Materials Today: Proceedings 56 (2022) 3285–3293

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Performance analysis of an Injera baking machine by using solar energy

Suresh P. a,⇑, M.D. Irfan Ali b, P. Govind Rao c, Ramesh Rudrapati d
a
Mechanical Engineering Department, Bharat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Mangalpally, Sagar road, Ibrahimpatnam, RR Dist, Telangana.
b
Thermal & Aerospace Program, School of Mechanical, Chemical, and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology, Ethiopia
c
Mechanical Engineering Department, Avanthi Research and Technology, Bhogapuram, India
d
School of Mechanical Industrial Engineering, Bulehora University, Bulehora, Ethiopia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The majority of Ethiopia’s population, primarily women, is susceptible to smoke inhalation during cook-
Available online 8 November 2021 ing, and they spend the majority of their time striving to collect firewood. Biomass deforestation for cook-
ing harms the rural household economy and contributes to national and global environmental change,
Keywords: such as pollution and health issues. The effort should aim to integrate the Scheffler concentrator with
Injera a thermal storage system via the secondary solar cooking reflector in order to stimulate indoor cooking
Baker and Scheffler reflector while avoiding concerns associated by carbon inhalation and deforestation. As a result, the Injera bakery
Solar energy
system powered by solar thermal energy is born. There is a primary (Scheffler), secondary (reflective),
System
Machine
and thermal storage device incorporated, as well as a cooking (pan) mounts. Solid works software was
Fuelfood utilized for Scheffler focus and secondary reflector modeling and simulation. The thermal retention
capacity of a storage device is determined using heating and cooling curves generated by software mod-
eling and simulation. The findings gained would aid in the development of any comfortable indoor cook-
ing system specifically for rural areas without a grid connection, and as a result of this study, carbon
inhalation and deforestation difficulties would be mitigated. Through automation, the output rate would
also increase the amount and efficiency of injera. This analysis focuses on the Injera baker concept for
domestic applications.
Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Con-
ference on Design and Materials (ICDM)-2021

1. Introduction
Food is a fundamental need that takes resources to cook. Many
cultural factors contribute to the preparation and intake of food. It
is understood that, by harvesting forests and agricultural waste,
energy demands for cooking in developed countries largely meet
and the cooking choices for food are limited, mostly depending
on wood as an open fire stove for cooking. Figs. 1–10 and Tables
1–7.
In developing countries, where the use of bio mass fuel, such as
wood, carbon and agricultural residues, for household holding fuel,
technical progress on energy efficiency can be made.
Fuelwood burning causes indoor air emissions caused by carbon
monoxide which soot inhalation which takes a great deal of time.
The use of fuelwood in the majority of developed countries has
contributed to forest deterioration and environmental depletion,
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: drsureshp1987@gmail.com (P. Suresh).
which would have important long lasting impact on global warm-
ing and greenhouse conditions.
The sun is an irresistible energy source; based on daytime time,
season and cloudiness of heaven, and if the region is closed to
earth’s equator, the amount of solar energy an area receives varies.
Ethiopia is sufficiently close to the equator and has plenty of
solar energy. Ethiopia receives 5000 – 7500 Wh/m2 solar irradia-
tion based on area and season, and therefore has a good capacity
for utilizing solar energy. The typical solar radiation is around
5.2kWh/m2/day, which is more or less equal.
The seasonal variation in Adigrat region of Northern Ethiopia
varies from 4,55–5,55 kWh/m2/day and 4,25 Wh/m2/day in the
far western lowlands to 6,25kWh/m2/day.
2. Literature review:
The books, newspapers, electronic media and a catalog set out
the study research’s strong science base and updated literature
survey of specific Injera baking process material, solar energy

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.09.539
2214-7853/Copyright Ó 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the First International Conference on Design and Materials (ICDM)-2021
P. Suresh, M.D. Irfan Ali, P. Govind Rao et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 56 (2022) 3285–3293

Fig. 1. The Overall Methodology of the System and Materials Used.

Fig. 2. Heat Storage Tank.

