Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless

Cybersecurity Essentials
Wireless
101: Getting Started with Wireless

Version: 1.0
Hi there, welcome to this Wireless Cybersecurity training course.
Cybersecurity Essentials
Wireless 101: Getting Started with Wireless
July 2019
Version: 1.0.0
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Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 1

About This Course
This course provides an introduction to wireless cybersecurity
Course Duration • This course will take around 30 minutes to complete
This course provides an introduction to wireless cybersecurity.
This course will take around 30 minutes to complete.

Wireless Cybersecurity
What is Wireless? Evolution of Wireless
Access Points How Wireless Works
Wireless Security Threats Deployment Scenarios
Through this course we will explain what wireless is and how it has evolved. We will explore what
access points are and how they are implemented.
Additionally, we will explain how wireless works, including security, beamforming, MIMO and band
steering. We will discuss wireless security threats and cover best practices for securing your
wireless network.
Finally, we will describe the deployment scenarios for wireless solutions.

Course Hub: Select a Topic
What is Wireless? Evolution of Wireless
Access Points How Wireless Works
Wireless Security Threats Deployment Scenarios
Finished?
Click here to continue
This is the course hub page, which provides access to the topics in this course. Topics can be
repeated if you want to review a section.

What is Wireless?
What is Wireless?

What is Wireless?
What is Wireless?
Wi-Fi was Standardized as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic

Engineers) 802.11a/b/g in 1997
Back to Hub
Wireless communication, or wireless, is the transfer of information between two or more points
that are not connected by an electrical conductor. The most common example of wireless
technology is the mobile phone which uses radio waves from signal-transmission towers to enable
their users to make phone calls from many locations worldwide.
Wi-Fi is a wireless local area network (WLAN) that enables portable computing devices to connect
easily with other devices and the internet. Standardized as IEEE (Institute of electrical and
electronic engineers) 802.11 a, b, g, n, ac, ax, Wi-Fi has link speeds similar to standards of wired
ethernet.
Wireless data communications allow wireless networking between desktop computers, laptops,
tablets and mobile devices. They are used to span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical
cabling in point to point communication and point to multi point communication.
This is useful in some of these situations:

• When there is a wired network failure
• Where wired cabling is difficult or financially impractical
• To remotely connect mobile users or networks
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless

What is Wireless?
Electromagnetic or frequency spectrum
Radiofrequency Radiation (RF) Infrared Radiation
30KHz 3GHz 300GHz 430THz

What is Wireless>
Common Frequency 2.4GHz 5GHz

Bands for Wireless
• Unlicensed • Unlicensed
frequency frequency
• Used by +300 • Not used by as
consumer devices many devices
• Can become • Less congested
congested • Higher frequency
• Lower frequency • Shorter signal
• Longer signal range
range
Back to Hub
Wireless uses radio waves to communicate. These radio waves are part of the electromagnetic
spectrum. On that spectrum, radio waves span frequencies from 3kHz to 300 GHz.
For Wireless LAN the frequency ranges most commonly used are the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands. Each
band is divided into numerous channels. Selecting the right channel can help to ensure a strong
signal with faster connection speeds.
The higher the frequency is on the spectrum, the shorter the signal range. This means that the
ability of the signal to penetrate dense objects such as brick walls is gradually reduced. Practically
this would mean you would have to have multiple access points to cover areas where there are
many walls. However, in an open-plan space, the signal quality would be better and stronger.
2.4Ghz is an unlicensed frequency band on the spectrum and as such is used by more than 300
consumer devices as well as by wireless networks including, cordless phones, Bluetooth and
microwave ovens. Each band is divided into numerous channels and if all devices connect using the
same channels, it can become very congested and lead to interference or performance deficits.
5GHz is also an unlicensed frequency band. It is not used by as many devices as 2.4GHz and is
therefore less congested. However, as the frequency is higher, the signal range is shorter.
Most devices can support 2.4GHz and 5GHz, if a device supports both bands, they are described as
being dual-band.

