tee DESIGN OF SHELLS FOR FLAT-BOTTOMED CYLINDRICAL a Siew aid 2.1 shows @ typical welded S =< nical and petrochapnical industri ‘nk, ses, Hiquids, and solids are stored, accumulated, or y cn rh na oa % pesnons number of storage vessels ar ta tries that the ion, selshve freon ancy of number el trent of economic emidortio sede the process industries now desi Phe Qs Shad in the construction of storage vessela he lS ye at eta mater wth Om ee Yer suitable for containing the Mid, Whe Giq@potle corron problem existe the eheapent tl fabricated construction material is usually hot Zs ild (low-carbon) steel plate. ‘The particular types sieel plate specified by API Standard 12 C are SA-7 field. However, th ypen-hearth or electric-furnace processes only), SA-283, principles which are fui © Grade € for all thicknesses greater than 114 in., or SA-283, types of more sped is Grade D for thicknesses less than 134 in, Copper-bearing steel, which is not specified by this code, has some advan- tages in resisting atmospheric corrosion, SA-T is specified tion, vee a ir. oe a lth wi rear eee TX | eer rewulting from perswure within tbe & te i : Shell Design of Large Storage Tanks 43 unks having low height-to- 3.4 SHELL DESIGN OF SMALL AND MEDIUM.SIZED VESSELS (PRODUCTION TANKS). 7° veswels in contradistinet ly fabricated from steel plate of a single thickness. ‘Their optimum proportions are similar to those discussed previously in of two (D = H). The design ‘of such vessels ig simple ar ized for the oil industry (100, 101) as, 3.7 and Table to storage steel only) is spec er double-welded n of weld metal or ps with complete of the bottom and GEER vere in Chapter 4 3 The fity of. oS vessels are cylindrical because: cylinder has @(@ gil and is easy 10 me. SR eat eg yt ent {Vor stress may aceur in a eyline inh from localizes periimposeit loals riliary equipment, snd i 5, Stresses resulting from thermal differences: 6. Others, such as may be encountered in practice “3.50 Stresses in Thin Shells Bosed on Membrane Theory. Simple equsitions may be derived to determine the minimum wall thickness of a thin-walled cylindrical vessel Height of Location of Size of Walkway Fill-Line Cone Lugs, Connection, tions, fin in, in. 14 u u u u u u u u ub u u “44 Design of Shells for Flat-bottomed Cylindrical Vessels‘Shell Design of Large Storage Tonks 45 Avcomprison of Fig. 3.13 ith Bag 3.11 inivates that for five diameter, aul given pros sure, the thickness required to eantain 1 condition of Kay. 3.11 is twice that require By. 3.18 makes no allowanee for carresion the fact that welded seams or joint vd das yeas ON ALLowaner. In ee joints ace seldom ca-steel phite of the eral pressure, Figure 3.8 shows a dingram fence th by intrenducin WRU This factor is speritied fora given type of he vari of inteenil pressure, sand 3.9 iss The no ngth, inches 4d = inside diameter, inches tet rounded off to. the rater thickness, ness of shel p= internal pressure, p Longitudinal Stress, 8 one stresses only. the inter Fength (and diameter dis: Moviricarion oF Equations. For storage vessels the lowable working stress is considered approxi mate tensile strength safety factor of 3 is employed, whi ic structural loads on stecl. The stresses ", pounds per square meter, inches lowable working stress, pounds per suare inch ut efficiency, dimensionless (see Table 13.2) = corrosion allowance, 13) Tf one refers to Fig. 3.9 and ween caunsed hy internal alysis may be developed: P = force tending to rupture vest cir ly = pdt 4 = area of metal resisting force = Fla, 29. Creumferetol forces acting on thin cylinder under inert Gan48 Design of Shells for Flat-bottomed Cylindrical Vessels ‘are computed on the assumption that the tank is filed I row of welded plates ‘The hydrostatic pressure in cylindrical storage tanks jes from a minimum at the top of the upper most course it the plate thickness for a particular course, bused upon the pressure at the bottom of the course results in overdesign for the rest of the plate and therefore maximum economy, A design bed the top of the course would result in ‘would not be good engineering practiee, However, some consideration should be given Uo the add onal restraint offered by the plates adjoining « particular course. In the lowest course, the plates of the vessel bot tom offer considerable restraint to the bottom shell course ‘This additional restraint of the bottom edge is effective for fan appreciable distance or height from the bottom of the lowest course. In an intermediate course with a course of heavier plates below, the lop of the heavier plates will be understressed; this will tend to cancel any overstressing of the bottom of the course in question. Therefore, a design based upon the pressure at a height of 1 ft from the botton ff the conse may be enmieeed conser Towing equations may be di density of the fluid will not exceed that of water, which > ived if one assumes that the, use for the hydrostatic test of the tank BO 1-1) ( ae @ anhere p= density f water ut 60° F238 ID cab CO) SS ‘in to 200 ft, and 3% in. for tanks over 200 £1; or less: H = Wi + in feet, ae 1 @.18) 0001456(H — 1)D +6 where ( = shell thickness, inches H = height as defined in Eq. 3.17, feet D = inside diameter, feet ‘¢ = corrosion allowanee, inches If double-fall-filet.lap-joint construction is assumed, the joint efficiency, B, ix 0.25. ‘Then Eq. 3.18 (ats) f= v.0001650(H1 — 1)D +6 th ateel ix wad, the ns 607% of the If lowaulloy hijgh-ater allowable steess in take point. When one uses double-welded buttjoint and low: alloy high-strength stec struction Ey. 3.18 be 5.096(D)(11 — te (3.20) Sow For lap-welded construction, SUD\(H 1) Low where Jy», = minimum specified yield aad pe sure Steels of different composi jut of steel plate, pd the internal pressure, Other peal stability, five lds, wind, ice ee eee a id ow hhickness specifications for tanks by APH > include some of these uther considera a GES re Unied in the tables of Appendin Ee To The important points af these tables, conside thickness of the tank shel, Te ahoull mate ls snow for Udy fy i for tanks 50 to 120 fin diameter, Cutan 3,6 in. for tomks small findi er. “These minima are idderations of stiffness, corrosion allowance, wind loads, und so on. Tanks having thicknesses greater than these minima may use decreas- ing thicknesses for the upper courses. The thickness for the upper courses necessary to contain the hydrostat pressure may be determined by substituting the appropriate depth of liquid into Eq. 3.18 or 3.19. However, the thick- ness should not be less than the minimum. It should be noted that these minima are expressed in fractions which correspond to mill plates of standard thick- ness. In general it is more economical to fabricate the smaller vessels from mill plate of standard thickness than to order plate rolled to a specified thickness. However, { the large vessels the shell must be thicker to withstand th hydrostatic pressure, With this greater shell thickness, ixidity and corrosion are no longer the controlling factors. cost may result from ordering these plates specially if the required plate thickness iddway between standard plate sizes© o Sige! Sause- Bove ie ute welded cape ont seater © @ Dovtie-bee! oie woes Dovid tap jak Herzen! Joots Fig. 210, Typical sel jit recommend warge which in width. Therefore, it is plate possible that weld ints, ding versus Lop-walding. The plates of be butt- or lnp-welded depending upon the economic considerations. However, 36 in. ix yum plate thickness for lap-welded horizontal Joints and 3 in. is the maximum plate thickness for Iap- welded vertical joints. Butt-welded joints may be used {for shell plates for all thicknesses up to and including 13¢ 1h. fot plain carbon-steel-plates and up to and including 1944 ‘in for low-alloy high-strength steel plates. The plates for ‘utt welded joints must be squared. Squaring of the plates for lap-welded joints is not necessary. For this reason, plates for Inp-welded joints are less expensive; however, ‘rection by butt welding is somewhat faster. Because of ‘the present high Inbor costs most tanks are now fabricated Sp woring for batt wkling. Ph = See ; ci sah, Whe wary NEN Shell Design of Large Storage Tanks 47 Sege-v ble waded i nt we ule. {ap nt 2) Rye ) ing, Rav core af the tank must be ise fe heneath i when the boizontal Joni nee lp Maton should te aioe for GP of three comeculive courses. This ix a precaution Saint localized