Fig. 4. Insulator.

fundamentals, solar radiation concentrators, reflectors, heat stored

mediums and machinery, thermal conductivity, insulation materi-
als and variety, etc.
Ethiopia has a population estimated to have 85 million inhabi-
tants, and 96 percent of its energy needs are fulfilled with organic
mass, biomass, wood, animal dung, and plant residues. Asfafaw
Haileselassie Tesfay, b, *, Mulu Bayrey Kahsayb and Ole Jørgen
Nydala.[1] Injera is baked for more than 50 percent of this capacity.
Injera deserves 180–220 °C for the national food of the country to
be decent cooked. In this report, the state of the electricity stove
and prospects for solar energy stoves is discussed with Injera bak-
ing on off-focus energy. Solar thermal research and development
Fig. 3. Scheffler’s Reflector. has not been well developed and implemented for houseenergy
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P. Suresh, M.D. Irfan Ali, P. Govind Rao et al.
Fig. 5. Heat Pipe.
Fig. 6. Sectional View of the Baker (Mitad):
Fig. 7. Heat Pipe with Insulation.
use. One explanation is that the device can be used only outdoors
and whenever the sun is rising.
Ibrahim Dincer,[2] This article discusses how thermic energy
storage systems (TES) in buildings can be defined and measured
and implemented. Diverse technological considerations and
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Materials Today: Proceedings 56 (2022) 3285–3293
Fig. 8. Storage Tank with the Transporting Pipe.
Fig. 9. Baker Piping.
requirements for thermo-energy storage systems and applications
are discussed, with illustrative examples demonstrating energy
efficiency technologies and environmental implications of these
systems. For systems architecture and optimization, an capacity
and energy study of thermal energy storage systems and their sub-
processes is presented.
The article implements new technologies to allow injera to bake
via indirect solar stove. Asfafaw haileselassie Tesfaya, b *; Mulu
bayray Kahsayb; Ole Jørgen Nydala[3].The heat exchanger, a pres-
sure relieving valve and three door valves is fitted in the machine
with a parabolic platter with an aperture area of 2.54 m 2, a well-
sealed stainless steel taper with a diameter of 10 mm and a coiled
stainless steel heat exchange valve. The method of heat transfer
P. Suresh, M.D. Irfan Ali, P. Govind Rao et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 56 (2022) 3285–3293

Table 5
Fiber glass and Silicon.

Silicon Fiber glass

Tape Wool felt
Rubber Polystyrene
Asbestos Bubble wrap
Teflon Polyurethane foam

was driven by the concept of the boiling condensation between the

sensor and the stove of natural circulation.
The new Injera (Sponge flatbread) baking method, which is
focused on energy sources such as firewood and fossil fuels, is a
leading cause of contamination of the atmosphere and degradation
Fig. 10. Buried Cylinder.
of forest resources. Abdulkadir A. Hassena *, Sisay B. Kebedeb,
Nigussie M. Wihiba[4]
This study aims at proposing a new method of baking device, in
which solar thermal energy as a source of energy is used. The pos-
Table 1 sibility to bake a glass stove is explored by means of solar thermal
The selected materials for Injera Baker. energy transmitted into the kitchen via a rotating fluid heated by a
S.No Name of the Object Material parabolic trough with a solar panel.
The Injera Preparation, the popular staple food in Ethiopia, is
1 Storage System Water
2 Storage Shell Steel 37 known for the intense energy intake of coaking, and Robin Jones,
3 Heat Pipe Aluiminium,Titanium,Copper or Nickel Jan Carel Diehl, Leon Simons, and Martin Verwaal are also known
4 Reflector Aluminum as Injera. Since the foodstuff absorbs tremendous quantities of fire-
5 Baker Different Materials wood on conventional three-stone kitchens with a 5–15% perfor-
6 Insulator Urethane Foam
mance, it creates problems like deforestations, global warming,
and domestic air pollution. The reasonably large availability of
electricity (hydro gate power) is a strong alternative in Ethiopia.
The Injera is a popular staple pancake, which is part of the
Table 2 everyday dish of most of the hundred million Ethiopians and Ery-
The Selected Baker Parameters. thran people. Mesele H. Hailu1, 2, Olen J. Nydal1, Mulu B. Kahsay2,
and Asfafaw H. Tesfay[4]. In rural areas, the traditional baking pro-
S.No Parameters Value
cess uses biomass or electricity in most urban areas. As an alterna-
1 Diameter of Baker 550 mm
tive to traditional baking processes, a direct solar fryer for Injera
2 Diameter of Pipe 10 mm
3 Velocity of Steam Passing in the Pipe 8.063 m/s baking application is created. A 1,8 m rim diameter coating with
4 Length of Baker Pipe 10.6 m an aluminum layer is used in the solar fryer system. The machine
5 Loss Through Transporting Pipe per 2hr 83.33 Watt is based on a bakery frame in aluminum with a diameter of
6 Number of Pipe Circles 12 550 mm and a width of 12.5 mm.
7 Energy Input 16 MJ
A Munir, O. Hensel, W. Scheffler,[7] Fixed focal concentrate
8 Energy Store on the First Day 15.4 MJ
9 Energy Store on the Third Day 13.8 MJ units of Scheffler have been used effectively in numerous parts of
10 Output Temperature on the First Day 134.6 °C the world to add medium temperature. These concentrators are
11 Output Temperature on the Third Day 107.86 °C known as lateral paraboloid sections which have a fixed focal point
12 Material Clay
away from the direction of events during the year. The paper out-
13 Working Medium Steam
lines thoroughly the design theory and specifics of constructing the
Scheffler concentrator surface area of 8 m2. The first section of the
paper introduces a quantitative equation in order to evaluate the

