Magnetic flux density): a 2 =f wb/m? nit area, B=" Magnetic lux density is the amount of fax ajstributed in 2 unit a ‘Magnetic field imtensity(H: B> pH or 11 = 5 where p= Ho in = permeability of free space = 4x * 10 7 Him My - relative permeability, Biot Savart’s law The magnetic flix density in a magnetic field is directly proportional to the eurrent in the element and the differential length Idé Sin apa tS - Ampere’s Circuital Lay dB = dH or dB ul de sind Cre aE [ay = ein —4art ‘Ampere’s circuital law, the magnetic field intensity ig depending on the current As per through the conductor element. fH.de=l ‘Magnetic force: 1) F = BOV Sin0 - interms of charge Q (Lorentz force) 2) F—BII. Sin® - Interms of current I. Magnetic flux density and intensity: ]. Band H of an infinitely chars Let us consider an infinitely long conductor through which current to passing Let al be the small differential length on the conductor. Let p be the reference pt at a distance ‘d” from the conductor. Let AABC, be the right angle triangle, due to dl and the distance % between A and P ber. conductor:From the figure ABC, Sin@ = “ => AC = dl SinB..ob th is exactly equal to the The line integral of magnetic field intensity “H” about any closed pa! direct current enclosed by that path. f Hala! Also, the arc AC = 7d@ esses (1) =(2), dé Sind =rd0 . The magnetic flux density, [Hr polde Sin @ — an? olf — | di 8 yen € Sint From (2), B = £4 frd0..... To find are Sind Hol d at | 4 ao 5 2 sna _ Hol cos 0g = to (2 = Gna $ Cos #8 = Fg) Hol 2 Besa wb /m’ Hol B H= 7) Ind Xo 2dhe conde) 2. Magnetic ux density and intensity 167 © is the curren i ctement P is the reference Pp ductor with respect to P nt passing through the current int from the conductor, Consider a finite conducto clement and hence a magnetic field is ¢ 8 anc! 8: are te imerior angles mde DY the com Pe e f ab AB Sin@ or AC = AN Sin A a From the figure ABC, Sin @ = 5, => AC = Also are AC= dO... diSin@=rd0 .. The magnetic flux density dB = 24852* wo Tda 5, Hol pag = Mit a> fda=B . Tofind sine =4 : Or r=, oe) wolf 46 a) + 16 _ Holl [ Sino do 4 d 4, Hol i Hol = Fag l- Cos Ol, * = a [- Cos (w ~ 62) + Cos 8] Hol 2 Faq L605 M1 + Cos 82] hwb/m And I H =F [ Cos 8; + Cos &)]]4/m. Special caseIf the pt P lies on the conductor, ®: = 2 znd OE 1 a=pgam And 2. Band Hata pt from aciscular loon : . ent at a distance“ Consider a circular loop carrying a current I, with, radius ‘a’ Let P be @ point ate di from the centre of the loop. From, the figure, Sin @ a- Radius d— Distant bet ‘P” and centre of the coil and Ta Wat + ay iH \Ajm If the reference pt lies on the central axis on the conductor itself, then d=0,And 4B and H on the axis of solenoids ot . . rrying a current of Consider an elemental length a of the solenoid at 2 distance °F from P, carryin Mae ¢ ae f i AG mu e Ow jo ed st _ dé due to circular current Te The flux density, dB = From element figure, Sin 6 == andr = Sal __ Hga? Sin?@_X Nidé ae 2a xe _ HoNI dt Sind 20k From the figure of the finite conductor desing =rd0 _ MoI de Sin? “Zxrsind xt _ My NISin 6 dO ~ 2e Special ie: 1) If the pt P lies at one end of the solenoid, the 92 = 90°. Ho NI Law B= oP Cos é Zs Os a ¢ ~ \& Cos 0 = as Le d HoNI £ ra 2e _ HoNT 2 2H ele' 1 | Hees Neee 2 Mee puP hes exe athe wide of enosd then. 6; = *- O Or B= 8 Ni B= 2 (cos 0, ~ cose aN aA x 2c05 1 t NI oat. = And v8) 2) +# v7 a asm ACES B and H at the centre of toroid: According 1 ampere’s circuital lw, fuae=t fae=Nt er #f a@=NI lo And Curt A: Cut A= Vx A ij k , ja a a ved ele a 8 >{(942_24,) (0A, _ OA aAy = i( eee) _ (eae Ary (Se = =) Moe a (3 over The curl of a vector is defined as the limit of its surface integral of its cross product er its normal in a closed surface per unit volume as the volume shrinks to zero. Point form of Ampere’s circuital law: zZ x As per ampere’s circuital law. GWE =D oe d $H.de = J.Ax.Ay éude arty ‘The current density J, on the two condinates A x and Ay is represented as, OH, OH, Je a By Sub Js in (2) $id OH, OH, Ax.Ay ox dy fide _ ally Oey im SoS = Se Se drby-0 dxdy ax ay Similarly, Consolidating (3), (4), (5), gH, im. A540 