Instructions Manual for PowerIT LV Active Filter PQFT

Instructions Manual PowerIT
LV Active Filter
PQFT
PQFT Instructions Manual
Table of contents
1. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................................................................ 5
2. UPON RECEPTION......................................................................................................................... 6
2.1. D ELIVERY INSPECTION............................................................................................................... 6
2.2. IDENTIFICATION TAG.................................................................................................................. 6
2.3. STORAGE................................................................................................................................ 6
2.4. LONG STORAGE PERIOD AND REFORMING ..................................................................................... 6
3. PQFT PRINCIPLE AND CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................. 7
3.1. R EASONS FOR LIMITING HARMONICS ............................................................................................ 7
3.2. GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF ACTIVE FILTERING .................................................................................... 9
3.3. THE ABB ACTIVE FILTER: THE PQFT. ........................................................................................10
3.4. THE PQFT: PERFORMANCES .....................................................................................................12
3.4.1. Filtering.....................................................................................................................12
3.4.2. Reactive power..........................................................................................................13
3.4.3. EMC .........................................................................................................................13
4. COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION AND IDENTIFICATION ..................................................................14
4.1. COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION ......................................................................................................14
4.1.1. PQF current generator. ..............................................................................................14
4.1.2. The control................................................................................................................16
4.2. COMPONENTS IDENTIFICATION...................................................................................................16
5. MECHANICAL INSTALLATION ......................................................................................................22
5.1. GENERALITIES ........................................................................................................................22
5.2. IP00 PLATE............................................................................................................................24
5.2.1. Mounting of the plate.................................................................................................24
5.2.2. Master cubicle door accessories .................................................................................25
5.2.3. Slave cubicle door .....................................................................................................25
6. ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION .......................................................................................................26
6.1. OVERVOLTAGE........................................................................................................................26
6.2. POWER CABLES AND EXTERNAL PROTECTION ...............................................................................26
6.3. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS/CONTROL CABLES SELECTION...............................................................28
6.4. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS INSTALLATION ....................................................................................30
6.4.1. CT’s connection to the PQFT......................................................................................30
6.4.2. CT’s connection topology: cases ................................................................................31
6.4.2.1. Case 1: Global compensation – one feeding transformer................................32
6.4.2.2. Case 2: Individual compensation – one feeding transformer ...........................33
6.4.2.3. Case 3: global compensation – transformer busbar not accessible. ................33
6.4.2.4. Case 4: two independent feeding transformers..............................................35
6.4.2.5. Case 5: back up generator ...........................................................................36
6.5. CONNECTION OF LAMPS AND BUTTONS (IP00 VERSION) .................................................................37
6.6. PRECAUTIONS WITH CAPACITORS ...............................................................................................37
7. MASTER-SLAVE INTERCONNECTIONS ........................................................................................38
7.1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................38
7.2. MECHANICAL INSTALLATION ( CUBICLE VERSION) ...........................................................................38
7.3. ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS .......................................................................................................39
7.3.1. Connections between sections ...................................................................................39
7.3.1.1. Power connection........................................................................................39
7.3.1.2. Control connection.......................................................................................40
7.3.1.3. Domino boards connection...........................................................................40
7.3.1.4. Earth connection .........................................................................................41
7.3.2. Connections to the supply..........................................................................................41
7.3.2.1. Power connection........................................................................................41
7.3.2.2. Protective earth...........................................................................................41
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8. PQF-PROG INSTALLATION AND PC CONNECTION......................................................................42

8.1. SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS...........................................................................................................42
8.2. INSTALLING PQF-P ROG ON YOUR PC .........................................................................................42
8.3. HARDWARE CONNECTION..........................................................................................................42
9. COMMISSIONING ..........................................................................................................................43
9.1. STEP 1 ..................................................................................................................................43
9.2. STEP 2 ..................................................................................................................................43
9.3. STEP 3 ..................................................................................................................................43
9.3.1. PQF connection diagram............................................................................................44
9.3.2. Material needed & hypotheses for correct measurements ............................................44
9.3.3. Checking the correct connection of the CTs with a two channel scopemeter. .................44
9.3.3.1. Measurement of CT in phase L1...................................................................44
9.3.3.2. Measurement of CT in phase L2 and L3........................................................46
9.3.4. Checking the correct connection of the CTs with two current probes. ............................47
9.3.5. Checking the correct connection of the CTs with a Fluke 41B.......................................48
9.4. STEP 4 ..................................................................................................................................48
9.4.1. With PQF-Prog ..........................................................................................................48
9.4.2. With the PQF-Manager ..............................................................................................49
9.5. STEP 5 ..................................................................................................................................49
9.6. STEP 6 ..................................................................................................................................50
9.7. STEP 7 ..................................................................................................................................50
9.8. STEP 8 ..................................................................................................................................50
10. OPERATION ..................................................................................................................................51
10.1. NORMAL WORKING SEQUENCE....................................................................................................51
10.2. ADDITIONAL INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE PQFT IN THE PRESENCE OF PLAIN CAPACITORS ......55
10.3. BEHAVIOR IN CASE OF POWER OUTAGE........................................................................................55
10.4. BUTTONS , LIGHTS AND LED’S SIGNIFICATION................................................................................56
10.4.1. Master cubicle. ..........................................................................................................56
10.4.2. Slave cubicle.............................................................................................................56
10.4.3. PQF-Manager ...........................................................................................................57
10.4.4. Control rack. .............................................................................................................57
10.5. PROGRAMMING WITH PQF-P ROG ...............................................................................................58
10.5.1. Filter operation principle. ............................................................................................58
10.5.2. Starting .....................................................................................................................59
10.5.3. Programming the filter................................................................................................61
10.6. PROGRAMMING WITH PQF-MANAGER .........................................................................................62
10.6.1. Filter operation principle. ............................................................................................62
10.6.2. Keys identification......................................................................................................63
10.6.3. Programming the filter. ...............................................................................................64
10.7. PQFT AND NETWORK MONITORING WITH THE PQF-MANAGER.........................................................67
10.7.1. Filter status. ..............................................................................................................67
10.7.2. Network status ..........................................................................................................68
10.7.3. Waveform .................................................................................................................69
10.7.4. Spectrum ..................................................................................................................70
10.8. R EMOTE CONTROL AND ALARM CONTACT .....................................................................................71
10.8.1. Remote control ..........................................................................................................71
10.8.2. Alarm contact ............................................................................................................71
10.9. PROTECTIONS .........................................................................................................................71
11. FAULT HANDLING AND TROUBLESHOOTING .............................................................................72
11.1. FAULT HANDLING .....................................................................................................................72
11.1.1. Type of faults ............................................................................................................72
11.1.2. Fault handling and fault clearance procedure...............................................................72
11.2. TROUBLESHOOTING..................................................................................................................75
11.2.1. Frequent problems occurring at commissioning stage..................................................75
11.2.2. Error codes meaning..................................................................................................75
11.2.3. Faults not related to error codes .................................................................................77
11.2.4. Restarting the filter after fault correction......................................................................78
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12. MAINTENANCE.............................................................................................................................79
12.1. MAINTENANCE FREQUENCY .......................................................................................................79
12.2. MAINTENANCE PROCEDURE .......................................................................................................79
12.3. FAN.......................................................................................................................................79
12.4. CAPACITORS REFORMING ..........................................................................................................80
4
1. Safety instructions
These safety instructions are intended for all work on the PQFT.
Neglecting these instructions can cause physical injury and death.
All electrical installation and maintenance work on the PQFT should be carried out by qualified
electricians.
Do not attempt to work on a powered PQFT.
After switching off the mains, always wait at least 15 minutes before working on the unit in order to
allow the discharge of DC capacitors through the discharge resistors.
DC capacitors might be charged to more than 800V.
Before manipulating current transformers, make sure that the secondary is short-circuited. Never
open the secondary of a loaded current transformer.
You must always wear isolating gloves and eye-protection when working on electrical installation.
Also make sure that all local safety regulations are fulfilled.
WARNING: This filter contains capacitors that are connected between phase and earth ; a leakage
current will flow during normal operation, therefore a good earth connection is
essential and must be connected before applying power to the filter.
WARNING: If the ground is defeated, certain fault conditions in the unit or in the system to which it
is connected can result in full line voltage between chassis and earth ground. Severe
injury or death can then result if the chassis and earth ground are touched
simultaneously.
WARNING: The neutral current in PQFT filter may be as high as 3 times the line current hence
please do not use a 4 pole breaker to connect this type of filter as the rating of the
neutral pole may not be adequate.
5
2. Upon reception
2.1. Delivery inspection
Each PQFT is delivered in a sealed package designed to protect adequately the equipment during shipment.
Upon receipt of the equipment, make sure that the packing is in good condition.
After removal of the packing, check visually the exterior and interior of your filter. Any loss or damage should
be notified immediately.
Care should be taken to ensure that correct handling facilities are used.
2.2. Identification tag
Each PQFT is fitted with a nameplate for identification purposes. The nameplate includes the type of filter,
nominal frequency, voltage and current as well as a serial number and an ABB internal article code.
This information should always remain readable to ensure proper identification during the whole life of the
filter.
2.3. Storage
PQFT packing is made for an indoor storage period of maximum six months (transport time included from
delivery date EXW ABB Jumet factory). Packing for longer storage period can be done on request.
If your PQFT is not installed once unpacked, it should be stored in a clean indoor, dry dust free and non-
corrosive environment. The storage temperature must be between –15°C and 70°C with a maximum relative
humidity of 95%, non-condensing.
Before installing and operating your PQFT, you should read very carefully this instructions manual and you
should make sure that the information given on the nameplate corresponds to your network.
2.4. Long storage period and reforming
If your PQFT is non-operational or stored for more than one year, the DC capacitors need to be reformed (re-
aged). Without reforming, capacitors may be damaged when the filter starts to operate.
The reforming methods are described in chapter 12 (maintenance).
6
3. PQFT principle and characteristics

3.1. Reasons for limiting harmonics
Power electronics based equipment is the main source of the harmonic pollution in electric networks.
Examples of such equipment include drives (AC or DC), UPS’s, welders, PCs, printers etc.
In general, the semiconductor switches in this equipment conduct only during a fraction of the fundamental
period. This is how such equipment can obtain their main properties regarding energy saving, dynamic
performance and flexibility of control. However, as a result a discontinuous current containing a considerable
amount of distortion is drawn from the supply.
Harmonic pollution causes a number of problems. A first effect is the increase of the RMS-value and the
peak-value of the distorted waveform. This is illustrated in figure 3.1. that shows the increase of these
values as more harmonic components are added to an initially undistorted waveform. The RMS-value and
the peak-value of the undistorted waveform are defined as 100 %. The peaks of the fundamental
component and the distortion components are assumed to be aligned. It may be seen that the distorted
waveform, which contains harmonics up to the 25th harmonic, has a peak value that is twice the value of the
undistorted waveform and a RMS-value that is 10 % higher.
100 % H1 + 33 % H3 + 20 % H5 … + 4 % H25
Peak: 100 % 133 % 168 % 204 %

