Keywords

One Health; One Welfare; Ecosystem Health; Well-Being; One Health World; Post-Normal
Science; One Health Ethics
In a situation where human behavior is damaging much of life on Earth, it is important to
remember that the basic concepts of biology, welfare and health are common to humans and
all other animals. Human behavior has far-reaching implications and requires changes in
how we interact with other organisms. Understanding the concepts of One Health, One
Welfare and One Biology and applying them to everyday decisions about production
systems, public policy, markets and consumers can reduce the current negative impacts.In
particular, an understanding of
human relationships with animals used for food, work, or company helps in dealing with
challenges
concerning their use and system sustainability, including the animal’s welfare.
Abstract：Excessive human population growth, uncontrolled use of natural resources, including
deforestation, mining, wasteful systems, biodiversity reduction by agriculture, and damaging climate
change affect the existence of all animals, including humans. This discussion is now urgent and
people
are rethinking their links with the animals we use for clothing, food, work, companionship,
entertainment, and research. The concepts of one health, one welfare, and one biology are
discussed
as a background to driving global change. Nothing should be exploited without considering the
ethics
of the action and the consequences. This review concerns domesticated animals, including those
used
for human consumption of meat, eggs, and milk; horses kept for work; and dogs kept for company.
Animal welfare includes health, emotional state, and comfort while moving and resting, and is
affected by possibilities to show behavior and relationships with others of the same species or with
humans. We show some examples of the relations between humans and domesticated animals in
the
environmental context, including zoonotic diseases, and consider the consequences and the new
paradigms resulting from current awareness.

What is One Health and One Welfare

One Health refers to the concept that human and animal health are interdependent and bound
to the health of the ecosystem in which they exist (OIE,2013)
One Welfare means improving either the health of the animal, or the human, witch ever first,
because the second one will always follow.
The concept of One Health has its roots in ancient civilizations that made no distinction
between
healers of people and healers of animals and, although it has nearly completely fallen out of
current practice and fashion, remnants of this idea persist among certain indigenous peoples
(Callicott, 1982; Loppie, 2008; Dockery, 2010; Tignino, 2018; Jack, Gonet, Mease, and
Nowak,2020).
 One Medicine, a term formally defined and elaborated by veterinarian Dr. Calvin Schwabe,
refocused attention on the common scientific origins of human and veterinary medicine
(Schwabe, 1984).
Welfare, as applied to animals, appears to be a hybrid of the meanings of both terms.
According to the American Veterinary Medical Association,An animal is in a good state of
welfare if (as indicated by scientific evidence) it is healthy,comfortable, well-nourished, safe,
able to express innate behaviour, and if it is not suffering from unpleasant states such as pain,
fear, and distress.(American Veterinary Medical Association, 2020a)
In the spirit of the WHO definition of “health”, we argue that, where One Health is
concerned, a broad concept of well-being should apply to all three dimensions of humans,
other animals (wildand domestic) and the environment/ecosystem. One Welfare can provide
the individual moraland societal ethical construct to guide One Health actions and ensure
well-being as part of achieving optimal health. It could serve as a scribe for human behaviour
and policy-making,based on acknowledgement and respect for our interdependence with
other living beings and our mutual dependence on the planet’s natural resources.
One Welfare is an emerging concept or approach that “describes the interrelationships
between animal welfare, human well-being and the physical and social environment”
(Pinillos et al.,2016).
It extends the idea of well-being, heretofore only applied to people, to animals, and is
beginning to be addressed in scientific publications, but less so in treatises that explore the
ethical underpinnings of One Health (Lysaght et al., 2017).
Current Trends in Animal Production Systems

It has been recommended that animal welfare should be considered in relation to “quality of life”
and “a life worth living” [53–55]. Quality of life means the same as welfare, although not normally
used
for short time periods, so can be measured [56]. The measures of welfare are objective. However,
there
is a difficulty with saying whether or not a life is worth living, as the decision about this involves
subjective human judgement [4,54,57]. We consider that it is better to rely on objective measures
such
as health, body condition, physiological and behavioral measures of welfare, and understanding the
needs of animals and the supply of resources. In order to be able to judge what are the key factors
affecting the welfare of farm animals, we have to consider the systems used, some of their physical
components, and interactions between humans and farm animals, as described in the following
sections. Recent welfare research has increasingly focused, not just on negative effects but on
positive
welfare with conditions provided where negative experiences, such as isolation, pain, fear, stress,
are
minimized and the opportunities to have positive experiences, such as grooming, rest, play and
affiliative behaviors, are provided [55,56‐60].