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UDC 027.54:02 5.17](091)(73) https://doi.org/10.15407/np.60.062

Vladimir Udovik,
Candidate of Historical Sciences, Senior Research Fellow, National Library ,

of Ukraine named after V. I Holosii vskyi prosp., 3, Kyiv, Wow

030 39 e-mail: udovik
.

@u kr. no , UK district

http s : // o rcid.or g/ 00 00 -0001-7 74 9-8 095

PRESENT LIBRARIES OF THE UNITED

STATES: HISTORICAL DISCS AND TENDENCIES OF DEVELOPMENT

The research is related to the study of the organization, formation and preservation of the documentary
heritage of US presidents. Historical discussions and current views on the prospects of organizing the
activities of presidential libraries are discussed, with the exception of the change of the sustainable model
formed in the late 1930s. Art. The scientific noveltytoofthe
theorganization,
work lies in highlighting
preservationthe
and
different
promotion
approaches
of the
documentary legacy of the presidency. Due to the development of information technologies, a new model
of the Presidential Library is being formed in the United States, which ensures the preservation of
documentary and information resources of the US Presidency
access
Institute.
to them
in one
through
place the
andworld
providing
wide digital
web,
and in addition - reduces the cost of the federal budget for the maintenance of a separate resident library.
Presidential libraries, museums, and funds are being set up in many countries around the world to preserve
the documentary heritage of the head of state and to promote its research.
thereforeand
thepopularization,
American evidence
and is
valuable to these countries.

So

Key words: presidential library; USA; institute of presidency.

The institution of the president as a political institution appeared at the end

of the 16th and 2nd centuries. in School A, who combined the positions of
head of state and government. For more than two hundred years, such an
institution with its peculiarities has emerged on almost all continents and in
more than two hundred countries around the world. In some cases, the
presidency has become one of the most important institutions in many
countries. The presidents influence not only all spheres of the country's internal
life, but also global civilians for the changes that have taken place in modern
society. The documentary legacy of the presidential activity is represented by
a large number of different documents, which are distributed both by species
and by place of storage. © W. Widower, 62
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Vladimir Udovik US Presidential Libraries: Historical Discussions and Development Trends

However, the formation and preservation of documentary resources of the

institute of residency began only at the beginning of the twentieth century, and
again in the United States. It is the tradition of creating separate specialized
funds, integrated into one whole archival, library, museum materials, called .

the USA Although at the beginning of the twentieth century. The Library of
Congress has been working on the collection and preservation of documentary
resources of presidential presidents, but this tradition was finally formed in the
late 1930s. in the writings of F. Roosevelt's Presidential Library. And F.
Roosevelt's initiative was enshrined in the Law on Presidential Libraries of 1955.
However, for more than 80 years and a century of presidential libraries in
the United States, discussions about the integrity and design of the same
system of presidential libraries - decentralized - have not subsided. storage in
one place of archives, library and museum funds. This is the purpose of this
article - to cover the historical discussion on the organization of the system of
presidential libraries and to identify trends in the development of its
transformation in the XI century. These questions are mainly addressed by
American researchers of presidential libraries [5, archival
6 1 0], collaborators
, system of theofUnited
the
States [9], as well as various
system scientists.
[2] and thewho
rightstudied
to ensure
the the
American
functioning
presidential
, archival
libraries of
[4].
However, a comprehensive study of this issue, aimed at highlighting the
current state of the system of presidential libraries, taking into account the
development of information technology
,