RMS: 100 % 105 % 108 % 110 %
Figure 3.1. Evolution of the increase in peak-value and the RMS-value of a waveform as more
harmonic components are added
The increase in RMS-value leads to increased heating of the electrical equipment. Furthermore, circuit
breakers may trip due to higher thermal or instantaneous levels. Also, fuses may blow and capacitors may
be damaged. kWh meters may give faulty readings. The winding and iron losses of motors increase and
they may experience perturbing torques on the shaft. Sensitive electronic equipment may be damaged.
Equipment, which uses the supply voltage as a reference may not be able to synchronise properly and either
applies wrong firing, pulses to switching elements or switch off. Interference with electronic communications
equipment may occur.
Distorted networks may also cause generators malfunctions.
Homopolar harmonics (third and multiple of three) generated by loads connected between phases and/or
loads connected between phase and neutral are strictly in phase. When the neutral is connected, the
homopolar currents are added in the neutral line.
7
Fundamental
3th
L1
Fundamental
3th
L2
Fundamental
3th
L3
3th
8
This situation becomes critical when the neutral conductor section is only a fraction of the line conductor.
This excessive neutral conductor temperature is witnessed sometimes leading to neutral conductor
destruction.
Overall it may be concluded that an excessive amount of harmonics leads to a premature ageing of the
electrical installation. This is an important motivation for taking action against harmonics.
3.2. General principle of active filtering
The active filter measures the harmonic currents and generates actively a harmonic current spectrum in
opposite phase to the measured distorting harmonic current. The original harmonics are thereby cancelled.
The principle is shown in figure 3.2.
Fundamental only idistortion

Supply Load
icompensation
PQFT
31. 31. 1.3
0 3
6
0 0 3
6
0 0 3 6 0
-1 . 3 3-1. - 31.
Figure 3.2. Principle of active filtering
The control of the active filter in combination with the active generation of the compensating current allows
for a concept that may not be overloaded. Harmonic currents exceeding the capacity of the active filter will
remain on the network, but the filter will operate and eliminate all harmonic currents up to its capacity.
The principle of active filter showing currents and spectra is clarified in Figure 3.3.
9
Waveforms
31. 31. 31.
0 0
6
3 0 360 0 0
6
3
3
1-.
- 1 . 3 - 1 . 3
Clean
feeder
current = Load
current + Active Filter
current
Harmonics
4
0 4
0 4
0
2
0 2
0 2
0
0 0 0
20- 20- 20-
1 5 7 1 1
3 1
7 1
9 1 5 7 1 1
3 1
7 1
9 1 5 7 1 1
3 1
7 1
9
Figure 3.3. Active filter principle illustrated in time and frequency domains
3.3. The ABB Active filter: the PQFT.
As we have just seen, the active filter is basically a compensating current generator. The most important
parts are then the current generator and the control system.
The compensating current is in a first step created by a three-phase Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors
(IGBT) inverter bridge that is able to generate any given voltage waveform with PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) technology. The IGBT bridge uses a DC voltage source realised in the form of a DC capacitor.
The inverter bridge is in fact the same technology than in AC drives.
The generated voltage is coupled to the network via reactors and a small filter circuit. The desired current
generator is thereby achieved.
The DC capacitors are loaded actively through the inverter bridge and there is no need of external power
source. Obviously, the DC voltage level must always be higher than the peak value of the network voltage in
order to be able to inject currents to the network.
To control the active filter the choice stands between open loop and closed loop current control. Under open
loop current control, the harmonics currents are measured on the load side of the active filter that computes
the required compensating current and injects it into the network.
Closed loop current control as performed by the PQFT is shown in Figure 3.4. In this topology the resulting
current to the network is measured and the active filter operates by injecting a compensating current
minimising this resulting current. In this configuration, the filter directly controls its effect on the filtration.
10
AF
Target Control Output
Measurement Feedback
Figure 3.4. Closed loop control
In addition to being more precise, the closed loop control system also allows for a direct control of the degree
of filtering. Furthermore, the closed loop control system ensures that measurement errors do not result in a
higher distortion.
To fully exploit the potential of an active filter we need a digital measurement and control system that is fast
enough to operate in true real time. We need to be able to track the individual harmonics and control the
compensating current according to the requirements of the plant and this with full control at every instant in
time. To achieve this, we need advanced Digital Signal Processors, DSP’s.
Among the physical signals needed by the PQFT, the three line currents have obviously to be measured.
Standard CTs with 5A secondary are usually sufficient. Those analogue signals must first be acquired,
levelled and antialias-filtered before digitalisation. Fast and high precision analogue-to-digital converters are
used to create a digital representation of the analogue signals. The digitised signals are then sent to the
powerful DSP that controls all measurements and calculations in real time, and builds the PWM references
for the inverter. It is another processor, a microcontroller, which handles all digital input/output (including the
command of the PWM inverter). More dedicated to control than to calculations, this microcontroller ensures
for instance the closing of the relays and contactors.
One control is needed per PQFT system and can handle more than one power module simultaneously.
11
3.4. The PQFT: performances
3.4.1. Filtering
The main requirement for an active filter installed in an industrial installation is to attenuate the harmonics
produced by the non-linear loads of the installation.
The ideal active filter should allow the user to choose freely which harmonic components to filter and should
offer an adjustable degree of filtering.
It is also worth noting that the total harmonic voltage distortion at the point of common coupling (PCC) is
th th
often calculated up to the 40 [1] or the 50 [2] harmonic. Furthermore, the total number of harmonics that
can be filtered determines directly the quality of the resulting current. This is illustrated in figure 3.5., which
shows the filtered waveforms obtained by filtering up to different harmonic levels.
th
(a) Filtering up to the 13 harmonic.
th
(b) Filtering up to the 25 harmonic.
th
(c) Filtering up to the 50 harmonic.
Figure 3.5. Waveforms obtained by eliminating the harmonic components of a rectangular
th th th
periodic signal up to the (a) 13 harmonic, (b) the 25 harmonic and (c) the 50 harmonic
This figure highlights the need for an active filter that can operate up to sufficiently high harmonic
frequencies.
th
The PQFT can filter simultaneously 15 (12) independent harmonics up to the 50 for 50Hz (60Hz) based
networks. The number of harmonics to be filtered as well as their frequencies is completely programmable by
the user.
Besides the harmonic selection functionality, the user has also the possibility to specify a filtration level for
each selected harmonic. The PQFT will filter the selected harmonics until the filtration level set by the user is
reached. This filtration level can be different for each selected harmonic. This functionality is especially
useful when the objective is to fulfil the requirements of a standard and results in a better use of the available
compensation power. It also allows the installation of active filters on networks already fitted with a fixed
passive filter.
We can see that we are very close to the ideal filter: the choice of which harmonic components to filter is free
and the degree of filtering is adjustable according to the wishes of the user.
Moreover, all typical harmonics generated by non-linear loads may be filtered simultaneously.
12
3.4.2. Reactive power
Besides the filtering functionality, reactive power compensation is also possible with the active filter.
Compared to traditional capacitor banks, the reactive compensation of the PQFT is continuous (‘stepless’),
fast and smooth (no transients at switching). The compensation can be either capacitive or inductive.
Two types of compensation are available: automatic compensation where a target power factor has to be
set, and fixed compensation based on a predefined amount of kvar.
3.4.3. EMC
The PQFT has been verified for compliance with EU (European Union) directives for EMC (electromagnetic
compatibility) for operation at 50 Hz and bears the CE-mark to this effect. However it is assumed that the
installation is done as per the instructions in this manual.
When an apparatus is used in a system, EU directives may require that the system is verified for EMC
compliance. For EMC reasons, the cubicle should be connected to the main protective earth connection with
yellow-green wire. This wire should be as short as possible.
13
4. Components description and identification

4.1. Components description
As already explained, the active filter is basically composed of two parts: the current generator and the
control system.
Non-linear load(s)
- three-phase with
or without neutral
connection
- single-phase
Current Compensation
measurement current
PQF Digital PQF current

Control generator
4.1.1. PQF current generator.
The power circuit of the ABB active filter PQF is represented hereafter.
Power
Lines
Main Breaker
Preload
Output
Filter
PWM Reactors
+
PWM inverter
-
The main components are:
- PWM inverter
- PWM reactors
- Output filter
- Preloading circuit
The current generator is physically organised in power modules, each including a PWM inverter, a three-
phase PWM reactor and the output filter.
Each PQFT plate or cubicle contains one power module. Protection is realized through fuses and there is
one preloading circuit.
The PWM inverter is composed of DC capacitors and an IGBT inverter bridge. This system is able to
generate any voltage waveform with PWM technology.
14
The physical layout of a PWM inverter module is shown hereafter.
Each PWM inverter is fitted with a local electronic control called the domino board. The domino board is
controlled by the central DSP. The domino board is fitted with jumpers noted JP100, JP101, JP102, JP103,
JP104, JP105, JP106, JP109 and JP110 (JP107 and JP108 are off). In case of several power modules, only
the domino board of the last slave is fitted with jumpers. Please refer the photo below.
The PWM reactors convert the voltage created by the PWM inverter into currents that will be injected in the
network.
The output filter consists in line reactors and an RC shunt circuit.
The function of the preloading circuit is to avoid at start-up high inrush currents that could damage the power
electronics or create transients in the network.
15
4.1.2. The control
For best performances, the control of the PQFT is Digital Signal Processor (DSP) based.
The three lines currents are measured by external CT. Those analogue signals must first be acquired,
levelled and antialias-filtered before digitalisation. Fast and high precision anlogue-to-digital converters are
used to create a digital representation of the analogue signals. The digitised signals are then sent to the
powerful DSP that controls all measurements and calculation in real time, and builds the PWM references for
the inverter. It is another processor, a microcontroller, which handles all digital input/output (including the
command of the PWM inverter). More dedicated to control than to calculations, this microcontroller ensures
for instance the closing of relays and contactors.
One control unit may command up to 4 power modules.
4.2. Components identification
Control
PQF
Manager
Main
fuses
Auxiliary
voltage
transformer
PWM
inverter
Output filter
capacitor
Fan
16
A more detailed identification is given in the following pages.
The identification hereafter is related to the drawings of the following pages. Internal views indicate the
position of identified components but fixation details are not included. Although visible on the drawings, some
components may actually be hidden in the real structure.
Mains connection
F102 mains fuses

K10 mains contactor
Fan
M101 fan motor
Auxiliaries
Q101 breaker for auxiliaries

T101 auxiliary voltage transformer
PWM inverter
U11 IGBT module

A67 AC voltage board
A77 Domino interface
A104 DC voltage converter
A105 DC voltage converter
A117 Domino board
Output filter
C11 Output filter capacitor

L11 Line reactor
L12 Line reactor
L13 Line reactor
PWM reactor
L21 PWM reactor

L22 PWM reactor
L23 PWM reactor
Preloading circuit
K11 Preload contactor

R14/15 Preload resistors
U1 Preload bridge
17
Control rack
A111 Digital I/O board

A112 Interface board – IGBT’s and DSP
A113 Digital Signal Processor (DSP Board)
A119 Interface PQF Manager board
A114 Current input board
A115 Analog input board
A116 +24V power supply board
U109 Power supply + 5V
X1 Terminal block digital I/O wiring
X4 Terminal block current input wiring
X2 Terminal block analog input wiring
X10 Terminal power supply wiring
X6 Terminal current input wiring
Door components
S102 RESET push button