Table 3
Selection of Pipe Dimension from Standard Pipe.

Outer diameter Wall thickness Inside diameter Inside area Outside area
0.840 in 0.109 in 0.622 in 0.304 in 0.75 in
21.34 mm 2.7686 mm 15.8 mm 7.72176 mm

Table 4
Property of Air at 25 °C.

Density(q) Cp l
105 m
106 K a
104 Pr

1.412 1.005 1.599 11.31 0.022 0.15675 0.722

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P. Suresh, M.D. Irfan Ali, P. Govind Rao et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 56 (2022) 3285–3293

Table 6
Different types of tabulated data of fiber glass thickness and its heat loss per unit area.

Thickness (m) Heat loss per unit area (W=m2 )

Wool felt Polystyrene Bubble wrap Polyurethane
0.001 594.96 491.57 497.16 298.7
0.005 119.8 98.86 89.89 59.95
0.01 59.95 49.47 44.97 29.95
0.015 39.98 32.98 29.99 19.99
0.02 668.63 144.45 119.8 59.95

Table 7  Mathematically evaluate the ideal thermal storage device

The Input Required and Outcome Value Gained from Analysis.
Components Input
Scheffler concentrator 98 °C
Secondary reflector 98 °C
Storage tank 190 °C
Storage shell 100 °C
Analysis of heat pipe 463 °C
Insulator 77 °C
Baker 134.6 °C
parabolic reflector curve and elliptical reflector frame as regards
equinox by choosing a certain side of a paraboloid.
3. Problem Statement
The staple food is a large thin, fine type of bread like ’kitta’ in
Ethiopia, Eritrea, Somalia and Sudan. In Ethiopia and Eritrea, it is
recognized as ‘‘Injera.”The diameter of Injera in Eritrea/Ethiopia
is 60 cm, between both Somalia and Sudan is 35 cm. baking in
Ethiopia needs a large proportion of the domestic energy required
by Injera. In most homes, an open fire/three stone/stove is used to
baker Injera which is unreliable and energy consuming. To cook
Injera, the heat supplied to the bakery is typically obtained by
using conventional Mitad stoves for generations, either from fur-
nace firewood, animal dung or agricultural residues. A grave down-
side for Injera baking is that half use large volumes of firewood,
which is expected to absorb at least 50% of the household’s bio-
mass energy each year. Since wood fuel is increasing scarce, people
are forced to move from their homes to collect wood; women and
children take up this initiative almost entirely. Latest field experi-
ments indicate that air control enhancements and firebox designs
are actually the most successful and socially appropriate changes
to design furnace (e.g. Miret furnace).
volume;
Output
5. Methodology
91 °C
93 °C
98 °C 5.1. Method and material
98 °C
400 °C In this section, we will decide a viable amount of energy and
63 °C
107.86 °C
costs that make it more necessary to use this baker in Ethiopia’s
countries. As we said at the outset of the project, a huge volume
of wood isbeing used every day in Ethiopia, and the deforestation
has risen since the 19th century. The goal of the project is to
develop the requisite solar Injera baker to generate the same
energy from this dried wood. The first thing to do is to develop
the energy needed to cook a Mosob Injera. This is because one
Mosob Injera in one Ethiopian family takes the average time. The
wattage for an Injera electric baker is planned for about 1.9–
2.1 kW. This is the traditional baker in some families in Ethiopia.
This is the fundamental resource we can use to evaluate the nature
of this enterprise. We take therefore 2KW on average of this selec-
tion. As we said, a typical Ethiopian family uses approximately two
hours to cook one Mosob Injera.
The move that we take into is from the above values to decide
how much heat energy needs to be baked.
6. Design of heat pipe container
The following are taken into consideration for the design of the
heat pipe:
 Material of heat used for the heat pipe is copper.
 Working fluid temperature T is 333.15 K
 Ultimate tensile strength of copper at 333.15 K
=UTS ¼ 32psi ¼ 32
6:9kpa mN2

