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Management has been given various but mutually supportive definitions by different
authors and scholars i.e. All the definitions given by different scholars not contradicting
or mutually exclusive but complementary. Among others the following are several of
them:
1) According to F.W. Taylor, "Management is the art of knowing what you want to
do... in the best and cheapest way."
2) According to Terry and Franklin, "Management is a distinct process consisting of
activities of planning, organizing, actuating, and controlling, performed to determine
and accomplish stated objectives with the use of human beings and other resources.
3) According to Henery Fayol; "to manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to
command, to coordinate, and to control.
4) According to Kinard, "Management is the process of maximizing the potential of an
organization's people and coordinating their efforts to attain predetermined goals.
5) According to Follet, management is ‘the art of getting things done through people’.
.
From the various definitions of management, we can derive the following important
points
Management refers to the managerial functions of planning, organizing, staffing,
leading and controlling.
Management is defined as the process of planning, organizing, leading and con
controlling the efforts of organization members and of using all other organizational
resources to achieve stated organizational goals
Management co-ordinates both human and non-human resources (land, labour,
capital) for the accomplishment of objectives.
Management is applied to all types of organization
- Profit or not for profit - Large, medium or small organization
- Manufacturing or service giving, etc.
Management deals with creating a comfortable internal environment, with a
great consideration of the external environment.
1.2. Significance of Management
Scientific Management only can meet the challenges and complexities of modern
business.
Efficient Management can effectively utilize the available resources in the enterprise.
Management creates teamwork and coordination among employees.
Management directs and controls the organization to achieve the desired goal.
Management provides stability in organization.
Management provides new ideas, imagination and vision for better and greater
performance.
Good management serve as a friend, philosopher and guide in tackling business
problems.
Management is a tool of personality development of the people and attempts to raise
their efficiency and productivity
Management is an agent of change and economic development.
Effective functioning of business: Ability, experience, mutual understanding, co-
ordination, motivation and supervision are some of the factors
Social benefits: Management is useful not only to the business firms but to the society as
a whole.
Useful for developing countries: Management has to play a more important role in
developing countries.
Sound organization structure: Management establishes proper organization structure
1.3. Managerial Functions an Overview
Management is a process which comprises five stages (functions) which are described below:
Planning Organizin Staffing Directing Controlling
Planning g Planning Planning Planning Planning
Organizing involves dividing work into convenient tasks or duties, grouping of such duties
in the form of positions, grouping of various positions into departments and sections,
assigning duties to individual positions and delegating authority to each position so that
the work is carried out as planned.
3. Staffing: Staffing involves managing various positions of the organizational structure. It
involves selecting and placing the right person at the right position. Staffing includes
identifying the gap between manpower required and available, identifying the sources from
where people will be selected, selecting people, training them, fixing the financial
compensation and appraising them periodically. The success of the organization depends upon
the successful performance of staffing function.
Control is the process of checking to determine whether or not proper progress is being made
towards the objectives and goals and acting if necessary to correct any deviations. Control
involves three elements:
(a) Establishing standards of performance.
(b) Measuring current performance and comparing it against the established standard.
(c) Taking action to correct any performance that does not meet those standards.
Managers are classified according to their levels/ positions within an organization/ (vertical
difference). . Kinds of managers by level are presented in the figure below.
Levels of management
Top Level Management
Makes up the relatively small group of executives who manage the overall organization.
is instrumental in developing concepts for such new enterprises;
Responsible for committing resources for the organizations and also accountable for their
success or failure.
titles found in this group include: Board of directors, Executive committee, Chief Executive
Officer (CEO), General Manager, President, Vice president, etc
main functions are
Create organization’s goals, overall strategies and operating policies.
Officially represent the organization to the external environment/ parties by meeting with
government officials, executives of other organizations, and so forth.
Providing effective organizational structure that insures integration.
Providing overall leadership and direction.
Making overall control of the organization.
Analyzing changes in the external environment and respond to it.
make decisions about such activities:
acquiring other companies
investing on Research and Development
entering or abandoning other markets
building new plants and office facilities
Jobs are likely be complex and varied.
Work long hours and spend much of their time in meetings or on the telephone.
Are very well paid.
Middle Level Managements
Are head of different functional areas and their assistants?
Common titles are such as: division/ section heads; department heads; operation manager;
branch manager; plant manager; etc.
Are primarily responsible for implementing the policies and plans developed by top managers,
and for supervising & coordinating the activities of lower level managers.
Bridge the upper & lower levels of the organization to implement the strategies developed at
the top.
Managers in this level are specialists.
o Their activities are limited to a particular area of operation.
main functions are
o Acting as an intermediary between top and operational level of management.
o Translating long term plans in to medium range plans.
o Developing specific targets (in their area of responsibility).
o develop specific schedule (to guide action and facilitate control)
o coordinate inputs, productivity and outputs of operating levels of management
E.g. Academic deans, Division Head, Plant managers, Army captain
Lower level management
Is also called first-line management or operating-level management.
The last level of the ladder in the hierarchy of management.
Supervises and coordinate the activities of operating employees/ subordinates.
o Subordinate are non-management workers and they are directly engaged in
production or service rendering.
Directs small team of worker and keeps a check on their performance so that short-term
production and work targets are achieved.
