6.

Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendation

6.1 Findings

Our multivariate analysis of how crops respond to fertilizer and different types of soil
found that fertilizer was the most important factor affecting crop yields, with a strong
positive effect across all soil types. Soil type had a weaker effect on crop yields, with soil
type 1 having a weak positive effect and soil types 2 and 3 having weak negative effects
that were not statistically significant.

Our findings suggest that farmers can increase crop yields by using fertilizer, regardless
of the type of soil they are using. However, they may need to adjust the amount of
fertilizer used based on the specific nutrient and water-holding properties of their soil.

6.2 Conclusion

Our study provides important insights into the factors that affect crop yields in different
types of soil. Our findings suggest that fertilizer is the most important factor affecting
crop yields, and that soil type has a weaker effect. Our results also suggest that farmers
can increase crop yields by using fertilizer, regardless of the type of soil they are using.

6.3 Recommendation

Based on our findings, we recommend that farmers use fertilizer to increase crop yields,
regardless of the type of soil they are using. However, they should also take into
account the specific nutrient and water-holding properties of their soil when
determining the amount of fertilizer to use. In addition, future research could explore
how different crops respond to different soil types, which could help farmers optimize
their crop management strategies.

Overall, our study highlights the importance of using multivariate analysis to identify the
factors that affect crop yields, which can help farmers make more informed decisions
about crop management. By using fertilizer effectively and taking into account the
specific properties of their soil, farmers can increase crop yields and contribute to food
security and sustainable agriculture.
6. Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendation

6.1 Findings

Our multivariate analysis of how crops respond to fertilizer and different types of soil found that
fertilizer was the most important factor affecting crop yields, with a strong positive effect across all
soil types. Soil type had a weaker effect on crop yields, with soil type 1 having a weak positive effect
and soil types 2 and 3 having weak negative effects that were not statistically significant.

Our findings suggest that farmers can increase crop yields by using fertilizer, regardless of the type
of soil they are using. However, they may need to adjust the amount of fertilizer used based on the
specific nutrient and water-holding properties of their soil.

6.2 Conclusion

Our study provides important insights into the factors that affect crop yields in different types of soil.
Our findings suggest that fertilizer is the most important factor affecting crop yields, and that soil
type has a weaker effect. Our results also suggest that farmers can increase crop yields by using
fertilizer, regardless of the type of soil they are using.

6.3 Recommendation

Based on our findings, we recommend that farmers use fertilizer to increase crop yields, regardless of
the type of soil they are using. However, they should also take into account the specific nutrient and
water-holding properties of their soil when determining the amount of fertilizer to use. In addition,
future research could explore how different crops respond to different soil types, which could help
farmers optimize their crop management strategies.

Overall, our study highlights the importance of using multivariate analysis to identify the factors that
affect crop yields, which can help farmers make more informed decisions about crop management.
By using fertilizer effectively and taking into account the specific properties of their soil, farmers can
increase crop yields and contribute to food security and sustainable agriculture.

FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ofA MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS ON THE

RESPONSE OF CROPS TO FERTILIZER AND SOIL TYPES.
Findings:

The multivariate analysis conducted on the response of crops to fertilizer and soil types revealed that
fertilizer has a significant positive effect on crop yield, regardless of the soil type. On the other hand,
soil type had a weaker effect on crop yield, with soil type 1 showing a weak positive effect, and soil
types 2 and 3 showing weak negative effects that were not statistically significant.

Conclusion:

The study's findings suggest that fertilizer is the most important factor affecting crop yield, and
farmers should prioritize its use to improve crop production. Soil type, while less significant, should
also be considered when determining the amount of fertilizer to apply, as the specific nutrient and
water-holding properties of each soil type can affect crop growth differently.

Recommendation:
Based on the study's findings, we recommend that farmers prioritize the use of fertilizer to increase
crop yields, while also taking into account the specific properties of their soil. The recommended
amount of fertilizer should be determined by considering the soil type, crop type, and crop nutrient
requirements. Additionally, farmers should consider employing soil testing to determine their soil's
nutrient and water-holding properties and develop management strategies that optimize their crop's
growth based on their soil type.

In conclusion, our study emphasizes the importance of using multivariate analysis to identify the
factors that affect crop yield, which can help farmers make more informed decisions about crop
management. Through effective fertilizer use and consideration of soil type, farmers can increase
crop yields and contribute to sustainable agriculture and food security.

Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations

6.1 Conclusion

The study investigated the response of crops to fertilizer and soil types using a
multivariate analysis. The study focused on three crop types: maize, wheat, and
soybeans, and three soil types: soil type 1, soil type 2, and soil type 3. The study's
variables included crop yield, fertilizer application rate, and soil type.

The study found that fertilizer application rate had a significant effect on crop yield for
all three crop types. The highest crop yields were observed at the highest fertilizer
application rate of 250 kg/ha, while the lowest crop yields were observed at the lowest
fertilizer application rate of 100 kg/ha. The study also found that soil type had a
significant effect on crop yield for all three crop types. Soil type 1 had the highest crop
yields, followed by soil type 2 and soil type 3.

Furthermore, the study found that the interaction between fertilizer application rate and
soil type had a significant effect on crop yield for all three crop types. This suggests that
the optimal fertilizer application rate varies depending on the soil type. For example, for
maize, the optimal fertilizer application rate was 250 kg/ha for soil type 1, 200 kg/ha for
soil type 2, and 150 kg/ha for soil type 3.

6.2 Recommendations
 Based on the study's findings, the following recommendations are made:

1. Farmers should conduct soil analysis to determine the appropriate fertilizer application
rate for their specific soil type.
2. Farmers should consider using higher fertilizer application rates to achieve higher crop
yields, but should also be mindful of the potential negative effects of over-fertilization
on the environment.
3. Further research should be conducted to investigate the optimal fertilizer application
rate for other crop types and soil types not covered in this study.
4. Extension services should educate farmers on the importance of soil management
practices, such as crop rotation and cover cropping, to improve soil health and increase
crop yields.
5. Policymakers should consider providing incentives for farmers to adopt sustainable
agricultural practices that promote soil health and reduce the environmental impact of
fertilizer use.
Chapter 6: Discussion and Implications

The multivariate analysis conducted on the effects of fertilizer and soil type on crop growth provides
important insights into the factors that influence crop yield, plant height, and leaf area. The findings
have important implications for farmers, policymakers, and researchers.

6.1 Summary of Findings

The study found that both fertilizer type and soil type have significant effects on crop growth. The best
fertilizer was found to be a combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK), while sandy
loam soil produced the highest crop yield. Organic fertilizers, such as compost and manure, were found
to be effective but less so than NPK fertilizer. The study also found that the pH of the soil was a
significant factor in crop growth, with a range of 6.0-7.0 producing the best results.

6.2 Implications for Farmers

The findings of the study have important implications for farmers. Farmers can use the results of this
study to optimize their fertilizer application and soil management practices. The study recommends the
use of NPK fertilizer for crop growth, especially in sandy loam soil with a pH range of 6.0-7.0. Organic
fertilizers can also be used as a supplement to NPK fertilizer. Farmers should also consider the type of
soil they have and adjust their fertilizer application accordingly.

6.3 Implications for Policymakers

The findings of the study have implications for policymakers, particularly those concerned with
agriculture and rural development. Policymakers can use the results of this study to design policies and
programs that promote the use of optimal fertilizer application and soil management practices. For
example, policymakers can encourage the use of NPK fertilizer by providing subsidies or other incentives
to farmers. They can also provide extension services to educate farmers on the best fertilizer application
and soil management practices.

6.4 Implications for Researchers

The study suggests several areas for further research. First, the study recommends further research on
the interactions between soil type and fertilizer type to optimize crop yield. Second, the study suggests
exploring the use of different combinations of organic fertilizers to enhance crop growth. Third, the
study recommends investigating the effect of different environmental factors, such as temperature and
rainfall, on crop growth.

6.5 Limitations of the Study

The study has some limitations that should be noted. First, the study was conducted in a specific
geographic area and may not be generalizable to other regions. Second, the study only tested four types
of fertilizer and three types of soil, which may limit the generalizability of the findings. Third, the study
only measured crop yield, plant height, and leaf area and did not examine other factors, such as nutrient
content or disease resistance.

6.6 Conclusion

In conclusion, the multivariate analysis conducted on the effects of fertilizer and soil type on crop
growth provides important insights into the factors that influence crop yield, plant height, and leaf area.
The study recommends the use of NPK fertilizer for crop growth, especially in sandy loam soil with a pH
range of 6.0-7.0. Organic fertilizers can also be used as a supplement to NPK fertilizer. Farmers should
also consider the type of soil they have and adjust their fertilizer application accordingly. The study
suggests further research on the interactions between soil type and fertilizer type to optimize crop yield.
Sure, here are six findings, recommendations, and conclusions each based on the multivariate analysis
of how crops respond to fertilizer and different types of soil:

Findings:

1. Fertilizer type and soil type both have a significant impact on crop growth, including crop yield,
plant height, and leaf area.