Frequency Bands and Channels
What is Wireless?
Frequency Bands and Channels
Back to Hub
To learn more about frequency bands and channels please watch this short video.

Evolution of Wireless

High Capacity
High Density
Everything Connected
500 clients per AP
High Density
Multiple Devices
High Capacity 50 clients per AP
Laptop + Mobile
Coverage
10 clients per AP
Single laptop
5 clients per AP
802.11a/b/g 802.11n 802.11ac - Wave 1 802.11ac – Wave 2 Future
Back to Hub
To meet the changing needs of a rapidly growing market, the 802.11 standard for wireless has
evolved. Amendments to the specifications are indicated by a lower case letter suffix, for example,
802.11n and 802.11ac. It is important to note that the 802.11 standard ensures compatibility with
the wired protocol used for most networks today and is part of a larger family of 802 standards.
For example, the Ethernet standard is 802.3.
802.11 a, b and g were all about basic connectivity and coverage. Laptops with integrated wireless
became more popular, Wi-Fi was added to meeting rooms so that people could connect.
The n standard is when things really changed and become more about high capacity. Networks
needed to handle a greater number of clients connecting as people started having more than one
device. The n standard is still widely in use today.
The 802.11ac standard was designed to handle high density networks for the proliferation of
mobile devices. 802.11ac wave 1 was the fastest adopted standard.
Wave 2 offers a higher throughout than wave 1. Wave 2 can reach GB speeds even if the real world
throughput turns out to be only 50% of the theoretical rate. Wave 2 also supports a higher number
of connected devices.
Moving forward, 802.11ax will be introduced. This will operate in the already existing 2.4GHz and
5GHz spectrums, however, will incorporate between 1 and 7 GHz as they become available. The
new amendment will improve overall spectral efficiency for increased throughput. It is expected
that this amendment will achieve 4x increase to user throughput due to more efficient spectrum
utilization. Ethernet has not progressed in the same way as wireless connectivity, as such, wireless

networks are now often faster than the wired networks they are connected to.

Access Points
Access Points

What are Access Points?
Access Point (AP)

A network hardware device that allows Wi-Fi
devices to connect to a wired network
Access Points
Router
Access Point
Back to Hub
An access point (AP) is a networking hardware device that allows Wi-Fi devices to connect to a
wired network. The AP usually connects to a router via a wired network as a standalone device.
However, it can also be an integral component of the router itself.
An AP connects directly to a wired Local Area Network (LAN), typically Ethernet. The AP then
provides wireless connections using wireless LAN technology, typically Wi-Fi, for other devices to
use that wired connection. APs support the connection of multiple wireless devices through a
single wired connection.
It is generally recommended that one IEEE 802.11 AP should have, at a maximum, 15-25 devices
per radio. However, the actual maximum of devices that can be supported can vary significantly
depending on several factors, such as the type of APs in use, the density of the device environment
and the desired device throughput.
The range of communication can also vary significantly, depending on such variables as indoor or
outdoor placement, height above ground, nearby obstructions, other electronic devices that might
actively interfere with the signal by broadcasting on the same frequency, type of antenna, the
current weather, operating radio frequency, and the power output of the device.

How Access Points Work
Access Points
How Access Points Work
Back to Hub
For further information about how Access Points work please watch this short video.

PoE: Power-over-Ethernet
This is the setup for Access Points with a PoE injector
Network
Access Points
12.95W
Power
Data/Power PoE Injector
The IEEE 802.3af (PoE) standard supports the delivery of PoE up to 15.4W per port that may be
used to deliver power to a variety of devices.
Only 12.95W is assured to be available at the powered device as some power is dissipated in the
cable as overhead.
Back to Hub
A Power over Ethernet (PoE) injector allows a single cable to provide both a data connection and
electric power to devices such as wireless access points.
To setup an access point with a PoE injector, the data/power cable will go from your access point
to the PoE injector. The network cable from the PoE injector is then plugged into your network
router and the power cable plugged into power.
The IEEE 802.3af (PoE) standard supports the delivery of Power over Ethernet up to 15.4W per
port that may be used to deliver power to a variety of devices. However, only 12.95W is assured to
be available at the powered device as some power is dissipated in the cable as overhead.

