The Ship’s Compass G. A. A. GRANT and J. KLINKERT The Theory and Practice of Seamanship G. L. DANTONNAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED G. W. WHITE Extra Master ROUTLEDGE & KEGAN PAULFirst published 1969 day Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd Brondicay House, 8-74 Carter Lane, ECS Priated in Great Britain by ‘The Garden City Press Limited Letchworth, Herffordshire DJ. Klinkert and G. W. White 1969 No part of this Book may be reproduced in omy form without permission from the publisher, except for the quotation of brief passages in criceism ‘SBN 7100 6202 8 CONTENTS Preface Conversion Tables SECTION 1 ‘Mensuration and Hydrostatic Pressure List of Formulae Miscellaneous Examples Simpson's First Rule Simpson's Second Rule Simpson's Third Rule Mixed Simpson's Rules ‘Trapezoidal Rule Centroids of Curvilinear Figures Liquid Pressure Stresses in Double Bottom Tank ‘TPL, FWA, and Coefficients of Fineness Wetted Surface Area Examples for Exercise, Nos. 1 to 34 SECTION 2 Transverse and Longitudinal Stability nsverse Stability Ship KGs Ship KMs Angle of List Weight Suspended from Derrick Free Surface Effects Shift of Grain Tnclining Experiments Trim and Change of Trim Flooded Compartments[NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLARED Permeshitity Deydocking and Grounding Intrease of Draught Due to Heel ne Mean Draught stieal Stability Cross Curves of Stabitily Dynamicnt Stability Metacentrie Diagram Jrostatic Curves imples for Exercise, Nos. 35 to 103 SECTION 3 Ship Performance: Speed, Fuel, Slip and Horsepower ‘uel Consumption Voyage Diversion Ine Horsepower Propellor ig of Liquid Flow of Liquid through a Pipe few of Liquid through a Screw Lift sples tor Exervise, Nos. 104 to 131 SECTION 4 ‘Voyage Programmes: Louilines, Chartering, ete. vadlines an Laiting E River Port Allowances Timber Loadiines “ Demurr 2, Despatch and Freight roraged Lavtime for Exercise, Nos. 132 to 14 SECTION 5 Voyage and Wage Accounts: Currency Exchange ney Conversion fon of Wapes and Salaries of Engagements rag 7 104 110 112 115 121 133 136 40 153 155 157 159 162 164 164 168 175 175 182 184 139 192 213, 218 219 contents Wages at Different Rates ‘Owner's Account Current Examples for Exercise, Nos. 142 0 166 SECTION 6 Cargo Assessments: Bulk Oil sad Generat Cargoes: Bulk Liquid Cargoes Weight, Volume and Specific Gravity of Oil Specific Gravity Correction Coefficient Fresh Water Standards API Gravity General Cargoes Measurement Tonnage Broken Stowage "Tween Deck Cargoes Grain Feeders Mixed Cargoes Draught Marks and Loadlines Examples for Exercise, Nos. 167 to 182 SECTION 7 ‘Cargo Equipment: Steess Caleulations Strengths of Rope, Wire and Chain ‘The Use of Tackles Analysis of Stresses in Lifting Ge Derrick Stresses Sheer Legs Union Purchase Rig Examples for Exercise, Nos. 183 to 201 SECTION 8 Elementary Electricity and Magnetism Electrical Units Resistances in Series, Parallet and Mixed 23 224 29 237 237 237 238 241 24 244 245 247 248, 249 236 257 263 265 m1 274 28 284 286 289 300 305 309)vit NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED. we Electric Cirenit ‘The Heating Effect of un Electric Current ‘oups of Cells ipacitance of a Condenser Groups of Condensers Multiple Plate Condenser me Constant Ammeter and Voltmeter Magnetic Effect of Electric Current Examples for Exercise, Nos. 202 to 234 Force Between Isolated Magnetic Poles Magnetic Moment; Intensity of Magnetisation Elements of the Earth's Magnetic Field Moment of the Couple Acting on a Magnet Force Exerted by a Bar Magnet ‘The Neutral Point Deviation and Directive Force The Oscillating Magnetic Needle sther Arrangements of Poles and Magnets of Derived Formulae , Nos. 235 to 265 The Accura Exe SECTION 9 ‘Magnetic Compass Deviation Changes of Deviation with Latitude Coeflicient Permanent B ince of Correctors from Compass Coefficient Permanent C Maximum Deviation due to Permanent Magnetism Coefficient Induced B Coefficient Induced C imum Deviation due to Coefficients Induced B and C s Bar Slowed Separation of Coeflicients Permanent and Induced B paration of the parts of Coefficients B and C ient D 312 314 316 320 321 326 326 327 329 332 336 337 338 341 345, 347 348. 352 356 366 368, 375 376 378 380 383, 390 392 395 397 412 ais 419 421 426 CONTENTS ‘The Separation of Permanent and Induced Heeling Error Force 2ff Deviation Anilysis ‘Compass Comparisons Coeflicient Lambda The Correction of Heeling Error with the Ship Upright (Coeficient Mu) ‘The Deflector Methous of Adjustn Coefficient 4 Miscellaneous Calculations ent Examples for Exercise, Nos. 266 to 335 SECTION 10 Gyro Compass Course, Latitude and Speed Error Error in the Approximate Formula for Speed Error Damping Error Combined Errors Performance Tests Examples for Exercise, Nos. 336 to 43 SECTION 11 Meteorological Assessments Geostrophic Wind Speed Estimates Air Density Geostrophic Wind Scale Effects of Surface Friction ‘Thermal Wind Component ‘The Tephigram Water Vapour Content and Dew Point Relative Humidity Air Soundings, Path and Environment Curves Potential Instability Cloud Limits Orographic Cloud Turbulence Cloud Estimates of Layer Thickness Apparent and True Wind Velocity 431 435 437 444 448, 450 453 437 461 466 481 482 483 485, 488. 491 492 494 496 498, 504x NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Tropical Storm Avoidance Navigation Movement of Systems and Fronts Extrapolated Tempereture Conversions, Sxamples for Exercise, Nos. 344 to 362 SECTION 12 ‘Marine Radar Navigation Relative Motion; Plotting Information; Radar Report ‘rae and Relative Plott “eadae Plotting Terms “sltering Course to Increase the Minimum Approach Estimating Current Velocity; Radar Navigation Altering Speed to Incrsase the Minimum Approach Stopping Owa Ship Radar Range and Second Trace Ei Eaamples for Exercise, Nos. 363 to 377 Appendix: ‘The Use of Metric Units 529 532 534 537 543 543, 546 550 557 560 564 567 370 sm so REFACE calculations which are presented in a form which hitherto would have required a series of standard textbooks cach of which dealt in turn with an individual subject. NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED provides a comprehensive and graduated selection of computations in most of the practical subjects excluding routine navigation, In attempting this task and to achieve the main purpose of the book ‘we must point out that the contents are designed to emphasise the methods of computing and the details of application which are necessary when describing the quantitative work of the navigator’s profession. The theoretical knowledge required is thus partly assumed and only briefly summarised at the commencement of each section. This has left the way clear to explain the logical sequence of steps in each ealeulation ‘There are twelve sections to the hook: each is independent of the other but the whole constitutes an overall appreciation of most nautical calculations familiar to the navigators of all countries. ‘The reader's attention is directed to the means by which he may receive invaluable help from the contents. He may, for instance, wish to study a particular type of eniculation on account of its immediate necessity, or because he has forgotten the method and principles involved. On the otter hand, he may require a caleulation as part ofa training scheme; or, he may desire the method of solution because his professional exaininations feature similar types. In cach case NAUTICAL. CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED proposes suitable and realistic problems; ft provides detailed solutions in a manner easily understood, and gives to the reader further problems for exercise. Having selected the subject and type of problem it must be under- stood that the best advantage is gained by copying out the problem as it appears in the main text, and attempting & solution using known principles. The reader may tien verify the result from the text. In the event of error or complete failure he should study each step of the offercil solution carefully to determine how or whyy the mistake occurred and then confirm his understanding by choosing a similar example for exercise which is to be found in the list at the end of each section. Every worked example in this book has one or more exercises provided for Ts book offers to the profession a collection of effectively 700 xixii NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED practices the numerical solutions for these are to be found at the end Bf the book. Any type of worked example or exercise may be identified quickly by the consecutive numbering used throughout. The sequence B continuous for the worked examples, and likewise but separately for the exercises. {In each of nearly 700 calculations all reasonable care has been taken to check the results and many of the answers are given to a degree fof accuracy greater than that required in practice so that the reader may check his own arithmetic. If however, any errors are detected we ‘vould be grateful to have these pointed out and assure the reader that they will receive our urgent attention. We would respectfully submit that NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED is more than useful to: (@ Navigating officer cadets training under their employer's scheme, cor undergoing training through M.N.T.B., M.C.R., O.N.D., and taining college courses in the U.K. and overseas. (& Navigating officers studying for their statutory certificates of competency, or revising for higher qualifications either at sea or in college. (e) Teachers and lecturers in schools, cadet ships and nautical departments of colleges and universities who may require further examples and exercises for class work. (a) Managers, officials, examiners and others ashore associated with the Shipping Industry whose work is concerned with computa- tions of the types offered. Whilst the calculations submitted are no more than a restatement of existing knowledge we would like to claim that the method of presenta~ tion is unique to the extent that it has not appeared hitherto in such dleail over such a wide field, We hope that a fair and useful balance has been achieved both in variety and depth over the range of subjects chosen. Many worked examples, it will be noted, have alternative methods of solution for those who wish to exercise a preference. Wherever possible we have tried to make each example and exercise both practical and realistic except in those cases where theory demands an interim calculation as a necessary stage to ultimate practice. ‘Where it seemed necessary a diagram has been drawn to make the solution easier to understand. With this in mind the section which Seals with voyage programmes bas been specially illustrated. The book Contains other unique features in the sections on rzdar, meteorology, mognetism and ship stability where, although some of the discussions fae conventional they have, in certain instances, been extended to provide useful conchisions not normally express~l but nevertheless PREFACE vil significant. The treatment of drydocking, the stresses in a union purchase fig, the accuracy of certain derived formulae in magnetism, Bnd some aspects of meteorological navigation are cases in point “The standard of the calculations is such that cadets in training should be able, under guidance, to work a large proportion in the sections which are appropriate to their work; more senior members of the profession will find, that if they intend to qualify at the higher levels, eit progress to advanced work will require practically everything contained in these pages. We wish to thank those who have kindly read parts of the manuscript ‘and made useful suggestions. We hope that NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED will meet with the approval of the profession and that it may play a part in helping the reader to achieve further technical competence. Sir John Cass College J. Kunkert Department of Navigation G. W. Ware London May 1969CONVERSION TABLES Daring the period of writing this book the ations fave been aware that, past the projcted change nf rtish currency to a decimalized system, there have been a tuner of other suggested changes ta the units adopted by Tait To derine Vinee ara, volume, eapacily dimensions and weights, Even though some changes aze likely Tom time to time we have given this matier some thoughtand have dueded that we showk! retain the current ritsh gaits ofthe present line ip eafeulations. Although Nests and Continental units arc forges diferent the Briish and North American ‘nits are offen the same, Iv every ealenlation the numerical answer is, of Sour, Tinpoetant and provided that che units weed aro consistent the systens in which they are expressed ig of litle significance. For readzrs who fel strongly about the matter wwe submit the Following ist of equivalents for conversion British Weights and Measwres to Metric Ezpivalents LINEAR MEASURE inch = 25400 centimetres 1 foot 30-4800 centimetres 1 yard = “09144 metres Fathom (6 ft) 1.9288 cable (690 2) 0.1829 kilometres 1 mile, statute = 16093 kilometres 1 mile, nautical = 19533 kilometres SOUARE MEASURE 1 square inch = _ G4516 square centimetres 1 square foot 929-0200 square centimetres 1 square yard 08361 square metres 1 square mile (statute) 5960 square kilometres cune weasver 1 eubie inch = 16-3870 eubie cvntimetses 1 cubie foot (1,72 cubic yard (27 £ in’) (0.2832 cubie metres ) O-T6H6 cubic metreswi NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED CAPACITY MEASURE 1 pint = 0.56824 litres 1 quart (2 pints) 1-13648 litces 1 gallon (8 pints) 4.58596 liters AVvOIRDUPOIS WRIGHT 1 ounce 1 pound (16 oz) 8.3495 grammes. 