S101 RUN push button
S104 Remote local switch
H101 White lamp: controller connected to supply (auxiliary breaker closed)
H102 Red lamp: MCB closed
H103 Green lamp: MCB open
A120 PQF-Manager
Other components
A121 +24V switching power supply
X5 Terminal block backplane wiring (external CT connection)
X12 Terminal signalling wiring
X21 Terminal intercabinets wiring
18
Master + slave IP00
19
20
Control rack details
21
5. Mechanical installation
5.1. Generalities
The PQFT is suitable for indoor installation, on firm foundations, in a well-ventilated area without dust and
excessive aggressive gases where the ambient parameters do not exceed the following values:
40°C max (including the PQFT heat generation);

(please refer to page 23)
30°C (average temperature) over 24 hours;
Minimum temperature: +5 °c
Humidity less than 95% RH non-condensing
Altitude: max. 1000m without derating.
For units with nominal voltage above 415V, the rear side of the cubicles must be located at least at 100mm
from the wall.
PQFT cubicles (IP23 version) have standard dimensions of 600 x 600 x 2150 mm (width x depth x height).
PQFT plates (IP00 version) have standard dimensions of 499 x 400 x 1696 mm (width x depth x height).
Each cubicle or plate is fitted with one power module, its own bottom cable entry (top cable entry on
request), fuses and contactor.
Standard arrangement for PQFT with up to 3 power modules are shown on page 23.
A maximum of 4 power modules may be connected in parallel.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Only modules of the same ratings may be paralleled !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
CAUTION
The PQFT dissipates significant amounts of heat; 3 kW/module that has to be evacuated out of the room
where the filter is located. Otherwise, you may experience excessive temperature rise. Please note life of
electrical equipment decreases drastically if the operating temperature exceeds the allowable limit.
22
3
For proper cooling of the PQFT, a minimum airflow of 610 m /h of cooling air has to be supplied to the each
fan of the unit. Please ensure the air used for cooling does not contain conductive particles, significant
amounts of dust, or corrosive or otherwise harmful gases.
The cooling air intake temperature cannot exceed 40°C under any operating condition. The fan inlet must not
be covered by any object and located at a sufficient distance from walls to ensure a correct air flow.
The hot exhaust air has also to be properly ducted away.
23
5.2. IP00 plate
5.2.1. Mounting of the plate
The IP00 mounting plate is to be fixed in your own cubicle by means of the four holes located in the corners
of the plate. Please refer to the attached diagram.
Six holes are provided to fix the plate in the cubicle with M8 screws. The holes at halfway up are used to
clamp the plate in the cubicle and to increase its rigidity while the other ones are mainly for the principal
fixations.
3
For proper cooling of the PQFT, a minimum airflow of 610 m /h of cooling air has to be supplied to each fan
of the unit. It must be fed with fresh air through the bottom of the door and it must be free to go out from the
top of the cubicle.
Please ensure the air used for cooling does not contain conductive particles, significant amounts of dust, or
corrosive or otherwise harmful gases.
24
5.2.2. Master cubicle door accessories
The dimensions of the cut-out to be made on the master cubicle door are represented here below.
There are 6 holes for buttons and lamps (same dimensions) and the cut-out for the PQF-Manager (if
delivered). The buttons and lamps are provided with the filter.
The positions of the cutout are those of the IP23 version and are given for indication only.
Also please follow the following steps to fit the metallic cover on PQF-Manager as follows:
- unscrew the RS232 spacer screws on the PQF-Manager itself
- place the manager on one side of the door and the metallic cover on the other side
- hold the cover with the spacer screws
- fix mechanically the whole assembly to the door
5.2.3. Slave cubicle door
Only one lamp is provided to be installed on slave cubicle doors. The dimension of the cutout is the same
than for the master cubicle door (diameter: 23 mm).
25
6. Electrical installation
Your PQFT is a parallel active filter: it is installed in parallel with the load(s).
Connection implies:
- 3 power cables
- 1 neutral cable
- 3 CT (one per phase)
- 6 control wires for the CT
- Ground/PE
6.1. Overvoltage
The PQFT is able to withstand continuously a voltage (inclusive of harmonics but not transients) of up to
110 % of the rated voltage. Higher voltages than the rated one would imply an operation at limited power of
the filter. Since operation at the upper limits of voltage and temperature may reduce its life expectancy, the
PQFT should not be connected to systems for which it is known that the overvoltage will be sustained
indefinitely.
6.2. Power cables and external protection
Each cubicle is fitted with its own fuses (bottom cable entry (top cable entry on request)) and needs to be
individually connected to the supply.
The power cable size should be rated on the basis of X times the nominal current of the corresponding
cubicle (one or two power modules) where X is a multiplication factor which allows to take into account the
skin effect.
This multiplication factor is the result of an iterative calculation and can be determined by means of the
following process:
Important remark: please note that the following process is made to take into account the skin effect only.
Other deratings due to local standards and/or installation conditions (as e.g. cables proximity, number of
cables connected in parallel,…) have to be taken into account by the company responsible for the PQF cable
connection.
Step 1: as initial value of this iterative process, determine the preliminary cable section on the basis of the
nominal current.
Step 2: based on the previously determined cable section, find in the table here below the multiplication
factor that must be applied.
Step 3: determine the cable section on the basis of the value of the multiplication factor times the nominal
current.
- if the cable section found is equal to the previously found cable section, the process can be stopped.
The cable section is then determined taking into account the skin effect.
(see examples below)
- If the cable section found is bigger than the previously found value, step 2 and 3 have to be repeated
until the cable sections are equal (see example below).
26
Se ction 50Hz 60Hz

2
[mm ] Al Cu Al Cu
16 1.01 1.01 1.01 1.01
25 1.01 1.02 1.01 1.03
35 1.02 1.03 1.02 1.04
50 1.03 1.06 1.04 1.08
70 1.05 1.1 1.06 1.13
95 1.08 1.16 1.10 1.21
120 1.11 1.30 1.15 1.30
150 1.16 1.30 1.21 1.39
185 1.22 1.41 1.28 1.50
240 1.31 1.55 1.40 1.66
300 1.41 1.70 1.52 1.84
Table: Multiplication factors for different cable types
Example:
Please note that the following example is given for information only
(see important remark above).
PQF-T 70A 400V 50hz
Phase cables sizing

2
Step 1: IN = 70A à cable section (*) = 25 [mm ]
2
Step 2: multiplication factor for a 25 [mm ] copper cable at 50hz = 1.02
Step 3: I = IN x 1.02 = 70A x 1.02 = 71.4 A

2
Step 4: I = 71.4 A à cable section (*) : 25 [mm ]
This section is equal to the section found in the previous step.

2
Result : one copper cable of 25 [mm ] per phase
(*) given for information only.
Neutral cable sizing

2
Step 1: IN = 210A à cable section (*) = 120 [mm ]
2
Step 2: multiplication factor for a 120 [mm ] copper cable at 50hz = 1.1
Step 3: I = IN x 1.1 = 210A x 1.1 = 231 A

2
Step 4: I = 231 A à cable section (*) : 120 [mm ]
This section is equal to the section found in the previous step.

2
Result : one copper cable of 120 [mm ] for neutral cable connection.
(*) given for information only.
If single core cables are used an alloy gland plate is recommended.

The neutral current in PQFT filter may be as high as 3 times the line current hence please do not use a 4
pole breaker to connect this type of filter as the rating of the neutral pole may not be adequate.
PQF-T copper bar dimensions for connection of phases and neutral cables:
30 mm x 10 mm (hole: ∅ = 11 mm)
27
NOTE: Due to the LCL output filter of the PQF, there is no radiated emission through the feeding cables.
Consequently, there is no need for special screening of the incoming cables.
In case of regenerative loads (e.g. loads that may inject active energy to the network, usually called 4Q-
loads), it is very important to connect the PQF outside the protection of this load.
Indeed, consider Figure 6.1 where a common protection is installed for both the regenerative load and for the
PQF. When the load reinjects energy to the network and the mains protection trips, the whole energy may be
pushed into the PQF, which may cause severe inquires to it.
Figure 6.2 shows the admitted protection scheme for regenerative loads. In this case, if the breaker of the
load trips, the PQF is isolated from the fed back energy.
4Q 4Q
PQF PQF
load load
Figure 6.1. Incorrect connection Figure 6.2. Correct connection
6.3. Current transformers/control cables selection
Three CT’s are needed since the PQFT monitors the three phases and neutral of the network.
The proper operation of the PQFT does not require any special CT’s. The requirements are minimum:
• 5A of secondary
• 15 VA minimum for up to 30 meters of 2.5 mm² cable
• Class 1 accuracy or better
• Ratio limit above maximum line current
In case the CT’s are shared with other loads, the VA burden shall be adapted and the connection of the
different loads (including the PQFT) must be in series.
Twin 2.5 mm² control cable is the most suitable for this application.
In order to determine the suitable CT’s for your application, please refer to the following chart.
28
Maximum rms current of the
downstream loads (including starting
current of DC drives):
X1 = ….. Arms
Multiply X1 by
1.6:
X2 = …. Arms
YES Section of CT cables: NO
2.5 mm²? (recommended)
YES
CT cables > 30 meters ?
NO Determine the length (m) and
resistance (Ω/m)of
Determine the length of CT cables (meters)
CT cables (meters)
L=…m
L=…m R = … Ω/m
Select 3 identical CT’s such that:

- rating at primary ≥ X2 X3 = (L x 0.007 x 25) + 10 X4 = (L x R x 25) + 10
- rating at secondary: 5A
- Burden ≥ 15 VA X3 = … VA X4 = … VA
- Class 1 accuracy or better
Select 3 identical CT’s such that: Select 3 identical CT’s such that:
- rating at primary ≥ X2 - rating at primary ≥ X2
- rating at secondary: 5A - rating at secondary: 5A
- Burden ≥ X3 VA - Burden ≥ X4 VA
- Class 1 accuracy or better - Class 1 accuracy or better
29
6.4. Current transformers installation
Special care has to be taken for the connection and location of the CT’s: it is the most current source of
problems occurring at commissioning stage.
WARNING: when connecting the CT’s to the PQFT, the secondaries of the CT’s have to be short-
circuited.
First of all, the CT’s have to be positioned for closed loop control: they have to monitor the resulting current
after filtering.
The CT’s must also be positioned in the correct direction around the power cable: the K (or P1) side should
be in the direction of the supply and the L (or P2) side should be in the direction of the load.
6.4.1. CT’s connection to the PQFT
The connections between the CT’s and the filter must satisfy the following scheme:
• The k terminal of line 1 CT is connected to terminal X5-1 of the filter

• The l terminal of line 1 CT is connected to terminal X5-2 of the filter


L1 K L
L2 K L
Supply Load
side L3 K L side
N k l
k l
k l
L1 L2 L3 N
X5.6
X5.5
X5.4
PQF
X5.3
X5.2
X5.1
30
6.4.2. CT’s connection topology: cases
The location of the CT’s is critical to ensure the proper operation of the active filter. The CT’s are the “eyes”
of the filter and it will react in accordance with the information supplied by them.
The location of the CT’s must always be in closed loop configuration. This means that the CT’s must see the
load current and the filter current.
In some cases, summation CT’s might be needed to fulfil the closed loop requirement.
Typical circuit topologies and adequate CT’s location are described hereafter in the following order:
Case 1: Global compensation – one feeding transformer.