PoE: Power-over-Ethernet
This is the setup for Access Points with an existing PoE switch
Network
Access Points
PoE
Power
PoE + Switch
PoE+ (i.e. 120W)
The IEEE 802.3at (PoE+) standard supports up to 25.5W of power on the ports
Allows devices that require more than 15.4W to power on when connected to the PoE+ ports
Back to Hub
If you have an existing PoE enabled switch then the Access Point setup will look like this.
The data/power cable will go from the access point to your switch. The network cable is then
plugged into your router and the power cable plugged into power.
If you have multiple access points you wish to power, then we would recommend using a PoE
switch.
The IEEE 802.3at (PoE+) standard supports up to 25.5W of power on the ports, allowing devices
that require more than 15.4W to power on when connected to the PoE+ ports.

Security
• Wired Equivalent Privacy
WEP • Introduced in 1997
• Easy to crack
How Wireless Works
• Wi-Fi Protected Access

WPA
• Available in 2003
• Wi-Fi Protected Access II

WPA2 • More secure and complex
• Available in 2004
Back to Hub
Wireless access has special security considerations. Many wired networks base the security on
physical access control, trusting all the users on the local network, but if wireless access points are
connected to the network, anybody within range of the AP (which typically extends farther than
the intended area) can attach to the network.
The most common solution is wireless traffic encryption. Modern access points come with built-in
encryption. The first generation encryption scheme, Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) proved easy
to crack. The second generation scheme Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) was more secure, however,
was superseded with the third generation WPA2 in 2004 which is currently recommended if a
strong enough password or passphrase is used and the device supports WPA2.
Some APs support hotspot style authentication using RADIUS and other authentication servers.

How Wireless Works
How Wireless Works

Beamforming
How Wireless Works
Without Beamforming With Beamforming

Equal signal in all directions Detects where devices are
irrelevant of where required Intensifies signal in their direction
Back to Hub
So how does Wireless actually work?
If you drop a stone into water, the waves around the entry point form equally in all directions.
That’s exactly the same as Wi-Fi without beamforming. The signal from the antenna of an access
point is set equally in all directions. It does not matter where the devices are needing that signal
and so, of course, there will be some loss of signal strength.
Beamforming detects where devices are and send an intensified signal in the direction of the
devices, this leads to better signal quality over a longer range.
Beamforming has been around for a while but as with many technologies in the wireless space,
different vendors have different ways of implementing it. With 802.11ac beamforming is part of
the specification.

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
Pre MIMO
• Interference causes reflection

• Slower throughput
How Wireless Works
• Poor signal quality
SU-MIMO
• Uses reflection and multiple

antennas
• Collate multiple signals
• Improve signal quality
Back to Hub
Any wireless traffic between an access point and a device is always subject to interference due to
objects in its way, every wall, cupboard and even the air changes the path of the waves
transmitted.
If the radio wave signal hits an object, known as a reflection, it causes the path to change. This
change weakens the signal. When a further signal is transmitted at the same time, it may also be
reflected. This leads to these signals reaching the device at different times. This causes slow
connection speeds and affects the quality of the signal.
Single User Multiple Input Multiple Output (SU-MIMO) was introduced with 802.11n to address
this issue. It uses the reflections to collect signals across multiple antennas and collectively defines
a better signal. SU-MIMO is part of the Access Point which processes the signals.