not yet.
In the traditional system of presidential libraries, the United States has its
Obama B. Obama's supporters own.and
Thecritics
examplewill of
report
the President
on the search
of the
forBible
the and
optimal model of functioning for
providing access to information resources for researchers. The experience of
the American system of presidential libraries and the trends of its development
at the present stage will be useful for native scholars in the field of
documentation and information.
The US Presidential Library System currently consists of 14 Presidential
Libraries, which are integrated into the Presidential Library System and
administered by the National Archives and the US Administration of Documents
(NAPA). In addition to them, there are more than a dozen presidential libraries
and museums, but their activities are directed by private foundations,
universities or historical associations. these pits. According to the tradition,
founded by F. Roosevelt, the construction and arrangement of presidential
libraries is carried out at the expense of private funds from the charity fund,
which begins form more than a year
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until the end of the presidential term. After the construction of the premises
and the opening of the library and museum, their management is transferred
to NAPA, but the ownership of land, buildings and library funds remains with
the President. good deeds of the fund, and ownership of archival documents
- under the US government in accordance with the law of 1978 [4, p. 143].
Today, presidential libraries gather a large number of visitors to museum
collections from around the world, and their activities are aimed at the younger
generation in order to cultivate patriotism and popularized by the history of
the United States. However, the main goal of the creation is to provide
researchers with access to information resources to study the period of a
president's rule. Thus, thanks to a study by historians of transcripts of
meetings at the White House, it was possible to dispel the myths about
President D. Eisenhauer, as an influential politician, which were widespread
in public opinion. from the critical political discussion on the war in Vietnam
during the presidency of L. John Son [14].
Thus, the entire library of documents coming from the White House and
related to the Presidential Libraries and Museums of the United States
preserves, processes, and promotes with the political activities of the
presidents, using their constitutional obligations, as well as materials from the
personal archives of the presidents and members of their families, The wives
are happier, and the closest officials, friends, and colleagues. Museum
collections, which are an integral part of the Presidential Library, in addition
to documents, photographs, eo films, sound recordings and personal files.
These include numerous gifts received by the President and members of his
family during their time in the White House. The book fund, as a rule, is small
in size, consists of literature, on the issue of the institute of the presidency,
between the native relations, the historical period ode to the president's rights.
At the same time, the Presidential Library is also a research and research
center, focusing on the study of the activities of presidents, especially on the
formation of materials of "oral history", etc. . The cultural, educational and
informational activities of these institutions are aimed at fostering respect for
history, state symbols, democratic values, especially among young people.
generation.
Laying the foundations for the future system of presidential libraries, US
President F. Roosevelt wanted to see new institutions open to researchers
and citizens, so the name was chosen. it is the "library" and not the "archive",
because the basis of the funds were archival materials. However, the
difference between archival and library institutions is that the library has more
mobile access to documents and materials.
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Vladimir Udovik US Presidential Libraries: Historical Discussions and Development Trends

The President of the United States under three had the US Archbishop R.
Connor, who in his article "The Franklin D. Roosevelt Library" (1940) continued
the idea of F. Roosevelt. the transfer of presidential documents to federal
control and the decentralized preservation of them in a separate institution [2,
p. 499].
Later, experts identified the advantages of the existing system of presidential
libraries. Thus, in 1973, J. O'Neill, the former director of the Presidential Library
of F. Roosevelt, considered that despite some shortcomings (limited access
and slow pace of paperwork) co-workers), the documentary legacy of the
presidents, as the only consolidated resource, was gathered in one place with
minimal losses; this set of documents became the legal property of the US
government with open access for all researchers on equal terms, and finally,
the presence of a museum exhibition became necessary a condition for
popularizing the idea of presidency among the population [2, p. 501].

In the early 90's of the twentieth century. U.S. Archivist D. Wilson identified
the role of presidential libraries as a quick access to presidential documents
and to spread the positive image of presidential power among broad masses
of society. Professor R. Koch, a researcher in archival and biblical affairs in the
United States, also emphasizes the educational functions of these institutions
[6, p. 46].
At the beginning of the XXI century. The issue of presidential libraries is
reactivated, connected with a number of scandals concerning the dissection of
documents of Presidents R. Reagan and J. Bush-star shogo [2, p. 505–506].
In 2006, the Journal of the Public Historian began a discussion on the
perspectives of the functioning of the presidential library system, devoting
several issues to this topic. In one of the publications, S. Fawcett, Assistant to
the US Archivist for Presidential Libraries, emphasized the development of
museum and educational functions in raising historical literacy. population,
conducting scientific and popular events in the premises of the library [9].
In his dissertation and research paper on the Presidential Library of George
W. Bush, he emphasizes the superiority of the system of presidential libraries.
The Research Library points to the specialization of the Presidential Library
staff during the presidency of President George W. Bush, which would be
impossible. with the centralized storage of all presidential archives in one place.
In addition, it points to the geographical unity of the museum-archive and library
collection with the memorial sites of the presidential personality, which facilitates
the work of researchers and changes. their costs [10, p. 256, 281].