0.4536 kilogrammes 1 stone (14 Tb) 6-3503 kilogrammes 1 quarter (28 Tb) 12-7006 kiloprammes 1 hundredweight (112 1b) 50-8024 kilogrammes 1 ton (20 ewt) = 1.0160 tonnes ‘Metric Weights and Measures to British Equivalents LINEAR MEASURE 1 millimetre 0.03937 inches | centimetre = 0.39370 inches 1 metre = 328084 fect = 1.09361 yards 0.54681 fathoms 1 kilometre = 0.62137 mites (statute) (0.53960 mites (nautical) SQUARE MEASURE 1 square centimetre (0-15500 square inches | square metre 10-76393 square feet 1-19599 square yards 0-38610 square miles 1 square kilometre CUBIC MEASURE 1 cubic centimetre = 0.06102 cubic inches L cubic metre 5.31477 cubic feet = 1.30795 cubic yards CAPACITY MEASURE 1 litre = 1-75985 pints 10 litres 2-19981 gallons AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT 1 gramme = 0.03527 ounces 1 kilogramme = 2:20462 pounds 109 kilogrammes = 1-96841 hundredweight 1,009 kilogrammes (1 tonne) 0-98420 tons. CONVERSION Additional Conversion Factors 1 cubic foot of fresh water at 60°F or 15-6°C 1 Imperial gallon 1 American galton Hmperial barrel 1 American barrel 1 cubic metre 1 short ton (2,000 1b) TABLES xvii == 6.2288 Imperial gallons 7.4805 American gallons 0-1781 American barrels 28-3162 litres = 0.0283 cubic metres = 277-2740 cubic inches 04604 cubic feet 1-2009 American gallons 0.0286 American barrels 45469 litres 231-0000 cubie inches 0-137 cubie feet = 0-8327 Imperial gallons 0-0238 American barrels 3-7853 litres = 0.0038 cubic metres 36.0000 Imperial gallons = 9,702-0000 cubic inches = "5.6146 cubie feet = 34.9726 Imperial gallons = 42.0000 American gallons 158.9840 litres 0:1590 cubic metres 264-1700 American gallons 6.2898 American barrels 0.8929 long tons 0.9072 metric tonnesSECTION 1 Mensuration and Hydrostatic Pressure‘Areas and Volumes HE areas or volumes calculated fron the dimensions of regular: I shaped figures are often required on board ship. In most cases these requirements can be met by combining two or more of the standard formulae listed below. Clearly, there are innumerable cases of which the following calculations are a few examples. List of Formulae Triangle Area = Half the product of the base and the per- pendicular height he z Area = Half the product of two sides and the sine of the included angle: } ab sin C Area = Vi(e— a) (@— 5) (6— 0) where 5 = half. perimeter of the triangle, ie. atb+ Rectangle Area = Product of the length and breadth: [b Parallelogeam Area = Product of the base and the perpendicular height: Ab Trapezium ‘Area = Product of half the sum of the parallel sides and the perpendicular height: . 003) Trpetoid Volume = Produc of theare othe apeium secon tna teen eid wn (£5) Rectangular Volume = Pract of th leg, beat and depth Prism lod4 NAUTICAT. CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Triangular Volume ~ Product of the area of the triangular section and the length: hot Circle Circumference ~ Product of » and the diameter: 2 #7 where r= radius Area ~~ Produtt of » and the square of the radius: Cylinder Sum of the product of the circumference and length, and the two end areas: Qarl + 2a?) = Darl +r) Volume = Product of the area of the circular section and the length: 4? Sphere Surface area -- Product of 4 and the square of the radius: 4-97? Volume ~ Prod off and he ce othe ais \ipse ‘Area == Product of # and the semi-major and semi- minor axes: #Rr cesren Product of half the stant height and. the circumference of the base: rs where = slant height Product of one-third the perpendicular height and the area of the circular hase 1 aa Pyramid Volume ~ Product of one-third of the perpendicular height and the area of the square base: sample 1 Ho many empty drums measuring 18 in diameter and 3 fe in length would be required to make a raft to support 12 men each of average weight, 10 sions, so that the drums remain not more than half sub- ‘merged in salt water when the raft is loaded. Assume the weight of cach 1 ft at the 10 gal intervals Fig. 1 Let L = Length of tank Let D = Depth of tank Let fh ~ Height of liquid for given volume Let fh Brehlth at sueface for given volume The area of the complete trapezium equals the sem of the occupied and unoceupied trapezium: Bs (013) +0) B+b) HP) on +=" al 0 (EAE) =a ( eee) From the given data, D = B-~ 3, thus multiplying by 2 throughout and substituting 8 for D. 12 Mb 1). B= 9G! b) 12 hb} hb 9— 3h 3b = Dh 2 2 from which, b= 1+ 3h From the second term in Eqn. (1), B Occupied volume = AL, --Q) Le 3, Volume = ht | 3A fe, MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE Given that 6¥ gal occupies | ft" 10 gal occupies 10/6} ft = 1-6 1 20 gal occupies 20/6} ft? = 3.2 fe° 30 gal occupies 30/64 ft? = 4-8 IP, ete Completing the square, Woh (3) For 20 gal, h = V For 30 gal, h = VaS 1325 — 1.5 For 40 gal, b= WG-4 +325 — 15 For 50 gal, t= V- 80+ 2. and, for 110 gal, h = VI76 228 1-70 ff, ete, 2.95 ft Example 4 A circular cork lifebuoy has the following dimensions: outside diameter 30 in and inside diameter 18 in. Assuming the cork section to be elliptical hhaving major and minor axes of 6 in and 4 in, respectively, calculate the volume of cork required in cu in, If the cork weighs 12 Tb/ft calculate its floating power in salt water. (Density of salt water 1,025 oz/ft?; = 22/7.) a S KS Fig. 2 i8 NAUTICAL. CALCULATIONS EXPLAINUD Ifa plane arc is rotuted round an axis in its plane which does not intersect the area then the volume swept out iv equal to the area multiplied by the length of the path traced out by the centroid of the area, In this case the volume swept out will be the volume of the cork req Area of ellipse ab where a and 6 are the semi-major and semi- minor axes. nce of circle through centroid of lifebuoy = 2 =r Volume of cork = sab x 2 nr 2G) 142236 >< 1.025 4, 22 6 ( Weight of cork x 12 Ib Weight of equivalent volume of SW = Floating power of lifebuoy ~ # 42-855 Ib Example 5 ‘The four sides of a lugsail for a lifeboat measure 10 ft, 14 ft 6 in, 5 £66 in, and 7 £2 3 im Doing the foot, leech, head and luff, respectively. Front the clew to the throat measures 13 ft. Calevtate the sail area and ie number of yards of No, 7 canvas (24 in wide) allowing 5% extra for seams, (See Fig, 3, page 9.) To caicstate the area of cach triangle formed on each side of the diagonal from clevw to throat: Area of top triangle ~ Vate— ay(s— 6 — 5) s- AUB MF IAMEB in + 2G in) = 8 fe : 5180 a en 85 Ga) ( 995 MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 9 roe caw Fig. 3 Area = VIB X 50 X 35x95 ‘Area = 54-70 ft Area of bottom triangle = Vie — a) — DKS 4) $= PSM + 7ft3 in-+ 10 ft) = 15 ft bin 5125, = 15125 © = 10-000 (9 = 5135 S Arca = VI5125 % D125 & PRIS x S125 ‘Area = 36.016 1? Total area = 54:70 -+ 36.016 Rt = 90.716 ft® seg = 90716 ,. 105 Yards of canvas required ~ 5 is 15.87 of 16 yd Areas (Volumes) using Simpson's Rules In order to find the area of a curvilinear figure bounded on the one side by a straight line and on the other by a parabolic curve use is made10 NAUTICAL, "ALCULATIONS EXPLA > of a series of rules among which are Simpson's First, Second and Thitd Rules and the Trapezoidal Rule. It should be pointed out that whilst the following “amples show the methods, using the several rules, for finding the areas of curvilinear figures and their centroids the same methods can be used to find volumes. In such cases, areas of transverse sections of the ship form, or waterplane areas, are substituted for ordinates after which the pro- cedures are identical; in the former case the centroid is the position of the centre of buoyancy with reference to the stem, the stern post, or the midship point as desired, while in the latter case the centroid is the KB, Example 6 A waterplane area of a ship 420 ft long has the following equidistant half breadths measured in feet. Calculate the total arca of the waterplane. » |» [x 242 | a1 | 348 Fig. 4 When the number of common intervals, ie. the number of ordinates minus one, is divisible by 2 then itis possible to find the area by using Simpson's First Rule, ic. when there are an odd number of ordinates Tn the above question the number of ordinates is 7 and the number of common intervals is 6. Simpson's First Rule A Fea Mek aya t Lye Area (yet ayy t Ly) where, ft -= common interval anid Yeu Joy 1G, ~ ordinates MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE n By successive use of ths rule the area of the waterplane is given by: Area =A (yb Aye + 299+ aye Dye t Aye + 19) It must be noted that in the event of either end ordinate (y, in Fig. 4) being zero it must be included because it defines the extent of the area. Tabulate the ordinates, multipliers and products as follows: No.of | Semi | simpson Products. | ordinate | ordinate | multipliers } for area 1 0 1 0 2 242 4 968 3 311 2 02 a 318 4 172 5 i 2 632 6 m4 4 109.6 7 200 1 200 eae |__| Sum of products, S| 4790 satrwatepane area = a 8 1 ‘. 4x 10x 4790 1176-6 fe? Total waterplane area = 11/176:6 % 2 2,353.3 8 Example 7 A waterplane area of a ship 360 ft long has the following half breadths measured in feet at the positions indicated. Calculate the total water- plane area, Jue | Ys ye Jas | Due 0 | 10.0/ 16.3 22.0 I 240) 29.9 316 3 —R NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS FXPLAINITY a eit Tip TU % Fig. 5 ‘Towards the ends of the waterplane area the curvature is often less parabolic. By subdividing the common interval with additional half ordinates greater accuracy is obtained. The problem: is agnin solved by Simpson’s First Rule. The area between the Ist and 2nd ordinates is: Fx Oy cb Ayah ym tao tty) ‘The area between the 2nd and 6th ordinates is: xO yet 4 ys + 2ye+ 4 ys + Lyd) ‘The area between the 6th and 7th ordinates is: A $x pret dat ty) By combining these equations we have: area By Lym byw Diet Wik et Byker tM et 2 yer bay) The tabular form for computing the area is therefore: No. of Semi- | Simpson’s | Products ordinate | ordinate} multipliers | for area 0 + ° ry 10-0 1 10.0 163 i 815 2.0 1 20 MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 13 Simpson's | Products multipliers | for area Sum of products, ua aterptne ae = 8 1 = 5X 0 = 474-75 = 9,895.0 ft? saterpiane area — 18,990 ft? Tor Example 8 ‘The semi-ordinates of a vessel's waterplane are $8, 13-8, 17-6, 19-0, 19-4, 18-6, 17-0, 13:8, 8-4, 0 ft respectively, spaced cquidistantly apart. Length of vessel is 150 ft, Calculate the area of the waterplane, When the number of common intervals, i. number of ordinates minus one is divisible by 3 then it is possible to find the area by using Simpson's Second Rule. ‘When the number of common intervals is divisible by both 2 and 3 then for greatest accuracy Simpson's First Rule should be used.4 NAUTICAL. CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED In the above question the number of ordinates is 10 and the number of common intervals is 9. ‘Simpson's Second Rule Area = 2h yr +3) + 33+ 10 where A = common interval and yy ya ete, are the ordinates. BY successive use of this rule, as in the following example: Ane reg Bye + 3 yet Qyet 3¥e + yet 292 + +3 Yet 3ye+ Vie) Tabulate the ordinates, multipliers and products as follows: No.of | Semi- pson’s | Products ‘ordinate | ordinate | multipliers | for area 1 88 r 38 2 B38 3 4t4 3 176 3 328 4 19.0 2 38.0 5 19.4 3 382 6 186 3 558 7 110 2 340 8 138 3 414 9 84 3 252 10 ° 1 0.0 Total waterplane area = 2,222:5 x 2 4445 fe MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE. 15 Example 9 Calculate the area of a bulkhead whose ordinates, spaced vertically apart at intervals of 6 ft, are: 42, 38, 29, 16-5, 0 ft respectively. Between the lowest two ordinates there are two additional ordinates of 12-5 and 75 ft spaced 2 ft apart. TY Fig. 7 ‘This problem is again solved by using Simpson's Second Rule. The area between the Ist and 4th ordinates is, Bhd yt 3 yet Bye b 90 “The area between the dth and Sth ordinates is ah Hays arnt Spat Lye 7 gay 3yat 3ya + lye) where yet Yas are the two additional ordinates. ‘By combining the above equations we have: Total area =Zh (Ip, + 3% + 30+ Get lyat ta + 5) ‘The additional ordinates, drawn at fractions of the common interval, are to give greater accuracy in the calculation of the area. It will be seen that the curvature of the boundary line between the 4th and Sth ordinates is very great in comparison with that between the remaining ordinates.16 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Tabulate the ordinates, multipliers and products as follows. No. of impson’s | Products ordinate | Ordinate | multipliers | for area 1 42 1 2 38 3 3 2 3 4 16-5 4 4 125 1 cH 15 1 5 0 i im of products, S Area = Total area ~ 641.25 ft? Example 10 A curvilinear area has ordinates 15 ft apart of lengths 13-6, 25.2, 23-4 ft respectively. Calculate: The area between the first and second ordinates. (b) The area between the second and third ordinates. (©) The area between the first and third ordinates by Simpson's Fist Fig, 8 MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ” In order to find the area between two consecuti necessary to have three consecutive ordinates to de ive ordinates it is fine the curve. ‘The required area is then found by means of Simpson's Third Rule, or the “Five-Eight-Minus One Rule". 