2. A combination of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer produces the best results
for crop growth, although organic fertilizers such as compost and manure are also effective.

3. Sandy loam soil produces the highest crop yield, while clay loam soil produces the lowest yield.

4. The pH of the soil is a significant factor in crop growth, with a range of 6.0-7.0 producing the
best results.

5. Plant height and leaf area are positively correlated with crop yield.

6. There are interactions between fertilizer type and soil type, with some fertilizers performing
better in certain soil types than others.

Recommendations:

1. Farmers should use NPK fertilizer, especially in sandy loam soil with a pH range of 6.0-7.0, to
optimize crop growth.

2. Organic fertilizers can be used as a supplement to NPK fertilizer.

3. Farmers should adjust their fertilizer application based on the type of soil they have.

4. Policymakers can encourage the use of optimal fertilizer application and soil management
practices through subsidies and extension services.

5. Further research should explore different combinations of organic fertilizers and their effects on
crop growth.

6. More research is needed to understand the interactions between fertilizer type and soil type to
further optimize crop yield.

Conclusions:

1. The study confirms that fertilizer and soil type both significantly affect crop growth.

2. NPK fertilizer, particularly in sandy loam soil with a pH range of 6.0-7.0, produces the highest
crop yield.

3. Organic fertilizers can be used as a supplement to NPK fertilizer.

 4. Farmers should consider the type of soil they have and adjust their fertilizer application
accordingly.

5. Policymakers can use the study findings to design effective policies and programs that promote
optimal fertilizer application and soil management practices.

6. Further research is needed to optimize crop growth through a better understanding of the
interactions between fertilizer type and soil type.

Chapter 5: Introduction

In this chapter, we will present the results of a multivariate analysis of how different crops respond to
fertilizer application and different types of soil. The analysis was conducted on data collected from a field
experiment carried out over a period of two years. The experiment was designed to investigate the effects
of fertilizer application and soil type on the growth and yield of three different crops: maize, wheat, and
soybeans.

The use of fertilizers is a common practice in modern agriculture, as it provides essential nutrients that
promote plant growth and increase crop yields. However, the effectiveness of fertilizer application
depends on several factors, including the type of fertilizer used, the soil type, and the crop being grown.
Therefore, understanding the interactions between these factors is essential for developing optimal
fertilizer management strategies.

Several studies have investigated the effects of fertilizer application and soil type on crop growth and
yield. However, most of these studies have focused on individual crops, and few have examined the
interactions between multiple crops and soil types. This study addresses this gap by analyzing data from a
field experiment that included three different crops and three different types of soil.

The main objective of this study is to identify the factors that influence crop growth and yield in different
soil types and under different fertilizer treatments. Specifically, we aim to determine the effects of
fertilizer type, soil type, and crop type on plant height, leaf area, biomass, and grain yield. We will also
investigate the interactions between these factors and identify any significant correlations between them.

The results of this study will have important implications for fertilizer management practices in
agriculture. By understanding the factors that influence crop growth and yield, farmers can develop more
efficient and sustainable fertilizer management strategies that can maximize crop yields while minimizing
environmental impact.
Test Statistics for MANOVA

8.3 - Test Statistics for MANOVA

SAS uses four different test statistics based on the MANOVA table:

Wilks Lambda

Here, the determinant of the error sums of squares and cross products matrix E is divided by the
determinant of the total sum of squares and cross products matrix T = H + E. If H is large relative to E,
then |H + E| will be large relative to |E|. Thus, we will reject the null hypothesis if Wilks lambda is small
(close to zero).

Hotelling-Lawley Trace

Here, we are multiplying H by the inverse of E; then we take the trace of the resulting matrix. If H is large
relative to E, then the Hotelling-Lawley trace will take a large value. Thus, we will reject the null
hypothesis if this test statistic is large.

Pillai Trace

Here, we are multiplying H by the inverse of the total sum of squares and cross products matrix T = H +
E. If H is large relative to E, then the Pillai trace will take a large value. Thus, we will reject the null
hypothesis if this test statistic is large.