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Statistics on the benefits of presidential activities in libraries and museums

speak volumes about the benefits of secular activities. Thus, among all the
events held in the NAPA system in 2010, exhibitions and educational
programs of 13 presidential libraries accounted for 61% and 82% (respectively)
of mothers and foreign tourists [15]. The total number of visitors to all
presidential libraries in the NAPA system in 2012 reached about 2 million per
year, while the National Archives and the Administration of Documents These
are conducted by about 1 million researchers [16].
During the global economic crisis of 2009, finding ways to optimize federal
spending in American society, the question of the prospects of presidential
bibles was raised again. The feasibility and expediency of the existence of
this system in its modern form. On behalf of Parliament, NAPA has developed
a project to improve the Presidential Library system, proposing five alternative
models:
1) modern decentralized PB model with cost optimization;
2) management divisions: NAPA reports on archival funds,
presidential private funds for museum and library collections;
3) division of the presidential library into archives and museums
from NAPA and the Presidential Private Fund;
4) creation of a centralized presidential archival depository under the
management and maintenance of NAPA, and museums remain in the regions
owned by presidential funds;
5) creation of a centralized presidential archival depository and a single
museum of the presidency under the management and maintenance of NAPA
[11, p. 238].
However, it should be noted that D. Ferroro, US Archivist, who addressed
the Congress in September 2009, did not identify the most acceptable option
for the archival system, leaving the right choice of par la men and ryam.

Subsequently, in 2011, in a report to Congress, D. Ferrero stated that

in addition to the above, there are also the following positive aspects of the current system:
- non-state financing of construction and equipment of institutions;
- financing information, research and research activities
resources;
- development of regional infrastructure, increase in the impact of funds
in the local economy at the expense of the flow of tourists [15].
The efficiency of the presidential library system, the development of a
private state partnership, and cooperation with local universities have
contributed to the achievement of significant results. Yes, presidential libraries are one
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Vladimir Udovik US Presidential Libraries: Historical Discussions and Development Trends

Among the first public archival and library institutions, they began to create
Internet portals and fill them with information resources themselves. For the
first time, G. Truman's Presidential Library involved young people in their
educational activities, creating educational programs on a permanent basis,
which served as a model for other institutions. Presidential libraries J.
Kennedy, F. Roosevelt and J. Ford began remote access to digital and
electronic collections [15].
However, criticism of the traditional system of presidential libraries has its
arguments. For example, T. Gallina, a researcher in legal information at the
University of North Carolina, believes that the best option might be a model
that provides for centralized collection. archival depository. He believes that
the decentralized network of presidential libraries adds difficulties for
researchers due to the impossibility of reviewing the documents of several
presidents at once and the need to overcome large from the state for
acquaintance with archival materials [11, p. 248].

At the beginning of the XXI century. main discussion on the presidency -

She worked in the parliamentary committees of the US Congress with the
active support of civic activists and forest journalists. In particular, the
emphasis on the transparency of donations from donors to the construction
and maintenance of presidential libraries and museums under the auspices
of NARA has increased. Since 1999, this issue has been debated in the
House of Representatives, but so far the Senate has not had a single version
of the Law on the Reform of Presidential Library Donation Reform (three
Presidential Library Donation Reform Act), voted repeatedly by the lower
house of parliament.
The first bill was introduced by Congressman D. Duncan in 1999, when
information about foreign donations to the Clinton Presidential Library
Foundation appeared. This has raised concerns about the influence of
foreign governments on the Clinton Administration, as library funds begin to
be raised a year before the end of the presidency. In addition, Clinton, and
later George W. Bush, were accused of abuse of power when they
denounced the pardon of the accused. in corruption of individuals after the
transfer of their finances to the funds of the Presidential Libraries [7].

