomedical area. Many hydrogels
are synthetic, but some are derived from nature.

This polymer has hydrophilic nature with ability of degradation via

human enzymes which result in biocompatibility and bio
degradability, the two biological properties commonly needed for
biological devices. Chitosan-based hydrogels are potentially
engineering scaffolds to obtain tissue repair achievements.

Hydrogels are widely present in everyday products though their

potential has not been fully explored yet. These materials already
have a well-established role in contact lenses, hygiene products
and wound dressing markets but commercial hydrogel products in
tissue engineering and drug delivery are still limited. Many
hydrogel-based drug delivery devices and scaffold shave been
designed, studied and in some cases even patented, however not
many have reached the market. More progress is expected in
these two areas. Limited commercial products with hydrogels in
drug delivery and tissue engineering are related to some extent to
their high production costs.
 ITS SYNTHESIS AND USE
For the synthesis of CMSS/CA Hydrogel, initially, 60% (w/v) of
CMSS (degree of substitution of 0.82) were dissolved in distilled
water by stirring at room temperature until a clear and viscous
solution was obtained. Thereafter, 10% (w/w) of solid citric acid was
added into the solution and stirred.
The mixture was left for 1 h so that it can settle down, and then
heated gently at 60 ◦C, while stirring for another 2 h. Afterwards, the
mixture was poured into the Petri dish and left for 48 h at 50 ◦C for
cross linking reaction to continue. The uncross linked CMSS and
excess citric acid were then removed by washing with distilled
water. Finally, the pure CMSS/CA Hydrogel was dried in the oven at
60 ◦C.
The present study reveals that the CMSS/CA hydrogel successfully
synthesized by chemically crosslinking with citric acid and can be
employed as bio-sorbent to remove Pb2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+
from aqueous solution under several parameters. By characterizing
the CMSS/CA hydrogel, the ester crosslinkages in hydrogel
composition can be proved by the ester band in the FTIR spectrum.
The results of the kinetic study showed that the sorption of all heavy
metal ions on CMSS/CA hydrogel obeyed the pseudo-second order
kinetic and the rate was controlled by a chemical reaction, which
includes the sharing or exchanging of the valence electron between
the –COO− group of CMSS/CA hydrogel and metal ions. According
to the isotherm study, the sorption behavior of heavy metal ions on
CMSS/CA hydrogel was well described by the Langmuir model.
While, the sorption process of Pb2+, Cu2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ on
hydrogel was a spontaneous and exothermic reaction.
CANVAS 1:- AEIOU SUMMARY
AEIOU Design thinking worksheets developed by Mark
Baskinger and Bruce Hanington is an interrelated framework
that guides designer in thinking through a problem or scenario
from a variety of perspectives: activities, environment,
interactions, objects and user’s.

"One of our principal analytic framework for looking at and

understanding a situation is the AEIOU framework. What is
important is not only understanding and describing each
element of the framework, but also understanding the the
interactions between elements.

A-Activities:-
Activities are goal-directed sets of actions. What are the
pathways that people take toward the things they want to
accomplish.Including specific actions and processes? How long
do they spend doing something? Who are they doing it with?
Example:-
 Preparation of desired hydrogel.
 Analysis,purification and physical modification of hydrogel.
 Testing of heavy metal sample using hydrogel.
 Study of adsorption model for waste water removal.
E- Environment:-
Environment Including the entire arena where activities
take place. For example, what describes the atmosphere
and function of the context, including individual and
shared spaces?

Example:-
 Sustainable Development
 Non Toxic
 Lesser Pollution

I-Interaction:-
Interaction are between a person and someone or something
else. And are the building blocks of activities. What is the
nature of routine and special between people. Between
people and objects in their environment.
Example:-
 Physical Interactions
 Chemical Interactions
O- Objects:-
Objects are building blocks of environment. Key elements
sometimes put on complex or unintended uses. What are the
objects and devices people have their environment and how do
they relate to their activities?

Example:-
 Optical Microscope
 Spectrophotometer
 Evaporator
 Magnetic Stirrer
 pH Meter

U- Users:-
Users are the people whose behaviors, preferences, and need
are being observed. Who is there? 20 What are their roles and
relationships? What are their values and prejudices?
Example:-
 Laboratory Usage
 General Medical Applications
 Research Site
 Hygiene Products
 Industrial Use
CANVAS 2:- EMPATHY MAPPING
User:-
In this stage, we can find users which are directly or indirectly
connected with our project.
 Laboratory Usage
 General Medical Applications
 Research Site
 Hygiene Products
 Industrial Use

Stakeholders:-
 Stakeholders mean a person or an organization with an
interest.
 In this stage, we can find the user who will directly or
indirectly related to this project.
 Stakeholder who are related with user for this project are
as under.

