141 14.2 14.3 RIE LEA eRe CLI KYoy Relative clauses and relative pronouns »B 173 Using a dictionary if necessary, complete the definitions with the nouns and who or that. boat cannibal cape castaway clothing person book canoe capsule catalogue container someone 1A s left alone, usually on an island, after their ship has sunk. 2 Aww aloose piece of... without sleeve: fastens around the neck and shoulder 3 AW eats human flesh. 4 A... has medicine inside ws dissolves when you swallow it. 5A iS @ NAELOW on you can move along using a paddle. 6A contains information and pictures of things. Add these clauses to the following description. Use who or which and make any other appropriate changes. itcreatesasimilar problem they don't have any work experience _he asks to leave the war zone there is no escape from it he describes an army rule in it hecan make such a request A catch-22’ is a difficult situation (4) z wows The expression comes from a war novel by Joseph Heller (2) (3) However, any: soldier (4 that any soldier can only be allowed to do soifhe is mentally unfit. a .-must be mentally fit, so he has to stay in the war zone. Since then, the phrase ‘catch-22 has been used for any situation 6) . For example, many young people © ...can't get a job, but if they don't havea job, they can't get the necessary experience. That's a classic catch-22. Correct the ten mistakes in the use of relative clauses in these sentences. 1 The strawberries are grown in rich organic soil that we use to make our pies. 2 Ican’t remember the name of the woman in the office | talked her last week, but she said she still had some tickets I could buy them. 3. A detective story is one there is a murder or other crime in it and a detective he tries to identify the person committed the crime. 4 Weneed a group of people will work together asa team is capable of winning the prize. 5 The people I work with them are all crazy about a singer called Silk I really don't like him at all. 7514 RELATIVE CLAUSES 14.4 14.5 14.6 76 Defining and non-defining relative clauses »B 174 Complete this text using who, whom, which or that. Add commas where necessary. In the ancient Greek version of the story, Pygmalion is a sculptor ().. ve fallls in love with a statue of a woman (2) ..he creates. He prays to Venus to help him finda woman (3).... --~wis just like the statue and, in response, Venus makes the statue come tolife. Using this story, George Bernard Shaw wrote a play called ‘Pygmalion’ (4) was first performed in 1914. In Shaw's version, there is a professor (5) is called Henry Higgins, and a poor young flower girl, Eliza Doolittle (6) he teaches to speak and behave like a sophisticated lady. The ply ‘was the basis fora musical comedy a later became a film, both Of (8) .smsssnmsnnnnnnmnn had the title ‘My Fair Lady’ Add these clauses to the sentences below using relative pronouns. Make any other appropriate changes and include commas where necessary. nobody suspected him it sounded like a contradiction itsalso known as paw-paw the worst of them was when I broke my leg all of them have eight legs the legs are joined to it L Tvehad several accidents 2 The pelvisis that part of the skeleton 3. He said that nobody goes there now because it’s too crowded 4. The dead woman's husband enn was arrested a week later. sa delicious tropical fruit. ...can be very small or quite large. 5 Papaya... 6 Spiders... Add these clauses to the following text using who, whom or which, and make other appropriate changes. Add commas where necessary. they first met on it he survives a shipwreck they come to the island he decides to call him ‘Man Friday’ everyone else on board dies in it some of it was based on a true story they are planning to kill and eat him it was first published in 1719 Robinson Crusoe is the main character in a novel of the same name oe —— .. Crusoe is a sailor (2)... - He lives alone unti] some cannibals @)- arrive with a man (4) Crusoe rescues the man (5) = that was the day ©. ... Friday becomes his loyal companion and together they manage to. fight off other cannibals 7 mua Crusoe is eventually rescued and returnsto England. The novel @)... ‘one of the most popular books ever written.14.7 14.8 14.9 14 RELATIVE CLAUSES Reduced relative clauses »8176 Using a dictionary if necessary, complete these definitions with the nouns and appropriate forms of the verbs in reduced relative clauses. canopy donk combine encourage _ include teach cassette compound consist fix produce use cheerleader curriculum contain hit serve wear for 1A isa small flat plastic case..... playing and recording music or pictures. mtape wera 2A is something....... of two or more separate things . together. Bc _is the short loud sound... by heavy things . each other. 