The latest draft law of 2019, submitted by Congressman I. Cumming,

proposes to ensure transparency in the financing of presidential libraries
through mandatory disclosure information on all donors, starting with
contributions of more than $ 200, as well as quarterly publications
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cation of financial income to the funds of presidential libraries [13]. The issue
of the maturity of presidential donations was raised by the Obama
Presidential Library Foundation, which stated that 68 donors donated more
than $ 1 million, while did not disclose their data. The jury also noted in a
letter from K. Evers-Hilstrum that donors include good funds and, therefore,
a real source of contribution to the house [7].
Legislators demanded not only the disclosure of donations to presidential
funds, but also the limitation of their number, as libraries are becoming
increasingly financially costly for the federal budget. The Law on Presidential
Libraries of 1986 introduced a mandatory share of NARA compensation
from the funds of presidential libraries in the amount of 20% of the
construction amount. and equipping the premises for storage and use of
library and archival funds. Later, in 2008, according to the Law on
Preservation of Presidential Historical Documents, the share of compensation
was increased to 60%, but it should take effect from the presidency. B.
Obama [16]. In addition, since 1986, restrictions on the location of up to 70
thousand square meters have been introduced. feet, which was transferred
to NARA. However, George W. Bush was able to circumvent these
restrictions and build a library that exceeded the law, but transferred only
69.99 square meters to NARA. feet [5].
Historian A. Clark notes that over time (after declining attention to the
post of President), large areas of presidential libraries are transformed into
"empty tombs". Federal funds are needed to maintain them, but these
premises are used by the President's private funds to promote the individual
president, and not always the object. in relation to the historical reality.
According to the statistical data of the analytical services of the Congress,
in the first year of operation of the Presidential Library, its average attendance
is about 300 thousand visitors, but for over the next five years, this number
decreases by more than 36% [16]. Thus, the maintenance of cumbersome
premises falls on the shoulders of American taxpayers, and they cannot
influence the domestic policy of presidential libraries, as well as museum
and about secular activities carried out in the interests of certain politicians.

A. Clark also notes that over the last decade, presidential library funds,
using the political weight of ex-presidents, have influenced hearings in the
Congress on Presidents. libraries, as well as the appointment of NARA
officials and deadlines from open access to presidential documents [5].
Therefore, the system of presidential libraries in the United States has
remained unchanged until recently.
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Vladimir Udovik US Presidential Libraries: Historical Discussions and Development Trends

Discussions on the functioning of the Presidential Libraries in the

United States have reached a new level after the announcement that the
Obama Presidential Library will have only digital There is no plan to save
the original archive and museum resources. B. Obama decided to create
a new model of the presidential library and not to transfer it to the
management of NARA, ie his library should be the sole property of the B.
Obama Foundation. However, according to the jury in a letter from M.
Glen non, the citizens still paid at least 174 million dollars. their taxes for
the reconstruction of the park in Chicago, where the Obama Presidential
Center was built, and the creation of the necessary infrastructure. The
main goal of this institution, which Obama defined as the education of
young politicians and new leaders, and not as a public institution that
could chats of tourists and researchers [12].
The New York Times, J. Schuss, points out that some researchers
have pointed out that presidential documentary resources can be
scattered between different institutions without the help of Professional
content archiving systems for digital content can lead to complex search
and research difficulties. At the same time, historian E. Clark called
Obama's idea "good for the American taxpayer, because NARA will not
be burdened with expenses and charges of politicization during the war.
exhibitions and cultural and educational events "[14].
Researcher D. Cohen notes that the discussion on the Obama
Presidential Library was not in line with that, as Obama's archive is
already digital. His presidency was marked by the transition to electronic
document circulation, so the problem remains in the effective use of this
resource. For example, Lindane B. John Son's Presidential Library has
about 45 million sheets of paper, and Obama's Library of America has a
resource of about 1.5 billion pages. 95% of which are created electronically
(electronic records, spreadsheets, files from the website and social
networks). E-mail alone costs more than 1 billion pages [3]. If we turn to
Obama's predecessors, the Presidential Library of George W. Bush has
more than 600 million pages of electronic records of his administration.
for eight years, which has already exceeded the entire documentary array
of 12 presidential libraries in the NARA system, which according to
various estimates in 2008 - 550-580 million ri nok [1].