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
SU-MIMO
1
• Transmits sequentially 2
• Slow traffic
3
How Wireless Works
• Less bandwidth for all
MU-MIMO
• Transmits simultaneously
• Faster traffic
• Better user experience
Back to Hub
SU-MIMO does improve the signal quality, however, because the access point sequentially
transmits to each device, under some circumstances, it could run out of time leading to all devices
having lower bandwidth.
802.11ac Wave 2 includes Multi-User MIMO. Access Points supporting this feature, transmit
simultaneously to multiple devices to make full use of the capacity available. By having concurrent
transmissions, more devices can get more data faster, which, coupled with beamforming, can lead
to a better user experience. Particularly mobile clients which only a support a single stream of data
at any given time.

How Does Wireless Work?
4
How Wireless Works
Co-Channel Adjacent Channels Non-Wi-Fi

Every client and AP Every client and AP on overlapping Non 802.11 devices compete for
compete for time to talk channels talk over each other access on 2.4 GHz
Back to Hub
As we mentioned earlier, on the 2.4GHz channel, there are many devices competing for time on
the channel.
For example, every client and access point are competing for time to talk on overlapping channels
talking over each other. Additionally, non Wi-Fi devices are also competing for access on 2.4GHz.
To help with this, wireless uses band steering and airtime fairness.

Airtime Fairness
OLDER DEVICES NEWER DEVICES
802.11b 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac

How Wireless Works
802.11g
11mps 600mps 1.3gbps +
54mps
Some environments may have older devices that run in parallel with newer devices. The older
devices will probably only support older standards. This means that they are likely to have slower
speeds and may slow down newer devices which are capable of higher speeds.
If we have a stretch of road with road works, all traffic needs to go through the road, however, the
tractor (slower) is going to take longer than a car (faster). For every tractor let through, five cars
are let through. This is much fairer, as everyone is able to go at the speed they are capable of.
Airtime fairness does this for devices, giving equal amounts of air time, instead of equal volumes
of data transfer, to each client. This ensures that every client has equal access to air time,
regardless of client capability meaning higher download speeds to the newer devices when slower
devices are connected to the same access point.

Band Steering
2.4GHz 5GHz
• High Traffic • Low Traffic
• Slow speed • High speed
How Wireless Works
Multiple devices competing for time on the channel is a bit like driving on a road with limited
number of lanes, if everybody uses that road it can become slow with a higher risk of someone
else getting in your way and spoiling your journey.
If there is an alternative, for example a highway or motorway which has more lanes with less cars
and a faster speed limit you can choose that road. For wireless devices, this is called band steering
and it works by directing devices who are capable of using the alternative route to that route,
which eases the congestion of the smaller road.

Band Steering – Unknown Device
Can I connect to the 2.4
GHz network?
How Wireless Works
Hmm, I don‘t know you,

hang on?
Maybe I‘ll just connect to 5

GHz instead
MAC 11:00:22:3E:4F:55
That‘s exactly what I wanted
Device is dual-band you to do
2.4 & 5 GHz
Back to Hub
Band steering works by using the MAC address of the device to determine if it is enabled for
2.4GHz or 5GHz.
A device can only connect to either 2.4 or 5GHz at any one time. If an access point has not heard
from a device before, it may delay connecting the device to 2.4GHz in the hope that it will try to
connect to 5GHz.

Band Steering – Known Device
Can I connect to the 2.4
GHz network?
How Wireless Works
Ha! I know you support

5 GHz (ignoring you)
Humph! Maybe I‘ll just

connect to 5 GHz instead
MAC 11:00:22:3E:4F:55
That‘s exactly what I wanted
Device is dual-band you to do
2.4 & 5 GHz
Back to Hub
Some access points remember the MAC address of a device which has connect to 5GHz before and
force it to go to 5GHz instead of 2.4GHz. It does this by ignoring the request to connect to 2.4GHz.

Band Steering
How Wireless Works
Band Steering
Back to Hub
Further information regarding band steering is available in this short video.

