ep Nn Sabah GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY Sema -V (C/ SE/IT/T8CT) ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ALGORITHMS ‘Anuradha A. PuntombekorANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF ALGORITHMS Subj Coe: 9150708 Senate (C/C3E/TE 18) Ft en An 2020 Ribithed by CUBBIE ors eh Re I - —— PREFACE ‘The mporunce of Anas and Dag of Ago wt ven i eats crgnerng Ses Onevhlning topos fm boo ran afc pe ot {ovnre ts book, The book stated wo come the Rey ape tthe Net Anaad Dele of Agri. ‘The baa ues pin ue angunge © expan fundamen of ts sec The tok pots ng me of pling vrs complated cence and Sepese ‘Sched expla the porn jek ach cep all sped wth ney ‘Suanone praca exp ab ed poems. Al the capt Ine book re twang is 4 proper sequence ft permis each 1 Dal on eur se. A {ire hs teen en fo mate fuer cmorabl in undenaning te ate conesps sine ses, Sepreetate guctons ave bee al atthe end of ich sen hp the szue pcg preps om ti 200. ‘The book ot ont cones he ete scope of tem ut xs te pabiophy of te sect Tas make the nderanng of ti subject ore cles a nk ‘teeing. The Bohl ery hot oi he sae a ao othe Sgt wacbes The des hee fo Cet MOC a shave 0 cover PO |e 1 cates my pound an 0 al hose sho Mp in ang iD & realy” Much ended orl sept unt eccouegunet 8 pore ot rout (ceaton by my ole aly Ie f hank he uber snd the cnr ty st Techn! Pubetons who ate taken ines pln to get hs bon ne Wl est rng ‘Aap sugeson fo the mrovenet ofthe Dok wl 86 acknoetaged a wel Aor AA Poneer Det GeSYLLABUS Analysis and Design of Algorithms - 3150703 mel ist ao wa erate ha Seg ek TABLE OF CONTENTS ‘Chapter 1 — Basics of Aigortims and Mathematics = T)io 3) pinata? — 12 122 besa ting Aron 1 123 Howtoweteseagrin? 14 13 asin 2 ESR none 13 _ atari Bertie 1s vacate re use te oO ie neers vee a —_ art Js tH ticeaeatn eS kone comnt “eer eaBS in Qe es 128 ‘Two tne Ego wh tones sae 1.10 Ue QW AME aa 11 Sher eno a teen am Ghapier-2 Analysis of Aigoritions GD B12) a ae 2 rag rd Wo Cte en 26 2.3 amen Op ne ne 2a symp notte. ——— ae 2az0ne neater pt 243.0neuon, ze ‘espa Ore ot ronth at 2 unt ind of Probl are Sed by MaRS 7 2 281 Seep ne Asean he Ba statontn am “823 meen ton 2a Serger Tie ‘ise 229: Unarsty Geto wt swe 220Shor Questor and snes. ‘Chapter 5 Divide and Conquer Algor Rayosucon, ———— 132 Gener Method nen 2121 een rant Deans Ce 2a ran Soi ving Db ae aaron are tga Probes a 2 Ban —— 36 finn eM nme - ABN inn co RES on 38 tMsteOn suai 22st gton 24008 nen 251 Uy owt rs ce 222501 Otitis ‘Gipie-4 —Dymanic Posonming Wee {6 nt {42 comparson of rami Peanning wth ther Sete es‘Si Gap: Shonest Fath nen {annie oo Sa deste {ance nega Ppa ws iene ‘scanner _ wa oe ee “4 ea ang Pete rs ne 4 sabe ht enn ‘20, sten Prose, a ss1Area, oa san Aen 4 rs elena co S53 at Cte i -s1nhmon Recon. on sansa Ce satapet {7S Ph da ion wat 5:2 Une etn Wh AH nnn TH 472 eb Aston, oo 5:33 ter Gusto nd AH a4 Ma Chan Mp 10 ‘Ghapier-6 Exploring Grape Cee w “01H. a8 {1 AnInroduon ng ph 404 HM nnn atone common Seether a — o © “Rao unity austen wt An nnn 38 eee ory 1S etn a AW nL 6 epreanion sf raph evn ‘Ghaptar=8 — Gredy Aasetim EH 6-70) a ne) Sm nn 2 ott seek vs en 65204 seh 9 5.2 campsrton between red nd DYNO POP 8 653 poten a SS Prete Soe 08) ARM nen 9 ToS eB 5S Benen 640 SUE) nnn st seas ‘sr a 42:0 tents, on 58 ty Seton Pree enn 4 67 Comet Compe neem ann 88 sen WANE TE nnn nnn nn 8.9 Shs unercot ain oe oe spires oe (eee mad ors Spates 38 (68 ey Questo ARSE ome 573 Aero soa 6.9 Shr Cueto an We em — —_(Ghapier-7— Baclaraching and Branch and Bomd 7D to OTH Ar ti no ini B ) 7..Sone Teiages ed nang. ra Tagen erbsecting ae | 72 opto of BT 7-9 PST ee Pee on ae D8 74: How Soe nue Pen? 220 = rs 17S ana INE MEL nner 30 751 Gareth orth id and os PS rene Sse PB nn ra 26AOpame Reston peat re ne 3 he Robin ay Ae enna nnn Sig Mating Wh Fe AO omg Bt |S kth Mar Prat OM) A nnn BAB Unies esto WAH ANN tan B38 {17 Set esto a neu 8-20 ‘Ghapter-9—Tatroducion to NP Completeness (9-1) to @-32) BAT C55 P aN HPD 92 Nor deem NE 9-6 23 Plo REBUN 94 We Conon: remo ne 99 957, NP Compete aNd PB v8 SNP Had ble 97 Trang Ssesman Probe, ee 88 8 Apron Aart oe 9-20 $81 Aointon rth Trig Sper Pa 9-28 9.9 Randorind it ae 993 kdrag nado oar 940 Gass Polen Beyond HP PSPRCE ono 9-7 £941 Uriverty Questens Wh AVES 9:2 Ser Questan and ewer 9-20 ‘Reals and Design of Algriis Tab Tie Solved University Question Papers (6-1) 8-22) fier 035 lA serene 2036 3} t8-4] Wit 2036 nom (s-s)t0(5-8 se 257 nnn) (8-48) Sof -15)t0(5-17] 1 Basics of Algorithms ~ lS 18) 105-20) and Mathematics = (5-2-2 12 tats or Age? nar 1098 wes |de ws omg n 2 KB inrocucton Analg aed ee th ny Rn mae wai simply tt fra tel pst se ons ar by hr ema sly rt machine nha we wi or sgn mn eho at cn ed BY Se" cenpatr for slain of «prem Tor ivan pereming th dos ‘lipenion. dion er bacon ea sguihn Us of igen sane cout a cmon pe. en met Ce ha lan Sp whe erty own aH pit fr eng he pt cman es ef aay eth i eset of tac ha can be edt perm cri task Gus oper we wll sore snp eget We wl coon by eeting th oo of slg. And rang hoo sees weil Ss ae ep ‘ovo HED vinat isan Algorithm 2 ae 1m he scone wl tend “What gin” “Wn repaid > ae ‘cating Te satin eed aba tips | | meee sty he ast mp oor apcne es | Patan sll Goapele soe ‘Thi dition of lgotun sepsentd F 124, e128 maton ot aoa Fo dra nop Ape 13 ae se sd aera ‘Afr undestatng he problem stent we hve 8 et a agen carly forthe ghen poten The sgn i tin crsened io ce Prop Tangnge an the gen to soma computing deve (empl Th cnt he ‘Seem tir agin whi macy sured nthe frm of sue Progen rng the prose of cecton Ht gues cata set of inet WH heap of get nth fron of progam) 2 pt act he el pred aan opt Se gen ipo vad ten soul ae appopte eoe sage; cherie (oc snl wil pode opt ERI Properties of algorttn ‘Sing wong the egience fico aan igen is aot slit 10 scconpinh en fk rt tcy fo Rave floing propre esecad wah ert 1. Nonambigly ach ep ban lr shld be naambigous. Ta meas ‘Sch tstncnn shold be car and preci Te ncton an gos ‘Sour dana any soning anng. Te propery abo sist the (Sete of ap, 2: Range of inp The ange of inp hold be pce Tl Beas rma the tnt eat ven and th tnge of Be epet ent ten ped ‘en inc go nan ane 2. Multi The same alin cn be