4. Objective TheASME code specifies that the maximum allowable stress at

any temperature (UTS) at that temperature.
4.1. General objective I.e. fUTS P 4
max

For rounded tubes in which the wall thickness is loss than 10%
The main goal of this research is to develop an Injera indoor of the diameter, the maximum pressure stress is closely approxi-
solar bakery with a heat storage system that is combined with Sch- mated by simple expression
effler reflector. fmax=pd
2t
o

Where:- fmax is the maximum hoop stress in the wall

4.2. Specific objective P is pressure differential across the wall
do is tube outside thickness
The specific objectives are to: Substituting the following values to the above equation,
do = 20 mm, t = 1 mm Pamb = 101.235 KPa & Psat at 60 °C = 19.
 Plan Scheffler focus integrator for indoor Injera cooking with 94 KPa
thermal storage system; P = 101.325–19.94 = 81.385 KPa
 Model and simulate the concentrated and secondary reflectors
t
Scheffler using the tools and measurements of Solid Works for ¼ 0:0254
11
¼ 0:23% 6 10%
the thermal storage thermal flow; integrate thermal storage d0
(molten salt) system and Injera baking mitad; Hence the above formula can be used,
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P. Suresh, M.D. Irfan Ali, P. Govind Rao et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 56 (2022) 3285–3293

100
11 Then the surface temperature for the bare and insulated pipe,
f max ¼ ¼ 22000pa
2
0:0254 by using the following equation will be,
To check, UTS
f max
P4 2pR3 uL
Ts ¼ ðT 1  T amb Þexpð Þ þ T amb
_
mCp
220:8kpa
¼ 10
22000 But for insulated thickness of 10 mm of urethane foam the heat
10P4 loss per unit area is 29.95 W/m2
The above result indicates that the assumed heat pipe container Q = UADT
q
dimensions are acceptable. L
= 3.764 W/m
But we have total heat loss of 6 W in the heat pipe. Therefore
6.1. Insulation the length of the insulation is 1.5 m.
Since we have 200 mm + 300 mm = 500 mm portion for both
Considering the different conditions for the advantages of pipe evaporator and condenser sections the total length of insulation
insulation selection of urethane foam is the most economical. will be 1.5 m-0.5 m = 1 m of insulation.
Thermal conductivity of insulator k = 0.024 W/m2K For insulated pipe
The convective heat transfer coefficient for the surrounding 2pR3 uinsulated L
medium Tsinsulated ¼ ðT 1  T amb Þexpð Þ þ T amb
_
mCp
h = 4.6KJ/KgKusing this information we can calculate the critical
thickness of the insulation, rcritical By substituting the corresponding value
Tsinsulated = 26 °C
K
rcritical ¼ _ DT
Q insualted ¼ mCp
h
rcritical ¼ 4.35*103m Q insualted ¼ 9:5Kg=s
1:8
103
ð26  25Þ
Form this we can visualize that the critical thickness is greater
than the outer diameter of the pipe. So can take any thickness of Q insualted ¼ 17:1KW
insulation. Therefore we can take an insulation thickness of
10 mm.
Calculation cost analysis of insulation thickness for heat pipe  Q*3days per week
Q ¼ mCp _ DT, Q = 6 MJ  Q*3days*24 h/day*3600 s/hour
_
By substituting the corresponding values mwill be  0.001million KJ/week
m_ = 9.5Kg/s
Then the cost of energy saved will be,
1 0.001million KJ/week*$7.584/million KJ
U¼ R R
R3 R3 lnðR3 Þ R3 lnðR3 Þ Therefore, the cost will be
R1 h1
þ K pipe
1
þK 2
þ h1o
insulator