Case 2: Individual compensation – one feeding transformer.
Case 3: Global compensation – transformer busbar not accessible.
Case 4: Two independent feeding transformers.
Case 5: Back up generator.
Please bear in mind that the active filter always needs 3 CT’s: one per phase.
There is also one shorting bridge per CT input on terminal X5. Those bridges must be removed only when
the secondary circuit of the CT is closed.
31
6.4.2.1. Ca se 1: Globa l com pe nsa tion – one fe e ding tra nsfo rm e r
This is the most frequent configuration: one transformer feeds several non-linear loads. The active filter is
installed in central position and filters the combined harmonic currents.
This configuration and the proper location of the CT’s is represented hereafter.
PQF LOAD LOAD LOAD
Figure 6.3. Global compensation – one feeding transformer.
The connection of the CT’s to the active filter must be as represented herafter:
L1 K L
L2 K L
Supply Load
side L3 K L side
N k l
k l
k l
L1 L2 L3 N
X5.6
X5.5
X5.4
PQF
X5.3
X5.2
X5.1
K = P1, L = P2, k = S1, l = S2
Figure 6.4. CT’s connection to the active filter.
32
6.4.2.2. Ca se 2: Individua l com pe n sa tion – one fe e ding tra nsform e r
Instead of installing one active filter in central position, it also possible to connect the active filter and its CT’s
so that it compensates one particular load only.
In the example hereafter, the active filter PQF is connected to compensate Load 1 only. It does not see load
2.
LOAD 2
PQF LOAD 1
Figure 6.5. Individual compensation – one feeding transformer
The connection of the 3 CT’s to the active filter is described in 6.4.1.
6.4.2.3. Ca se 3: globa l com pe n sa tion – tra n sf orm e r bu sba r not a cce ssible .
The active filter is required to filter the loads of side A and side B but the transformer busbar not being
accessible, the CT’s cannot be installed in central position.
LOADS LOADS
PQF
(Side A) (Side B)
Figure 6.6. Transformer busbar with no access: single-line diagram
For this configuration, three CT’s (one per phase) have to be installed on side A et on side B (in total, 6
CT’s). Those CT’s will then feed 3 summation CT’s (one per phase) that are connected to the active filter.
This CT topology is represented in figure 6.7.
33
CT 1 (one per
phase)
Primary: X
CT 2 (one per
Secondary: 5A
phase)
Primary: X Summation CT
Secondary: 5A (one per phase)
Primary 1: 5 A
Primary 2: 5A
Secondary: 5A
LOADS PQF
(Side A) LOADS
(Side B)
Figure 6.7. Transformer busbar with no access: CT connection (to be done for each phase)
The CT’s installed in each phase of side A et B (CT1 and CT2) must be identical (X / 5) and feed a
summation CT whose secondary is 5A (5+5/5A). The summation CT is then connected to the active filter in
accordance with chapter 6.4.1.
A total of 3 summation CT’s (one per phase) must be used. The CT ratio to be programmed in the filter is: 2X
/ 5.
The CT – summator – PQF connection is represented here below. This has to be done for each phase.
P1, K S1, k P1
S1 k
S2, l P2
P2, L
S1, k P1 l
P1, K S2
S2, l P2
P2, L PQF
Side A Side B
Figure 6.8. Connection between CT1, CT2 , the summation CT and PQF for one phase.
34
6.4.2.4. Ca se 4: tw o inde pe nde nt fee ding tra nsform e r s.
Two independent transformers (the tie is normally open) feeds two different set of loads. One active filter is
fitted on each LV busbar.
This system may however also work in degraded mode: the tie is closed and only one transformer feeds the
whole LV system.
By connecting the CT’s as described hereafter, it is still possible to filter properly the harmonics and to
correct the power factor.
T1 T2
PQF PQF
Figure 6.9. Two independent transformers: single-line diagram
T1 T2
S1, k S1, k
P1, K P1, K
I1 I2 S2, l
S2, l P1 I0 P2
P2, L K L P2, L
S1 S2
k l
P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2
S1 S2 S1 S2
I’1-I’0 I’2+I’0
k l k l
PQF 1 PQF 2
Figure 6.10. Two independent transformers: CT connection for one phase.
35
For each phase, 3 CT’s must be installed: - one to measure I1

- one to measure I2
- one to measure I0.
Those CT’s must be identical: X/5 A.

CT I1 and CT I0 feed a summation CT which is connected to PQF1.
CT I2 and CT I0 feed a summation CT which is connected to PQF2.
Those summation CT’s must be 5+5 / 5 A.
Condition 1: the tie is open.
PQF1 sees I1 and PQF2 sees I2 (I0 = 0). The two transformers work independently and the total current to
be compensated is I1 + I2.
Condition 2: the tie is closed but both transformers feed the loads.
In this configuration, PQF1 sees (I1-I0) and PQF2 sees (I2+I0). The total current seen by the two filters is I1
+ I2.
Condition 3: the tie is closed but only one transformer feeds the loads (degraded mode).
If only T1 feeds the loads with the tie closed, PQF1 sees (I1-I0) and PQF2 sees I0 (I2 is zero). If only T2
feeds the load, I1 will be zero.
The above described connection must be done for each phase. The CT ratio to be programmed in the filter
is: 2X/5.
6.4.2.5. Ca se 5: ba c k up ge ne ra tor
Many installations are fitted with back up generators to ensure the proper operation of the installation in case
of mains power outage.
A typical configuration is given here below.
LOAD PQF
Figure 6.11. Back-up generator: typical single-line diagram
36
The CT connection must be such that the active filter works whatever the type of supply: generators or
transformer-MV network.
For each phase, one CT is installed in the transformer feeding and one in the generator. Those two CT’s
must be identical (X / 5 A) and are connected to a summation CT rated 5+5 / 5 A.
The CT ratio to be programmed in the filter is: 2X/5.
G
P1, K S1, k P1
k
S2, l P2 S1
P2, L
P1, K
S1, k P1 L
S2
S2, l P2
P2, L PQF
Figure 6.12. Back-up generator: CT connection (for one phase)
6.5. Connection of lamps and buttons (IP00 version)
The buttons and lamps have to be connected to terminal X20 according to the following table for the master
cubicle:
Item Connection points

Green lamp (H103) X20-4 / X20-3
Red lamp (H102) X20-5 / X20-3
White lamp (H101) X20-6 / X20-3
Local-remote switch (S104) X20-7 / X20-8 (local) / X20-9 (remote)
Run button (S101) X20-8 / X20-10
Reset button (S102) X20-8 / X20-11
The auxiliary power on lamp for the slave cubicle has to be connected to terminal X20 according to the
following table:
Item Connection points

White lamp (H101) X20-1 / X20-2
6.6. Precautions with capacitors
Care must be taken while connecting the PQFL in parallel with a plain capacitor bank. For detailed, please
refer to chapter 10 (§ 2).
37
7. Master-slave interconnections
7.1. Introduction
This section explains how to connect PQF sections (Master-Slave or Slave-Slave) when they do not come
connected from the factory or in case of on-site extension.
The section starts with mechanical installation.
Electrical connections are then described: interconnections between sections and with the supply.
All cables needed to make the connections are supplied with the units.
A maximum of 4 power modules may be connected in parallel.
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Only modules of the same ratings may be paralleled !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
7.2. Mechanical installation (cubicle version)
The side panels of the cubicles to be interconnected have first to be removed (except the outside one of the
Master and last Slave cubicles).
The provided divider panel seal has to be fixed on the interior frame between cubicles.
Cubicles are then interconnected at 6 fixation points as indicated in Figure 3.1.
The baying kit is provided with the cubicles (not the tools).
Figure 7.1. Mechanical installation
38
7.3. Electrical connections
7.3.1. Connections between sections
7.3.1.1. Pow e r conne ction
The DC bus of the master and slave sections must be connected.

Each slave section comes from the factory with two cables connected on the + and - poles of the DC bus.
Those cables are then fixed to the terminals of the DC bus of the next section. The cables must run away
from the earth connection as far as possible.
Be very careful about the polarity

when connecting the DC bus.
(Please refer to the enclosed photo.)
Start the DC buses interconnection with the last slave and proceed similarly with each section until reaching
the Master.
An example of DC bus interconnection is given below (PQFT-master + 2 slaves) in Figure 7.2.
Control
Master + + Slave 1 + + Slave 2 + Internal

+
- - - - - -
External
connection to
perform
Figure 7.2. DC bus interconnection
39
7.3.1.2. Cont rol conne ction
• The following terminals of the master unit and the first slave unit must be interconnected (three
interconnections):
Master Slave 1
A X21-1 connected to X21-8
B X21-2 connected to X20-2
C X21-3 connected to X21-7
D X21-4 connected to X21-6
• The following terminals of the first slave unit and the second slave unit must be interconnected (three
interconnections):
Slave 1 Slave 2
• The following terminals of the second slave unit and the third slave unit must be interconnected (three
interconnections):
Slave 2 Slave 3
• The following terminals of the second slave unit and the third slave unit must be interconnected (three
interconnections):
Slave 2 Slave 3
7.3.1.3. Dom ino boa rd s conne c tion
The inter-domino boards connection is achieved with flat cables. The flat cable must run as close as possible
to the inside wall of the cubicle, close to the earthed part, away from the components.
Each slave section is fitted with a loose flat cable. The other end of this flat cable has to be connected to the
first plug of domino board A118 of the next cubicle, starting at the last slave.
Make sure that the plug-in pattern of the connector and plug is respected.
The last domino of the chain must be fitted with termination jumpers on positions JP100, JP101, JP102,
JP103, JP104, JP105, JP106, JP109 and JP110 (JP107 and JP108 are off).
An example of domino boards interconnection is given in Figure 7.3
40
7.3.1.4. Ea rth co nne ction
The earth cable of each slave cubicle has to be connected to the earth connection point of the master
cubicle. Make sure that the cables run along the floor, not over components.
The earth connection between master and slave shall be done using at least 16 sq.mm wire. The main earth
connection (between the earth bar of each cubicle and the earth) shall be done in accordance with local
electrical regulation.
7.3.2. Connections to the supply
7.3.2.1. Pow e r conne ction
Four power cables (L1, L2, L3 and N) have to be connected to each busbar (one in each cubicle). The three
phases are protected by fuses in each cubicle.
Make sure that L1, L2 and L3 in each cubicle are connected to the same phases.
7.3.2.2. Prote ctive e a rth
The protective earth point of each cubicle has to be connected to earth.
The connections to the supply are represented in Figure 7.3.
Internal connection
External connection to perform
Control
IGBT Module
IGBT Module
IGBT Module
MASTER
SLAVE 1
SLAVE 2
Domino Domino Domino

A118 A118 A118
L1 L2 L3 N PE L1 L2 L3 N PE L1 L2 L3 N PE
Figure 7.3. Flat cables connection and connections to power supply
41
8. PQF-Prog installation and PC connection
The PQF-Prog, included in the standard PQFT package, allows for the complete programming of the filter. It
consists of two Micro Floppy Disks delivered with the filter.
8.1. System requirements
Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack 3 minimum.
At least one free COM:port (RS232 - DB 9).
One standard RS232 cable (male-female non twisted)
8.2. Installing PQF-Prog on your PC
1. Insert disk 1 of PQF-Prog in drive A