Responsible for the work of operating employees and don’t supervise other managers.
typical titles are such as: section chief; office manager; Forman; supervisor; etc
Oversee the day-to-day operation of their respective activities. And typically spend a large
proportion of their time supervising the work of subordinates.
main functions
o Plan daily and weekly activities and accomplish them based on monthly,
quarterly and annual plan.
o Assigning employees to specific jobs
o Issue instructions at the workplace
o Follow up, motivate and evaluate workers
o Send reports to their supervisors
o Keep a watch on workers performance
o Evaluate and make close contact with workers
E.g. Department Heads, supervisory personnel, Sales managers, Loan officers, Foreman.
1.5. Types of Managers
By range/scope of activities for which they are responsible, managers are categorized in to
General Managers and Functional Managers. (Horizontal difference)
1) General Managers: they are responsible for all activities of the organization. Oversee a
complex unit, such as a company, a subsidiary, or an independent operating division.
Managers who are responsible for managing the entire operations of more complex unit
or division which may have two or more functional units.
They are the top executive officers of the organization. Their decision affects virtually
broader areas of the organization.
A. Figurehead role: representing the organization as the ceremonial and symbolic functions,
acting as public official for the organization. Or performing ceremonial duties important for
the organization’s image and success. e.g.
Managers are asked to serve as figurehead, leader and liaison. Figurehead and liaison roles
give access to great deal of important information to managers.
2. The Informational Roles: is the processing of information and flow naturally from the
interpersonal roles?
are activities that focus on obtaining and disseminating data important for the decisions that
managers need to make.
The process of carrying out this role places a manager at a strategic point to gather and
disseminate information. Effective managers build networks of contacts for sharing
information, i.e. managers emerge as the nerve system centers of their organization.
It can be classified as
A. Monitor role: Involves actively seeking out, receiving and securing information that may be
of value. Here managers, just as radar, scan their environment. It is like a nerve center.
o Manager is a person who speaks for his organization to people outside the organization.
3. The Decisional Roles: entail making decisions or choices.
Related making decision, and the most important of the three categories of roles.
Are activities dealing with the allocation of resources to reach organizational objectives?
Manager’s informational role typically leads to decisional roles. Managers use information to
make decision to commit their organization to new actions or objectives.
It can be classified into:
A. Entrepreneurial role: Making change that is important for the improvement and betterment
of the organization, i.e. acting as designer and initiator of change within the group to improve
organization’s position.
o Managers play this role when they initiate new project; launch a survey; test new market; or
enter a new business; etc…
B. Disturbance handler role: Making decisions or taking corrective actions in response to
situations that are beyond their control, or dealing with problems and changes beyond
manager’s immediate control.
Management is universal in its nature. The functions performed by every manager are
nearly the same. Universality of management is the applicability of the principals of
management in all kinds of organizations, and in all different countries of the world.
Universality means fundamentals, concepts are the same throughout, but the techniques
to achieve/ fulfill these fundamental may be different.
• Management is regarded as universal activity because:
In all kinds of organizations the basic managerial function are used to make
individuals contribute to group objectives
i.e. management is applied to all type of organization.
Managers perform the same basic managerial function in all levels of organizational
hierarchy.
What differs from level to level is may be the amount of time for each
function, the point of emphasis in each function.
1.8. Management an art, Science, or profession?
There is great controversy whether management is science or art. It is an art in the sense of
possessing of managing skill by a person. It is a science also because of developing principles or
laws which are applicable in a place where a group of activities are coordinated. In fact
management is both science and art as it clear from the following discussion.
Management as an art or a science has been an issue of debate for a long period of time. In fact,
effective management is a blend of both science and art. And successful executives’ managers
recognize the importance of combing both the science and the art of management as they practice
their craft.
Art: is the application of obtained knowledge and skills that constitutes science to bring out the
results. It is based on the knowledge of principles developed by science.
The science of Management
Managers gather data, facts, and objective information, and also can use quantitative methods and
decision making techniques to arrive at “correct” decision. And they need to take such scientific
approach to solve problems whenever possible. Technical, diagnostic & decision making skills are
especially important when practicing the science of management.
Management as science;
is the structured body of knowledge with its own distinct concepts and principles developed
with reference to the general truth underlying the management practices. Hence management
is a science.
is based on principles instead of traditional way of doing things, trials and error methods.
is not as comprehensive or as exact as other sciences, because management mostly deals with
human elements which are very complex variables.
Human beings are not standardize and their behavior is unpredictable
Experiments cannot be repeated under standardized conditions.
Human being cannot be subject of controlled laboratory experiment.
The art of Management
Even though managers may try to be scientific as much as possible, they must often make decisions
and solve problems on the basis of intuition, experience, instinct and personal insights. Relying
heavily on conceptual, communication, interpersonal and time management skills, a manager may
have to decide between multiple courses of action that look equally attractive, and even “objective
facts” may prove to be wrong. Thus managers must blend elements of intuition and personal insight
with hard data and objective facts.
Management as an Art
Like other practices, it is know-how. It is the application of knowledge. “It is doing things
based on realities of the situation”.
A manager to manage must have both the knowledge of science and art. Managers can work better
by using organized knowledge about management.
Without science means without structured body of management principles and concepts; and
trusting (reliance) on luck, intuition or what s/he did in the past.
Without art means trying to manage by memorization of principles, diagnose by the books,
neglecting practical reality.
Management principles are not developed for the sake of knowledge but for their applications to
specific situations. Management as a practice is an art and as an organized knowledge underlying
the practice is a science. Art needs the existence of science and science determines skillful
application of knowledge, i.e. an art. Therefore, both science and art are inseparable and
interconnected; and they are complementary but not mutually exclusive. Accordingly,
management is both an art and science.