1 ) Area between yu. Yo— 7 (3 Ju4 BJs — 19) Where f= common interval and yy Yu J are three consecutive ordinates. Area between Ya J 1 ad a6 y+ 8y— 139 Hit 8ye= 19d ‘TO FIND THE AREA BETWEEN THE FIRST TWO CONSECUTIVE ORDINATES Tabulate the ordinates, multipliers and produets as follows: No. of Products | ordinate | Ordinate | Multipliers | for area 1 136 3 68.0 2 25.2 8 | 2016 3 24 a1 234 | Sum of products, 5 2462 | 1 ‘Area between Ist and 2nd ordinates = 5 x hx S = Bx 1S x 62 = 307-75 TO FIND THE AREA BETWEEN THE LAST TWO CONSECUTIVE ORDINATES Tabulate the ordinates, multipliers and products as follows: No. of ordinate | Ordinate Multiptiers 234 2 | 136 Sum of produets, 5 3 2 1 Products for area18 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Area between 2nd and 3rd ordinates = 1. x hx S 73 * 15 x 305.0 381-25 fet IIE TOTAL AREA DETWEEN THE IST AND 3RD ORDINATES is calculated by Simpson's First Rule as described in Example 6. (n+ 492+ 19) Tabulate as follows. No. of Products ordinate | Ordinate SM for area 1 136 1 136 2 252 4 1008 3 24 1 24 Sum of products, S=] 137.8 Total area = 4x $ Il Lx 1S x 1378 5x 15x = 689-0 f¢ It should be noted that the sum of the two areas obtained by the “Five-Eight-Minus One Rule” is equal to the total area obtained by using Simpson’s First Rule. i.e. 307-75 + 381-25 = 689. Example 11 ‘A curve has the following ordinates spaced at equidistant intervals of 121: 41, 78, 89, 7.6, 48, and 0.9 ft respectively. Calculate the aren. MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 9 — CL Len-| | J Fig. 9 The number of ordinates is 6, the number of common intervals being 5. Since the number of common intervals is not divisible by either 2. or J acombination of two of the previous rules is necessary in order to find the area, If the “First Rule” is used for the majority of the area to be found then the “Five-Eight-Minus One Rule” can be used for the end portion, Several combinations of Simpson's Rules are possible and itis left to the reader to choose other combinations and check the results against each other. The above example is calculated using the First and Third Rules Tabulate the ordinates, multipliers and products as follows: No. of ordinate | Ordinate SM Products for areas 1 4d 1 41 | 2 18 4 312 | 3 89 2 178 | 4 16 4-1 | 304 —16 3 48 1 8 | 48 38-4 6 09 5 4520 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Arca between Sth and 6th ordinates = a AS Sp Total arca = 353-2 4 35.3 ‘Traperoidal Rule A somewhat Jess accurate rule for finding the area of curvilinear figures assumes the area to be made up of a series of trapeziums each hhaving the same height, je, common interval (i). The area of a trape- zivm is given by 1 (2b) where y, and yy are the parallel sides and h the perpendicular distance between them, The arca will always be deficient particularly if there is a Sarge curvature and the ordinates widely spaced. Caleulate the total area, using the trapezoidal rule, of a small vessel's waterplane whose half breadths at 6 ft intervals arc: 10-0, 21-0, 243, 25-0, 21-2, 15:0 and 0 ft respectively. MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 2 Used successively, Half waterplane area = h (bys + Yo t3u+ Yah Ys + ye + Bd Tabulating the work as follows: No.of | Sonic Prods | ordinate | ordinate | Multptes | for eree 1 100 } 50 2 210 1 210 3 23 I 243 4 25.0 1 25-0 5 21-2 1 21-2 é 150 1 | ts0 7 3 1 o | Sum of products, S=] 1113 | Halt area =x $= 6 x 1118 eesone Total waterplane area = 2 x 669-0 1,338-0 ft? If the area is calculated by Simpson's First Rule it is found to be 1,380 ft which, in this exaggerated case, clearly indicates the deficiency of the Trapezoidal Rule, Centroid of a Curvilinear Figure It is Gequently necessary to find the centroid of a curvilinear area with respect to one of its ordinates. The principle used is analogous to that of finding the centre of gravity of a number of weights variously located with reference to a given line. In such cases the sum of the moments of the various weights about a fixed line is divided by the sum of the weights. To find the centroid (sometimes referred to as the “centre of gravity”) of a curvilinear area with respect to one of its ordinates, moments of the areas about that ordinate are calculated and the sum of those moments are divided by the total area, The following exampies show the method to be used in calculating the position of the centroid by Simpson's Rules,n [NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Example 13 ‘An area bounded by a curve and a straight Tine has the following ordinates, spaced at equal intervals of 12 ft: 4.9, 108, 135, 13-6 and 11.3 ft respectively. Calculate: (a) The area in square feet. (b) The position of the centrofd relative to the frst ordinate, ‘Commence with multiplying the ordinates by Simpson's Multipliers to obtain the “products for area” and then multiply each of these “products” by the distance of its respective ordinate from the end ordinate to obtain the “products for moment” about that ordinate. ‘The sum of these products for moment gives the total moment of the area about the end ordinate. The sum of the moments divided by the sum of the products for area will give the distance of the centroid from the end ordinate. ‘Note that in the calculation the products for area are not multiplied yy the actual distance of each ordinate from the end ordinate, but by ‘number of intervals" distant from it and the common interval is the end. This procedure takes advantage of the equal spacing between the ordinates and simplifies the arithmetic, .B-—Since moments, in this case, are taken about the end ordinate (2. 4:9) the moment about this ordinate is therefore zero. This is shown in the first line of the calculation, Tabulate she ordinates, multipliers and products as follows | No. of Products | Nos. of | Products for |exasle| oninae | sa] Ree | rte] omen wef o | 2 a) t | @ wa | 2 | 33 ma | 3 | sas m3 fa] "sa =| wos vo86 Moment fen sous torte = 1 Om) NENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE B ‘Area below curve == 3 x hx S 3 bx hx (hx M) TRAX S he M s Distance of centroid Area below curve = 1 x 12 x 40-8 Distance of centroid from the end ordinate 045 ft Example 14 ‘The half ordinates of a vessel's waterplane spaced at equal intervals are as follows: 10-8, 16-6, 20-4, 22-0, 21-9, 21-8, 19-6, 15-6, 9-0 and 0 ft respectively. Midway between the first and second ordinates is an addi- tional ordinate of 14-6 ft and between the ninth and tenth ordinates two additional ordinates of 6-2 and 3-8 ft respectively at 12 ft intervals. Length of vessel 324 ft. Find the position of the centroid with respect to the mid-length of the vessel. ‘When finding the centroid of a large area the moments are often taken about the middie ordinate. Furthermore, in respect of waterplane areas the centroid of the load waterplane defines the position of the centre of flotation. It is often more convenient to define this point with refer- cence to the mid-length of the vessel for practical purposes. In this example it is at first necessary to find the centroid of two scetions with respect to the 6th ordinate and then by taking moments of the two areas about this ordinate and dividing by the total area involved, the position of the centroid with respect to this ordinate is obtained. ‘The above example, calculated as follows, will make this clear. It hhas been necessary to use Simpson’s First and Second Rules.UTICA CALCULATIONS FXPLA dation as follows: 4 Products for | Nos. of Products for Position of centroid of area between Ist and 6th ordinates with respect to 6th ordinate = "Ma 36 x 6784 294 D, = 82.93 fe Position of centroid of area between 6th and 10th ordinates with respect to 6th ordinate = 12C Me 36 x 2230 Tab Dy = 537K Dat warplane asa beven Dt and ch atinnter= 4 Ax 5 1 Lise ous i. a= ase Vs sepaneace Sasa sin and 1th ordnates ~3 A 8 3 3X 36 x 149.4 Ay = 2,016-9 fet Centroid of the whole area with respect to the 6th ordinate = Ge Bees Py 3,534.0 x 82.93) (2, ~ 5.5509 16.9 x 53-73) Since the 6th ordinate is located 18 ft forward from the midlength the centroid of the waterplane with respect to the midship point is (49-49 — 18.0) ft = 31.49 fe aft Example 15 A curve has ordinates 4, 12 and 11 ft long spaced 16 ft apart. Calculate the position of the centroid of the area between the first two ordinates with reference to the first ordinate, ‘The rule for finding the moment, with respect to the end ordinate, of a curvilinear area between two consecutive ordinates is: we 3g ON + 10 y2— 1 ys) where f is the common interval, and ys, Ya. tu are the three consecutive ordinates.26 NAUTICAL. CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Tabutate as follows: | No. of SM for | Products | SM for ordinate | Ordinate | area | for area | moment Products for moment h het Areas fh x S Moment = Bo at Position of centroid with respect to the first ordinate: Moment A® mot Area 34M GX S foe 2xs _ 16x 121 2x 105 = 9208 ample 16 ‘The ordinates of a curvilinear area are 4-7, 80, 9.2. 84, 55 and 0 ft respectively, spaced equidistantly apart at 12 ft intervals. Using Simpson's First and Third rutes find the area below the curve and the position of the centroid with reference to the first ordinate, ‘The method used in this example is similar to the previous example. ‘Moments are taken of the two separate arcas about « fixed line. In the vent of the area of the appendage being stated then the position of the centroid will also be given and the work simplified accordingly. Arc tes et and th nines = 5, Leirx ona 3 Ay = 3776 fe MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE. 7 Tabulate the calculation as follows: Products |SM and for area intervals Products for moment 47 52.0 18-6 —1 36 8.4/3 4-4] 5, Position of centroid with respect to nx My Ist ordinate = 12 x 1920 One Dy = 241 Area betosn Sh and ones = 4, x 5 2 =H x36 Ay = 35-6 f° we Rem 12 x 2x 466 Moment-with respect to 6th ordinate = Position of centroid with respect to AX My XS 12x 466 2x 356 Dy = 785i 6th ordinate =28 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED. ‘The position of the centroid of the whole area is now found by taking moments about the Ist ordinate: [Ay x Di) + [4s » (60 — Dy) Gt a) __ BT7-6 X 24-41) + (95-6 x 52-15) B61 a6 Position of centroid —= = 26-79 ft ‘Total area = 413.2 1 Example 17 A vessel has the following waterplane arcas spaced vertically apart at intervals of 2 ft commencing at the load waterline of 26 ft draught down to the 4 fe draught waterline: 21,080 ft?; 20,660 ft?; 20.230 ft?; 19,830 ft; 39,470 FE; 19,109 £2; 18,690 fe; 18,250 f°; 17,700 fe; 16,970 £5 16,170 fe; 14,900 2, Below the 4-ft waterline there is an appendage of 43,010 f, having its centroid at a height of 23 ft above the keel. Calculate: (G} "The position of the centroid of the underwater yolume below the load waterline and check the result by Morrish’s Formula, (2) The sal water displacement of the vessel at a draught of 26 ft. ) ‘The FWA for the loaded displacement, 4n this example, to find the volume, it is necessary to make use of Simpson's First ond Second Rules down to the 4-ft vaterline because the number of arcas given is 12, As mentioned on page 10, the same method's are used (9 find volumes and centroids as those used to find the areas of eurvilinar fipares, MENSURV TION AND PROSTATIC PRESSIEE 2 @) 10 CALCULATE THY Cesta Ge GRAYEY OF se UBL YOLUMY Tabulate the eatcutation First Ruie #9 find the volume and centr 6 he ant 10 fe and Simpson's Second Rel -f waterline, —— No. of| WP | area | areal 21,080 20,660 20,230 19,830 19,470 19,100 18,690 18,250 17,700 16.970 16,170 14,900 | Volume between the Ist and 9th W/P area = bx hx 5, 4 x2 x 496,920 Vj = 31128080 Volume between the 9th and 12:h W/P area = 2X HX Se 3 2 x 132,02030 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Vi, = 99,015 9° Total volume of displacement ~ Vy + V+ volume of ‘appendage ¥ = 311,280. 99.015 + 43,010 ¥ = 453,305 1 Position of centroid of volume between the Ist and 9th W/P areas with respect to the Ist W/P area: My =hx 1,816,160 466,920 Dy VTI93 fe -2x Position of centroid of volume between 9th and 12th W/P areas with respect to the th W/P area: M, ahx Me xs, 192,620 * 733,000 D,= 2918 Centroid of the whole volume, including appendage, with respect to the Joad waterlin _ i Dy) + Ws x (16 + DD) + vol appenday ~ V+ Va, vol. appendage (1,280 7.7793) + (0015 x 18:918) + (43,010 x 23-7) 26 — 23) D 453,305 2,421,600 +- 1,873,200 + 1,019,400 _ 5,314.20 “453,305 453,305 D = 11-723 ft below the load waterline (2) 10 cimeck THE POSITION OF B BY MORRISH'S FORMULA Morrish’s Formula for finding the distance of the centre of buoyancy (centroid) below the foad waterline is stated as follows 1d ¥) pisanee = (4) Where V = Volume of displacement from the keel to the load waterline in ft MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 31 A = Area of load waterplane in ft d= Mean draught in ft 453,305 1/26 Distance = 5 ( > = § (13 + 21-504) LL-S01 ft below the load waterline (3) TO CALCULATE THE DISPLACEMENT AT 26-7 DRAUGHT Displacement tons — YoHume displaced (4) To CALCULATE THE FWA AT 26-7 DRAUGHT w FWA = 37 (eee page 37) Where, 1 == Displacement tons T= Tons per inch immersion A And T= 5 Where 4 = Area of load waterplane 951-5 x 420 40 x 21,080 6-451 in Thus FWA Liquid Pressure The foltowing examples illustrate specific effects of liquid pressure exerted at given depths upon parts of the ship's hull, e.g. bottom or le plating, as well as the liquid pressure on of within tanks and upon bulkheads generally Several basic facts which relate to the effect of liquid pressure and which are used in calculations are listed as follows: (@ Pressure (of a liquid) is a measure of the force exerted upon unit area, i) Total force or thrust (sometimes referred to loosely as total Pressure) is the measure of the force exerted upon the whole area being considered,2 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Gi) Liquid pressure is direcily proportional to ‘sth the density and the depth of the Fiquid fy) Liguidl pressare is the sam throughou! + submerged plane paral to aie free surface of the Rguid 6) Liquid pressre acts perpendicularly to ary cbr (si) The total thrust acting on a submer product of the liqui density, the are: Alopth of its centee of gravity (03) The “centre of pressure” of a submerged srface is the point at whieh the total thrust is considered (0 act in onder to produce the same moment of Force about any specified axis (vit) The “centzes of pressure” of various plane submerged vertical surfaces measired downward from the free surface of the liquid are ifustinved in the following figures. od surface, surface is the he surface and the Example 18 Cotealate the total thrust acting on one side of an horizontal lat plate 10 ft x 5 ftlocated at a depth of 16 fe in fresh water. Pressure varies directly as the density and deptit of the liquid. Pressure == Depth x density 1,000 P= 16x HP Thy The total thrust is the product of the pressure’ and the area upon which it acts, Total thrust == Area x pressure 10 x 5 x 1,000 1b 50,000 Ib MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 3 Example 19 Calculate the total thrust acting on one side of a vertical plate 10 ft % 5 ft having its upper long edge parallel to and 5} ft below the surface of salt water. ‘The pressure acting on the whole plate is proportional to the depth of its centre of gravity, ie. the distance of the centre of gravity below the waterline = 5} + 24 = 8 ft Average pressure = Mean depth x density 1,025 ye a8 x TE byte Total thrust = Area x average pressure 25,625 tb Example 20 A double bottom tank 60 ft x 60 ft x 4 ft becomes flooded with sea water due to a displaced rivet. If the ship’s draught becomes 29 ft calculate the total thrust on the tank top. (Assume salt water at 64 Ibjft!,) Total thrust <= Area x pressure = 60 x 60 x 25 x ea 2240 = 2,571.43 tons tons Example 21 A triangular forepeak bulkhead 30 ft wide at the top and 30 ft deep thas sea water on one side to a depth of 24 ft, Calculate the total thrust on the bulkhead and the height at which shores should be located to prevent the collapse of the bulkhead. If the shores make an angle of 60° with the horizontal, what is the thrust along the line of the shores? Total thrust = Area X average pressure 4x24 5.828Cenreofpresue = 2 == 120 “ors along tne of shoes = Nomal thst sean 65-828 x 2 = 131.656 tons Example 22 ‘A 124in diameter vertical pipe is full of benzine (738 0z/ft). The bottom. of the pipe is bent to run horizontally. In the borizontal section there is a gate valve whose circular plate is also assumed to be 12 in. in diameter. Calculate the thrust on the plate assuming a mean head of benzine of 36 ft. (w= 22/7) Pressure = Depth x density 36. 