2. In the Start Menu, choose Run
3. In the Command Line box enter
a:\setup
4. Follow the instructions in the dialog boxes to:
• Specify the drive and directory (c:\ Program Files \ Pqf is the default)
• Complete the installation
8.3. Hardware connection
If your filter is equipped with the PQF-Manager, you just have to plug the DB 9 connection in
the RS232 port situated at the front of the PQF-Manager.
If your filter is not equipped with the PQF-Manager, you have to plug the connection in the
RS232 port located on the control rack (A111: digital I/O board) as shown here after.
RS232-port
A111 A112 A113 A119 A114 A115 A116 U109

DIG INT DSP GUI LIC LVI ALIM/GND +5V
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
3 1 2
3
RED LED
GREEN LED
YELLOW LED
42
9. Commissioning
The commissioning of your PQFT should be conducted in strict accordance with the following procedure.
Warning: Before applying the commissioning procedure, make sure that you become familiar with
programming instructions (see chapter 10, programming with PQF-Prog and PQF-Manager).
Pay particular attention to the presence of capacitors on the network.
The commissioning procedure consists in 8 steps that should be followed very carefully.
Step 1 Installation check

Step 2 Voltage phase rotation
Step 3 Current transformer check
Step 4 System set-up
Step 5 Before starting the filter
Step 6 Start the filter
Step 7 Stop the filter
Step 8 Start filtering
9.1. Step 1
Step 1: Visual and installation check
Check first that mechanical and electrical installations fulfil requirements described in chapter 4 and 5 of the
present manual.
Check also visually the conditions of the filter and the tightness of connections. In particular, verify that all
connections on the control rack, domino board and IGBT are properly plugged in.
9.2. Step 2
Step 2: Voltage phase rotation
Voltage phase rotation must be clockwise (L1 -> L2 -> L3 -> L1). Wrong phase rotation may damage the
filter.
9.3. Step 3
Step 3: Current transformer check
Improper CT connection is the most frequent cause of problems during commissioning.
The following procedure will allow you to check the CT connection.
Warning: The secondary circuit of a loaded CT must never be opened otherwise extremely high
voltages may appear which can lead to physical danger or destruction of the CT itself.
43
9.3.1. PQF connection diagram

Figure 9.1. shows the normal connection of the PQF. It must be noted that:
• L1, L2 and L3 rotation must be clockwise,
• The CTs must be on the supply (line) side of the PQF,
• One secondary terminal of the CT must be earthed.
L1 K L
L2 K L
Supply Load
side L3 K L side
N k l
k l
k l
L1 L2 L3 N
X5.6
X5.5
X5.4
PQF
X5.3
X5.2
X5.1
Figure 9.1. PQF connection
It is also seen that terminal X5.1 and X5.2 are related to the CT located in phase L1, terminal X5.3 and X5.4
are related to the CT located in phase L2 and terminal X5.5 and X5.6 are related to the CT located in phase
L3.
9.3.2. Material needed & hypotheses for correct measurements

A two channel scopemeter with one voltage input and one current input is needed. Adequate sensors are
also needed. A power analyser like the Fluke 41B can also be used.
Some minor knowledge of the load is also required. For instance, the method explained below is based on
the fact that the load is inductive and not regenerative (i.e. the load current lags by less than 90° the phase
voltage). If a capacitor bank is present, it is better to disconnect it before making measurements in order to
ensure an inductive behaviour of the load. It is also assumed that the load is approximately balanced.
9.3.3. Checking the correct connection of the CTs with a two channel scopemeter.
The first channel of the scopemeter must be connected to the phase voltage referenced to the neutral or to
the ground if the neutral is not accessible.
The second channel must measure the associated current flowing from the network to the load as seen by
the CT input of the PQF.
9.3.3.1. Me a sure m e nt of CT in pha se L1

For the voltage measurement (channel 1), the positive (red) clamp must be connected to the phase L1 and
the negative clamp (black) must be connected to the neutral (ground).
For the current measurement (channel 2), the clamp should be inserted into the wire connected on terminal
X5.1 and the arrow indicating positive direction of the current should point towards the PQF. Do not forget to
remove the short on the CT secondary before making the measurement.
44
L1 K L
L2 K L
Supply side Load side
K L
L3
k l
N k l
k l
L1 L2 L3 N
X5.6
X5.5
X5.4
PQF
X5.3
X5.2
X5.1
Positive direction
Ch1 Ch2
Figure 9.2. Connection of the scopemeter for checking CT in phase L1.
On the scopemeter screen, two waveforms should appear. The voltage waveform should be approximately a
1
sine wave and the current waveform would normally be a well distorted wave because of harmonic
distortion. Usually, it is quite easy to extrapolate the fundamental component as it is the most important one
(Figure 9.3).
I
I1
Figure 9.3. Extrapolation of fundmental component from a distorted waveform.
From the fundamental component of both signals, the phase shift must then be evaluated (Figure 9.4). The
time ?T between zero crossing of the rising (falling) edge of both traces must be measured and converted to
a phase shift ? by the following formula:
∆T
φ= * 360°
T1
where T1 is the fundamental period duration.
For an inductive and non regenerative load, the current signal should lag the voltage by a phase shift lower
than 90°.
1
If the earthing of the system is bad, the phase to ground voltage may appear like a very distorted waveform. In this case, it is better to
measure the phase to phase voltage (move the black clamp to the phase L2) and substract 30° on the measured phase shift.
45
∆T
I1
T1
Figure 9.4. Phase shift evaluation between two waveforms.
9.3.3.2. Me a sure m e nt of CT in pha se L2 a nd L3

The same operations as those described in the previous paragraph must be repeated with the phase L2
(Figure 9.5) and phase L3 (Figure 9.6).
For a balanced load (which is usually the case in most of the three phase systems), the phase shift should
be approximately the same for all the three phases.
L1 K L
L2 K L
K L
L3
k l
N k l
k l
L1 L2 L3 N
X5.6
Positive direction
X5.5
X5.4
PQF
X5.3
X5.2
X5.1
Ch1 Ch2
46
L1 K L
L2 K L
K L
L3
k l
N
k l
k l
L1 L2 L3 N
X5.6
Positive direction
X5.5
X5.4
PQF
X5.3
X5.2
X5.1
Ch1 Ch2
9.3.4. Checking the correct connection of the CTs with two current probes.
If the main bus bar is available and all security rules are taken, it is possible to use the two channel scope
meter in order to see if the current measured through the CT is matching the real current in the bus.
Connecting the current probes as shown on Figure 9.7., the two traces must be in phase and of the same
shape (the magnitude could be different as the gain are different) if the wiring is correct.
Positive direction
L1 K L
L2 K L
K L
L3
k l
N
k l
k l
L1 L2 L3 N
X5.6
X5.5
X5.4
PQF
X5.3
X5.2
X5.1
Positive direction
Ch1 Ch2
Figure 9.7. Connection of the scopemeter for checking CT in phase L1 by comparing the currents.
This operation has to be repeated for the remaining two phases for a complete check. The current probes
have to be changed accordingly.
47
9.3.5. Checking the correct connection of the CTs with a Fluke 41B.
The Fluke 41B is a power analyser that allows measurements of one voltage and one current wave.
Unfortunately, the device does not allow simultaneous display of both waveforms on the screen. But it is
possible to synchronise the triggering on either the voltage or on the current. All phaseshift measurements
are then referenced to the chosen origin. To read directly the phaseshift between the fundamental
components, just select the spectrum window of the signal which is not chosen as the origin.
The instrument must be configured in single phase measurements.
The probes must be connected as shown on Figure 9.2, Figure 9.5 and Figure 9.6.
9.4. Step 4
Step 4: System set-up
9.4.1. With PQF-Prog
Once the PQF-Prog software has been successfully installed and your PC is properly connected (see
chapter 8), select Programs in the Start menu and click on PQF. If you did not install PQF-Prog in the
Program Files directory, create a shortcut to PQF_Prog.exe.
After launching PQF-Prog, a text box indicating that Station 0 has been found will appear. Click ‘Done’. You
then enter the PQF-Prog main Window.
In the Login box, type the User name and the password. Station must be “0”.
If you use the appropriate User name and password, four icons appear on the toolbar: Login, Filter
Operation, Hardware set-up and Configuration.
Configuration
Login Hardware
set-up
Filter
Operation
48
If a wrong or no login is entered, you will only have access to the Login, Filter Operation and Configuration
icons.
Click on the Hardware set-up icon.
In the hardware set-up window, you will have to specify:
• The network frequency

• The grid nominal voltage (phase to phase)
• The number of modules
• The three lines CT ratio
Click on ‘apply’ to validate.
9.4.2. With the PQF-Manager
The 3 levels of the PQF-Manager are accessible from the window “Main menu”.
To enter the “Main menu” window, press MENU.
Level 1 is for consulting, level 2 for filter programming and level 3 for commissioning.
Select level 3 by pressing once the ? key.
MAIN MENU
Level 1
Level 2
? Level 3?
Then press OK and enter the appropriate password for level 3.
The LED ‘SET’ will switch on.
In the hardware set-up window, you will have to specify:
• The network frequency

• The grid nominal voltage (phase to phase)
• The number of modules
• The three lines CT ratio
9.5. Step 5
Step 5: Before switching the filter on
Before switching the filter ON, you have to ensure that all harmonics and reactive power compensation have
been deselected. This can be done from the ‘Filter Operation’ menu of the PQF-Prog or level 2 of the PQF-
Manager. Please refer to the detailed programming instructions of chapter 10.
49
9.6. Step 6
Step 6: Starting the filter
With all harmonics and reactive power compensation deselected, you can start the filter by pushing the RUN
button of the master cubicle.
The main breaker should close within 30 seconds. One second after closing, the IGBT will start and the filter
will work under no load condition.
9.7. Step 7
Step 7: Stop the filter
Once the filter is connected to the network, stop it by pushing on the RESET button.
9.8. Step 8
Step 8: Start filtering
Once you have checked that the filter can connect to the network, you may start filtering and reactive power
compensation.
After programming the filter according to the procedure of chapter 10, you can switch the filter on by pushing
the RUN button.
A start-up sequence will then be conducted.
As represented on Figure 9.8, this sequence includes a network characterisation during which the filter may
generated ‘musical’ sounds.
Push RUN button

Start fan &
preload
DC bus
Close MC
Start-up sequence
Start IGBT
Network
characterisation
Operation as
programmed
Figure 9.8. Start-up sequence
50
10. Operation
10.1. Normal working sequence
After successful commissioning (refer to chapter 9), the procedure to operate the active filter is:
1. From the OFF position (auxiliary and main contactor open, no light on), switch on the auxiliary breaker.
If your PQFT system has more than two modules, the auxiliary breaker of slave cubicles should be
switched on before the one of the master cubicle.
2. After 20 seconds, the system will reset.
3. The auxiliaries are then on but the main contactor is still open.
The white light (ON) and the green one (OPEN) of the master cubicle are on, while the green light (OPEN) of
the slave cubicles is on.
Master cubicle lights and buttons:
RESET RUN LOC/REM ON CLOSE OPEN
Slave cubicles lights:
CLOSE OPEN
If your PQFT is fitted with the PQF-Manager, the red LED ‘POWER’ is on.
51
4. Push the RUN button located on the master cubicle.
5. The filter then starts the start-up sequence:

- Start fan and preload DC bus
- Close main contactor
- Start IGBT
- Network characterization
During the start-up sequence, the red LED ‘START-UP’ of the PQF-Manager is on.
Once the main contactor is closed, the red light (CLOSED) of the master and slave cubicles becomes on,
while the green light (OPEN) switches off.
Master cubicle
Slave cubicles:
CLOSE OPEN
LED n°3 of board A111 on the control rack should be red: it indicates that the PQF is properly synchronized
to the network (see illustration next page).
52
6. After the start-up sequence, the PQFT operates as programmed. The red LED ‘OK’ of the PQF-Manager
should be on.
In the LED ‘FULL LOAD’ appears to be on, it only means that the filter cannot achieved the programmed
requirements. Refer to the chapter on programming with the PQF-Manager for more information.
A111 A112 A113 A119 A114 A115 A116 U100 U109

DIG INT DSP GUI LIC LVI ALIM/GND ±15V +5V
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
3 1 2 1 2
3
3 4 3
RED LED
GREEN LED
YELLOW LED
7. Pushing the button RESET of the master cubicle causes the main contactor to open and to come
back at step 3 of this procedure.
The normal working sequence is represented on Figure 10.1.
53
OFF
Switch on auxiliary breaker (Q101)
20sec.
Time delay
System reset
Auxiliaries ON
Push RUN button

Start fan &
preload
DC bus
Close MC
Start-up sequence
Start IGBT
Network
characterisation
Operation as
programmed
Push RESET button
Open MC
Figure 10.1. Normal working sequence
54
10.2. Additional installation instructions for the PQFT in presence of plain

capacitors
In some installations plain capacitors (without detuning reactors) coexist with harmonic producing loads.
This situation is unadvicable given that the harmonics impose a very high stress on the capacitors as a result
of which their lifetime is greatly reduced. Moreover, due to the resonance condition created (by the capacitor
and the predominantly inductive transformer and line impedance) high voltage distortion may be introduced
which can cause other equipment in the plant to malfunction. Also the resonance amplifies the harmonic
current created by the loads as a result of which the feeders and transformers may be overloaded. For these
reasons ABB generally proposes to replace the plain capacitor by a detuned capacitor bank when high
harmonic stress is present in the network.
In some active filter applications the commissioning engineer is faced with an installation where both an
active filter and plain capacitors are present. While this is an unadvicable and a technically unsound
situation, ABB has acknowledged that in this case also the active filter should aim to give an optimal
performance. For this reason the control software of the filter incorporates a Stability Detection Program
(SDP) that aims to increase the filter performance in this type of applications.
In installations where plain capacitors are present and cannot be changed to detuned capacitor banks,
adhere to the recommendations below for optimal results:
- Try to implement the installation given in Fig. 10.2 as opposed to the installation given in Fig. 10.3.
Feeding
transformer Filter CTs
PQFx Linear and

non-linear
Plain capacitor loads
bank
Fig. 10.2. Proposed connection diagram for PQFx and plain capacitors.
Feeding
transformer Filter CTs
PQFx Linear and

non-linear
loads Plain capacitor
bank
Fig. 10.3. Alternative for Fig. 10.2. when that connection approach cannot be implemented.
In Fig. 10.2, the capacitor bank is connected between the transformer and the filter CTs as a result of which
the filter measures the pure load current. In Fig. 10.3 the filter measures also the capacitor bank current.
While in the case of Fig. 10.3 the SDP will also work, it will be slightly less efficient since the influence of the
capacitors will be spread over a much wider frequency bandwidth. Harmonic filtering in the affected
bandwidth may be interrupted more often for parameter optimisation, this leading to a less optimal filtering
performance.
Ensure that the filter is in Mode 3 (see chapter 10, § 5)
10.3. Behavior in case of power outage
In case of power outage, the PQFT will stop and automatically re-start after having re-conducted the network
characterisation and synchronization procedures.
55
10.4. Buttons, lights and LED’s signification
10.4.1. Master cubicle.
• Push buttons:
RUN: starts the PQFT

RESET: stops switching of the IGBTs and opens the main contactor.
• Local – remote switch: local or remote control of the filter. If remote is on, the push buttons are not
operational.
• Lights:
ON (white): the PQFT controller is connected to the supply (auxiliary breaker closed)
CLOSE (red): the main contactor is closed (filter working)
OPEN (green): the main contactor is open
Three light conditions are then possible:
ON (white) CLOSE (red) OPEN (green)

No power connection (main contactor and
auxiliary breaker open)
Controller connected (auxiliary breaker ⊗ ⊗
closed, main contactor open)
Filter working (aux. breaker and contactor ⊗ ⊗
closed)
10.4.2. Slave cubicle
CLOSE OPEN
• Lights:
CLOSE (red): the main contactor is closed (filter working)

OPEN (green): the main contactor is open
56
10.4.3. PQF-Manager
Red LED’s:
• POWER: the controller is connected to the supply (auxiliary breaker closed).
• START-UP: the PQFT is in the start-up sequence.
• OK: the PQFT is working properly and fulfilling programmed requirements.
• FULL LOAD: the filter is working at 100% of its nominal capacity and programmed
requirements are not fulfilled.
• ALARM: the filter has stopped due to an error.
• SET: the programming or set-up level of the PQF-Manager has been activated.
The PQF-Manager is also fitted with a screw to adjust contrast. This screw is situated on the back metal
plate of the PQF-Manager.
10.4.4. Control rack.
Board A111 DIG LED 1 (green) on: OK

LED 2 (red) on: malfunction
LED 3 (red) on: PQF synchronised on network
Board A112 INT LED 1 (green) on: OK

Board A113 DSP LED 1 (green) and

LED 3 (yellow) blinking: OK
Board A114 LIC LED 1 (green) on: OK

Board A115 LVI LED 1 (green) on: OK

57
Board U109 LED 1 (green) on: OK

LED 2 (red) on: power supply inhibited
LED 3 (red) on: output 1 inhibited
A111 A112 A113 A119 A114 A115 A116 U100 U109

DIG INT DSP GUI LIC LVI ALIM/GND ±15V +5V
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
3 1 2 1 2
3
3 4 3
RED LED
GREEN LED
YELLOW LED
10.5. Programming with PQF-Prog
10.5.1. Filter operation principle.
The filter can have three types of effect on the network:
• Filter the selected harmonics until their magnitudes are close to zero (Maximum Filtering);
• Filter the selected harmonics until their magnitudes reach the residual level permitted by the user
(Filtering to Curve);
• Produce or absorb reactive power.
The user can put the emphasis on one of the above effects by selecting the filtering mode. The following
table shows the three available modes:
Highest priority level Lowest priority level

Mode 1 Filtering to curve Maximum filtering Reactive compensation
Mode 2 Filtering to curve Reactive compensation Maximum filtering
Mode 3 Filtering to curve Reactive compensation 
58
In Mode 1, the PQFT will first filter to the pre-programmed curve. Once the requirements are fulfilled,
remaining resources will be allocated to reducing the selected harmonics as close as possible to zero. If
further resources are then available, reactive power compensation will be performed as required.
In Mode 2, the second priority after filtering to the curve is reactive power compensation. Maximum filtering
comes in third place.
In Mode 3, two levels are defined: filtering to curve and reactive power compensation.
In any case, filtering to curve is always the first priority. The alarm contact is activated (open) if the filtering to
curve requirements are not fulfilled.
Figure 10. here after illustrates the principle of filtering to curve for one particular harmonic order. The
flexibility of the PQFT control is such that a specific curve may be defined for each selected harmonic.
Before filtering After filtering
Filtered current
Load current
for harmonic
order n Permitted
residual level Remaining
= current
curve
Figure 10.4. Filtering to curve for harmonic order n
The programming procedure consists in:
1) Defining the Mode of operation.
2) Specifying the harmonics to be filtered and the permitted residual level (=curve) for each of them. At 50
nd th nd
Hz, 20 harmonics between the 2 and 50 may be selected. At 60 Hz, 15 harmonics between the 2
th
and 50 .
3) Programming reactive power compensation parameters
10.5.2. Starting
Once the PQF-Prog software has been successfully installed (see chapter 7), select Programs in the Start
menu and click on PQF. If you did not install PQF-Prog in the Program Files directory, create a shortcut to
PQF_Prog.exe.
After launching PQF-Prog, a text box indicating that Station 0 has been found will appear. Click ‘Done’. You
then enter the PQF-Prog main Window.
59
In the Login box, type the User name and the password. Station must be “0”.
If you use the appropriate User name and password, four icons appear on the toolbar: Login, Filter
Operation, Hardware set-up and Configuration.
Configuration
Login Hardware
set-up
Filter
Operation
If a wrong or no login is entered, you will only have access to the Login, Filter Operation and Configuration
icons.
60
10.5.3. Programming the filter
Step 1: click on the Filter Operation icon.
Step 2: Select the Filter Mode tab.
Step 3: Select the option button corresponding to your chosen mode of operation. The priorities of the
selected mode are indicated at the bottom of the window.
Click on ‘Ok’ if you wish to save your choice and leave the Filter Operation mode. Click on
‘Apply’ if you wish to validate your choice and stay in Filter Operation mode.
Step 4: Select the Harmonics tab.
In order to select a harmonic order, enter Y (yes) in the second column. N (no) indicates that
the corresponding harmonic has not been selected.
The curve may be programmed in absolute terms (Amps), in % of the fundamental current or
in % of the rms current.
After choosing your appropriate reference by using the option button, program your target in
the third column for the harmonics you have selected. The values there entered constitute
the curve and the first priority of your PQFT will be to filter harmonics until each selected
order becomes lower than its specified target.
Click on ‘Ok’ if you wish to save your choice and leave the Filter Operation mode. Click on ‘Apply’ if you wish
to validate your choice and stay in Filter Operation mode.
61
Step 5: The filter may be switched on or off from the On/off tab.
10.6. Programming with PQF-Manager
10.6.1. Filter operation principle.
The filter can have three types of effect on the network:
• Filter the selected harmonics until their magnitudes are close to zero (Maximum Filtering);
• Filter the selected harmonics until their magnitudes reach the residual level permitted by the
user (Filtering to Curve);
• Produce or absorb reactive power.
The user can put the emphasis on one of the above effects by selecting the filtering mode. The following
table shows the three available modes:
Highest priority level Lowest priority level