conditions of sires at wel an al 2D assuring the distribution of the steesses uniformly through- out the vessel. The requirement of a minimum distanes of 2 ft between vert additional safety measu ‘of the shell, the joints should prefer- ably be doubled welded with complete penetration and fusion. A single-welded butt joint with bn | with the sume joint eficieney. It ie particu nportant that the vertical butt jo e-complete rut fusion heen these jo or the The Hows used larly penetration Fall tensile stress inthe shell, Lenaile res, strength against wind loads, and so on, and for prevention of failure by noteh brittleness, all horizontal single-beveled Joints should have complete penetration, as shown in Fig. 3.105. With squared plates (square-groove) and double- beveled butt plates for horizontal joints, as:shown in Fig 3.10a and ¢ respectively, incomplete penetration may be tused for the sake of economy. However, with partial per tration the thickness of the unwelded portion should not exceed one-third the thickness of the thinner plate, and the unwelded portion should be located at approximately. the center of the thinner plate. If a horizontal butt is offset because of different plate thicknesses, the inside surfaces should be flush.48 Design of Shells for Flot-bottomed Cylindrical Vessels size is not over 3 in, notoal pipe size, For small pipe sizes, serewed fittin, usually preferred because they ne cheaper than fins fittings. However, pipe with serowed fittings haying a nominal size greater than 2 in that cnmct be dered easy te ad Stee ae fr ma ing ie te fore t Ga caia te i ne Charging and to avuit pullid>s, wegiap Qeor on ts hth ate vate, opener eee te and collect on Y ve aah ee ily pea on eke x.” pica mc 20, Glue rt (oy Honnnd ah SG dg tine pee hon rea ai, Mian dines te wears tems | ast ANHOLESM Lap joints should have an overlap of at last 5 Xt spit inspection | ANNE, repairs, and on inches, and in no ease should the overlan be lose than 1 in ee Aadeotfedmiay bOI) the shell re thee ere Vertical lap joints should have continuous full-fillet welds WS M¢KOth)Ieations. — MghiIps located on the shell have both inside and out. On horizontal lap joints, i ALAR hy is Somewhat easier to use a shell Fig. 3.11, the fillet should have a size not less th Rao cee GMs vowel, Shel manholes have the thickness of the thinner plate, and in no case shall ie (Giver ld th fy wally cannot be pened le ibaa ine ee Coss (Glee! Yh therefore are not ased ns often for Figuce 3.11 algo shows a horizontal butt-welde(SiRUG4 ¢\~irpecti xe holes. Items 3,4, and 5 of Appendi sags i ny © are V butt-welded, whereas the upyle¢ courses \ a Blates. having a diameter of 10 fe aKeare or gw-alloy Ti steel plites for tanks haying fr of 50 FL or mur be deflected on eregtign-aih Wefefore need no ure of jon without 9 carbon-steel plates of thicknesses from XKto %§ in. and diameters over 120 ft need not be cold for e plain carbon-stee! plates having a thickns of % in. and over and all low- alloy high-strength steel plates having « thickness of 44 for over must be cold formed to the shell radius regardless of the shell dismeter. Figure 3.12 shows the field welding of horizontal butt-welded seams of the shell of a large 35 Shell Parts. In addition to the shell plat ariety of other shell parts and accessories must be consid. cred in the shell design. Figure 3.13 shows typical tank accessories including shell nozzles, manholes, kudders. «nd A Nozues. Pipe fines w ik re nt the fluid to and ued to short pipe connections welded tothe tank shell. ‘These connections are enlled “nozzles” fig. 3.12. Fad welding of shell cicumfaretat bu font. (Coureny of and may be fabricated of screwed pipe fittings if the pipe Hammond tron WorkalShell Design of Large Storage Tanks 49 F gives ty js fe shel naan scilereul as avuilable for reinforcement out tor distance of cover plates designed ae shown in Big. 3.15, four times the neck-wall thickiwss, mestsured from te ant Nersroacewet oF Sets Onesies. AlLopeningesuel Wide of the shell. “Phe metal in the week lying within the fas nozales and ake in the shell in which the shell-plate thickness may als be included, Af the neck opening should be reinforced. The of the fitting