738 pint Fax bh Total thrust = Area x pressure 2 36, 738 HB x6x6x Tx Bib = 1,304.68 Ib MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 35 Example 23 'A ship with No, 5 DB tank measuring 60 ft x 60 ft 4 ft enters dry dock with a full cargo. The tank is filled with sea water which, on the ship taking the blocks, shows a sounding of 8 ft. Calculate the total thrust fon (a) the underside of the tank top, (b) each side and end of the tank, (©) the inside of the bottom of the tank. (Assume salt water 64 Ibjfe!.) (Sce Fig. 14, Example 24.) (@ TO CALCULATE THE THRUST ON THE UNDERSIDE OF THE TANK TOP Total thrust = Area x pressure 60 x 60 x 4 x 64 ~~ 2240 = 411.428 tons tons (ii) TO CALCULATE THE THRUST ON EACH SIDE AND END OF TANK Teal thas = Aree avers prose 2a Note: The centre of gravity of each side and end is 6 ft below the surface of liquid in the sounding pipe. (iii) TO CALCULATE THE TARUST ON THE INSIDE OF THE TANK porrou! Total thrust = Area x presure DX DEB KA rg 2240 1 $2257 tons Example 24 In the previousexampleitis assumed that 626 tons of cargo areuniformly distributed over the tank top. If the ship’s draught is 7 ft 6 in in the dry dock (fresh water at 1,000 o7/ft), calculate the total collapsing or exploding thrust on the double bottom tank ignoring the existence of bilges.36 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAIN MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 7 ‘Tons per Inch Immersion (TPI) This is the number of tons required to immerse the ship one inch, and is therefore the buoyancy equivalent of an horizontal layer of the ship 1/12 fein depth, Ttis an indispensable quantity when loading and discharging and can be expressed for either salt water or fresh waters the former is the more convenient and most used. The TPI varies slightly with draught on account of the ship form. Assuming a salt water factor of 35 ft¥/ton and a fresh water factor of 36 ft/ton: In salt water, TPI =: 48 (1 in rid ¥l2 fe, and 12 x 35 = 420) In fresh water, TPL = ao (Lin ~ 1/12 ft, and 12 x 36 = 432) (@ To CALCULATE THE THRUST ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE TANK Example 25 Borrom _ If the load waterplane arca is known to be 22,353 ft, caleulate the a = Ai © 353 fe, easel scm aa camer salt water and fresh water TPIs and state the significance ofthe difference. = 60x 6 x 1S x 100 tons 2” 16x 2240 TPlgg = A. = 2383 _ 55 =: 753-347 tons ne = oe = ES = 53.22 tons ii) 10 CALCULATE THE THRUST ON THE OUTSIDE oF THE TWO A 2353 a4 tn me TPhy ~ 45 = 72388 a 51-74 tons Total thrust ~~ Area x average pressure ae ie ‘The difference of 1-48 tons in this case indicates the equivalent =2x 60x4x 1 x increase of weight per 1 in layer passing from fresh to salt water. == 7366 tons Fresh Water Allowance (FWA) a This is the difference between the loaded draughts of a ship floating . Collapsing thrust Exploding thrust in salt water and fresh water consequent upon the change of density, ae reine aig the displacement tonnage beng conten ‘Top of tank top 626.00 = FWA = dye — dee Ihottom of tank top a 411-428 ie Top of tank bottom = 822.857 Also FWA ~ ZY (where T= TPD Bottom of tank bottom 153.35 — Inside of tank sides = 82.286 y eness Outside of tank sides 13566 Coeficients of Finenes 7 82.286 The shape of the ship's hull may be compared with regular shaped T3301 1398-857 1398-86 — Loside of tank ex: figures which have the same extreme dimensions as those of the ship. By the nature of the shipshape the scaling coefficients are always less ‘ than unity. The several coefiicients are listed, define! and calculated tons as follows: Resullant coitapsing thrust =38 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS FXPLAINEY Block Coefficient (C,) This is the ratio between the underwater volume of the ship and the circumscribing rectangular block. v OO mea TBP X Bmax a Example 26 A ship of displacement 11,000 tons measures 420 ft long, 55 ft beam and 23 ft 6 in draught. Calculate the block coefficient assuming salt water at 35 fP/ton, 11,000 » 35 0 x 55 x DH Cy = 0-709 Waterplane Coefficient (Cu) This is the ratio between the waterplane area of the ship and the circumscribing rectangle Co = ae LBP * Bria Example 27 A ship 500 ft long and 63 ft besim has a TPT of 60 at the loaded draught. Caleulate the waterplane coefficient. MENSURATION AND BIYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 9 A ince TPT =: 4 Eu 420 Cu = 0X 00 0% 63 Cue = 080 Mid-section Coefficient (Cn) This is the ratio between the underwater midship section and the circumscribing rectangle. Am Cn = 3 Bie Xd 450 ft long, 55 ft beam, floats at a draught of 20 ft. If the area of the midship section is 1,045 ft, find the mid-section coefficient, Prismatic Coefficient (C,) This the ratio between the underwater volume of the ship and the volume obtained from the product of the area of the underwater mid- ship section and the length of the ship. v Co GC TBP iso Cp EE BEX Co Bxdx Cy XL ie. Cp from which Cp40 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAIN! Example 29 A ship of length 360 ft, beam SI ft 6 in and draught 20 ft 6 in has a isplacement in SW of 9,000 tons and waterplane area 12,600 ft?. The area of the undernater midship section is 1,000 f°. Calculate Ce Cu, Cy and C>. Find also the TPL and estimate the displacement tonnage at 21 ft draught. To FMD THN CorrrIcreNTs on Sx 20% im = 0.9472 AND TPL 10 FIND DISPLACEMENT Required draught = 21ft Oin Present draught = 20 ft_ 6 in Sinkage ~ in Additional displacement — Sinkage x TPI 6x 30 180 tons .000 tons, Displacement at 20 ft 6 in 9,180 tons at2in Displacemen Example 30 A ship loads ta « draught of 26 ft In a port where the density of water is 1,019 o7/f¢', On reaching the sea (density 1,025 o7/f) 150 tons of addi- Honat ballast is loxdad after which the draught is again 26 ft, Calculate the Aisplacoment ia salt water, MPNSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 41 Let V = Volume of displacement in each case Displacement in first instance = W, = V x 1,010 oz Displacement in second instance = W — V x 1.025 oz Weis greater than IV, by 150 tons, i.e, 150 x 16 2,240 oz Therefore, 1,025 V = 1,010 V + (150 x 16 x 2,240) 15 ¥ = 150 x 16 x 2,240 v Displacement in salt water w= Wy ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION Let WW, = Displacement tonnage in salt water of density 1,025 oz/ft® Let FY, = Displacement tonnage in water of density 1,010 o7/ft! Let py = Density of 1,010 o7/ft? Let pz = Density of 1,025 oz/ft? Let w — Weight added to preserve constant volume of displacement Then W,— W, = w tons o) Also Me _ + @ Pe ” Substituting from (1), W, @ a= v0 1, (O=8) Wyn ama 1,025" 150 "= Toas— 1010 1025 3< 150 ast 10,250 tons2 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Example 31 In the previous example with a salt water displacement of 10,250 tons what weight would Lave to be discharged fo preserve 1 constant draught ihen transferring from salt water to fresh water? From equation (3) above: w = 250 tons Example 32 [A ship of length 416 ft, beam 57 ft, coefficient of waterplane area 0-85, Sisplaces 13,800 tons at 27 ft draught. “The ship loads up-river in the tropfes where the water density is 998 o2/ft’. Distance fram loading port to sea is 200 miles, speed 10 knots, éaily consumption of fuel 12 tons. On arrival at sea 60 tons of trimming ‘water and 5 tons of rubbish will be jettisoned. Calculate the draught at ‘he loading port. To FIND TPL A _ ANG x 57 x 85 eae 47.988 tons 420 420 x 100 a _W_ __ 13,800 x 420 x 100 FWA =H = 120% 100 7.189 in bi 4OT 40 x 416 x 57 x 85 10 FIND DRAUGHT ALLOWANCES AT LOADING PORT Fmd 7080 a Fig. 16 MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE a (@ Allowance for dock density By direct linear proportion dock allowance: __ (1,025 — 998) (025 = 7,000) 2 5% 7189 = 7-764 in x EWA Dock allowance 7-764 in Gi) Allowance for fuel consumed on passage to sea, ete. distance _ 200 Spend = Tp = 20 Hours 20 Consumption of fuel = 30 x 12 = 10 tons Consumption of fuel = 7 x 12 = 104 Time on passage Trimming water to jettiso Rubbish to jettisor 60 tons 5 tons Draught allowance = 7 = 3 1-563 in Total draught allowances = 537 in Salt water draught 27 0.000 in Draught at loading port 279-327 in Example 33 ‘A log of SG 0-75 measures 20 ft long and has a circular cross-section 2 ft in diameter. If the log floats in water of SG 1-020 calculate the ‘volume of reserve buoyancy. (wr = 3-142.) - Total volume of log = ar? Underwater volume floating in FW = 075 er? ft? Underwater volume floating in water = 273 ar? (SG 1.020) Te ‘Thus, by subtracting from the total volume of the log: 0.75 Vole of rsrve buoyancy = ort = 3142 x 1 x 20 x 927 To 16-634 fe“4 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Wetted Surface Area [A Knowledge of the vessel's total wetted surface area up to the waterline is necessary When estimating the quantity of paint required Bo cover the ship's bottom. It may also be used for estimating the total teen of the shell plating, when added to the outer surface area above the waterline; from this an approximate weight of shell plating can be potained, An accurate knowledge of the wetted surface area js also Seceseary when estimating the frictional resistance of the hull to motion through the water. “A close approximation to the wetted surface area, S, may be made by using the following formulae: (2) DENNY'S FORMULA Ss Vee Ld + ie Where L -- Length between perpendiculars in ft d= Mean draught in ft V ~ Volume of displacement, ft? ‘This formula may be written as: S = L0-1d + BC) Where B == Moulded breadth, Cp = Block coefficient (2) TAYLOR'S FORMULA s=eVWXE ‘Where H’ = Displacement in tons = Length in feet ‘c= A coefficient which depencls partly on the beam draught ratio, an average value being 15-5 ‘The formula then becomes: S=ISSVWXL Example 34 |A vessel has the following dimensions: L == 430 ft, B = 57 ft, dis- placement ~- 15,000 tons, d= 28 ft, Cp = 0°77. Calculate the aren of the wetted surface hy each of the stated formule. MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSUR™ 45 (1) DENNY'S FORMULA S=LL7d + BCs) 430{(1-7 %< 28) ++ (57 x 0 == 39,3407 fee i] (2) TAYLOR'S FORMULA SHS VPRE 15:5 V15,000 % 430 9,365 18EXERCISES Find the volume (to the nearest cubic inch) and the weight (to the nearest Ib) of a cast iron oil pipeline 5 ft long, its outer diameter 144 in and thick- ness of metal 094 in, (x = 3-142, and 1 ft of iron weighs 7,800 07.) ‘Assuming the earth to be a sphere of diameter 6,876 n.m. and the ocean to have a mean depth of 44 n.m. covering five-eighths of the surface of the earth find the approximate ratio of the volume of the ocean to that of the earth . A cistern 6 ft long, 4 ft wide and 2 fe 6 in deep is filled with pulp for paper making, which on drying shrinks to one-third of its volume. From it'is produced a strip of paper 30 in wide and 4 statute miles long which is rolled into a solid cylinder. Find the thickness of the paper and the diameter of the roll (x = 31142). |. Assuming a drop of water to be spherical and 2p in in diameter to what depth will $00 drops fill a conical wineglass the cone of which has a beight equal to the diameter ofits rim? From the comers of a square four equal squares are cut off and the remainder of the figure contains 693 int. If the perimeter of the original square is 9 ft what is the size of each smaller square? [A closed fresh-water tank of which the internal length, breadth and depth are as 4:3:2 is made of iron 1 om thick and SG 80. The capacity Of the tank is 1,265:625 litres. Calculate the weight of the tank in kilograms when empty, 1. The semi-ordinates of the waterplane of a ship are: 22, 7-1, 102, 11:8, 124, 12:1, 11-0, 8:1, 39 and 0-2 ft respectively. Midway between the 9th and 10th semi-ordinates listed an additional semi-ordinate was found’ to measure 2-1 ft Calculate the total waterplane area if the common interval was 12 ft 'A vessel floats at an even keel draught of 21 ft and has the following ‘waterplane areas, Between the keel and the 5-ft waterplane the appendage is known to displace 1,860 tons of salt water. Calculate the total displacement tonnage in salt water at 35 f'/ton, 46 10, n 1. 16, MEXSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 47 Draught st] on | pa] ve | ak vitesse: [Haw | wae |r [Ha [a ‘The cross sectional areas of No. 1 DB tank spaced at intervals of 10 ft are 224, 184, 156, 104 ft respectively. Calculate the volume of the tank. ‘The semi-ordinates of a waterplaine are as follows: 0, 11, 18, 22, 24, 24, 21, 15, 6 ft spaced 30 ft apart. Additional ordinates are spaced 10 ft apart between the frst and second ordinates and between the eighth and ninth ordinates as follows: between Ist and 2nd ordinates, additional ordinates of 39, 72 ft and between 8th and 9th ordinates, additional ordinates of 13:5, 99 ft, Calculate the area of the waterplane, The areas of a vessel's waterplanes, 3 ft apart, are as follows: 2,570, 5,425, 6,565, 7,395, 8,060 and 8,560 fi* respectively. Calculate the volume of displacement and the displacement tonnage at 35 f0}ton. The ordinates of a curvilinear figure bounded on the one side by a straight line are 11-7, 21:3, 25-0, 22-7 and 14-0 ft, spaced 15 ft apart. Find the ‘area and the position of the centroid longitudinally with respect to the middle ordinate. ‘The horizontal ordinates of a bulkhead are 40, 39, 36, 32, 26, 16 and 0 ft respectively, spaced vertically 5 ft apart. Find the area and the centre of gravity of the bulkhead with respect to the lowest ordinate. ‘The three consecutive ordinates of a curvilinear figure, bounded on the one side by a straight line, are 5, 11°5 and 13:0 ft respectively, spaced 6 ft apart. Caculate the positions of the centroids of the two areas between consecutive ordinates, each with respect to the centre ordinate. ‘The ordinates of a curvilinear figure, bounded on the one side by a straight line, are 13, 12, 10, 7 and 0 ft zespectively, spaced 15 ft apart, Between the last bwo ordinates, at intervals of 5 ft, are two additional ordinates of 6 ft and 4 ft respectively. Find the total area and the distance of the centre of gravity measured longitudinally from the first ordinate, The ordinates of a ship’s waterplane are 9, 16, 19, 19, 17, 10 and 1 ft respectively and equally spaced 24 ft apart. Midway between the first48 nm 21 2. | From the follow NAUTICAL, CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED ‘wo and the fast two ordinates are additional ordinates of 14 and 7 ft respectively Find the otea of the waterplane and the position of the centre of gravity ‘measured longitudinally from the middle ordinate A forepeak tank tas the following horizontal sectional areas spaced at equidistant intervals of 4 ft 6 im: 228, 169, 103, $7 snd 25 f respectively ‘Calculate the enpacity of the tank in tons of esl water. (I ft of fresh ‘water weighs 62:5 Ib.) A vessel has the following TPIs commencing at the light draught of 6 ft and spaced at equal intervals to the loadline draught of 20 ft: 24-6, 25-4, 26-1, 267, 27.2, 27-8, 28-5 and 29-1 tons respectively. Calculate the lorded Weadweight tonnage of the vessel, . A vesse! $00 ft fong has the following underwater transverse sections: section 1, zero; section 1}, 212 ft; section 2, $38 f(; section 3, 1152 {@; section 4, 1,540 11%; section 5, 1,721 ft; section 6, 1,832 {0 section 7, 1,939 0 seetion 8, 2,047 ft; section 9, 2,000 ft; section 10, 1,466 ft; seetion 10}, 1,113 fs section 11, zero. Calculate the displacement tonnage in sea water (35 ft/ton) and the longitudinal position of the centre of buoyancy with reference to the midlength, underwater transverse sections of a small. vessel calculate the fresh water displacement tonnage and the position of the longitudinal centre of huoyaney forward from the stern. Bow section, zero: § section, SI; 1 section, 156 fe; 1} section, 225 ft; 2 section, 362 11%; 3 section, 439 1; 4 section, 484 ft; 5 section, 498 ft; 6 section, 492 1147 section, 459 11%; 8 section, 384 fe; 9 section, 249 f¥; 10 section, 163 £0 11 section, 63 £0; 12 section, 32 f0; stern seetion, 12 ft Each section is spaced 15 ft fron the next, (Assume fresh water, 36 fe/ton,) A rivet hole Lin in diameter appears in the bottom pkating. I'the draught 's 30 1 in sale wstter what is the minimum weight necessary to retain a small wooden lug in position against the inflowing foroe of water? (2/1) A regular trapezoidal petrol tank 30 in long, 20 in wide at the top, 10 in Wide at the bottom, and 20 in deep holds petrol (749 az/ft*) to a depth of 6 in Catoulate the total vertical theust on the two sides and the bottom of the tank and show that this is equal to the weight of the petrol in the tank. A carga tank 36 Mt deep is full of diesel oil (SG 0-895) which stows at SS857 INE at sa ullage Of 2 £5 in. The pipe line situm is located 1 in from the bottom plating. 24, 2s. 26. 7, 28, 29, 3 MENSURATION AND HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 49 Calculate the minimum pipe line pressure in lb/ft* when loading to the present ullage. If SG 0895 is centage error in terpreted as a density of 895 o2/ft, calculate the per- assumption. A tanker has kerosene (density $25 07/19 to a depth of 25 ft on one Side of a longitudinal rectangular bulkhcad 48 fe long, and benzine (density 750 oz/f?) to a depth of 27 Ft on the osher side OCalente the average pressure on e8eh side and the heights ofthe ‘centres of pressure. On which side will the moment of thrust about the line of the keel be the greater? ‘og is homogeneous and of sauare seton, CClcuatets SO to fot ia fesh water with ils sides perpendicular to the surface ofthe water ‘Number $ DB tank measures 36) ft long, 60 ft wide and 4 ft deep. When full the tank holds 200 rons of sea water. Calculate the block coefficient of the tank. How many tons of fuel, SG 098, can the tank hold? A ship 0f 52 t beam floats at a draught of 21 IFC» = OB and Cy = 09, cealeulate the area of the midship section. What is the weight of a log of | foot square section whieh is 12 ft long and floats at a draught of 4 in in salt water? Given that a ship has the area of the load waterplane of 19,720 ft" and LBP 416, Byra $7 1, calculate Cyyand the TPL. [A ship of length 416 ft and beam 57 ft displaces 13,800 tons in salt water. ‘Calculate Cp assuming a factor for sea water of 35 ft/ton. A rectangular barge 100 ft long and 20 ft beam floats at a draught of 5 ft in fresh water, ‘Calculate its fresh water allowance, A ship of 14,000 tons displacement tonnage fasa ioaded summer draught (oF 26 ft 11} im and TPL $0. The vessel loads 80 miles up-river where the density is 1,005 o2/fC. Speed 10 Knots, daily consumption of fuel and water 15 tons, On arrival at sea 65 tons of trimming water and 5 tons of rubbish will be jettisoned while $ tons of fresh water and stores will be transferred to the pilot vessel ‘Calculate the draught on departure from the loading port. A passenger vessel has the following dimensions: L = 800 ft, B= 95 1, d= 32, displacement 40,000 tans, block coefficient 0-6.50 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Estimate, using Denny's formula, the quantity of paint for the under= water surface if T owt of paint covers 300 yd 34. A tanker has the following dimensions: L ~ 490 fi, B-~ 68 ft, displace- iment ~ 21,200 tons, d = 29 ft 6 in, Cp = 076, eae Fstimate’ the underwater surface area by (i) Denny's formula, (2) Taylor's formula. Transverse and Longitudinal Stabilityrelative positions of the transverse metacentre and the centre of gravity of the ship. A knowledge of the one without the other is of litte value in predicting a vessel's stability. The position of the metacentre above the Keel, KM, is obtained from the stability data supplied to the ship by the builders, and for the most part the height of the metacentre above the keel remains fairly constant for the normal working draughts. The position of the centre of gravity for the light ship condition is also supplied. The subsequent disposition of cargo, fuel and stores, etc., with reference to the level of the keel enables the final position of the vertical centre of gravity to be calculated. The difference between the height of the metacentre, KM, and the centre of gravity, KG, is the metacentric height, GM. It is of primary importance that the GM should be known for every condition of loading. Te titetion of transverse stability is an appreciation of the Example 35 A vessel displaces 4,500 tons, KG 17 ft, Sie loads 200 tons, KG 13 ft; 350 tons, KG 21 ft and 90 tons, KG 26 ft of cargo and 250 tons of fuel oil, KG 2 ft. Calculate the KG on completion of loading and bunkering.a4 NAUSICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED To calculate the position of the centre of gravity of a number of weights with respect to a fixed level, in this case the keel, add the moments of weights about this level and divide this sum by the total weight, Position of the centee of gravity from a fixed level Xd x dt aX dy wm by b wee 2X dy where W, Wa, Wy, Wy, ete., are the various weights and 4, di, dys dy, ete., are their distances from the fixed level. Tabulate the calculation as follows: Weight KG — Moments 4,500 7 76,500 200 13 2,600 350 2 7,350 90 26 2,340 250 2 ‘500 W = 3390 tons M = 39,290 ft tons KG = d= distance from the fixed level, ie. keel Position of the centre of gravity with respect to the keel: Ko — Moment of weight _ M 89,290 ft tons 5,390 tons. KG = 16.56 ft Example 36 A vessel, light displacement 4,700 tons, KG 16-5 ft, loads the following cargo: 1,200 tons, KG 12 f1; 950 tons, KG 17 ft; 1,159 tons, KG 22 ft; 720 tons, KG 26 ft, and a deck cargo of 80 tons, KG 32 ft. Distribution of fuel oil as follows: No. 2 DB tank 220 tons, No. 3 DB 200 tons, No. 4 DB 180 tons, and No. 7 DB 160 tons. KG of each tank is aft Distribution of fresh water as follows: No. 5 DB tak 110 tons, KG 2 ft and the after peak tank 100 tons, KG 16 ft. All tanks are full and there are no slack tanks in the vessel. On comple- tion of fonding the vessel sailed for a port distant 3,340 miles at a speed of 14 knots. On passage she consumed 40 tons of fuel oil‘and 10 tons of "TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 35 fresh water per day. Tanks used as follows: fuel oil from Nos. 2 and 4 DB tanks, fresh water from the after peak tank. Calculate the KG on departure from the loading port and on arrival at her destination, Tabulare the calculation as follows. Weight = KG Moment Light ship 4,700 165 77,580 Cargo 1.200 120 14/400 950 170 16,150 1,150 2.0 25,300 720 260 18,720 80 32.0 2,560 Total oil fuel 740 20 1,520 Fresh water 110 20 220 100 16.0 1,600 W= TTI tons ——-M = T5R020 fe tons M KG on departure = 77 158,020 9,770 = 16.174 ft Number of days on passage = -2560. — 10 days Fuel consumed on passage 400 tons ‘Water consumed on passage 100 tons ‘Since 400 tons of fuel oil have been consumed from Nos. 2 and 4 DB tanks these are now completely empty; similarly the after peak tank has also been emptied. In caletlating the KG on arrival at the destination, and because fuel and water have been consumed, these weights must be deducted, and their moments about the keel also deducted. The final KG is then found by dividing the net moment of weight about the keel by the net total wicight as before. Weight KG — Moment 9,770 16-174 158,020 Fuel consumed ~400 20 800 Water consumed 100 16.0, =1,600 W =3.270 tons56 EeVICAL CALCULATIONS PXPLAINFES " -tination KG on arrival destination ~ 1 155,09 Evample 37 A vessel of 3,500 tons has a KG of 17-5 ft, KM of 20 ft. A weight of 150 fons stowed in the Tower hold, KG 13 ft, is moved to the "tween deck, KG 27 ft, Caleulate the now GM. vity duc to a weight being find the new position of the centre o| ischarged, or moved: Movement of the position of G = GG, = ht loaded, discharged or moved dis the distance from the original position of G at which the weight hr onuled, from which it has boen discharged, or through which it has heen moved HY, wis the total weight of the vessel cuhere w is the {s shis example, w ~= 150 tons d= 27 = 13= 148, ic. the distance through which the weight has been moved He w= 3,500 tons since no fas been foade oF discharged ——) — TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 7 wxd Wiw __ 150 x 140 3500 = 06 ft ‘Therefore the new KG = (17-5 +} 0.6) = 18-1 ft Note: The position of G moves in the same direction in which the weight has been moved. Movement of G = GG, G.M = KM ~ KG, = 200 — 181 =19f Example 38 ‘A yessel’s displacement is 3,675 tons, KG = 16-7 ft. A weight of 90 tons is loaded at a height of 6:2 ft above the keel, Calculate the new KG. € Fig. 19 Movement of G= GG, = #4 lovement of G, = xe = 90. X (16-7 ~ 6.2) SOS EH GG, = 0.251 f Note: d= 167~62 = 105i58 NAUTICAL. CALCULATIONS EXPLAINER ed the denominator becomes We | w= 3,675 4. 90 KG, ~ 16-7 — 0.251 KG, = 16-449 ft Since a weight has been ad Example 39 A. vessel displaces 2,600 tons, KG 16 ft. A weight is discharged from the lower hold, KG 10 ft and the resultant decrease in GM is 0-5 ft. Caleulate the weight of the cargo discharged. — r | 1" | of gy be | ra i |] | \omp Fig. 20 wxd Movement of G = GG, = inal KG; Comparing Methods When more than one weight is loaded, discharged or moved it is preferable to take moments of the weights about tli: keel, rather than about the centre of gravity, which itself moves at each operation. ‘A comparison of the two methods is shown in the next example. TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 9 Example 40 A vessel of 3,600 tons displacement, KG 18 ft, loxds 400 tons of cargo, KG 8 ft and 120 tons, KG 20 ft. She also discharges 200 fons, KG 16 ft Calculate the new KG. Fist MetHioD: Taking moments about the keel, tabulate as follows: Weight = KG Moment 3.6008 64.800 +400 8 +3,200 +120 20 4,120 70,400 =20 © 16 3200 w = 3520 M = 67300 17-1429 ft SECOND METHOD: Using the formula: GG, = Ww a 400 x (18 — 8) Loading 400 tons, GG, ~ “PxGS = 1.0 ft decrease in KG 8-0 — 1.0 = 17.0 ft 120 x (20-0 — 17.0) 4000 + 120 5 = 0.0874 ft increase in KG, KG, = 17-0 + 0.0874 = 17-0874 ft 1874 — 16.0) we = 0.0855 ft increase in KG, Final position of G, KG, = 17-0874 +- 0.0555 17-1429 KG, Loading 120 tons, G, Gy Discharging 200 tons, Gy Gy = Clearly the first method is the more convenient and lends itself to tabular working.o SAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Centre of Buoyancy and Transverse Metacentre ‘The height of the transverse metacentre above the centre of buoyancy (BM) may be calculated by the use of the formula, 1 BM 5 where J is the moment of inertia of the waterplane about the fore and aft centre fine axis, and Vis the volume of displacement. J + 7 BML pS | : Kt The height of the transverse metacentre above the keel (KM) is obtained by adding to the BM the height of the centre of buoyancy bose the keel (KB), ie. KM = KB + BM. In the majority of calculations connected with the transverse stability of vessels the height of the metacentre above the keel (KM) is given. I is hoyond the scope of this hook to show how the moment of inertia of & verse!’s waterplane is calculated except when the waterplane is rectangular in shape, as in the case of a box-shaped vessel ‘The moment of inertia (1) for a rectangular-shaped waterplane is: where L = Length of waterplane B > Breadth of waterplane ‘The centre of buoyancy (B) of a vessel is the centre of gravity of the ewater volnnie, In the case of a box-shaped vessel Bis at half the and in the evse of a triangalar-shaped vessel 8 is at two-thitds TRANSVERSE AND LONGH!DINAL STARTS 6 of the draught. The height of 5 sbove the keel in the case of a ship is calculated by Simpson's Rules from the appropriate waterplane areas and in each case the result is known as KB, Example 41 A barge is in the form of 1 rectangular box, 150 ft long, 40 ft wie, and floats at a draught of 12 ft, Find the BM, thence the KM. Tfor a rectangular waterplane = Volume of displacement = L = B< d BM = 4 AF BM = aM = BM = TLL Example 42 A triangular-shaped barge has the following dimensions: L = 70 ft, B= 25 ft, depth ~ 20 ft, Calculate the KM whea deating at a dranght of 16 ft. BM = WXPRtxBxd BR w= 2 Where L and B are the measurements at the waterline and d is the draught.a NAUTICAT. CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Fig. 22 TO FIND THE BREADTH AT THLE WATERLINE (By) From the similar triangles in Fig. 22: Bes 16 28 20 Bee 20 20x 20 on 6x 16 103 ft KM -- KB} BM 10} + 4b — 14g Example 43 ‘A barge in the form of a regular trapezoidal prism floats on an even keel at a draught of 10 ft. The top of the barge measures: L = 124 ft, B= 30 ft, and the bottom measures: L = 100 ft, 3 ~~ 30 ft. The depth of the barge is 15 ft. Culeulate the KB, BM and thence KM of the barge. TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STARILITY 8 | fp IF Fig. 24 (1) 70 CALCULATE THE LENGTH OF THE WATERLIVE: Length = 100 + 2x F 10x 12 By similar triangles, x I 15 xasn Length at waterline = 100 + (2 x 8) = U6 Q) To catcutate Tae 9M phat v Ee where L and Bare the length and breadth at the waterline respectively U6 x 30 x 30 x 30 (116 + 100) 10 x 30 v 2 a wx 16% 30 x 30 x 30 12x 108 10% 90 BM = 8.05% (3) To CALCULATE THE KB: In order to calculate the KB it is necessary to take moments of volumes about the keel Volume of sections i and 3 = 8 x10 x 30 1,200 70 Volume of seotion 2 = 100 x 10 x 30 30,000 fe“ NAUTICAL. CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED ip the KB: Tebulation for catculer KB ~ 5.1234 ft KM = KBE BM = 5.1234 ++ 8.0555, = 13-1789 ft Note: \emay be shown that the centroid ota taperium of distance settesh the paral! side, when measured fron lr longer side x with feapet tothe shorter sis y ven by Ws2y) ile In this eae cg Beh 22) xo ng 4(24 22) 10 (116-200 ies a (ie ie) KB ~ 5.1234 fas before Transverse GG, Previous examples have shown changes in the relative positions of the transverse metacentre and the centres of gravity and buoyancy along, the vertical centre line when the vessel was upright. ‘An uneven transverse distribution of weight about the centre line will cause the centre of gravity to be displaced to port or starboard and the vessel will list until the displaced centre of gravity (G,) and the centre of buayancy (B,) are in the same vertical line. TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 65 Fig. 26 Fig. 25 shows the relative positions of B, G and M when the vessel is upright. Fig. 26 shows the listed condition with G, and B, displaced transversely but sill acting along the true vertical. The intersection of this true vertical in the listed condition with the vertical centre line for the upright condition defines the “transverse metacentre (M)". The disposition of M, G and G, together with the associated angle of list (0) is very important. The various quantities are related in the triangle aad form the basis of ealculations involving the list of a vessel The various relationships are indicated as fellows (1) From the right angled triangle MGG, - GG, Tan 0 = oe (2) The transverse moment which causes a list (8) is given by: W x GG, fetons : ie, W x GM tan 8 ft tons W.B. The numerical equivalent, if caused to act in the opposite direction, will remove the list. (3) The transverse GG, is calculated independently, when necessary, by the same methods as ‘were used to find the vertical GG, with the56 NAUTICAL. CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED: obvious exception that moments are taken transversely about the vertical centre line instead of vertically about the k» pia Wow Transverse GG, Example 44 A vessel of 3,500 {ons displacement, KG 14 ft, loads 20 tons of cargo in the starboard "tween deck, 20 ft from the centre line and 25 fl above the keel, Assuming the initial GM is 2-5 ft, calculate the angle of list. A problem of this type requires three separate calculations: () the vertical movement of the position of G, Q) the horizontal movement of the position of G, G) the calculation of the angle of list (1) TO CALCULATE THE VERTICAL MOVEMENT OF THE CENTRE OF Gravity (66). See p. 56. wx dh GG, Wow 20x11 ~ F500 + 20 = 0.0625 ft upwards TTRANSVERSt! AND f ONGITUDINAL STABILITY or dy Vertical distance of the weight (1) from the original position of G. GM on completion of foading = Initial GM ~ GG, — 25 — 0.0625 (2) To CALCULATE THE HORIZONTAL MOVIMENT OF THE CENTRE (OF GRAVITY (6,6) 3500 + 30 ~ 0:11363 Nt to starboard dy = Horizontal distance of the weight (3) from the or of G, ie. Gy, al position (3) To CALCULATE THE ANGLE OF LIST (9) y Gs Tan 0 ~ GG 011363 343750 0 = 2°40) The angle of list ~= 2° 40’ to starboard G,Gz = The horizontal movement of G G.M = The final GM on completion of loading Example 45 A vessel of 4,500 tons displacement, KG 16 ft, KM 18-6 ft, loads the following cargo: 120 tons, KG 18 ft, 20 ft to port from the centre line 50 tons, KG 22 ft, 18 ft to port from the centre line. 250 tons, KG 21 ft, 15 ft to starboard from the centre line, Cate late the list, if any, on-completion of loadi68 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED (1) TO CALCULATE THE VERTICAL POSITION OF G AND THE FINAL GM Weight = KG Moment 4500160 72,000 100180 2,160 30 20 1,100 250 210 5,250 1 -F.H26 tons AM = BO5510 " tons Mf _ 80,510 KG 900 KG, = 16364 8 Final GM = KM ~ KG, 186 — 16-364 = 22368 (2) TO CALCULATE THE HORIZONTAL POSITION OF G WITH RESPECT TO THE CENTRE LINE (G,G,) Since there are a number of weights to be consiered it is recom- mended to take moments about a fixed line, the most convenient being ‘the ceatre line. Distance Weight fromCL_ Moment about CL 4,500 0 ° 20 2,400 ft tons to port 18 900 ft tons to port 15 3,750 ft tons to starboard w AM =~ 430 ft tons to starboard 5M Horizontal disptacoment of G— Jorizontal displacement of G = 450 or) GG, ~ 0.09146 ft to starboard (3) 0 CALCULATE THE AN Tan 0 @ = 2° 20' to starboard TRANSVFRS!. AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 9 Example 46 A vessel of 4,500 tons displacement, KG 17 ff, KM 18-4 ft, has a list of 3° fo starboard. A weight of 50 tons is to be loaded in the port “tween deck, KG 22 fi, Calculate the distance at which the weight must be loaded from the centre Tine to bring the vessel upright. (1) TO CALCULATE THE DISPLACEMENT OF G FROM THE CENTRE LIND CAUSING THE 3° List GG, ~ GM tan @ I-4tan 0.07336 fe (2) TO CALCULATE TIIE HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT OF G, LE, (Gj), TO RING THE VESSEL UPRIGHT [A necessary condition for the vessel to be upright is that the centre of gravity must be on the centre line. It is therefore necessary for the cenire of gravity to move horizontally from G, to G. Now GG, = 7 di, being the distance the weight is to be loaded fram the displaced position of G, ie. Gy Therefore, GG,(W +. w) = w(GG, + d) d being the distance the weight must be loaded off the centre line From which, d= OSs po. 500 x 0.07386 30 ~ 004 d= 66 ft to port from the centre lineco NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED. Example 47 It is required to load two heavy lifts, each of 25 tons, one on each side of the vessel’s deck. Each weight will be loaded at a’ distance of 26 ft fromm the centre line, the inboard weight to be loaded frst. ‘The displacement of the vessel is 6,500 tons, KM 19.8 ft, KG of the weights when londed 24 fl. Height of the derrick head above the quay 20 ft, and 35 ft horizontally from the centre line; height of the quay above the water level 7 ft; vessel on even keel at a draught of 18 ft. Calculate the minimum GM in order that the vessel shall not list more than 8°. N.B. The centre of gravity of a weight when being lifted by a derrick acts as ifat the derrick head, Let the KG of the vessel ~ x ft (2) TO CALCULATE THE MAXIMUM TRANSVERSE DISPLACEMENT OF G FROM THE CENTRE LINE WIEN LOADING THE IIGAVY LIFTS ‘This will occur when loading the second weight with the first weight in position on the inboard side ov x DE Om, Wow my GG, ‘TRANSVERSH AND LONGITUDINAL STAMILITY 1 d = Distance fromi CL of the first weight when loaded dy = Distance from CL of the second weight when being loaded (25 x 26) + 25 x 35) G 6,500 + 25 1,525 6330 = 02328 @) 70 CALCULATE THE MHININUM. On, L, WHEN. LING THE SECOND WEIGHT GG, = GM tan @ GM = GG, cot # = 0-2328 cot 8° = 1-656 ft ‘Therefore, KG when lifting the second weight is given by, KG=KM~GM 198 — 1-656 = 18-144 ft (3) TO CALCULATE ‘THE INITIAL KG OF THE VESSEL (x FT); TAKE MOMENTS ABOUT THE KEEL Weight = KG 6500 x x 3 x2 = 2% 4s 6550 tons x 18144 = MF M _ L725 4 6500 KG = M _. L725 + 6500 c w 6,550 18144 18-0182 fe Original GM of vesset before loading the heavy lifts: GM = KM ~ KG 9-8 — 18-0182 ft GM = 1-7818 tn NAUTICAL, CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Example 48 A vessel, displacement 8,370 tons, KG 21 fl, KX of ? to starboard, loads the following cargo: contre ine: No. 3 st from the centre Hise; No. 3 port DT, £28 tons gronetant 0 17 fC feom the contre Fine. The balance of the eargo, 387 tons of wattle extrart, has to be loaded ia No. 3 TD, KG 27 ft. The only available space ison the port side, 18 fl, and on the starhoard side, distant 25 ft, from the centre line, ‘Assuming the free surface effect of the cargo oil to be negligible, caleu- late the final GM and the disposition of the cargo in No. 3 TD to bring the vessel upright (1) 10 CALCULATE THI: HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY BEFORE LOADING The horizontal displacement of G, i.e. GG, = GM tan 8 GG, = 19 tan ¥ GG, = 0.099575 ft Q) TO CALCULATE THE WEIGHS OF CARGO TO RF. /OADED IN No, 3 TRWFEN DECK \w equal the weight of cargo on the port side of the "tween deck. Then 387-1 tons is the weight of cargo to be loaded on the star- board side, ‘A necessary xecition for the vessel to float upright is that the total moment of weigit acting to port of the centre Fine is equal to the total moment of weight acting to starboard Take moments about the cente line and tabulate as follows: Compart- Weiyht Distance Moment to Moment to from CL port starboard 00996 Riad 5 170 2465 No.3 TD 387 250 94075 — 25 w No.2SD 120 160 No.3DT 128 170 NoaTD 180 4,096 + 18 w 12,7744 — 25 w ft tons ‘TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY B Equating the two moments: My == Mz, these to be equal for @ = 0° 4,096 + 18 w -= 12,973-44 — 250 43 wos 8877-44 8877-44 3 w = 206-45 tons The disposition of cargo in No. 3 “tween deck then becomes: 180:55 tons Port side = 206-45 tons, starboard side = (3) TO CALCULATE THE GM ON COMPLETION OF LOADING Take moments about the kecl to obtain the KG on completion of loading. Weight KG Moment 8,370 210 175,770, 120 350 4,200 145 130 1,885 128 125 1,600 387 270 10,449 W = F150 tons 1 = 193908 & tons 5M __ 193,904 KG = 9 S750 = 211918 GM =KM~ KG 29 — 21191 GM = 1709 f Effect of Liquid Free Surface A tank containing liquid which is not completely full exhibits a “free surface” and this will affect the stability of the ship adversely ‘The surface of the liquid associates itself with the dynamical horizontal presented to it whenever the ship heels or lists. This will be the true horizontal provided that no transverse accelerations occur as for instance when rolling in a seaway. However, accepting that the free surface coincides with the true horizontal, the centre of gravity of the ship moves transversely in response to the mass movement of liquid from the high to the low side as the ship heels or lists. The lateral movement of G may be considered instead as 0 viral rise of G. and itis usual in this connection to interpret the effect of free surfxce as a loss"4 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED “of GM. This is more directly appropriate because the GM is the criterion of stability, since it governs the size of the righting lever. Fig. 30 shows the free surface of liquid FyS, when the ship heels and the movement of the liquid through an effective distance ggy. The centre of {gravity of the ship moves in consequence from G tw Gy and reduces the righting lever to 'G, Z,. The same effect is produced by considering a virtual tise in the position of the ship's centre of gravity from G to Gy such that G, Z, = G, Z,. Calculations which involve the amount of this loss become independent of the actual mass of liquid within the tank and relate mainly to the extent of the free surface area, ° NN Fig. 30 culations for the loss of GM due to free surface depend upon several important facts which are listed as follows: (i) The loss of GM (i. the virtual rise of G) is directly proportional to the moment of inertia (i) of the free surface area about the fore and aft axis through its centroid, i) The loss of GM is inversely proportional to the ship's displace- iment volume (V).. Gii) The Joss of GM is directly proportional to the ratio of the densities of the liquid presenting the free surface (p2) and the water in which the ship floats (p.) (iv) The toss of GM is inversely proportional to the square of the number of equally spaced divisions of the free surface into which it is longitudinally divided (n). TRANSVERSE AND LON GITUDINAL STABILITY 15 (¥) These facts are conveniently arranged in the following relation- ship: Loss of GM, ie, Gu = 4, xf 0 " 0 It may be shown that the moment of inertia of a rectangular free 9 surface area about its fore and aft central axis (i) is given by i= 75 where /is the length of the tank and b its breadth, so that, Wed RV at It follows that in the event of a single slack tank with no longitudinal subdivision, containing the same density salt water as that in which the ship floats (taken at 35 f¥/ion) then, if W is the ship's displacement tonnage the above relationship reduces as follows: Gn = 2) _ 1b Om DY" x BW __ on= ee @ Example 49 ‘A vessel of displacement 7,500 tons, KG 21 ft, half fills a double bottom. tank 60 ft x 45 ft x 4 ft with sca water. Calculate the initial GM necessary to ensure a final positive GM of at least 9 in, (i) WEIGHT OF WATER LOADED. x 45 x2 35 = 154-28 tons tons (ii) INCREASE OF GM CAL D BY THE ADDED WEIGHT wxd Wee Where d is the distance between G of the ship and g of the added weight, ie. 21 — 1) = 208 GG, = 154-28 x 20 7,500 + 15428 0-403 ft downward16 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS PXPLABN! D Gli) Loss OF GM CAUSTD BY FREE SURFACE We x ASF B20 x 765428 = 1-701 (iv) ner Loss oF GM — 1701 4. 