Mode 1 Filtering to curve Maximum filtering Reactive compensation
Mode 2 Filtering to curve Reactive compensation Maximum filtering
Mode 3 Filtering to curve Reactive compensation 
In Mode 1, the PQFT will first filter to the pre-programmed curve. Once the requirements are fulfilled,
remaining resources will be allocated to reducing the selected harmonics as close as possible to zero. If
further resources are then available, reactive power compensation will be performed as required.
In Mode 2, the second priority after filtering to the curve is reactive power compensation. Maximum filtering
comes in third place.
In Mode 3, two levels are defined: filtering to curve and reactive power compensation.
In any case, filtering to curve is always the first priority. The alarm contact is activated (open) if the filtering to
curve requirements are not fulfilled.
62
Figure 10.5. here after illustrates the principle of filtering to curve for one particular harmonic order. The
flexibility of the PQFT control is such that a specific curve may be defined for each selected harmonic.
Before filtering After filtering
Filtered current
Load current
for harmonic
order n Permitted
residual level Remaining
= current
curve
Figure 10.5. Filtering to curve for harmonic order n
The programming procedure consists in:
1) Defining the Mode of operation.
2) Specifying the harmonics to be filtered and the permitted residual level (=curve) for each of them. At 50
nd th nd
Hz, 20 harmonics between the 2 and 50 may be selected. At 60 Hz, 15 harmonics between the 2
th
and 50 .
3) Programming reactive power compensation parameters
10.6.2. Keys identification.
Arrow
buttons
‘OK’
button
Numerical
keypad ‘MENU’
button
Delete
button
63
10.6.3. Programming the filter.
Step 1: The 3 levels of the PQF-Manager are accessible from the window “Main menu”.
Select level 2 by pressing once the ? key.
MAIN MENU
Level 1
? Level 2?
Level 3
Then press OK and enter the appropriate password for level 2.
The LED ‘SET’ will switch on.
Step 2: Three options appear in the level 2 window: mode, harmonics and Q compensation.
Select Mode by using the ? key.
LEVEL 2
? Mode?
Harmonics
Q compensation
Press OK.
Step 3: Select your preferred mode of operation with the ? key. The priorities of the selected mode
are indicated on the window.
FILTER MODE
MODE 1 2 3
FILTERING TO CURVE
MAX FILTERING
Q COMPENSATION
FILTER MODE
MODE 1 2 3
FILTERING TO CURVE
Q COMPENSATION
MAX FILTERING
64
FILTER MODE
MODE 1 2 3
FILTERING TO CURVE
Q COMPENSATION
The selected mode only becomes operational once you press the OK button.
Step 4: Press on ‘MENU’ to come back to level 2 main window, select ‘harmonics’ by using the ?
key and press OK.
LEVEL 2
Mode
? Harmonics ?
Q compensation
In the next window, you have to specify the unit in which the permitted residual level (=
curve) is expressed. Three possibilities are offered: amps ’A’, percentage of the fundamental
magnitude ’%I1’ and percentage of the RMS current ’%Irms’.
Make your choice with the ? key and press OK.
You will then enter in the Harmonics window.
HARMONICS
CURVE : A
ORDER SELECT CURVE
5 Yes 10
7 No 7
11 Yes 5
Use the ? ? keys to select an order and press ‘OK’ to activate the corresponding line.
Once the line is activated, you may modify the order number by using the DEL button to
delete the current value and the numerical keypad of the PQF-Manager to enter the new
value.
Press ‘OK’ to activate the Select column of the line. Use the ? button to switch between
‘Yes’ and ‘No’.
Press ‘OK’ to activate the Curve column of the line and use the numerical keypad to enter
your filtering objective.
Once your parameters are entered, press ‘OK’ to activate your programming for the
correspondent harmonic order.
65
You can select and programme each individual harmonic by using the ? ? keys and
following the same procedure.
Step 5: Press on ‘MENU’ to come back to level 2 main window, select ‘Q compensation’ by using the
? key and press OK.
LEVEL 2
Mode
Harmonics
? Q compensation ?
In the first window, you have to specify whether reactive power compensation is requested.
Use the ? key to make your choice and press ‘OK’ to validate.
Q COMPENSATION
Q COMP: OFF
If ‘ON’ is selected, you have to specify the type of reactive power compensation: static or
dynamic. Use the ? key to make your choice and press ‘OK’ to validate.
If you select static compensation, you have to specify the amount of fixed reactive power
(kvar) that is requested. A positive value means a capacitive injection while a negative value
means an inductive consumption.
Q COMPENSATION
Q COMP: ON
Q COMP: STEADY
Q : 50
If you select dynamic compensation, you have to specify the target cos ϕ in the range 0.6
inductive to 0.6 capacitive.
Q COMPENSATION
Q COMP: ON
Q COMP: DYNAMIC
TARGET : 0.96
66
Press ‘ON’ to activate your choice.
Step 6 Return to the main menu by pressing the ‘MENU’ button.
10.7. PQFT and network monitoring with the PQF-Manager
The 3 levels of the PQF-Manager are accessible from the window “Main menu”.
Select level 1 by using once the ? key.
MAIN MENU
? Level 1?
Level 2
Level 3
Then press OK.
The consulting level gives you access to 4 submenus: the filter status, the network status, the waveform and
the spectrum.
To select one of those submenus, use the ? key and press OK.
10.7.1. Filter status.
In the Consulting level window, select Filter status and press OK.
LEVEL 1
? Filter status?
Network status
Waveform
Spectrum
A horizontal bar graph appears. It depicts the percentage of the filter capabilities used as represented on
figure 10.6.
67
0% 75% 100%
Figure 10.6. Filter Status Window
If you press the ? key, you display a second window listing the value of each limiting factor:
- The percentage of use of the DC voltage capability;
- The percentage of use of the peak current capability;
- The percentage of use of the RMS current capability;
This second window also displays the error code if applicable.
You can easily switch between the 2 Filter Status windows with the ? ? keys.
To come back to the Consulting level menu from any of those windows, press MENU.
10.7.2. Network status
In the Consulting level window, select Network status and press OK.
LEVEL 1
Filter status
? Network status?
Waveform
Spectrum
The following window appears:
NETWORK STATUS
U1-2 = 396 V
I1 = 654 A
THDU1 = 17 %
THDI1 = 74 %
Figure 10.7. Network Status
It gives you the RMS voltage between L1 and L2, the RMS current in L1 as well as the Total Harmonic
Distortion on the same voltage and current.
By pressing the ? key, you enter the second window displaying the RMS voltage between L2 and L3, the
RMS current in L2 as well as the Total Harmonic Distortion on the same voltage and current.
68
If you press once more the ? key, you enter the third and last window with the values of the RMS voltage
between L3 and L1, the RMS current in L3 as well as the Total Harmonic Distortion on the same voltage and
current.
You can easily switch between those 3 windows with the ? ? keys.
Press MENU and you come back to the consulting level menu.
10.7.3. Waveform
In the Consulting level window, select Waveform and press OK.
LEVEL 1
Filter status
Network status
? Waveform ?
Spectrum
The first Waveform window proposes a choice of 3 submenus: the network voltage, the line current and the
filter current. Select the waveform you want to display with the ? key and press OK.
Before displaying the waveform, you still have to choose the phase you want to visualise. You can make
your selection in the next window with the ? key and you validate by pressing OK.
You then see the waveform you have selected.
512
Un2
(V)
-512
Figure 10.8. Waveform Window
The graph indicates the unit, the waveform as well as the maximum positive and negative values of the
scale.
Press MENU and you come back to the Consulting level MENU.
69
10.7.4. Spectrum
In the Consulting level window, select Spectrum and press OK.
LEVEL 1
Filter status
Network status
Waveform
? Spectrum ?
The first Spectrum window proposes a choice of 3 submenus: the network voltage, the line current and the
filter current. Select the spectrum you want to display with the ? key and press OK.
Before displaying the spectrum, you still have to choose the phase you want to visualise. You can make your
selection in the next window with the ? key and you validate by pressing OK.
You then see the spectrum you have selected.
60 A
H: 0
15 A
In1
Figure 10.9. Spectrum Window
The graph indicates the maximum value of the scale. In the above right corner, you have the rank (0 is for
DC) and the value in amps for the harmonic identified with the arrow (? ).
Press the ? or ? key to shift your selected harmonic of one order. If you want to move faster in the
spectrum, you can use the ? or ? key. You will then shift of 15 orders.
Press MENU and you come back to the Consulting level MENU.
70
10.8. Remote control and alarm contact
10.8.1. Remote control
The PQFT may be switched on and off from a remote location.
The remote switch has to be connected to connection points X12-3 and X12-4 of terminal marked X12.
The remote/local switch of the master cubicle door has to be switched in remote position.
The remote signal voltage is 24Vdc:
X12.3 (+24Vdc)
X12.4 (0V)
Note: once remote is on, the push buttons of the door are not operational anymore.
10.8.2. Alarm contact
The PQFT is fitted with a normally open alarm contact (voltage free contact) allowing remote supervision of
the unit. It is activated (open) if one of the following conditions is met:
• The filter is in error condition
• The filter is off
• The filter is working properly but not able to filter to the pre-defined level
(hardware limitation)
When it is closed the filter is working properly and all filtering requirements are fulfilled.
The exterior alarm has to be connected to connection points X12-1 and X12-2 of terminal X12.
10.9. Protections
The PQFT is fitted with two types of protection:

• Slow protection
• Fast protection
The role of the slow protection is to change on-line the way the filter is working according to the filter stress
and programmed. This ensures that the filter is never overloaded and always has an optimal filtering effect.
The fast protection is only activated in case of abnormal working conditions and ensures the integrity of the
filter.
The fast protection means include:
• Protection fuses.
• Blocking system of the IGBT bridge in case of:

• AC overvoltage on the mains
• DC overvoltage on the DC bus
• Filter over current
• IGBT over current
• IGBT over temperature
If an error persists, the main breaker will also react.
• Short-circuit or overcurrent (peak & thermal) protection inside the IGBTs
71
11. Fault handling and troubleshooting

11.1. Fault handling
11.1.1. Type of faults
Faults are classified into two basic families:
• Minor faults
• Critical faults
Immediately after the fault occurrence, the error is cleared. If it has disappeared, the fault is said minor. In
the other case, the fault is considered as critical.
11.1.2. Fault handling and fault clearance procedure
After the occurrence of a fault, the IGBT’s are stopped and the filter determines the type of fault it is facing.
If it is not critical, IGBT’s are restarted and the filter is back to normal operation.
If the fault is critical, it is memorised and the filter conducts a fault clearance procedure.
Fault handling procedure:
Normal
operation
Fault occurrence
Stop IGBT
N Y
Critical fault?
Start IGBT Memorise fault
Fault clearance
procedure
The fault clearance procedure starts with the opening of the power circuit breaker. The system is reset and
the filter conducts a modified start-up sequence as shown hereafter.
72
Modified start-up sequence for fault clearance:
Start fan
Delay
for 10s
Preload
DC bus
Close MC
Start IGBT
Network
characterisation
If within 30 seconds after the re-start of the IGBT’s no critical fault occurs, the initial fault is cleared and the
filter comes back to normal operation.
If a critical fault occurs during those 30 seconds, either it is a different fault than previously and a new fault
clearance procedure is conducted or it is the same fault.
If it is the same fault, a fault clearance procedure will be re-conducted until the same fault is detected 5
consecutive times.
In this case, the power breaker is open, the filter definitively stopped and the error code is displayed on the
PQF-Manager if installed.
This procedure is shown in the next page.
73
Open MC
System reset
Display fault msg (PQF Manager)
Start-up
sequence
N Critical fault Y
occurrence
within 30s
?
N Same fault Y
as before
Fault cleared Memorise

fault N 5th successive Y
Normal fault ?
operation Fault clearance
procedure
Open MC
Fault clearance
procedure
Definitive stop
Display error message

on PQF-Manager
Alarm ON
74
11.2. Troubleshooting
11.2.1. Frequent problems occurring at commissioning stage
Problems occurring at commissioning stage are mainly due to wrong CT connection or CT bridges not
removed. Check carefully those connections in accordance with the commissioning procedure.
FAULT Possible causes Solutions

No filtering nor reactive All CT’s are in correct
- - Check carefully CT wiring
power compensation phases but some are - Remove CT bridges on
reversed CT secondary and PQFT
- Wrong phase rotation terminal input
- CT bridges not removed
No dynamic reactive power All CT’s are in correct phases - Modify CT connection
compensation but all are reversed accordingly, or
- Reversed CT’s may be
corrected by software: a
negative CT ratio has to
be specified.
11.2.2. Error codes and messages
After a filter trip, an error message is displayed on the PQF-Manager. At the same time, the corresponding
error code is stored in the filter controller’s permanent memory. The error codes can be accessed by PQF-
Prog users that have the appropriate password such as ABB service personnel. Below is explained how the
error messages can be accessed with the PQF-Manager. If your filter is not fitted with this option, contact
your ABB service provider for further support.
In order to access the error code in the PQF-Manager, press MENU to access the “Main menu” window.
Select level 1 by using once the ? key.
MAIN MENU
? Level 1?
Level 2
Level 3
Then press OK.