AS = CurlH = V XH....... For cartesianMag + (2.2 28) ap.....For cylindrical OHe\__ 1/1 _ OMe _ He 1/8,He _ 94, Jarre my or al §B.ds=0 $H.dé=1 = fJ.ds ‘Scalar Magnetic Potentials: Whenever a steady current ofa de current passes through the medium, then the field which is created, 1s a steady magnetic field, The potential that 1s developed in the steady magnetic field 1s a steady magnetic potential 1. As per ampere’s circuital law, fHdte=l If there is no current, = 0, then J = 0. { H.dé=0 The magnetic field H = -VVa, Vn scalar magnetic field Vq_ =~ fHede The magnetic field can also be expressed through Laplace equation. v.B=0 V.(up H) = 0 bo V.H = 0 Ho V(-VVm) = 0 Ho V? Vin = 0ector Masnctic Potentials, i a) since te The curren tn motion in a magnetic fiekd represents 3 a. Severpence of « vector in a wala then the vector potential #64 WY seere A othe vector ey a A ‘ Taking cart on both sides, Ve Reve (Veay 2 According to identity theorem, V « (V«A) = 0 (WA) WA Companng (2) and), V+ B= V (VA) PA Bu V+ Boland v= Bow 4 VIVA) W Any. eereneasssee S Fora steady de, VA =O oo. sesceseevened Put (0) mn (5), - VP A= yt Or, 8 A=W In Cartesian ordinate, WA, P+ VA, V+ VA, Z = —pll,F +), 9+ Jez] VAL = Wri VPA, = Hy: VA, = He ‘These three equations are in the form of poisson's equations. The magnetic vector potential can be written as, A -£f[ (Elev: 4 =e] (Zam as=aa| Ge a= fll Ga This can be written as, ic The magnetic effect in a field is felt even due to some magnetic materials. They diamaynetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, anuferromagnetic, ferromagnetic and super magnebe Diamagnetic matenalsof an atom is zero, these eld will not produce tallic bismuth is the The materi: ie. terials materials ave calcd i artieh Be permanent magnetie moment, mo any tone on get 8s diamagnetic materials. An external magnets fi most diamagnetic tom. Egs. are Hydrogen, Helium, inert gases Met ‘materials then al! the above examples. 2 2.—Paramagne fic mat When external fi these me 884 Ape field is applied, there is a small torque on & then the pace ends to align with the external field, If the magnetic f sake Hag Pas magnetism exists, Eys: Potassium, Oxygen, Tungsten, neodymium oxide, carbium chloride. hh atomic moment and Jd density B increases, rare earth elements and 3 . 3_Ferromagnetic material: uncom iio ts a relatively large ipde moment caused primarily BY uncompensayed electron pair moments, These materials causes hysteresis. The interaromic ees will Wn a parallel fashion acteristics above & amicutet A ro0m lemperature, ion, nickel, cobalt etc., loose their cha particular temperature called curie temperature. At lower temperature the rare earth metals like cadolinium are ferromagnetic. 4. Anti ferromagnetic materials: The forces between the adjacent atoms causes atomic moments in antiparallel fashion. These properties are existing at low temperature. Eg, cobalt chloyide, ferrous sulphate. 5. Ferrimagnetic materials: These materials. show antiparallel alligment of adjacent atomic moments, but the Conductivity is very low. Eg. kron oxide magnetite moments are not equal. Here the (Fe30;) , Nickel-Zine-Ferrite (N,b%_ 2 Peas) Nickel ferrite (IV,Fe20;). Here the ferromagnetism disappears above the curie temperature. Super paramagnetic materials: gnetic materials in a non= These matcrials are composed of an assemblage of ferroma: ferromagnetic matrix. Eg, Magnetic tapes used in audio tape recorder. recorder and video tape Magnetization: Magnetization is defined represented by M. as the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume. Tt is ‘The magnetic field density B = » (M+H) where M — magnetization M=YoH , he — susceptibility B= mH +H) B=pH Yrtl)etic material, The the magnetic Mux The magnetic field is created by supplying a cottage source to a magn the ammeter. The Guiien! creates the magnetic flux in the field and when the current *9% ies lensity and intensity also varies. The current variations can be recorded in loop is called as the hysteresis loop. Boundary condition: c field, 1. Let the field be separated by two different