extends both inward and outward ss show reinforcement prevents local overstressinz of the shell in the center and right af Tig. 3.15, credit muy be takon For faround the opening. ‘The minimum cross-sectional area the metal of the neck over a distance of eight. neck-wall fof the rvinforcvment should siwt be less than the preduct thicknesses plus the shell thickness ~ of the yertical diameter of the hole eu! wes the shel oF the reinforcement is measured parallel te the axis of Uhe together and the: besa th shell acrons the center of the opening. plates for se op $ @ conservation vent. © Free vert @ Nozte _-D Fame arester ote itn @ Root manhole @ sna = ero NONE = the tank shell L-© snot anole cone-oof tanks. (Coutey of Hommend kn Werks) Included ot extra ° 15. Conecton for foam chomber nit comp 16, Drain daw-of 7 Flame orrover ation vent (ootatile produc) 18. Anreeze valve Free ven! (nonaatiteprodocs) 1-8 Ere wnt 14. fa} Torgetaype Root gouge 5. (e)Iside ladder 14 (8) Grown Reinfore ment ingle reinforcing phate should bee nse proportioned for ve barges ope in the group. 1 the reinforcing plates foro iment flange of an attached —— openings are of such a size Uhat they lie entirely within the ent plate for the largest opening the ‘can be included in the normally designed reinforcement plate for the largest opening without inereas- ing the size of this reinforcing plate. If, however, any Tine of another oj i the vertical 1. The metal in the iting, 2. The metal of a reinforcing plate, 3. The metal of any excess shell-plate thickness bey that required from a calculation of the vam plate thickness 1. The motal in the neck of a sidered a part of the reinfore extends only outward, the metal ting. This can be o area. I the fitting nthe neck may be con widths of the twa plates that would normally be use late thickness. The cross-sectional ween In the ens where two @more openings re located clase50 Design of Shells for Flot-bottomed Cylindrical Vessels 1 circular eentrcing pate may + | be subsited forte pate J shown, fr the 3-9 10-m size jy ie Inclusive, provid the iameter ofthe circular plate Permissible s made equal to W feend ranforcing to radius of ta Bolt Noes shal stead the Mange ‘enter ines Vietaute— ‘groove or trends Fig. 3.14. Shall nozsles recommended by API Standard 12 Cle item | ond 2 of Appendis F for typical dimensions) (Courany of American Petrteum estate) Finally, if the norm ‘openings dey not fall w ment for the largest ince iti ph all ope x 3.5f Reinforcement of Top Course of Shell for Large, Open Tanks. Open vowels uf harge diameter may not have shell plates may bbe addedTune cote ‘Shel manholes recommended by API Standard 12 Clee items 3, 4, and Sof Appendix fer peal dimension near the top of the vessel on the top course of shell plate. The st ening ring is placed preferably on the outside of the shell rather than the inside. ‘The required sect ‘modulus as specified by API Stand- ud 12 C for the stiffening ring may be computed by Eq. 322) sehere 2 b 2 = 0.00010" (3.22) section modulus, inchest nominal diameter of the tank, feet Se manete-254° 00 «20°10 «ck 2 mamote_29¥- 00 « Shell Design of Large Storage Tanks mtg 31 ‘gtr shea one BS me Aternative designs of manholes (Courtery of American Peroleom H = height of shell including any “freeboard” pro- vided above the maximum filing height, feet ‘The calculation of the available section modulus of the stiffening ring may include a portion of the tink shell which is considered to be effective for a distance of 16 plite thicknesses from the ring, as indicated in Fig. 3.16. Wb es ure attached to the Lop edge of the shell rine by butt welding, this reinforcing distance should be reduced by the width of the vertical Jeg of the angle, Table 3452 Design of Shells for Flat-bottomed Cylindrical Vessels ; appropriated simara with of the geog i woh, 8 U2 Ing whi, corresponds to wetion mvodolon of one OL 28.1 ind The rest of the sectional di a wind-rder plate thicknes of 4 in, are Ted by ving Brut Wig. 3.16.4 atilfening ving such as thie (tui whe by bending plate tel into the nppropriate shape. Such ee | { a wide-webbed ring cannot be easily rolled to the required et 8 ft aa Toble 3.4. Section Moduli of Various Stiffening- bag