 $0.00758/week
Where: – h1 ¼
_
0:023Cpm
Cplfluid 2=3 2R m _ 0:2
and A = pr2 = 0.254*103m2
Að K fluid
Þ ðAl 1 Þ
fluid
For bare pipe
From standard table for outdoor value of ho = 50 W/m2K
By taking average temperature (Tm) we can read from table and 2pR3 ubare L
Tsbare ¼ ðT 1  T amb Þexpð Þ þ T amb
it is _
mCp
At Tm ¼ 60þ25
2
¼ 315:5o K
By substituting the corresponding value Tsbare will be,
l = 8.68*10 Kg/s
5
Tsbare = 25.926 °C
K = 0.649 W/moK
For insulated pipe Q bare ¼ 9:5Kg=s
1:8
103
ð25:99  25Þ
1 Q bare ¼17.098KW
U¼ R R
R3 R3 lnðR3 Þ R3 lnðR3 Þ
R1 h1
þ K pipe
1
þK 2
þ h1o  Q*3days per week
insulator

 Q*3days*24 h/day*3600 s/hour

By substituting the corresponding values in
_
 0.000998million KJ/week
0:023Cpm
h1 ¼
2=3
0:2 it will become,
Cplfluid _
2R1 m
A Alfluid
K fluid
The cost of the energy saved will be,
h1 = 239.45 W/m2k, ho = 50 W/m2K and R3 = R2 + insulation
thickness  $0.00756/week
Insulation thickness has been taken to be 10 mm. Therefore
R3 = 20 mm. Therefore, as week can see from the above cost values for the
By substituting the corresponding variables U will become, insulated and the bare pipe, the insulation cannot cause any differ-
Uinsulated = 0.633 W/m2 ence in the energy saving or we can say boldly that we can use cot-
For bare pipe ton cloth for the insulation.
1
U bare ¼ R
6.2. Transporting pipe design analysis
R2 R2 lnðR2 Þ
R1 h1
þ K pipe
1
þ 1
ho
The energy that is stored has to be transported to the baker
By substituting the corresponding values Ubare will be, when needed to bake. So this can only be done using a transporting
Ubare = 0.6149 W/m2K pipe. This pipe has to have the property of not losing the heat. So
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P. Suresh, M.D. Irfan Ali, P. Govind Rao et al. Materials Today: Proceedings 56 (2022) 3285–3293

for this purpose it is so good that the pipe has to be designed to hd/k = 2162.7
have those properties. Substituting for the corresponding values
Assumption: Selection of pipe dimensions from standard table h = 4.9277KW/oKm2
take nominal pipe size of ½. For the outside of the pipe
The flow is turbulent, i.e. for air
6.3. Assumption of dimensions The property at 25 °C,
Assumption: The air velocity is assumed to be 2.5 m/s
This table is taken from the mechanical engineering handbook. ho d
So this is the selection that we take which is steel pipe with min- Nu ¼
K
imum thermal conductivity, K = 36 W/moC (it is constant up to a
temperature of 200 °C). The Reynolds number (Re)
Now, let us calculate the heat transfer coefficients. qv d
Re ¼
The Nusselt number (Nu) l
hd Substituting the corresponding values Re will be
Nu ¼ ¼ 0:023Re0:8
pr
K 4.714*106
For 0.5< Pr <1.5 and 104< Re <5*106 The Nusselt number
From the Bernoulli’s equation ho d
Nu ¼ ¼ 0:023
Re0:8
Prn
P1 - P2 K
Z1 - Z2 þ
c For heating value n = 0.4
Therefore substituting the corresponding values
This equation shows that the difference in potential energy,
Nu = 4404.1
flow energy and kinetic energy has significance in equation.
Practically the velocity at the top surface of the reservoir (stor- Nu ¼ hKo d = 4404.1
age) is zero. ho = 4.6 W/m2K
At point 1
V1 = 0 6.4. Insulation thickness and loss analysis
H1 = height of the cylinder
At point 2 Insulation is available in nearly any material imaginable. The
V2 =? most important characteristics of any insulation include low ther-
H2 = 0 mal conductivity, low tendency towards absorbing water, eco-
For the same datum Z1 = Z2 = 0 i.e. it lies at point 2 nomic and process condition. In the most chemical industry the
Calculation for the height of storage most common insulator are calcium silicate and fiber glass but cal-
Assumption: The diameter of the storage is 0.5 m. cium silicate is appropriate for temperature above 225 °C, whereas
We know that the equation for the volume of a cylinder is given fiber glass used for temperature below 225 °C.
by, Types of fiber glass and silicate
So from point of temperature range we select fiber glass.
pd2 h Felt, polystyrene, bubble wrap and polyurethane foam are the
V ¼
4 most effective material. But of this choices polyurethane foam is
the most economic choice.
4V So we select polyurethane foam fiberglass.
h ¼
pd2 From table thermal conductivity of polyurethane is 0.024 W/
mK.
By substituting for the corresponding variables,
Insulation thickness = 0.02 m
h will be,
Heat loss per unit area = 59.95 W/m2
h = 0.531 m
R3 ¼ r2 þ thicknessof insulation
So, P2 c- P1 þ V1 2g- V2 ¼ 0 R3 ¼30.67 mm
Since we have said that P2 and V1 are zero. We need our loss in our pipe approximately 40 W. But we have
Therefore V22 = 2gh q
= 59.95 W/m2
m2
V2 = 3.23 m/s
q
Now we can calculate the Reynolds number (Re) ¼ 2pR3
59:95W=m2
L
qv d q
Re ¼ ¼11.55 W/m
l L
Therefore, the length of insulation for 40 W of the heat loss will
By substituting the corresponding values Re will be, be
Re = 1.6404*106 L = 3.46 m4m