0-403 = — 1.298 ft Minimum final GM required (9 in) =» | 0-750 ft Initial GM to permit the loading = |. 2048 ft Example 50 A ship of displacement 7,400 tons; KG 20 ft, is loaded with timber, £500 tons of which are stowed on deck at a KG of 40 ft. During the voyage it is anticipated that half of a fuel oil (density 885 02/1) tank measuring 50 ft 50 ft_» 4 fE will he consumed, The tank is divided by an oil-tight ‘centre line division. Assuming a 20% water absorption factor for the deck cargo, calculate the loss of GM to he expected towards the end of the voyage during which the sea water density is 1,020 n/'ft Ifthe tank had not been subdivited longitudinally what would have heen the total Loss ofGM? (i) 10 CALCULATE AMOUNT OF FULL CONSUMED (8) AND_ADDED WIGHT RY WATER ANSORPTION (14) 50 x 50x 2 x 885 Tex 2240S" w= — 12346 tons vey = 2024 > 500 tons it, = 100 tons, (il) TO EALCHLATY KG UF TO CHANGE OF wriGtts Weight KG Moment Ship 7,400 20 188,000 ‘ator 100 40 oii 123-46 3 W = 737654 KG, Mi NB KG of 3 f¢ for oper half of oi! fuel tan ‘TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 1 Mf _ 151,629.62 WO F37654 KG, = 2055 ft KG, (iii) To CALCULATE THE Loss oF Gxt DUE TO EF (cr oF Fret er ar Gan : yn OSS ORE ? 1520 Gn = 04368 {) rors tos oF om O88 — 044 — 0998 (9) TOTAL Loss OF GM WITH NO CENTRE LINE DIVISION = 055 — (4 x 0-436) = — 055 — 1-74 =-2 Example $1 Aw ol tanker of 60-f eam bas ten tas each of fegth 4D ft The ship. features twin Yongtudialbutkheadsso thatthe Ving tke ave cach {= tite and centre tanks 30 ft vite, The centre take contain ene (SG 0700) and the wing tks kerosene (SG 0-800), The ship's dgplacement 12,000 tons and floats in water SG 1.028 which, inthis case, may be interpreted as a density of 1,025 02, Calculate the lose of GMI dee to the effect of re surface. (0 pretctIve LENT oF ton 0X 40 = 400 fr TANKS. Gi) Loss oF Gat FOR CENTRE TANKS. ‘GY ,0700 127 * 5 L035 #1 0700 v 12” 1033“ye 10) en Vv * p 1025 xia * Fos (iv) TOTAL Loss oF GM 1 0700, 1, 0-809) 96 * 1-025 * 384 703) 400 x 60% (1. 0-700 ~ 12,000 x 16 x 2,240 \96 * 7025 Example 52 A vessel of displacement 8,000 tons, KM 20 ft, KG 17 ft has a compart- ment 50 ft x 50 ft in which bulk grain, stowing at 48 f/ton, has shifted ‘through an angle of 10°. No. 5 DB tank which measures 50 ft x 50 ft x 3 ft and is longitudinally divided is then filled two-thirds full with sea water (35 ft"/ton). Calculate the GM and the angle of list (a) after the grain has shifted, and (b) after the DB tank has becn flooded. ‘TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY np (@) TRANSVERSE AREA OF GRAIN SHIFT IN. ELEVATION h B Fea Bian g® Area = Stan 63 (Half base of triangle x height) (ii) TO CALCULATE THE WEIGHT OF GRAIN SHIFTED Volum area x length BiB = Zing G x B =Fean gL zene J tan $ ft? (.B. In this case L = B) 50° = tan 10° tan 10° fe Weight of grai = volume + stowage factor 50° tan 10° + 48 tons = 57-4 tons (ii) 10 CALCULATE THE TRANSVERSE MOVEMENT OF G DUE TO SHIFT OF GRAIN80 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPEAINTD (is) 0 CALCULATE THE VERTICAL, MOVEMENT OF G DUE TO SHIFT OF GRAIN wxd Ga, = "Xe W 4,50 4x4 Ben 574 x Sx Bean 10" 8,000 GG, ~ 0-042 f upward GM ~ 3.0001 Adjusted GM = 2958 ft () 10 CALCULATE THE ANGLE OF List GG, Tan 9 = OG: cM eee ~ 2958 From which, @ = 4° 37" (vi) 10 CALCULATE THE WHITE OF WATER BALLAST LOADED. 50% 50% 2 35 w = 14286 tons tons (sil) 10 CALCULATE THE YERTICAL MovEMENT OF G DUE TO LOND MALT ASE wxd Ww M286 x 16042 ~ 814286 GG, = 0.281 downward Adjusted GM == 2.958 ft Readjusted GM = 3: GG, N.b d- KG at present — KG of loaded ballast, ie, 170042 — 1.0-— Fond? ‘TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY al )) TO CALCULATH THE LOSS OF GM DUE TO FREE SURFACE OF LOADED BALLAST w 50x 50 I 920 x 81a * 4 Gry = — 0-457 ft Readjusted GM — } 3-239 ft al GM ~ + 2782 ft (ix) TO CALCULATE THE ANGLE OF List Ge, Tan 0, oM 0239 a From which, @, = 4° 55’ ‘The collected results are as follows: After the shift of grain: GM After ballasting DB tank: GM ‘The Inclining Experiment ‘This expetiment is carried out in order to determine the position of the centre of gravity of the vessel, usaally for the light condition, and to obtain a knowledge of the vessel's stability In the case of a vessel under construction the position of the meta- centre above the keel, KM, is obtained by calculating the BM and KB, dind in the case of a vessel already completed or one which has under- gone structural alterations, these valucs are obtained from the vessel's stability jnformation. Thus KM = KB+ BM ‘The metacentric height, GM, having been calculated. from the inclining experiment, the KG is obtained as follows: KG =KM— GM ‘The experiment requires that known weights are moved transversely across the deck and the horizontal displacement of the vessel's centre of gravity, GG;; is then calculated. Figs. 32, 33 and 34 show the detail of the inclining experiment and the movement of G.82 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED Fig. 32 ‘The weight of a vessel under construction is usually calculated from the waterline at which she floats during the experiment; in the case of @ vessel carrying out the inclining experiment after completion her weight is obtained from the stability information on board, i.e. from the displacement scale or curve. ‘The value of the tangent of the angle of list is obtained by using a plumb line and an horizontal batten; the deflection of the plumb line 1s measured along the batten, nom oe a : NU : A. Fig. 33 TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 83 Example 53 A vessel, 4,800 tons displacement, KM 21-6 fi, is inclined by moving a weight of 12 tons a distance of 40 ft transversely across the deck. A plumb ine, 18 ft in length, shows 2 mean deflection of 10:8 in, Calculate the ‘metacentric height GM, and KG of the vessel. (1) To CALCULATE THE HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY oa, = "58 +) (2) TO CALCULATE THE TANGENT OF THE ANOLE OF LIST - ‘Tan 6 = Deflection along batten Tength of plumb line ; 1 @ where, a = Deflection 1 = Length of plumb line (3) 7 CALCULATE THE METACENTRIC HEIGHT, GM GG, Since, tan 684 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED then, GM ~ GG, cot @ oe x & from (1) and 2) (4) TO CALCULATE THE KG FOR THIS CONDITION KG =KM~GM 21-6 — 20 19-6 Longitndinal Stability Trim ‘This is the inclination of a vessel in a fore and aft or longitudinal direction about an athwartship axis through the centre of flotation. The trim of a vessel is the difference between the draughts forward and aft. The disposition of weights longitudinally in a vessel governs the trim in the sense that the ship may be trimmed by the stern, by the head, or the vessel may be on an even keel ‘The change of trim is the difference between the new trim and original after a redisposition of the weights on board longitudinally. The point on the athwartship axis about which a vessel trims is known, as the fipping centre, itis the centre of flotation of the waterplane. The longitudinal stability is seldom in doubt (unless the ship suffers a serious accident) so that although analogous to transverse stability the longitudinal metacentric height, GM,, is in no way so critical as the transverse metacentric height, GM. Considerations of trim are important because this will affect scagoing behaviour and manoeuvrability. ‘To calculate the trim, and the change of trim, the following relation- ships are necessary: (1) The “Moment to Change Trim One Inch”, MCT 1 in, or “Inch Trim Moment”, ITM, is the moment of weight in foot tons required to change the trim of a vessel by 1 in. Wx GM 2x Displacement in tons Longitudinal metacentrie height Length of vessel @ Tras ERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 85 (6) Since the distance between B and G is small in relation to GM;, then BM, may be substituted for the GM, when the latter is unknown, wv xr MCT Lin (0) Also since the GM, is comparable to the length of the vessel an approximation is given by: met tine % 2 (@ The MCT 1 in is also given by, in the case of a shipshape: MCT I in? a Where, T= Tons per inch immersion B= Breadth at waterline and, in the case of a box-shaped vessel: MCT [ in = ‘The calculations necessary to find the GM, are similar to those stated for transverse stability: GM, = KM, ~ KG GM, = KB, + BM, — KG ‘The KB, is either stated or calculated as shown on p. 28. The BM, may be calculated using the formula BM, oi - ¥ where, 1 is the moment of inertia of the waterplane about a transverse axis passing through the centre of flotation, and Vis the volume of displacement. The moment of inertia, Z, of a rectangular-shaped waterplane about a transverse axis is given by iy 2 Where, = Length of waterplane ‘b= Breadth of waterplane86 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS FXPLAINED (2) Since weights can be either loaded or discharged as well as trans- ferred the vessel's draught may undergo an overall increase or decrease in addition to a change of trim, i... posi (SrMise) ~ a where, w is the weight either loaded or discharged. (2) The position of the centre of flotation is seldom exactly at the rmidclength. Ie is usually forward of amidships (or the light condi- and abaft for the loaded condition. In such cases the change of draught due to trim forward and aft are proportional to the distances of the centre of flotation from the stem and stern posts respectively. Length of vessel Qistance of centre of flotation from aft x = Change of draught aft due to trim ‘y= Change of draught forward due to trim Total change of trim =x + y By similar triangles, ; xty Change of draught aft, Simian, 5 =n +y) Change of draught ford, y= £— OE N.B, When the centre of flotation is amidships TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STADILITY 87 then, = and, x= i.e. change of draught for'd due to trim is equal to the change of draught aft due to trim. In this case half the change of trim must be applied to each end of the vessel to obtain the new draughts, (4) Under the conditions shown in note (3) above it is important to distinguish between the arithmeric mean draught and the true ‘mean draught. The apportionment of the change of draught at each end of the vessel due to trim and the effect on the mean draught are shown in the following examples. ‘The mean draught is the arithmetical mean between the forward and aft draughts, The true mean draught is the draught of the vessel measured at the tipping centre or centre of flotation, ‘Example 54 A vessel, length 450 ft, centre of flotation 12 ft abaft amidships, changes trim 18 in by the head. Ifthe original draught was F 17 ft 8 in, A 19 ft7 in, calculate the new draught. With reference to paragraph (3) and Fig. 35 shown above: 18 in Total change of trim Change of draught aft, x » 237 x18, 450 = 948 in Original draught F 17ft 8in = A 19 ft Tin Change of draught + 9-48 in 8.52 in New draught FISH Sain A 18K 104Tin N.B.’The new mean draught is now 18 ft 7-98 in an increase of 048 in oon the original mean draught.88 [NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS PXPLAINFD Example 55 A vessel has the following draught. Forward 20 £9 in, aft 23 ft 6 i Oil facl is transferred from No. 6 DB tank to No. 1 D8 tank, the result © change of trim being 19 in by the head. Calculate the new draught if the centre of flotation is amidships. Yo calculate the new draught apply half the change of trim to each end of the vessel using the usual sign convention. Original draught F 20ft9in A 23 ft 6in Half trim Sin New draught AZ Rin Example 56 A vessel, displacement 7,650 tons, length 480 ft, GM; 560 ft, transfers 96 tons of fuel oil from No. 5 DB tank to No, 2 DB tank, a distance of 180 ft. Assuming the centre of flotation to be amidships, calculate the new draught if the original draught was F 21 ft3 in, A 23 ft 11 i £2) 60 eALCUFATE Ta MET TIN Wx G MCT 1 in TRL 7.650 > 560 12 x 480 MCT 1 in +> 743-75 ft tons (2) 1) CARCULATE THE CHANGE OF TRIM Change of trim — "XE f MCT Tia 96 x 180 TS 75 23-23 in by the head (3) vo CALCULATE THE FINAL. DRAUGHT Original draught F21f 3in A 23 fH in Half trim +116 in 1-6 in New draught FR 26in A SV hirdin ‘TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STADILITY 89 Example 57 A box-shaped vessel, 150 ft x 30 ft x 14 ft, floats on even keel at a draught of 8 ft. The KG of vessel is at the waterline. A weight of 20 tons is transferred from forward towards the stern a distance of 100 ft. Calculate the new draughts. (1) To catcutaTe THE Mer 1 IN MCT 1 in — 122 GMs 12L (@) TO CALCULATE THE DISPLACEMENT OF THE VESSEL, Ixbxd weikbxd 35 _ 150 x 30 x 8 3 7,200 tons (8) TO CALCULATE THE LONGITUDINAL METACENTRIC HEIGHT, Git GM, = KM, — KG GM, = KB} BM, — KG now, BM, = 7 BM, GM, =90 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINE : 7,200 1,843 Therefore, MCT Hin = BOE x EE 1,843 Tq ftons (2) 10 CALCULATE THE CHANGE OF TRIM. wxd MCT Tin 20 x 100 x 14 1,843) = 15-192 in by the stern Change of trim = (3) To CALCULATE THE FINAL DRAUGHT Original draught F 8ftOin A 8MOin Half trim =76 in 176 in Final draught = F 7it44in A Note: In the case of 1, GM,, MCT 1 in the results have been retained in fractional form to simplify the arithmetic. Example $8 A vessel, length 480 ft, has a draught of 18 ft 7 in forward and 22 ft 3 in 1,130 fons ft, centre of flotation amidships. Toaded 180 ft forward from amidships. Caleulate the new draught. When calculating the draught it is necessary to consider (a) The bodily sinkage due to loading the weight. (b) The change of trim due to the weight being loaded forward of the centre of flotation, (@) TO CALCULATE THT INCREASE IN DRAUGHT DUF TO LOADING weight loaded Sinkage = Mei losds 100 ~ 46 = 217 in TRAN SVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 1 (8) 10 CALCULATE THE CHANGE OF TRIM Assume the weight first to be loaded above or below the centre of flotation and then moved forward, i _wxd Change of trim = eA 100 x 180 1,130 5:93 in by the head (©) To CALCULATE THE FINAL DRAUGHTS Original draughts F 18 ft7in A 22ft3in Sinkage 42:17 in +217 in ROITIn = BASATIn Change of draught due to trim +797 in 797i New draught FIRSIsin A TAIDin Example 59 A vessel has draughts of 19 ft 11 in forward and 22 ft 9 in aft. Calculate the weight