tbe Sections on Tank Shells, Re }d by API fe iat ae ic Lt mm rf rr 7 he At a Fig. 2.16. Typieal reinforcement for tp course of shel for open vessels recommended by API Standard 12.C. (Couesy of Ametcon Perolou fists the section moduli for the ings shown in for two shell thickness Stiffening rings may be minimum sine of the angle speci either alone or willy abi rand the mininium phate thi us are Ieated more thy a minimum of a 235 for 3yq-in. shells required for "it section modulus m ee ] pro y space” fa Seite Tebow Cig tip Bab tae iro ata vertical coped na aot, Win Gisoun rou (eon Vow Bt tor required foram open veel 0 1.0 a3 ide diameter and 401 igh having # lop-urse pl ae me ft si Wher one net Eq, 8.2, the minimum section wale ra of the wind er 3 in = 000108 Bo : oe = 0.990180) ae b= ania! tet When one uses the type of construction shiwn in E of Fig. 3.16, referring to Table 34,stiffoess. ‘Therefore. itis more con venient 10 weld straight sections of formed phate, mal polygonal stiffening member. ‘The inside edge will be flume feut and made smooth to form an are having a radius equal to that of the shell outside diameter. Usually two or more sections are welded end-to-end in the shop to minimize the field welding required Figure 3.17 shows a preliminary sketch of a wind-girder subassembly, using 20 equal sections with every two sections welded end-to-end for subassembly in the chop. For determination of web dimension, 2, 40.1, OF in. + 12 in diameter because 0 08 9° = = 0.98769 401, OF in. + = 285 i no 2 0.98769 8.135 in. = 1, OF i For determination of inside chord length of subassembly. = 4061, Ob in, (win 18°) For determination of outside chord length ol Chord (40 th oF in) + (111, 68 FF open twoK 80 (in dinmeter anu 40 ft high ax desi ample design 3.1, Reinforcement of Top Course af Shall for Large Closed Tonks. Sunits yiru Roors Havine Couow Surrowr. If tanks are closed Fitha roof, the roof provides additional strvctura giity to the upper course of ahell plates. As a rest, smaller stiffening rings are used for closed vessels. For tunkroofs with columa supports having diameters of 35 ft or les, 243 4235 x4 in. is the minimum-sie si angle. For tanks having diameters of 35 to 60 ft; the si af the angle should be increased to 2% x 244 x %e For tanks over 60 ft in diameter the sizeof the ange show te 3x3x% in, The outside leg of the angle may be txtoned either inside or outside of the vessel.” The angle Iealtached to the upper edge of the shell plate by either a Shell Design of Large Storage Tonks 53 ‘continuous double-welled butt joint oa continuous double- welded lap Swix wir Seue-stiprontiye Roors, 4 self-support 1g root is one which is supported only on its periphery without added structural support. Such roofs cause a compressive stress in the roof plates, which is transferred to the shell as hoop tension, A stiffening angle should be added to the top shell course at the junction of the roof and shell to absorb the tensile load. - The forces acting on the ring are The f "owing nomenc eplainng Fig 319 a = eross-eeti ontal, dewroes foot (live load of rn of Ty. penn pet NYE Rile foree acting in si coi, porte = EP" p ' jen TReSteess, pounds per square inch Wi Fig. 3.17. Praininary satch of wind-gedar sbossembly for ex design 3154 Design of Shells for Flat-bottomed Cylindrical Vessels ——— etal of wind rer seton, 20 requred cannes ae ea one 7 gs ee ‘ i ; S af ee In ceference ty baby Therefore: t : . Po i 8(18,000) tan 6 eo 1X 1400 tan 9 : live load = 25 Ib per sq ft (for + in. plates) dead load = LI tb per ay ft w P= 36 Ib per sq ft 1 a By substituting, ae wot TH1,000 tan @~ 4000 tan 8 For small angles, tan @ is approximately equal to sin 8; therefore ro) be Fig. 219. Loads on conical ook p00 sinoShell Design for a Closed Vessel 55 6, Example Design 2.2, Comple ‘The API Standard 12 C recommends the use of Bi. 3.23 Since cutrosion allowance for determining the revjuired reinforcing area. : 7 we aa en oF 10 plates and with an allowance of 8. i 000 sin weld joint, Uhe center length of cach phate is Tn applying Eq. 3.23 credit may be taken for the cros- alae taaectaieeet sectional area of the shell and roof plates within a distance rd — weld length _ 