Select the filter status submenu with the ? key and press OK.
LEVEL 1
? Filter status?
Network status
Waveform
Spectrum
Display the ? key to display the error message.
75
Error code Error message Possible causes Actions

1 IGBT fault - Too high IGBT temperature - Visual inspection of IGBT bridge
(thermal protection) - After checking bridge condition, push
- Too high instantaneous on the ‘RESET’ button of the door. If
current level (short-circuit the red LED on the IGBT domino
protection) board remains on, contact
- Supply voltage of IGBT immediately your ABB service
drivers too low provider
- Check rotation of fan.
2 Filter over-current Too high output current of the - Inspect IGBT bridge
filter (short-circuit protection)
3 AC overvoltage Grid voltage rises to Measure AC RMS voltage for the three
unacceptable levels phases and check if it is within limits
4 DC overvoltage DC voltage on DC bus - Check DC capacitors
reaches unacceptable levels Inspect visually DC voltage divider
and wiring
5 Connection fault - Flat cable between the - Check flat cable connections
control rack and IGBT - Verify that only the domino board of
driver is disconnected or the last power module is fitted with
wrongly connected. jumpers
- Module number setting on Check the number of modules set on
board A112 does not the controller board A112
correspond to the number
of modules really present.
- The jumpers on the last
domino board are missing
or are on the wrong
domino.
6 Power supply fault One of the auxiliary power - Check that no red LED is on the
supplies is out of service. control rack (except LED 3 of A111).
If yes, call your ABB service
provider.
- Check fuses of power supplies
7 Control board fault The microcontroller is not Contact immediately your ABB service
working properly. provider.
8 CAN bus fault The internal communication Contact immediately your ABB service
bus of the PQFT is not provider.
working properly.
16 DSP pgm DSP program corrupted Contact immediately your ABB service
corrupted provider.
32 Watchdog timeout Software in unpredictable Contact immediately your ABB service
state. provider.
64 Soft DC DC voltage on DC bus is too - Check if all connectors on the
overvoltage T high. electronic rack are plugged in
properly.
- Check the DC voltage boards.
65 Soft DC DC voltage on DC bus is too - Check if all connectors on the
overvoltage B high. electronic rack are plugged in
properly.
66 Soft DC DC voltage on DC bus is not - Check if all connectors on the
undervoltage T high enough. electronic rack are plugged in
properly.
- Check the main contactor (K10)
control circuit wiring and signal
wiring.
- Check the balancing resistors on the
IGBT power module.
76
Error code Error message Possible causes Actions

67 Soft DC DC voltage on DC is not high - Check if all connectors on the
undervoltge B enough. electronic rack are plugged in
properly.
- Check the main contactor (K10)
control circuit wiring and signal
wiring.
- Check the balancing resistors on the
IGBT power module.
96 Soft DC DC voltage on DC bus is out - Inspect visually DC voltage divider
overvoltage of normal range (overvoltage) and wiring
97 Soft DC DC voltage on DC bus is out - Inspect DC voltage measurement
undervoltage of range (undervoltage) circuit
98 Soft AC AC voltage is out of range - Check network voltages on three
undervoltage (undervoltage) phases voltage
- Check AC measurement circuit
99 Soft synchro fault The system desynchronises - Check phase rotation order of filter
from the network supply
- Check network frequency and
variation to see one within
acceptable limits
- Check voltage level of the supply
system
112 Preload timeout The preloading of the DC bus Check preloading circuit system.
takes an abnormally long
time.
113 DSP stopped DSP decision to stop the Contact immediately your ABB service
system system. provider.
114 Main breaker trip - Power breaker not closed - Check auxiliary contact of main
after being energised breaker and associated circuit
- Undervoltage on AC grid - Check that grid AC voltage is high
enough (within tolerance)
115 DSP bus fault The DSP has stopped Contact immediately your ABB service
communicating provider.
116 EEPROM Internal memory corrupted Contact immediately your ABB service
corrupted provider.
117 PWM fault Internal timing problem Contact immediately your ABB service
provider.
11.2.3. Faults not related to error codes
• Unstable filter.
Check CT connection and the presence of plain capacitors. Bear in mind that harmonics below the
resonance frequency of capacitor banks must be deselected (see chapter 10).
• Filter tripping during network characterization.

In weak networks, it may happen that high harmonic orders could not be characterized. Those orders should
be deselected.
• No display on PQF-Manager.
Adjust the contrast of the PQF-Manager. Open the front door of the PQFT (main breaker open, auxiliary
closed) and adjust the contrast screw located on the back metal plate of the PQF-Manager.
• No LED is on on boards A116, U109 (power supplies).

Remove the board and check fuse(s) condition. Replace them if needed.
77
11.2.4. Restarting the filter after fault correction
• Press RESET button 2 times.

• Press RUN button.
The filter will then start its start-up sequence and will attempt to work again.
78
12. Maintenance
Although your PQFT has been designed for minimum maintenance, the following procedure should be
carefully followed to insure the longest possible life to your investment.
WARNING!
All maintenance work described in this chapter should only be undertaken by a qualified electrician. The
Safety Instructions section of this manual must be thoroughly followed.
12.1. Maintenance frequency
Under normal working conditions and environment, maintenance every six months is recommended.
In case of installation in a dirty or sandy environment, a more frequent maintenance programme should be
implemented.
12.2. Maintenance procedure
Step 1 Shut the filter down by pushing the ‘RESET’ button of the door cubicle.
Open the auxiliary circuit breaker.
Wait at least 15 minutes for the discharge of DC capacitors.
Step 2 Cleaning
All dust deposits have to be removed from all parts, especially the heatsink and fan.
Indeed,the heatsink picks up dust from the cooling air and The PQFT might run into
overtemperature faults if the heatsink is not cleaned regularly.
Step 3 Check breakers condition
Step 4 Check tightness of all electrical connections
Step 5 Check condition of discharge resistor on power modules
Step 6 Check ambient temperature and equipment ventilation operation.
Step 7 Restart the PQFT according to commissioning procedure.
12.3. Fan
The cooling fan lifespan is about 5 years, depending on usage and ambient temperature.
Fan failure is often preceeded by increasing noise from the bearings and rise of the heatsink temperature
despite cleaning. It is recommended to replace the fan once these symptoms appear.
79
12.4. Capacitors reforming
If the filter has been non-operational for more than one year, DC capacitors must be reformed (re-aged)
before use. Without reforming, capacitors may be damaged at start-up.
Stocked or non-operational filters should be reformed once a year. The method indicated below assumes
that the filter is stocked in a clean and dry environment.
To reform the capacitors, switch the power on for about 2 hours, with all harmonics and reactive power
deselected.
If the filter has been left more than 2 years without operation, please contact your ABB service provider.
80
The IndustrialIT wordmark and all above-mentioned product names in the form PowerIT are registered or pending trademarks of ABB.
This product has been certified by ABB Group as IndustrialIT

EnabledTM - Information Level. All product information is supplied in
interactive electronic format, based on ABB Aspect ObjectT M
technology.
The IndustrialIT commitment from ABB ensures that every enterprise
building block is equipped with the integral tools necessary to install,
operate, and maintain it efficiently throughout the product lifecycle.
While all care has been taken to ensure that the information
2GCS206014A0070
contained in this publication is correct, no responsibility can be

accepted for any inaccuracy. The Company reserves the right to
Asea Brown Boveri Jumet S.A. alter or modify the information contained herein at any time in the
Zoning Industriel de Jumet light of technical or other developments. Technical specifications are
B-6040 Charleroi, Belgium valid under normal operating conditions only. The Company does not
Phone : +32 71 250 811 accept any responsibility for any misuse of the product and cannot be
Fax : +32 71 344 007 held liable for indirect or consequential damages.

Instructions Manual for PowerIT LV Active Filter PQFT

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Instructions Manual PowerIT

1. SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................................................................ 5

8. PQF-PROG INSTALLATION AND PC CONNECTION......................................................................42

Do not attempt to work on a powered PQFT.

2.1. Delivery inspection

2.2. Identification tag

2.4. Long storage period and reforming

3. PQFT principle and characteristics

Peak: 100 % 133 % 168 % 204 %

3.2. General principle of active filtering

Fundamental only idistortion

31. 31. 1.3

Figure 3.2. Principle of active filtering

20- 20- 20-

3.3. The ABB Active filter: the PQFT.

Target Control Output

Figure 3.4. Closed loop control

3.4. The PQFT: performances

3.4.2. Reactive power

4. Components description and identification

PQF Digital PQF current

4.1.1. PQF current generator.

The physical layout of a PWM inverter module is shown hereafter.

The output filter consists in line reactors and an RC shunt circuit.

4.1.2. The control

One control unit may command up to 4 power modules.

4.2. Components identification

A more detailed identification is given in the following pages.

F102 mains fuses

M101 fan motor

Q101 breaker for auxiliaries

U11 IGBT module

C11 Output filter capacitor

L21 PWM reactor

K11 Preload contactor

A111 Digital I/O board

S102 RESET push button

A121 +24V switching power supply

X5 Terminal block backplane wiring (external CT connection)

X12 Terminal signalling wiring

X21 Terminal intercabinets wiring

Master + slave IP00

Control rack details

40°C max (including the PQFT heat generation);

30°C (average temperature) over 24 hours;

Humidity less than 95% RH non-condensing

Altitude: max. 1000m without derating.

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Only modules of the same ratings may be paralleled !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

5.2. IP00 plate

5.2.1. Mounting of the plate

5.2.2. Master cubicle door accessories

5.2.3. Slave cubicle door

6.2. Power cables and external protection

Se ction 50Hz 60Hz

PQF-T 70A 400V 50hz

Phase cables sizing

Step 3: I = IN x 1.02 = 70A x 1.02 = 71.4 A

This section is equal to the section found in the previous step.

(*) given for information only.

Neutral cable sizing

Step 3: I = IN x 1.1 = 210A x 1.1 = 231 A

This section is equal to the section found in the previous step.

(*) given for information only.