 Normal Person
 Democratic
 Engineers
 Technocratic
 Neoliberal-rational
 Workers
Story Boarding:-
There are some happy and sad stories are given under
Happy story:-
An eco-friendly hydrogel made from plant cellulose has been
developed by scientists of Tripura University with support from
the Ministry of Environment. The hydrogel that has the ability
to absorb, hold and release water when required by the crops,
hopes to help farmers mitigate the problem of water scarcity in
agriculture.

Happy story:-
Scientists from Indian Association for Cultivation of Sciences
(IACS), Kolkata, have developed a new gel that can remove
toxic organic dyes and metal ions from waste water.

Sad story:-
Patient-Reported Wearing Experience From Hydrogel Daily
Disposable Wearers Older Than 40 Years From the TEMPO
Registry

Sad story:-
A farmer used PAM hydrogels to increase soil water holding
capacity and reduce irrigation frequency. But It resulted toxic
for human health. It was suspected to be neutotoxin and
carcinogenic to human body.
CANVAS 3:- IDEATION CANVAS
In the Ideation canvas, you have to carry out which type of
activities is related to your project?
What is situation and location regarding to activities?
Than after you find the possible solutions, it depends or not
depends to your activities.

People:-
Pin down distinct people you can think of or you are interested
to solve problems for. You can segment them as much as
possible on basis of any parameters. Create multiple segments
to enable extended boundaries to your idea. This section
answers to “WHO” centered questions coming across any
problem.
Who may be the various set of people benefited by your idea?
Who may be the various stakeholders to your concept?
Who might use your product?
Who might invest in your product?

Example:-
 Engineers
 Students
 Lab Assistant
 Professor
Activities:-
The activity block answers to the "WHAT centred questions
raised before the People section.
What are the multiple activities being done by the people?
What are the hobbies of the above segmented people?
What works do the aforementioned people do?

Example:-
 CMSS were dissolved in distilled water.
 Solid citric acid was added.
 Heated at 60 ◦C for hours.
 Left for 24 hours for crosslinking reaction.
 Removal of uncross linked CMSS by distilled water.

Situation/Context/Location:-
Example:- Example:-
 Analysis of raw material  Laboratory
 Analysis of product  Research Site
 Remove selected heavy metal  Industry
from hydrogel
 Recovery of hydrogel
Properties:-
What is the meaning of properties in science?
In science, properties are the qualities and characteristics of a
substance that describe and identify it.

Example:-
 The reaction times are varied to determine the optimum
degree of substitution ( DS ) and reaction efficiency ( RE ).
 They have biocompatible and biodegradeable properties
with low immunogenicity.

Problems:-
Any question or matter involving doubt, uncertainty, or
difficulty. a question proposed for solution or discussion.
Mathematics. a statement requiring a solution, usually by
means of a mathematical operation or geometric construction.
Example:-
 Selective removal of heavy metal from real industrial
waste water.
 Recovery of hydrogel.
CANVAS 4:- PRODUCT DEVLOPMENT
CANVAS
From possible solutions, you have idea about what is product?
In this canvas. We show you which people are use this product,
their activities, where they do their activities and possible
solutions of their problems.

Purpose:-
a. In this stage we give the purpose for developing this product.
b. Purpose for developing this product is given as under.
 Control Water Function
 Purify industrial waste water

People:-
a. In this stage people come who use this product.
b. People are given as under

 Students
 Engineers
 Professor
Product Experience:-
a. In this stage we show the experience of people who use this
product.
b. Their experiences are given below

 Clean Water
 No harmful germs
 Safe to use

Product Function:-
a. In this stage we give you information about product function.
b. For example.

 Absorbs heavy metal from industrial waste water.

 Puify industrial waste water
Product Features:-
a. In this stage we give you information about product function.
b. For example,

 Safe for use

 Non Toxic
 New Tech
 Less Space requirement

Component:-
a. In this stage we give the info about product components
which are used in this product.
b. Components which are,

 pH meter
 Spectrophotometer
 Evaporator
 Weighing Scale
 Vacuum Pump
 Centrifuge
Customer Revalidation:-
First of before Making Product You have to complete Customer
Validation means which things is basically required to the
customer related to your product

 Easy to Use
 Bio- Degradeable
 Non-Toxic
 Bio-composite

Reject Redesign Retain:-

 Costly
 Recovery
 Regeneration
CANVAS 5:- MIND MAPPING CANVAS
Mind maps are diagrams used to visually organise information
hierarchically. Mind maps are created around a single concept or
image at the centre of a blank page or canvas. Major ideas
directly branch from this central point with further ideas and detail
branching off from those levels. Mind maps are purposefully
colourful and work well when combined with imagery to represent
ideas, concepts or information. The non-linear but hierarchical
approach of mind maps makes them an excellent way to organise
your ideas, plan an essay, make notes for a lecture or revise
content.