mali Madium | Hes} “ ee Hey ! Pedi 2 As per Ampere’s circuital low, ; If there is no current in the coil Where Hisand Hea are tangential magnetic field intensities and Ay is the differential length of the material taken. > Consider a small cylinder lying in between two different media, with permeability's Hy and p2- AL od ) Pudisawr | tees YY adie 2 Bue Ino By; and By» are the normal magnetic field densities of the cylinder. As per gauss law,By) AS ~ By2 AS =O Consider a horizontal surface, lying in a magnetic field. By and By are the magnetic flux densities of medium 1 and 2. By, and By; are normal Mux densities of medium | and 2 Which are perpendicular to the surface. By and By are the tangential magnetic lux den of the surface. hed 9. Bur Hy and Hig are the tangential magnetic flux intensities of the surface taken. @; anc 62 are the angles made by B, and By, and Bz with By2 From the figure, cos6, = 2! and ByoBy C088, sees cosé, = a and By2-B2C0s®) .... According to the boundary condition, By; = Bwa By cos0, — B,cos6, The tangential magnetic field insensities, From tea ¢ te bqr ‘According to the boundary condition, Hu 3) ©) a From. ‘and .sind; Ficost, ~ * 8200502 6050 randy _ carla Hi a jn magnetic field with two ce lying This is the boundary condition of the given over surface 1) different media Problems o cm in ah 2m, separated by 8 1.Determine the force between two parallel conductors of length 2m : Pi . ir carrying a current of 20A in the same direction. - | Solution } . . 2, + Data oo _Holhet 4m x 107? x 20 20%2 _ gay “Gnd ~~ 2x 80x 10 2, Two wires carrying current in the same direction of SOGA and 800A are placed with their axis 10cm apart, Calculate the force between them. Solution Data: 11 = 500A, Iz = 800A, r= 10cm ~ 10 x 107m. Ik _ 4x 1077 x 500 x 800 Hohe. Ee = 04N ‘4nr 4m x 10x 10-7 3. What is the maximum torque on a square loop of $50 tums in a field density of 2ab/m’, The loop has 10 cm sides and carries 3A of current. What is the magnetic moment of the loop? Solution T=nBIA «2x3 (10x 107) =33Nm ‘The magnetic moment m=IxA 3 «(10 x 107? 0.03 Am*Rate of magnetic flax linkage to the current. 1 Self mductance Mutual inductance 1 SelLmawctanss oo ctrowit nthe property in which the current vende to proaece 8 Self inductance emf an the inductive coil : ves Sos a. vet, where L-self inductance et = VY or venS. N- no. of turns in the coil. - “one Equating LS = NZ If permeability is constant, i= SH. 2. Mutual Inductance: 2 Tat two coils be placed in parallel v and va are (6 voltages, Hy 2 eer! Vane ) fe a ne Ne nN: esate oF i di : : vet or eM ae , ae From Faraday’s law, v, = Ni SZ & wan 2 wz di; diy mee or 2 = MZ - From Faraday’s law, a = B— v2, = Nea mam 22 4 cient of coupl When L, and L; are two inductances of the circuit, then M = KYL , or the coefficient of coupling, K = vi Dot Rule:1, Coupled coils in series: ee EO OTL LOT an . -2M Aiding, L= 1) +1, 22M. Onna 2.Coupled coils in parallel: _ “he Aiding Ly by —-M? . Leg +l, —2M Opposi = bile Posing, Leg Ly +1242M Inductances of different surfaces: 1. Inductance of Solenoid: rep Consider a solenoid of number of tums carrying the current I. If B is the flux density and A is the area of cross-section of the solenoid, then, inductance L iba But rine Né=NBA| fea" =i o] The flux density of a solenoid is, B = ne M How 2. Inductance of a toroid: Let coil carrying current I with a radius R, be created placed in a field now a magnetic field NO NBA 1 I —~p RY — Wy } Y 1 sh 4 rcoe Sins siancs.of se-asial-cabls; . Fie tones ~ Isles eed such that their axes are the same san os eT a a Moments ¢ ‘af inner cable. Now 8 magnene field Jins of evlinder has #1 serra amas to the oe C peatevcloped ethe thickness of the similar IME is dr, then B= eo Ir he total Mux Linkage per wait ength is given bY: o= J B.dr < © gl J phar =f thar =f = ar an Ja 7 The inductance per unit Fength i ial witl sylinder, be & solid § flowing inwards ithin the solid Let two cylinders be placed with their ats the same. Let the inner ¢ inductor with radius ‘a’ and outer eylinder with radius “b’ Let [be current and outwards the