Although in general the documentary resource of the B. Obama Administration

Digital, but about 30 million sheets of paper, will be stored in the central
archives of the NARA
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in washing tone. The Obama Foundation finances their scans and systems
[8].
Obama Foundation Executive Director R. Cohen was one of the factors
that influenced the decision to create a private digital presidential library:
increasing NARA's share of compensation from the President up to 60% of
the Children's Fund in accordance with the law from 2008, as well as the rules
of access to archival documents from NARA. For example, researchers do
not have access to the original documents if there is a digital copy. Thus, as
R. Cohen points out, even if the Presidential Library of B. Obama preserved
paper originals, after their digitization - access to them still remained digital.
roÿ vim [14].
Thus, for the long history of the Presidential Library System in the United
States and the ongoing discussions on the model of its operation, NARA,
thanks to the development of information technology He found the most
optimal model of the Presidential Library in the form of the future Presidential
Library of Obama. The new model ensures the preservation of documentary
information resources of the Institute of Presidency in one place and the
provision of digital access to them through the world wide web, and also
reduces the costs of the federation. of the budget for the maintenance of the
building of the separate presidential library and maintenance of its funds,
because the placement of the new Presidential Library or the Presidential
Center will increase owned by the President's Fund. However, in the new
environment, NARA, even formally, cannot influence the policy of the new
presidential library, its cultural and educational activities and the coverage of
the post of the US president and the period. his rights laziness. Today,
presidential libraries, museums, and funds are being organized in many parts
of the world to preserve both the documentary heritage of the head of state
and to promote it. its research and popularization, and therefore, the American
experience is valuable for researchers and staff of these institutions.

List of bibliographic references

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formed in the USA. URL: https://www.prlib.ru/events/661686.
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4. Chepurenko Ya. O. Legal support of the formation of funds and the use of
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Libraries (CRS Report No. R41513). URL: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/

R41513.pdf.

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vykorystannia informatsiinykh resursiv prezydentskykh bibliotek SShA [Legal Basis
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House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and the House Committee
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fas.org/sgp/crs/secrecy/R41513.pdf [in English].
The article was sent to the editorial office on January 30, 2020.

Volodymyr Udovyk,
PhD (History), Senior Researcher,
V. I. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine
3 Holosiivskyi Ave., Kyiv 03039, Ukraine
email: udovik@ukr.net
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7749-8095
Presidential Libraries of the USA: Historical Discussions and Trends
The study is related to the study of the forms of organization of the formation and
preservation of the documentary heritage of the US presidents, and examines historical
discussions and modern views on the prospects of organizing the activities of presiden
tial libraries, including the change of a sustainable model, formed in the late 1930 s.
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ISSN 2224-9516. Scientific works of the National Library of Ukraine named after VI Vernadsky. 2020. Vip. 60

Today the US Presidential Library System consists of 14 Presidential libraries that are integrated into the

Presidential Library System and administered by The U. S. National Archives and Records Administration. The

scientifi c novelty of the work is the cover age of discussions among American archivists, librarians and politicians

which touched various approaches to organization preservation and popularization of the documentary heritage of

the presidential power. The article discusses the idea of introducing a new type of presidential library in digital

format. Researchers note that presidential library collections lobby parliamentary committees to preserve the

traditional system of presi dential libraries and prevent its reform. But with the development of information tech

nologies, in the United States a new model of the Presidential Library is emerging, in the form of the forthcoming

Obama Presidential Library, ensuring that the docu mentary information resources of presidency are stored in one

place and provided digi tal access to them through Internet. And also new model reduces the federal budget’s

costs for maintaining a separate presidential library, since the new building of the new Presidential Library will be

fully owned by the Obama Foundation and maintain at its expenses. Today, many countries establish presidential

libraries and museums that are intended to preserve Presidents documentary legacies and enable its promotion

and research, therefore the American experience is valuable to these countries.

Keywords: USA; the president and; pres i de ntial lib rary; ob ama presi dential rid and .

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