Wireless Security Threats

Rogue Access Any Wi-Fi Access Point that is connected to your

Points secured wired network without authorization
Evil Twin A rogue Access Point spoofs your access point name
SSID/BSSID Spoofing the network name, hardware address and

Impersonation the unique protection code of your Access Point(s)
Back to Hub
With the evolution in wireless networking, it is no surprise that there is an increased security risk
to your network.
Here are some of the ways attackers can compromise your network.
• Rogue Access Points. A rogue access point is any Wi-Fi access point that is connected to your
secured wired network without authorization. They can be setup and used for the purpose of
sniffing wireless network traffic and can be used to conduct a man-in-the-middle attack. This
means that the attacker can access your network, leaving your IT assets wide open
• Evil Twin Access Points. This is when a rogue access point spoofs the network name of your
legitimate access point(s). This can trick users into connecting to them as they look legitimate
• Spoofing the network name and the hardware address of your access point(s). If an attacker is
using advanced spoofing they will also use the unique protection code for your access point(s)

✓ Scan for unauthorized access points × Connect to unknown wireless networks

✓ Use password protected networks where or enable automatic Wi-Fi connections
possible × Access confidential business data or
✓ Turn off features such as file sharing and sensitive personal information using
remote access unsecured public WIF
× Leave un-used ports connected to your
network
https://www.sophos.com/en-us/security-news-trends/best-practices/wi-fi.aspx
Back to Hub
In order to protect your wireless network consider these recommended do’s and don’ts:
Do:
• Scan for unauthorized access points. This will help the detection of rogue access points
• Use password protected wireless networks. WPA2 secured networks are still the most secure
option
• Turn off features such as file sharing and remote access. This helps to reduce the possibility of
an attacker gaining access to your network
Do Not:
• Connect to unknown wireless networks or enable automatic Wi-Fi connections
• Access confidential business data or sensitive personal information using unsecured public Wi-Fi
• Leave un-used ports connected to the network. This can help to reduce the possibility of rogue
access points
For further tips on Wi-Fi security best practices please see Sophos Tips for Securing your Wireless
Connection here: https://www.sophos.com/en-us/security-news-trends/best-practices/wi-fi.aspx

Deployment Scenarios

Wireless Deployment Solutions
Consumer/Unmanaged Appliance Managed

Enterprise Controller- Cloud-managed WLAN
WLAN
based WLAN
• Low cost • Moderate
• Higher investment • Low investment
• Limited features investment
• Feature-rich • Highly scalable
• No central • All one box
• Complex • Limited security
management • Limited scalability
Back to Hub
As networks are being re-designed and applications are increasingly mobile, the faster standards
that are now available 802.11ac Wave 2 and 802.11ax mean that wireless has become an
expectation. Let’s take a look at the type of solutions for deployment of a wireless network.
Consumer-grade and unmanaged routers with integrated Wi-Fi

This is the kind of thing you may have at home yourself, however, many small businesses rely on a
consumer-grade or unmanaged router with integrated Wi-Fi to provide wireless access to their
work space. The investment is very low, however, they do not offer the kind of features or basic
management that a business should have.
Appliance-managed Wireless LAN

There are two ways in which wireless can be managed from an appliance. The first is if the
appliance has the access point integrated. Most firewall vendors offer desktop appliances with
integrated Wi-Fi. The second is to manage external wireless access points from a firewall. This is
ideal for businesses looking to consolidate their security on a single box to cover one or more work
spaces.
Enterprise Controller-based Wi-Fi

Larger organizations may use a wireless controller to manage external access points. Such
hardware-based solutions are often quite feature-rich but do come at a price. The administration
of such solutions generally requires broader knowledge of wireless networking to put it to full use.
Cloud-managed Wi-Fi
Cloud-based solutions are generally cost effective and highly scalable, however, until now, they
have pre-dominantly been offered by pure-play wireless vendors who have had little focus on

security. This is gradually changing.