psi svete wa "Dat mana we an we in snp Englth te mquece of Eras or men tren mo pad coe Soy fer sing te sae pln re an Te srl fet iors Fr tne: fr seing mb om [rot we can we gurl aarch or ary sarc method. Hee “sg” ‘ek a eo eter ca oh mt” ny sch math to itn 4. Speed The alga writen ng some seis (chs populiy ‘own slg of sgt Bt wach grt shoul be cen and sold race he watt wht sped 4. Rene: Th prin shoul be Se. Tha ans le peforming ‘ied open abou erate RONG Raa awe mew moe OPI RATON- eta ees 2 How to vat agetine 2 The net sp afte ction of aetna algutins. The proce of ore or esample 4+ > Ie egy. IEEE sotsion to Linear inequality “The alton fa aay aon mabe arb “Te aoton 2 one val agully 240721 the vale fx ge ve net Ferner = 14 4 son he stove ven egal “Te aon tt vara equal: ‘2uery —S217 he vale of xa y shoal be sch tat he stant remains tre The slo 1 abe aay le 22) bee 5}67()-5 = 8 517. “Te soudon tte varaleoguty | USeeap= 7225 te ate of a x old Bench atte ttn eine | tw The maton ane aly 2.3) Bente 3020-70) 358. | CRIED sini ofa inet sto hati the ney HEED Properion of equation ‘OMI RUC wat ne TROL RCT at repat oni tn a 2ifasy and cies pote number ten xocey se SxS and eis mepting hencz y6 Atay and cissome pote, thn ey 6 near Equations om equi a agaton conan sknwns A a uti wh ne unk canbe gen sad ost mm and are conan Te stn of sch egution wil ‘he ina uti th wo urns ca bev i nd fem Woe xy a unknowns ab band rca as Snuons +8 20 (Sib om oh ie RR ey See 28 Fs en ‘Sin: ae St et intern ean moe (ee 9 rts ies) Hans th ruber i 16 EERE wo Linear Equatons with Two Untnowns ‘Theo ar atone eth wo aac in ong sand fem OCA RUAN hw ws ae ut tA aie pte ct tin fm eacrennnn nate “ro save sh Ener equator ede bin ston uous, we wi consid lang lotion = (0p 1 + Miiy he two ston by any oo. mumber sk at seg ufc of att on ee wl nea of ch hr (Sap 2: Pas dos of tro eqn Forum sony = 35 aso seay = 193 at agen (193) by 183) and eguton 192) by 5 ieeoy = 93 Perm aon fours (193) a (198) Now put y = tin egnon (192, wl Soie20 = 5 “Tht we eon x1, y= we age ston HEED ose etmnaton mato uit inition md nto cing te Ac hy ois sgn suns op angus fom mod en cg hn Siem nein acta (SEED na te by Gu it mh Seti We wt md ma ‘enc SUED peat motesit i Pa Pe ci 1: ote gt Pease] sr: man ouony ade BE figae Her BEG hah Sw wept ve oo! gun hen Tha ee in i uti a be Z aco —— 1 Br ay | a 2 ph tn a ot 5. en a tn th te KEE University Questions with Answore - egulaton 208) Winter=20i0| (4 hat i on orn? Epa vero propria grt [Rete etn 12), o ESHA PBUCANON nt saa Teomcn RNa a hae5 _ wat pao (02 plan the om quoi (ler sein 15) Wt -2011 83 hr ran? pln eee lion Re eon LS (Regain 2013) winter a018 24. of etm Agri (ete cn 121 5 pa se om poi. Rt etn 15} (Semmer-2018| (8 Det gin Dec yrs of arti (Ree seo 2 » Wink 2 7 Doe Agri, Tne Conley and Se Compa. oT eer soos 13 a8 1385) » RIT sort Questions and Answers ‘EE at er pon — doe: Th goin df 4 ton of unborn acing ‘ome span ce adh alg hl hc mt fo ‘np nr of 122 Spel any odin prepares af slg, foe: 1 Nem ambiguity 2 emt 3 Wits wgete seater? doe: Aigrhnesrnge 2 snarl pouch by wich many poems canbe ‘shed sgt. Tse fbn yg ifiet se of compan ‘gsatime sreges te aka ld lgeaheic tagus or lpn penton 124 Nane e agrton dog ecu ‘ow Lie Fore 2: Die and Cangur 8, yi Pogtniing 4 Grady Teigue 5 Baling, eo Tea Toais is 2 oad a spaing an srt Hw bel» ‘Sekine ta lng! poi oss (a5 Whar hep of repraig Sat? 4 gg Mt in set he es a et ne et se mcd ppm 4 a of te et. 4 Tl te mn lr SNOT Tie copes or ten sanyo? . oe ty en tng be mono in toys tS ty 2 RSTERTTcti i tane Tome thee ow ween tn? : ene te tan ge sa To eva tenets mince venoiecer ma a reese, sai nt (an) Wha ty ma?el” “fas To ity oi ‘Be gel un uo chewhre (226 wate tr nauly 7 dem: In meaty eat Uwe sent coting <>, noe, For errr eres 7 (015 Wms ston oo cut? ‘toa: The tn annual tnt sa nly (226 ie example of sion far ney, ‘aw See7pSca th ve fx any ahd be sch at see emi ‘tu Tesolin above eguaty 23) bene S75 ‘ex Lines ute an ein oti eden 231 Sony frm Se etn wlth oe unc 4: Th tr em at thn 1 Sars abe Reg on ow ‘am: Guin einton thd 4 med feign se Ach ‘gig spent mai oa oper ans od te aa sae “aaa ee | aa 2 Analysis of Algorithms Syllabus 1 fe sto, ag, at and wr ce a rind na dome ‘te tc re ny rae crf ecg | ‘ew ap nao aot Contras 21 Tey Aan tat Smet ae? 22. smoot ee Me £5. emtay Opt ae Summers 2 163818 vmetosna4rete rh tase? 25, esc Eton Semme 1th eae 9890 Ala 24, Anan Cone Sos orton 27 noes see ea Sommesas314 1860 ers 860 Mae 20 UentyOustn nt As‘The Efcleny of Algorth EERE taney of Sinn be suid ag ie tiny an pce ‘feng whch know a tne cme spas enghey “ime complesty of an goin mean he ne of tan ken by n agri aT oY om itn mc of pce ken by Imporane of Eley Analyte eo fiery nas sper rhs fling vo res 1 y compan he ne cmp we came ow wher gen mo 2 epg hc comty we wher ei mie Concat of Prgueney Count Te ine compost oft agrthen ab amped ig th fee coun, ain The fancy a tt es ow my Ses ura Ce flowing coe fr ong th eu nt peso Te ogeny co of sore rg 2 EER on ogc ce fing ee TORE BCEAO. Ae et ae ee Ant tte fronosenat +) Saat , awaracas} 0 t fetnonenit { fects : Pesta os ¥ ‘he funy cont fsove de +3. “The fe on above sven ingmet fc xc 8 tn whan cron ret one mee tne when tecnico al, Hoo thf op the flue cunt n+, The ementiiete for op wil be ened ely wan ‘he cnditon ete fr op te. There th stent wil be xe fe tin Th at pr tment Wl eee on CER te erp re Ui Sey rn med eat cei hn mar ao Dor tee ia t eac2scase) t faa 2: oy risa t ‘aia, Seb) onsen nent TECNCAL ABLETON? Aw Rat otoe RSS nay eee: “The funy oat = (m+3)+m(n+1) amy = 2m 2 +) +3 (HERD oss ry fr te tt ae fedeicenst+) ‘ fromticense) ‘ nu itetiecenk ists ny an he rey te fling cle at ye cnpety 7 Haagen nad ome of ce Ly? ie on pe of ent hg? ‘Cover an xp flit compute he pce comply.nt mre Omi tts be npr ctr 2 sae ctr tna tem) 5 08) Wort av th compety feces Se am eee campy fg ath a edn ems of gh Ti RT EBD sere an Worst one Aon Ean sort alas iam nwa of tne rn competion for «pei to ip ten tr alo ete ciety. or example : Whe searching » prc eles by ig equi sch we the ed elon! tet pel hen ed bet cae tne spl. Man etn tks mein sca ine ona fo cmt fr pce sto pat thn led wont eee cope, ee example Whe searching