ho d
Nu ¼ 6.5. Design of baker
K
Nu = 0.023*Re0.8*Prn The baker is the material that has the direct contact with the
Where n = 0.3 for cooling dough that is going to be enjera. So the design of the baker needs
n = 0.4 for heating more attention and reasonable assumptions.
For the inside of the tube take n = 0.3 The material for the baker is selected to be clay.
Nu = 0.023*(1.64045*106)0.8 *1.010.3 Assumptions: Diameter of the baker 550 mm
Nu = 2162.7
Therefore  Diameter of the pipe (cylindrical shape) = 10 mm
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 The phenomena of film and drop wise condensation is For the first day = 16 MJ-0.6 MJ
negligible =15.4 MJ
Therefore, for two hours’ duration of baking process
So the pipe is made with the baker, i.e. by boring the clay and
15:4MJ
making pipe inside the baker. ¼ ¼ 2138:9watt ¼ q
7200
 The velocity of steam passing in the pipe,
q ¼ kSDT
Q ¼ ðAv qÞ Transporting pipe= ðAv qÞ baker pipe
2138:9 ¼ 1:04
37:12
ð190  TÞ
2
ð15:8Þ 2
ð20
103 Þ
p

3:23
0:4902 ¼ p

v
0:4902 Then, T  134:6o C
4 4 For the third day
Therefore, V = Vb = 8.063 m/s
¼ 14:4MJ  0:6MJ
The length of baker pipe is the sum of the lengths of each of the
circular boring pipes. I.e. L 10.5855 m ¼ 13:8
106 J
By taking 20 mm center to center distance and 15 mm clearance Again,
at approximately 12pipe circle. These are:
13:8
106
l ¼ 2pr i whereði ¼ 1; 2::::12Þ 7200
¼ 1916:7watt
q ¼ kSDT
Assuming value of R from R1-R12 respectively are: 250, 230, 210,
1916:7 ¼ 1:04
37:12ð135  TÞ
190, 170, 150, 130, 110, 90, 70, 50, 30. Therefore the total length
will be the sum of all L value A Then, T will become 107.86 °C
i.e. L = 10.5855 m Both temperatures are above the water phase change tempera-
For a system which is multidimensional, where only two tem- ture for baking of Enjera.
perature limits are involved, we may define a conduction shape
factor S such that
7. Results and discussion
q ¼ kSDT ov erall
Simulating the Scheffler concentrator and secondary reflector
In a very comprehensive summary of shape factor for a large
establishes a relationship between the expected performances of
variety of geometries is given by Hahne and Grigwe
generation of power from solar radiation and from the actual elec-
The inverse hyperbolic cosine can be given by
h pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffii trical backing methods in order to make a comparison between the
1 two methods. The heat retention capacity or efficiency of the stor-
cosh x ¼ ln xþ x2  1
age system is analyzed from the heating and cooling curves.
So from Hahne and Grigwe Discussion is done on the results obtained from the simulation.
Assume The discussion involves comparison of results from the analysis
D = 30mmphysical system and from the actual Injera baking methods like electrical Injera
baking system.
Physical system Shape Restriction In this part we determine then feasible amount of energy and
factor cost that makes this baker more important to use in the country
sides of Ethiopia. As we have mentioned in the introduction of
Isothermal cylinder of radius ‘r’ 2pL Lr
cosh ðDrÞ
1 the project in Ethiopia everyday a great amount of wood is being
buried
utilized and the deforestation so increasing from the 19th century.
In Senni-infinite medium having 2pL Lr
lnðDrÞ So the purpose of this project is to design the necessary solar Injera
isothermal surface D3r
baker that can provide the same amount of energy that we can get
from utilizing this dried wood
