Apéndice D Diagrama de Moody on os oe 3 09 0s ove 7 0015 oe 01 Sm £ : oom @ , 809 ooo § 02s a owe £ ace 290, 8BBle come 2015 one ote e001 os : amos cons if “ita a oa 008 aceon 79 @ 045679 2 948079 2 943679 2 G4587e ETTTITE wo wo o ‘ee 1 cy Niner de Reels Re Diagrama de Moody. (De LF. Moody, Trans, ASME, vol 65,1944.) 269Densidad del agua liquida entre 0 °C y 100 °C www. vaxasoftware.com Presién externa: 1 atm = 101 325 Pa Temperatura Densidgd Temperatura Densidad Temperatura Densidad °C kg/m® °C kg /m* ‘c kg/m? Oihieloy 817,00 33 284,76 37 979,34 ° 999,82 34 994,43 68 978,78 1 999|89 36 894.08 89 978,21 2 999,94 36 993,73 70 97,63 3 999,98 7 993,37 n 97,05 4 +1000,00 38 993,00 2 976,47 5 100,00 38 202,63 3 975,88 6 999,89 40 992,25 7 975,28 7 999,96 4 901/86 75 974,68 8 999,91 42 991,46 7% 974,08 9 999.85 2 991,05 7 973,46 10 999,77 44 200,64 78 972.85 ‘4 999,68 45 990,22 78 972.23 12 999,58 46 9289/80 80 971/60 13 999,46 a7 989,36 Bt 970,97 14 999,33 48 988,92 2 970,33 15 999,19 49 988,47 83 969/69 18 299,03 50 988,02 84 969,04 7 998,86 51 987,58 85 968,39 18 998,68 52 987,09 86 967,73 19 998.49 53 98862 87 967/07 20 298,29 54 986,14 88 966,41 2 998.08 55 985,65 89 965,74 22 997,88 56 285,16 90 96506 3 997/62 ar 984,66 ot 964,38 24 997,38 58 984,16 92 963,70 25 997,13 58 98364 8 963/01 28 996,96 60 983,13 94 962,31 7 996,59 61 982,60 95 961,62 28 996.34 62 982,07 % 960,91 23 996,02 63 981,54 7 960,20 30 905,71 64 981,00 8 959,49 31 995,44 65 980,45 99 958,78 32 995,00 6 979,90 100 958,05 wn. vaxasoftware.comfs & 3 Bes 8 8 g S ek 8, P. u gy, 8k ge 5 8 S* $8 333 “a & p i K ¢ Py 2C__kgins ms 10° PaO” Nim-i0 Pa —0sa9,9 4.792 1.709 204 762 58S 4 999,9, 1,732 1,732 2 1000,0 A674 4,674 3 1000,0 1,619 1,619 4 1000,0 1,568 1,568 5 10000 1,519 1,519 206 7,54 382 6 1000,0 1,473 4,473 ze 999,9 1,429 41,429 8 999,9 1,387 41,387 999,8 1,348 1,348 10 999,7, 1,310 1,310 271 7,48 1.176 999.6 4274 4,274 12 999,5, 1,239 1,240 13 999.4 41,206 1,207, 14 999,3 4,475 1176 999,1 4,145 4,146 214 7A1 1.666 999,0 41,446 4,447, Tr 998,8 4,088. 1,089 998,6 41,060 41,064 998,4 41,034 1,036 20 998,2 41,009 41,014 220 7,36 2.447 21 998,0 —0,984—0,986. 22, 997.8 0,961 0,963 997.6 0,938, 0,940 997.5 0,916 0,918 99714 0,895 0,898 222 7,26 26 996,8 0,875 0,878 996.5 0,855 0,858, 28 9963 0,836 0,839 996,0 0,818 0,821 30 9957 0,800 0,803 —223—7,48 4.007 9941 0,723 0,727, 224 TAO 992,2 0,656 0,661_—227 7,01 7.400 45 990,2 0,599, 0,605 229 6,92 988,41 0,549 0,556 230-662 1222 985,7, 0,506 0,513 234 674 983,2 0,469 —0,477__—«228 ~~ 6819.60 980,6 0,469 0,478 226 6,58 70 977,8 0,406 0,415 225650 30.70 974,9 0,380, 0,390 223 640 80 -971,8 0,357, 0,367 221 6,30 46.40 85 968,6 0,336 0,347 217 6,20 90 965,3 217 0,928 216 12 68.20 95 961.9 0,299 att 211 612EXAMPLE 10.6 A town lloods periodically when « river burst its banks. iis praposed to construct an artificial relief channel to catty some of the flood water around the town. The start of this channel i= roughly at right-angles to the natural river. A side overflow weir (oats a weir constructed along the riverbank) will be used to comtrol the flow dawn the rete! channel. dell the reel channel ‘would not operate unt the river caries about 6's, which represents the bank full condition with @ depth of about 1.Sin and a width of 9.5m. Since the equations relating to side overtiow” weirs are not ahvays rable, it is proposed that a hydraulic model of the entrance stevelure should be built to determine its optimum positon, enath and crest height, and to ensure that it wall work effectively. Given the data below, outline a suitable model investigation. ‘Maximum flood tlow in the river= SOm*/s with a depth of 3.0m and a width of 17m. ‘Maximum proposed discharge in the retef channel 30m'/s Minimum drought flow in river 0.7 m/s with 2 depth of about O.41m and a width of Bm. Flow over a weir is contrat by gravity, so a Froudlian mode! is required, This isa hydraulic structure model that does not need Wo be datorted, nor is a mobile bed requited, A typical scale for such investigations would be between 1:20 and 1:50. Try 1:20 for greatest securacy Siig saan rg, Beet! re i 20 Y% 207 447 % 20" 447 Meh e geitetnedes Pets aia Veh "20°" 05 BOF 788 Boss Say thal the mode! extend al feast S« river width upstream and 3s iver width downstreai of the weir giving the length to be modelled = 8 x 17 = 136m, that is a mode! length = 136/20 = 6.8m + the weir length. Say the width to be madelled is about 6x river width = 6 X17 = 102m, that is 102/20 = 5.1 m in the model, this is rol excessive, so the area required 5 OK. To avoid surface tension effects the minimum head over the medel weir should be 6mm, that is 0.006 x 20 = 0.12m in the prototype, So results up to 0.12m of head over the crest are ‘not accurate, which is acceptable. To avoid large scale ettects check that the flow is turbulent in the mode! by calculating Re plVipe. The average velocity in the iver duting flood — S0;(3 * 17) = 0.98m/s, $0 Voy = 0,98/4.47 ~ 0.22mis, The model depth is 3/20 ~ 0.15m and hence the Reynolds number, Re = (1000 » 0.15 x 0.22/1.005 x 10") = 32800 > 2009, that is turbulant (see section 4.2.1). Average velocity in the river at low flow = 0.7/(0.4 x 8) = 0.22mi, 30 Yu = 0.22/4.47 = 0.05 m/s, The model depth is 0.4/20 ~ 0.02m s0 Re ~ (1000 x 0,02 « 0.05/1,005 » 10°) ~ 995 < 2000, that is transitional. With Re = 995 the flow &s not fully turbulent and there may tbe some scale effects, but this drought canditian is not really of interest ‘Check the concitions atthe point at which the weir starts operating, that is when the average velocity - 6/(1.5 9.5) - 0.42ms, s0 Vy 0-42/4.47 ~.0.09mis with a madel depth of 1.5/20 = 0.08m, Thus Re = (1000 x 0.08 x 0.09/1.005 x 10) = 7200 > 2000 (ully turbulent), Suppose that the model velocity near the bank is 0.02m/s at the same denth, then Re = (1000 0.08 0.021.005 x 10 "} . 1600. Re - 1600 isjust about OK, so accept that very low flows may not be accurately modelled. ‘Check the discharges with respect to available pumps ancl ease of measurement. Maximum discharge in the river during tlood ~ SOm'Ys, so Q, ~ $0/1789 ~ 0.028m'/s. This is OK.Si are Segdesanaaag trary ent 1 o on 02 03 Discharge (nay Figure 11.20 H-Q or system curves for pipes of diame- ter D., D,, D,, with the pump H-Q curve superimposed. The intersection of any two H-Q curves represents the ‘operating point ot the pump (circled) when connected to the rising main fatter Webber (7972)] ‘The pump is normally located as clase as possible to the sump or «uetion well to reduce the fiction los it the suction pipe. This and other minor losses can alse bre miadnlsed by using a suction pipe ot generous diameter, since all losses are proportional to Vie. Asa general aide, V, should be berween 1.5 and 2.Sm/s, and the pipe shoutd be sized accordingly. Thus Jn can be calculated. Hi can be detemined from the lavout of the punsping station, remem bering that the pump should be above the highest liquid level likely to be experienced in the suetion well On the other hand, if a submersible pump is ocated beneath the Higuid Jevel in the suction well thers H, has a negative value. this can result in a xedueweffecieney and possibly cavitation. ‘On the defivery side of the pump, ff, Would he Known feom the desig brief, The fic tion and minor losses aze again dependent upon the velocity squared, Yi, which in tue depends upon the diameter of the Hsing main. As a general guide, Vp should be between ahout 1.2 andl 3.0mm/s, but to save energy V, can be as low as 0.5m/s provided Vy > 12enis for several hours per day to lush aut the system. In any case, the velocity in the rising main should be lager than the settling velocity of any suspended matte, which is about 0.45 ma/s for sand up 0 2.5mm diameter and 1.Smis for gravel up to Simm) diameter in practice two or three possible sing main diameters may be considered (2y, Ds, and by, Since the Read loss increases with reducing diameter and increasing discharge, three rising main 17-Q system) carves are obtained diverging from the constant static ead (Fig 11.20). When the 1-Q curve of the pump is superimposed three intersection points are ‘obtained (operating points}. These show the discharge (for the patticular stati Hit) that will be obtained from the pump when connceted to eich of the rlsing mains, Thus the same pump gives three different discharges, since the total head (losses included) pumped against 1s different in each case. The selection of the optimum diameter nas to bx decided with ref erence to the etficlency curve and power requirement of the pump, the running cost, and the capital cost of the pipework which increases with diameter (although the total head pumped! against and thus the running cost is reduced ay the diameter increases).