3.1416(1200.57) ~ 100% of 16 times their thickness from the stiffening angle. In 12n oe 0) ae other words, the sum of these areas must be equal to or sreater than (D*/3000 sin 6) for cone-roof construction 7 (or B14, 3 in.) For dome or umbrella-roof construction a similar equa- en may te cece Stanclard my ith will be specitied and _ DR | PY will be used for fabrication, ** 1500 Gal si hell plates-# required to square the plates: ‘Thedefore, the final height of the shell Tess than 96 in. ‘of the shell course above the bottom course ined by Eq. 3.18. The proper height, where D = diameter of tank, feet R = radius of curvature of dome, feet @ = reinforcing area, squace inches . 73:6 EXAMPLE DESIGN 3.2, COMPLETE SHELL DESIGN: FOR A CLOSED VESSEL The design calculations and drawing for the steel only for a $5,000-bbI oil-storage tank having a tre requited. ‘The cone roof is to be supy ‘columns, girders, and rafters, 34a Proportioning. It is esti ‘annual cost of the shell per unit area, ¢ annual cost of the bottom per unit ‘annual cost of the roof, ¢s, is 1.8 cost per unit area. The annus ‘and preparation, es, Ce tex iz = 31 ft, 485 in. will be fy = 0.0001 156/24 — 1)100 + € = 0.335 in. +0 3 WP = 62910 owe 3 H= 98 ia: Since D = 25H, aa ison omae a Yes ‘The tank dimensions will he 100 ft inside diameter by 40 ft high. Appendix E, item 3 indicates that such a tank Fig. 3.20. “Bevation view of hl for example devon 3:2. will have a volume of 55,950 bb ‘A. Coble thoave 7. Abb Design of Shell Courses. The thickness of the 1 Wind ottom shell course can be determined readily by Eq. 3.18 4" nem noses (Gor butt-welded assembly) 0.10" el noxsle 13g" aatrsheavy couplings 4, = 0.0001456(40 — 1)(100) + ¢ FAP walerrowft vars . Shall norse for double swing jot = 0.568 in. +6 124" sll montole58 Design of Shells for Flat-bottomed Cylindrical Vessels + woe ae aay 7 te jinn eat | | aw ay | - atate [evant Bog ee SF cee ie ae = cwcuree se sa Ba sw sa eM 8 ans simply that hydrostatic ‘are ot controlling fess of ose thi 4 essure stro consideration avin Spevity that 0 (0.15625 ‘i fo TERRY 100015625) an 112 in Structural stability of the thin sells the prime conten Wer tion, ‘Thus the minimus belt of this size aa set by APL 12 for sihikewine he thick of the Farha UH = 158 Ne at eae “The required thicknesses for the various shell courses could f, = -0.0001156015 — 1100-4 ¢ hhave been determined from Appendix E, item 4. It will be seen tut the calculated and tabulated shell-course thickness = 0.208 in. pad (1200.25) ~ 10(0.125) ne ‘Only the shell plates of the bottom course need to be euld se ig sae formed to the shell diameter. Frequently. however, thismer shell plates are rolled to te erection, Acs Spovify fy und fy = 0.25 in, since the thickness ws deter: the shell specifications will call for rolis of the button Imined from the appropriate rebutionship results in a thiek- three course.Example Design 3.2, Complete Shell Design for o Closed Vessel 57. 36 Design of Top Angle, ‘The minimumesizn top 1, FUU200.75) — 100015425) angle for a tank Larger tan 60 f1, 0 in. in diameter with « wig roof supported on columns i 3 in. x3 in. 34 in, andl will, therefore, be used. Specifications will call for butt Lm 30h Ha in, welding of this angle to the top course. By vsing 10 lengths of top angle, the length of each angle section is ealeubated 18 follows: Fi © 3.20 shows hee $.21 shows the shell details, 1 view of Lank shell, and PROBLEMS L. Acone-roof tank having a filled capacity of 100,000 bbl is to be design ‘optimum proportion of DH from the following cost considerations. The Vineluding plates, rafter, gieders and colums), nnd bottom are estimat 1H evats per Ub respectively. Foundation cvuts are estimated to, fr $1000, charges inchiding amortization, interest, and so on are estimated initial installed cost. The annual charge for the land allocated 2. A wind girder x requited for an open vessel 120 Ft inside di top cnuse of the shell fabricated from 34-in. plate. IT sections corresponding to detail & of Fig. 3.16, determin the girder dimensions 3. Determine the required cross-sectional aren of conical roof 30 £10 in, in diameter having an ang 44. The required sett plate t mined from item 2 of Appendix ble