outer eylinder and ‘nner cylinder. The flux density w conductor is, oltel'T 2na? where I- posts IE B= gal The total uy hinkage per unit length is given PY» ¢ = fear . pop tr _ Hobie! | = jeg ar = eel, anat \ inductance of co-axial cable per unit length between a and B 3S; Inductance of two transmission lines: Let A and B, be nwo transmission lines, with inner solid conductor. and b, currents | lowing outward and inward in the conductor, Let a the distance, between A and B conductors. A and B, are carrying be the radius of A and B respectively. Let “d” Let conductor A be considered first, A The internal flux linkage of conductor A is, Kor! 5 = 8r a x \ a The external flux linkage of conductor A, due to B is, \ N 8 ¢ v‘The total Mux tink: inkage of conductor A is om +o The inductance of conductor A ctor A is, Similarly, the inductance of conductor Bis, Bee en$|ut a on The total inductance of the 2 transmission lines is given bys L=La+Ly Potential Energy: plied in time at is given BY When the current through the inductor increases, the energy SUP! aw = Vide in the magnetic field is given by, 1 Energy stored i we [ yjde 0 ai 1 ny i ; = de = cae =15) | a 2), 0 i “lia zor ptt J poN2A But inductance L=But magnetic field density intensity, H Energy / Volume Magnetic energy in terms of vector potential loop of N magnetically coupled loops. Let Vi and iy be the voltage sousidér-a typical Consider # typical y coupe and current in the loop. Work done to th dW; = Vix. dt _ te he = t,, dW = ip. dt Problems: 1 Two coils A and B with 800 and 1200 turns are having a common magnetic circuit. A. current of 0.5A in coil A produces a flux of 3mWb and 50% of flux links with coil B. Calculate L), Ly and M. (k= 0.8.) Solution Data. 800; N> 1200 OSA 1 = 3 10-4 Wb; $21 = 50% of o, = 053x103 1, = Midi _ 800 x3 x 10-3 1 oe h 05 aS Nob; _ 1200 x 5 x 3 x 19-3 ee HN XS K 10% h 05 M=KJULy = 48H= ze we Plat Be Sb) x1, (8) x G8) uniformly over 2 Tenet dium is ain Evaluate the induc of tance of 0.5m on a cyl fa a solenoid of 2300 turns wound indrical Solution Paper tube, 4 cm in diameter. The mes Ne 2 2500; # = 0.5m,r = mA ent 3. Tw aoe ‘ound on a common magnetic cut of 50cm? in section and mean sent ine 0) ance if air of! cieiea pak iGO Boag te auher 70. Ceuta the metual insuctanse Solution A= 50x 10-'m?;£= 1 2 = ym; Ny = 80; Nz = 700- b,= 1500 100 x 10 im; My 2 N,NzHobrA _ 80 x 700 x 47 x 40-7 x 1500 x 50. 107" f 1 Ho #= 0.52810 ree in Kg necessary to separate two surfaces with 100em* of contact are, 4, Determine the fo: surface is 1 Tesla. when the flux density normal to the Solution BRA The force request to pull the surfaces, F = 3,5 (ay? x 100 x 10 geese 2x 4m x 107 eoeKN ‘ Force in Newtons _ 398x10° _ Force in Kg= i = BE = 406.12 5, Find the energy stored in the solenoid, having 50cm long and Sem in diameter and is Ground with 2000 tums of W ire, carrying a cusreat of 10.am 2 Aewt x(3 x 107) (£2 50% 10" 7 yom sexo goan bee 2107 a C.oltT inductance, b= > = 49102 2 Energy stored, W = sur = 3% 0.0197 x (10) wo = 0.985) The ally coupled. posing the Hux ne the equivalent o mut f 4H and oH ing between th yair of terminals. pe coils inductance 0} Deter Ifthe coup! a common P: 6. Two inductance coils having sells coefficient of mutual coupling i$ 3H Gach other and they are both across inductance. Solution Data: = On; M=3H 1, = 485 Lylg=M? _ (4x6) -9 = pee 0.9375H bea = Ty + 2M 4+6+6 as two conductors aligned radially wit ductor. Lf the insulator is in free spac ‘p the length to known to be 100m. of core conductor and (h radius turn elf inductance of 7. A co-axial cable hi 7mm of the enter con .e, determine the $4 the coaxial cable, whe Solution Data: £2100 a=1x 10m b= 7x 10-%m w= en(2) n/m _ 4x10 7 (7x10° tm Ix qv = 38.92 x 10°°H, 8. Calculate the inductance of two transmission line, whose radii of i f S ii of one conductor is 3m and that of the other is Sm. They are separated by a distance of 10m. The ‘lity of tha oe y ya dis 10m. The permeability of the Solution; Data: d= 10m, a= 3m; b=5m; 14,1000. Hp [Ht d d La = On + ints eng] 4m x 1077 71000 10 2H foes nits nl Boss. re oan