4A is the set of subjects... win a course of study or ina school or college. one of a group of young people... special uniforms and .... the crowd at a sports event to support their team. 6 Mev os isa cover......... above a bed or seat,. asa shelier. Change each of these clauses to a reduced relative clause and add it to the text. they didn't see any danger it was used by the Greeks they were secretly hiding inside it allowed the Greek army they had waited patiently inside the horse it was made of wood According to classical mythology, the Trojan horse was a large hollow horse nse @ to trick the Trojans and then defeat them. The wooden horse, with Greek soldiers Ce » was left outside the locked gates of Troy while the rest of the Greek army sailed out of sight. The Trojans, (4)..... seve seven opened the gates and pulled the giant horse into the city. During the night, the Greek army returned and the soldiers, (5)... jumped out and opened the city gates, (Ca .» to enter the city and surprise the Trojans. Make these descriptions shorter by creating reduced relative clauses where possible. 1 Ared herring is an unimportant fact that is introduced into a story which takes attention away from more significant information. 2. Ared card isa card that is shown by the referee toa player who seriously breaks the rules in a football game. Any player who is given a red card has to leave the game. 3. Red tape refers to official rules that make things more complicated than necessary and which prevent things from being done quickly. 7714 RELATIVE CLAUSES 14.10 14.11 14.12 78 Possessives, pronouns and prepositions in relative clauses »178-9 Choose an ending (a-f) for each beginning (1-6), adding a noun or pronoun and who or whose where necessary. any me people she someone those you 1 Tknow. an must say you're sorry. 2 She says b.. _- bags were stolen, 3. Butit wasn't c wanted to buy? 4 Thavetoasl d .. van we can borrow. 5 Didn'tshesee.. e re Still standing to sit down. 6 There were some... () are did it. Complete each definition with a noun and a relative clause. animal area car person puzzle structure tool _ topic many people disagree about it smoke is carried away from a fire through it its roof can be removed two things can be held together tightly with it you spend a lot of time with them its shops are popular with tourists its solution is difficult to find his or her job is to receive and pay out money Acashier isa. A chimney isa Adampisa.. A companion is a person or. controversy is the public discussion of a A conundrum isa kind of A convertible is a Covent Garden is a fashionable eNaurona= in London. Complete this text with these nouns and pronouns, plus who, whom, whose or which. everyone neighbours one people someone stranger those __ time There was a time, not too long ago, When (I) rvvennsnnnnneon knew almost everyone else. It Was a (2) smimsmeunnnesennne GUEING helped each other. But things have changed. The modern way ofllife is (3) lived in an area neighbours win a we're so busy, we often don't get to know our neighbours. According toa recent survey, most (4) names of (5) live in a city don't know the live next door to them. (6)...... ‘ide may never actually talk to each other. Your neighbour YOU Wave or say an occasional ‘Good morning, 7 doors are side b maybe (7) eon tO but he or she remains a (6 _ life has no connection to yours.14.13 14.14 14.15, 14 RELATIVE CLAUSES Relative clauses with where, what, whatever, etc. »B\180 Choose an ending (a-d) for each beginning (1-4) and add that, what, whatever or where. 1 Can you show me the stop (....) a ‘ou give it? 2. Does anyone know (...) b aw you need? 3. Did you find everything (...) c ..the date is? d 4 Is your dog fussy or does it eat (... ~ can catch the airport bus? Using a dictionary if necessary, complete these descriptions with the nouns and other forms. anomaly dead end how what (x3) when (x2) bankholiday horoscope however whatever where (x2) carte blanche manual that (x3) which AAQ) is aday 2)... -all banks and most shops are closed. . is a description of (4) in the future, It is based on ().... ()n cA is usually a street (8) is closed at one end, but if someone says they're at a dead end in their work, it means they have reached a point 0) D Aan... (83).. E Ang) (1s) F Ifyouare given a7) have complete freedom to do 49) is going to happen to you the stars and planets were at the moment you were born, they can make no further progress iN (10)... they're doing. i$ a book (12) gi to operate something, such asa machine or a computer. 's something (15) structions about . is different from normal or expected. -» (18) cw means ‘white card’ in French, you you like, or spend (20) suc... much you want, ina particular situation. Correct the eight mistakes in these sentences. 1 Ididrtt see the way how Justin fixed the door handle. 2 A cafeteria is a kind of restaurant that you choose your food and take it to a table yourself, 3 Will you havea minute later today that we can talk about holiday dates? 4 Weasked them, but they still haven't explained that they suddenly stopped the project. 5 What I'll never get used to it is his snoring during the night. 6 The old man took out all what he had in the bank and bought a sports car. 7 Itwas one of those situations which it’s best to say nothing. 8 You can have tea or coffee, however you prefer. 79