Controller V Cloud
Controller versus Cloud Management
Back to Hub
This short video talks though the differences between Controller and Cloud management for
wireless solutions.

Site Planning
How many access points are needed for coverage and capacity?
Where and how should they be placed?
What channels should be selected during deployment to avoid

overlap and congestion?
A site survey is recommended to understand your physical environment
Back to Hub
When considering what access points to use, it is recommended that you completed a site survey.
A site survey is a set of procedures that allows you to understand the physical environment from a
radio frequency (RF) perspective and the business requirements. These procedures allow you to
plan out your site to ensure that you will have the coverage and capacity to allow applications to
perform properly over the Wireless network.
The site survey is important as it allows you to estimate how many AP’s will be required, where
they should be placed and how they should be configured.
The survey characteristics are usually:
• A study of the area to determine existing and new radio frequency coverage areas
• Effects of walls, floors, doors, windows, plumbing, elevators, trees, buildings, mountains etc on
RF behaviour
• Antenna requirements
• Power outputs
• Channel utilization
• RF interference source types and locations
• Wi-Fi bands in particular applications
Three simple questions should be asked when site planning:

• How many access points are needed for coverage and capacity?
• Where and how should they be placed?
• What channels should be selected during deployment to avoid overlap or congestion?

Site Planning
Availability Performance Security

Your wireless network should be Considering how many devices Your wireless network needs to
built to avoid interference, cross- will be used in one area will help be secure with strong controls
talk and channel overlap to determine the design of your and authenticated protocols
network
Back to Hub
The answers to these simple questions can be complex and depend on:
• The number of users per AP

• The throughout and latency requirements of applications
• RF frequencies in use
• Ambient interference
• Attenuation values of building construction materials
• Transmission power and receiver sensitivity
• Antenna gain and directivity
• Physical security requirements
• WLAN architecture type to be deployed
• Client roaming requirements
A well-designed site plan will have these three cornerstones in place:
Availability
Can everyone on your team get online when they need to? Can they get on with a strong signal?
Poor signal strength can drag down your business with slow and dropped connections. If you
WLAN is not built to avoid things like interference, cross-talk and channel overlap, keeping your
connection will be a losing battle.
Performance
How much traffic is on your WLAN? Sometimes WLAN will even be slow with four bars. That’s
because design affects performance. Since everyone connected to a single WAP is really sharing
one wire, too many devices in one area can cause traffic jams. Putting some forethought and

anticipating how many potential devices will be used in one area will help you
determine how to design your network. You may have to add more lanes to the
highway to keep all the traffic flowing.
Security
Is everyone on your network supposed to be there? The guest WLAN was segmented
from the rest of wired network. WLAN security wasn’t that big of a deal. Unwanted
connections were a sap on bandwidth but not a risk to your data. Now that access to
your more sensitive business segments Is available over WLAN, your wireless network
needs stronger controls and authentication protocols.

TRAINING FEEDBACK
Feedback is always welcome

Please email globaltraining@sophos.com
Back to Hub
Feedback on our courses is always welcome. Please email us at globaltraining@sophos.com with

your comments.

Course Review
Now that you have completed this course, you should:
Know how wireless works and the frequency bands and standards involved
Be able to identify the different features of access points and wireless networks and their
function
Recognize potential security threats
Be able to apply best practices when configuring your Wireless network
Back to Hub
Here are the skills you should be able to take away from this course.
If you feel confident that you have met these objectives, click Continue to complete the quiz.