The first thing is to determine the amount of energy necessary
Where: - for baking of one Mosob Enjera. That is by assuming the average
Lr, 10.5855 m5mm and D3r, 30 >3*5(15) time that it takes to bake one Mosob Injera in one Ethiopian family.
By substituting the corresponding values, The designed wattage for an electric Enjera baker is approxi-
mately 1.9–2.1KW. This is the commonly used baker in some
2p L Ethiopian families. This is most basic resource that we can use
S¼ ¼ 37:12m
lnðD=rÞ for the design analysis of this project.
The heat flow is given by So, by taking the average of this wattage range we take 2KW.
As we have said earlier one average Ethiopian family utilizes
q ¼ kSDT ov erall about 2hrs to bake one Mosob Injera.
Fire clay
Where, kclay = 1.04w/moC, q = 2000Kg/m3, C = 0.96KJ/KgoC and 8. Conclusion
a*107m2/s = 5.4
To determine the surface temperature; This research is the basic for the peoples who are living in Ethio-
q ¼ 1:04
37:12
DT pia and especially for those who are living in the rural areas for
their income is low. Therefore, if there is good application of the
DT ¼ T2  T 1isothermal design on each and every detail as it is designed, the poverty line
will take of the mark from Ethiopia and fly to the deep. So, for
The loss through the transporting pipe is, the implementation and manufacturing of the project needs good
0:6
106
7200
¼ 83:33watt this is for two hours. sight through it.
3292
P. Suresh, M.D. Irfan Ali, P. Govind Rao et al.
8.1. Recommendation
We have taken some assumptions that we think they are rea-
sonable so great consideration on these things has to be applied.
Since we all know how much amount of Injera is expended per
day, the size of the Mosob, the total baking hour and others are
assumed on the basis of our experience of the home that we are
living and also giving some tolerance for those who have a lot fam-
ily members so great inspection on this things has to be applied.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
[1] Asfafaw Haileselassie Tesfaya,b,*, Mulu Bayray Kahsayb, Ole Jørgen
Nydala‘‘Solar powered heat storage for Injera baking in Ethiopia”1876-6102 Ó
2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
3293
Materials Today: Proceedings 56 (2022) 3285–3293
[2] Ibrahim Dincer,”On thermal energy storage systems and applications in
buildings”0378-7788/02/$ – see front matter # 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All
rights reserved. PII: S0378-7788(01)00126-8.
[3] Asfafaw Haileselassie Tesfaya,b*, Mulu Bayray Kahsayb, Ole Jørgen Nydala,”
Design and development of solar thermal Injera baking: steam based direct
baking”Ó 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
[4] Abdulkadir A. Hassena*, Sisay B. Kebedeb, Nigussie M. Wihiba,”Design and
manufacturing of thermal energy based Injera baking glass pan”,Ó 2016 The
Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
[7] A Munir, O. Hensel, W. Scheffler, ‘‘Design principle and calculation of a Scheffler
fixed focus concentrator for medium temperature applications” Ó 2010 The
Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Further reading
[5] Robin Jones, Jan Carel Diehl, Leon Simons and Martin Verwaal,”The
Development of an Energy Efficient Electric Mitad for Baking Injeras in
Ethiopia” 2017 Proceedings of the 25th Domestic Use of Energy Conference.
[6] Mesele H. Hailu1, 2, Ole J. Nydal1, Mulu B. Kahsay2 and Asfafaw H. Tesfay,”A
direct solar fryer for injera baking application”,2017. The Authors. Published by
International Solar Energy Society.