to be loaded and its distance from the centre of flotation to bring the vessel to an even Keel draught of 22 ft 2 in, TPI = 48, MCT 1 in = 960 tons ft, centre of flotation amidships. (1) 10 CALCULATE THE AMOUNT OF CARGO TO BE LOADED Present mean draught = 21 ft 4 in Required mean draught = 22 ft 2 in Increase in the mean draught Tin Weight to be loaded — sinkage x TPL 10 x 48 480 tons @) To CALCULATE THE DISTANCE FROM THE CENTRE OF FLOTATION AT WHICH TO LOAD THE WEIGHT TO BRING THE VESSEL TO AN EVEN KEEL DRAUGHT Present trim = 2 ft 10 in by the stern Required trim Change of trim = 2 ft 10 in by the head wxd MCT iin Change of trim =By NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED where, w= Weight to be loaded d= Distance from centre of flotation _ 480. xa 960 _ 4x 960 480 d = 68 ft forward from the centre of flotation 4in Example 60 A vessel, displacement 12,070 tons, TPI 47, MCT 1 in 1,200 tons ft, centre of flotation 9 ft forward from amidships, length 470 ft, arrives in port with the following draughts, F 23 ft 5 in, A 24 ft 10 in, ‘Cargo was then discharged as follows: 230 ons from No. 1 hatch, 120 ft forward from amidships, 280 tons from No. 2 hatch, 65 ft forward from amidships, 300 tons from No. 3 batch, 85 ft aft from amidships, 480 tons from No. 4 hatch, 160 ft aft from arnidships. Fresh water and oil fuel tanks were filled as follows: Bresh water, 160 tons amidships, 120 tons, 60 ft aft from amidships, Oil fect, 220 tons. 140 ft forward from amidships, 280 tons, 90 ft aft from amidships. Calculate the draught on completion, (@) 10 CALCULATE ‘THE BODILY RISE OR SINKAGE DUE TO DISCHARGING CARGO AND LOADING THE FRESIE WATER AND OH. FUEL a 230 tons Fresh water loaded 160 tons 280 tons 120 tons 300 tons Oil fuel loaded —220 tons 4180 tons 280 tons, 990 tons Total 780 tons ht discharged -- 990 — 780 = 210 tons weight discharged Bodily rise ~ Néight discharg a TPL 210 = 4468 in TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 93 (8) 70 CALCULATE THE CHANGE OF TRIM Cargo: Weight Distance from CF Moment 230 tons 111 fe forward 25,530 ft tons aft 280 tons SG ft forward 15,680 ft tons aft 300 tons 94 ft aft 28,200 ft tons forward 180 tons 169 ft aft 30,420 ft tons forward Resultant Mf 10 ft tons forward Fresh water and oit fuel Weight Distance from CF Moment 160tons 9 That 1,440 ft tons aft 120 tons 69 flaft 8,280 ft tons aft 220 tons 131 MR forward 28,820 ft tons forward 280 tons 99 ft aft 27,720 ft tons aft Resultant M =” 8,620 ft tons aft Total resultant moment = 17,410 — 8,620 3,790 ft tons forward Moment change of trim ~ Momen Change of trim = Ser Tig 8,790 100 = 7-325 in by the head (©) 10 caLcutath HE € {Git OF DRAUGHT FORWARD AND APT 7325 x 226 Change of draught forwand ~ 7525 % 226 Change of draught (@) 70 cAtcuLaTE THE FINAL DRAUGHTS Original draughts F23n Rise 10 in 4468 in $52 in Change of draughts duc to trim 3-403 in New draughts FRRsoin ATR Din Dra ~ ison completion FIURFLn ATR TTA FOROSIDin A DAT94 NAUTICAL, CALCULATIONS FXPLAINTD Example 61 A vessel, length 510 ft, centre of Gotation 14 ft abaft amidships, has dcaughts of 21°f 11 in forward and 22 ft 6 in aft. If the TPT — 52, MCT 1 in ~- 930 tons ft, calculate the position at which to load cargo so that the draught aft remains constant, Suppose a weight of moderate amount (1) is loaded at a distance (d) feet forward from the centre of flotation, such that the draught aft does not change. TO CALCULATE THE DISTANCE (d) Sinkage due to loading w tons: Sinkage = eeaee TPT In order that the draught aft remains constant the conditions must be such that the change of draught aft due to trimming and the bodily sinkage are of equal amount and opposite sign. Thus, change of draught aft due to trimming = bodily sinkage. Iw Total trim x 7 = 5m where /= Distance of the centre of flotation from aft L = Length of vessel wxd Total change of trim = "4 ral change of tim = SET Tin wxdxl Therefore the change of draught aft = M241 and, = "Xd xI pl MCT iin x E MCT Lin x from which, d = MOT in <2 It will be noted that d is independent of w provided w is not excessive. Substituting the known values: = 220. 510 ~ SD MT d= 37-847 ft forward from the centre of flotation N.B. This calculation takes no account of the change of draught forward; only the draught aft remains constant. ‘TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 95 Example 62 A vessel, displacement 8,650 tons, arrives off port with a draught of 24 £¢9 in forward and 26 f7 in aft. In order to cross the bar it is necessary to reduce the draught to 26 ft. Calculate the minimum amount of water, to the nearest ton, to pump into the forepeak tank in order to bring the vessel to the required draught. The length of the vessel is 530 ft, distance of FP tank 240 ft forward from amidship, centre of flotation 15 ft abaft the midiength, TPT = 48-5, MCT 1 in = 1,045 tons ft. Let w equal the weight of water to be pumped into the forepeak tank. (1) To CALCULATE THE nODILY SINKAGE DUE FOREPEAK TANK 0 FILLING THE Sinkage = 5 ae" 2) To CALCULATE THE CHANGE OF DRAUGHT AFT DUE TO TRIM Original draught F249 in A 2687 in Sinkage +m F 249 in + bo int es Required draught aft — 26 ft A 26 ft Tin + in BS Required change of draught aft due to trim Tin + 3s in (3) TO CALCULATE THE MINIMUM WEIGHT OF WATER TO BE PURPED INTO THE FOREPEAK TANK L Total change of trim = Zex change of draught aft where L = Length of the vessel Distance of the centre of flotation from aft Total change of trim = $30 (° + ze) in wxd Now, total change of trim = ;96 naurn 1. CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED, d = Distance of the weight forward from the C of 1 = BK 255 is stheretone, 227 2.) oc x 255 Taerefore, 520 (7-4 ga) = MSE From which, w == 74 Flooding of Compartments A ship which, through some accident or mishap, has a watertight compartment which is damaged will lose buoyancy. If the loss of buoyancy is excessive the ship might sink. The tragic loss of the Titanic in 1913 is probably the most outstanding example of the loss of buoyancy and stability through flooding. In matters of design and construction the naval architect is vitally concerned with the effects of flooding, whilst during the operation and maintenance of ships the actual event usually preceses any quantitative assessment. Nevertheless, the following exampies explain the prineiples involved and are of the form often set in examinations. Example 63 A box-shaped vessel 400 ft tong, 60 ft beam, floats at a draught of 25 ft. A central compartorent 60 ft long extending across the vessel is bilged alving free access to the sea, Calculate the increase of draught, (a) ifthe compartment was empty; (b) if the compartment was 60% full of cargo capable of absorbing water to the extent of 20% ofits own volume, TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY ” (@ (i Volume Z is the amount of buoyancy lost through flooding Gi) This causes a drain on the reserve buoyancy above the original waterline to the extent of the volume (X + Y). (iii) The volume (X + Y) is interpreted as the product of the remaining intact waterplane area and the thickness of the layer (0) (iv) The thickness of the layer is the inorease of draught due to flooding. ) Thus, Volume (1 + Y) — Volume Z, i.e. Area of intact waterplane (4) x Increase of draught (x) = Volume of buoyancy lost (V7) v Thus, x = 4 TO CALCULATE THE VOLUME OF Lost AUOYANCY (V’) VaIXBxd V= 60 x 60 x 25.19 where, Land B are the length and breadth of the flooded compartment and d the original draught. To CALCULATE THE AREA OF THE INTACT WATERPLANE (4) A=(L-)xB ‘A = (400 — 60) x 60 As 340 x 60 fe TO CALCULATE THE INCREASE OF DRAUGHT (x) (D) The presence of cargo in the flooded compartment will clearly reduce the extent of the volume permeated by the sea water. In this connection the overall permeability of the compartment is the propor- tion of it into which the sea flows and is best expressed ‘as a pro- portionate volume, being in fact the volume of buoyancy lost. In this (i) The flooded compartment is 60%, full of cargo and 40% empty.98 NAUFICAL CALCULATIONS EXPLAINED (ii) 20%, of the 60% is permeable; the additional flooded volume is 20% x 60% = 12%, ; Gii) The total permeability of the whole compartment is therefore 40% '- 12% ~ 52% (iv) It is useful to interpret these proportions by considering the compartment 52% empty and 48% ful TO CALCULATE: TUE VOLUME OF Lost BUOYANCY (/) V= 32%, x1x Bx d v= 525% x 60 x 60 x 2500 TO CALCULATE THE AREA OF THE INTACT WATERPLANE (4) A=(L~S2%D XB 32 = 22 @o) x cont A= (400 ~ 3 x) To CALCULATE THE INCREASE OF DRAUGHT (x) v nae ft ‘TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 99 Example 64 A vessel of beam 57 ft and draught 25 ft has a waterplane area of 20,000 ft", A midship parallel body section $0 ft long is bilged through collision. An empty double bottom tank in way of the bilged compart- ment is 4 f¢ deep and has a capacity of 325 tons of sea water. There is a watertight flat located 24 ft above the keel. The hold compartment con- tains teakwood stowing at 85 f1"/ton, One cubic foot of teak weighs 50 Ib. Calculate the increase of draught due to floodi (2) Under the present conditions, damage having been sustained by both the hold and the DB tank. (®) Under similar conditions but with no watertight flat at the 24 f¢ level. (©) With the DB tank intact; flooding only in the hold compartment; no watertight flat at 24 ft (@) With the hold compartment intact; flooding only in the DB tank. (6) Im the ease of (a) above, assume the watertight lat to be located at 26 ft above the keel instead of 24 ft. 50 Ibo sold eakwood occupies 1 on of si texknood oesupes 228 — aa 0 Sine he owage ator 85 fon it los that in exch seh wit 4a teas sh ak and 402 spice mo whch sa nat wi ponent ® ‘Thus, permeability, ie. proportion of air space = BO Note: The permeability factor is sometimes expressed as a decimal or as a percentage: it is a matter of personal preference to use the one, the other, or to leave it as a fraction. An alternative argument may be used to find the permeability by considering actual and virtual densities of the stowed commodity, thus, Actual density = 50 Ibjft® ‘When stowed, virtual density 2.240 2635 Ibi 85 Loss of density = 23:65 Ib/ft? from broken stowage ‘Thus, fractional measure of air space Bs permeability.100 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS FXPLAISED Although in each method the permeability may be reduced to 47°3% the former argument is to be preferred because the discussion primarily involves the question of air space, i.e. a proportionate volume. TO FIND THE VOLUME OF Lost BUOYANCY (V) ‘This will include the total space below the watertight flat at 24 ft consisting of the hold and the DB tank. P= Volume at hl comparnent + yline of DD ak = BE x a4 4) x 905 57] +25 x 398 V = 26,957-6 +- 11,375 f° V = 38,332-6 ft @ 10 FIND THE INCREASE OF DRAUGHT (x) a In this case the watertight flat maintains the full waterplane area (4) 20,006 (8) 10 FIND THE INCREASE OF DRAUGHT WITH No WATERTIGHT Hur (x) In this case the remaining intact waterplane area (4,) is given by: 40-2 : Ay = 20,000 — (F x 50x 57) Ay = 18,652-1 1 ‘The increase of draught due to flooding where the volume of buoy- ancy lost (V,) is the total space below the existing draught of 25 ft is given by: y ae where, F Pa x Q5—4) x 50 x | 1. G25 x 35) A ‘TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 101 18,6521 2127 ft fULsin (6) To FIND THE INCREASE OF DRAUGHT WITH THE DB TANK intact (x,) In this case the remaining intact waterplane area remains the same as in (b) above, ie. 4, —= 18,652-1 ft# but the measure of lost buoyancy is now reduced to exclude the DB tank, ie Vax [Be x a5 — 4 x 50x si] fe oor morsi7n (@) 10 FIND THE INCREASE OF DRAUGHT DUE TO FLOODING oF DD TANK () In this case the remaining waterplane area is the fall 20,000 sta and the volume of lost buoyancy is that of the DB tank, viz. Vy = 325 x 35 = 11375 8 (e) TO FIND THE INCREASE OF DRAUGHT WITH THE WATERTIGHT FLAT AT 26 FT ADOVE THE KEEL (@ The volume of lost buoyancy (V,) is the tota existing draught of 25 ft, ie. space below the Y= [BE x 059) x 0 57] 4 025 39.08 V, = 28,305-5 + 11,375 ¥, = 395680°5 10102 NAUTICAL CALCULATIONS FXPLAD D (ii) The initial waterplane area changes with the demand on the reserve buoyancy because the watertight flat is located above the initial draught. Up to 26 fi above the keel the waterplane is broken aid is intact to the extent of A, = 18,6521 f, Thus from 25 (initial draught) to 26 11 (height of watertight flat) the drain on the reserve buoyancy —,1 x 18.6521 10, This leaves an extra (39,6805 — 18,652-1) = 21,0284 ft (V,) to be accommodated by an unbroken layer extending over the full 20,000 ‘Thus, increase of draught additional to 1 1 eg = LORE «20,0000 x4 = 10514 ft 24 = 1106 in Total increase = (I+ x4) = 2ft06 in Example 65 A box-shaped vessel 416 ft Yong, 55 ft beam and 40 ft deep has a draught of 26 ft 6 in in the loaded condition. An end compartment 30 ft tong is bilged and admits sea water. Assuming the vessel to be initially om even keel calcalite the new draughts. This example concerns both sinkage and trim due to flooding. The order of work may be listed as follows: (@ To find the volume of buoyancy lost. ii) To find the increase of draught due to flooding. (ii) To find the position of the centre of flotation. (iv) To find the MCT 1 in and the change of trim, (¥) To apportion the change of trim and find the draughts. "TRANSVERSE AND LONGITUDINAL STABILITY 103 (@ 70 FIND THE VOLUME oF Lost avovANcy (V) Ves 265 x 30 x 55 fe Gil) To FIND THE INCREASE OF DRAUGHT DUE TO FLOODING (x) 26:5 x 30 x 55 A 16 — 30) x 55 X= 2:06 ft or 21 0-7 in ii) The centre of flotation will be at the midlength of the remaining waterplane, i.e. 193 ft from one end and 223 ft from the other, the latter being that of the flooded compartment, TPL. 69) The MCT Line given by 37" where 7 ‘The equivalent tonnage of lost budyancy is given by above. (@ To find MCT 1 in: 3 35x S5t x 3868 35 x 4208 MCT 1 in = 1,625-95 ft tons Where 4 is the area of the intact waterplane area, (To FIND THE MOMENT CAUSING THE CHANGE OF TRIM r M = x dittons = 295 X30 55 5 9g M = 259,845 ft tons N.B. The distance (4) of 208 ft is measured from the centre of the flooded compartment to the new centre of flotation.