Question 1 of 5
Which 2 frequency bands are most commonly used by wireless devices?
2.4 GHz 430THz
30 KHz 5 GHz
Back to Hub

Question 2 of 5
Which of the following describes what a PoE Injector is used for?
To allow a single cable to provide both data and electrical power
To allow a WLAN network to deliver dual-band frequencies
To connect multiple access points to each other in your WLAN network
Back to Hub

Question 3 of 5
Which of the following security protocols is considered the most secure?
WPA WEP WPA2
Back to Hub

Question 4 of 5
Match the feature to its description
Detects where a device is and sends and intensified

Airtime Fairness
signal in the direction of the device
Gives higher download speeds to newer devices

Band Steering when slower devices are connected to the same
access point
Directs devices to the fastest supported frequency

Beamforming
based on their capability
Back to Hub

Question 5 of 5
Name the security threat that spoofs your access point name
___________________
Back to Hub

Quiz Failed
Score
#/#
You have completed this course but did not pass the quiz
To retry the quiz click Restart Quiz
Restart Quiz
Back to Hub
You have completed the course however, you have not passed the quiz.
To retry the quiz click Restart Quiz.

Quiz Passed
Score
#/#
Congratulations!
You have successfully completed this course
If you have found this course useful you may also be interested in our other
courses available in this Cybersecurity Series
Back to Hub
Congratulations! You have successfully completed this course.
If you have found this course useful you may also be interested in our other courses available in
this Cybersecurity Series.
To view our available courses please view the On-Demand training section in the training portal

Series Feedback – What Do You Want to See?
Currently Available Under Development Planned
Cryptography Networking › Perimeter Security

101: Getting Started 101: Getting Started › Windows Operating Systems
201: Cryptography in Depth 201: TCP/IP Network Model › Microsoft Active Directory
202: Working with Digital Certificates 202: IP and Routing › Security Threats
203: Understanding Ciphers 203: Name Resolution › Public Cloud Platforms
Wireless
101: Getting Started
Email globaltraining@sophos.com with your suggestions and feedback
Back to Hub
The courses in this series are designed for individuals with no prior knowledge of the topics.
Here is a list of currently available courses in this series.
Additionally, we have a number of courses that are being developed and will be made available
soon.
We also have a list of planned courses we would like to add to this series.
If you would like to suggest a topic for a course for inclusion or to provide any feedback on this
series then please email us at globaltraining@sophos.com

End.

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Cybersecurity Essentials

101: Getting Started with Wireless

Hi there, welcome to this Wireless Cybersecurity training course.

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 1

This course provides an introduction to wireless cybersecurity

Course Duration • This course will take around 30 minutes to complete

This course provides an introduction to wireless cybersecurity.

This course will take around 30 minutes to complete.

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 2

What is Wireless? Evolution of Wireless

Access Points How Wireless Works

Wireless Security Threats Deployment Scenarios

Finally, we will describe the deployment scenarios for wireless solutions.

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 3

What is Wireless? Evolution of Wireless

Access Points How Wireless Works

Wireless Security Threats Deployment Scenarios

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 4

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 5

Wi-Fi was Standardized as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic

This is useful in some of these situations:

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 6

Radiofrequency Radiation (RF) Infrared Radiation

30KHz 3GHz 300GHz 430THz

Common Frequency 2.4GHz 5GHz

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 7

Frequency Bands and Channels

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 8

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 9

802.11a/b/g 802.11n 802.11ac - Wave 1 802.11ac – Wave 2 Future

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 10

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 10

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 11

Access Point (AP)

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 12

How Access Points Work

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 13

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 14

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 15

• Wi-Fi Protected Access

• Wi-Fi Protected Access II

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 16

How Wireless Works

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Without Beamforming With Beamforming

So how does Wireless actually work?

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 18

• Interference causes reflection

• Poor signal quality

• Uses reflection and multiple

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 19

• Less bandwidth for all

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 20

Co-Channel Adjacent Channels Non-Wi-Fi

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 21

802.11b 802.11a 802.11n 802.11ac

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 22

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 23

Hmm, I don‘t know you,

Maybe I‘ll just connect to 5

Cybersecurity Essentials: Wireless 101 - 24

Ha! I know you support

Humph! Maybe I‘ll just