am deen by ing Hoar sachin autho! led ent plan th end of et hn we ga wort ne cope The tine amply te gt fr eta tf inp 2 ae ame Then foe comping ip ch» tn py cad perpen cals Cae te feowing grt Tes case tine camplesty tine cnpleaty when an sgn fs fo hat tie: In above veacang alin the tert Any ised fn te bt a ‘Senet Whe ey cement pst afin neon the nde) thn ‘got run fr vey sat Sine a Bey wll gt the te ce me Compa: Necan deni bt ce ane compen Were cs ine imps tne compet when algcten rs fr 2 ange sine shove sesing sgt tenet hey sane fn te i ‘once hy sleet pre atin ten ly he gin wl ra er get ead ray we pt he wert ce comply. Ween ene {he won eve ne compen ae ‘te loi gunaie ht foray stance of pat which 6a sn te ing ine wil ot sued Caf Heer the wort ese tne completes mp! nfomatin south cee of tn ‘Average cae tne comply This type of empl gies formation skoa he bhi a lr en seco anda pt Let nde oa temo ate gue ‘Soputng eng coe te empl Lee een for saga seach ae Pea probaly of gting sxc set, The fit mach ofthe element el cur a Ncton, Hance preity of cc rt mh Po every ne ‘The poy of geting we sack (Ph ‘Now, we cn fn vege cae Sine cmply Cy) Ct) + Pry of ase sch Green 1 inh i)dra eo se ae Suppose P= 0 that mess hei no secs Le we hie seed the ci i ens nln oo le ded lat ea en Cagis) = 8+ 1)2+0.0-0 srw tao ‘har he avrg ering aw company ecm a Soppase P= Lee gt unl seach Cont) = Hine DR ena—0 Con = +2 ‘hat meat lpr ean tot hl of he emets fm h Fst eng ergy ce tine copy we hve fo eer Py of ee oie Ay ei ne ag hy Spent en mp semen omg eng ae te oe ay 2 ad thn onpy won wd cane mg Reber o e T 2 troy ce ft to par poate EB comontary Operations Bene cpr ae te operation what excaton tne i rin by a constant wih depends upon the pe of npeanain we. The ay prt a adion, ication and segment th oemening spin rie tow net one eh {he he amber of atone he he ner of malt "bet tart fine oid by atm pees {26 ota amount of nerdy enpcton operons ‘beth tol amour of me reed by aig opertone TONGA NALCO cae at mwa ‘he al i gu by hapten io eaecueanBe xe, tsmec eh Dems e ted ‘hut Bound by iat mle of tak by retype 0 ‘ample proms ‘ratios Dot: Ts li anna uf ape 08 ‘ape ner en tom 169 ‘pn ae se forte tton)te b In above agri emery Operon tan Ix mace of SD wore ie teed to ona sore alot, thn all heads can be ected de) rove n wh no rats ha S55 Teel cer ht hone cnt EBD Asymptotic Notations Doe esata) To caste bt algerie, we need t ck cence geen. The cfsiency cn te ened bycanpung tne eplety 0 sachin aap ten oben way epee! the ae compe) ‘sng wee sao we cn phe ne complety “tt pombe ‘Vario notions ch 0, @ and ae te aed emp notions EXE 5g oh notation ‘The Big oh nottn ie dented by 0% 4 hf peng th epee ound a iti unig one, Ugg ch naan ee opt Se (Tem ey the spec we cmp Lend gi evo ing 1 ny Si ewe oman! shat e> 0 Ween we torsowe Teonol RalaTaN da meaost cn tin a 7 "he igo al dence) (gh In tar wd le tango ig) baie sow cams * ‘mectan) ets mpi an) 2 +2 td) Ta ee me os ott) Se gM) san 2 ge) wo eee ma then, sone “ 4) = 2042 =m) 42 fy = 4 od gn) 2 at =o we tea > Kn=2 ten, fe) = aps? a) = a ws ie > a nator, fn) = 20)62 dened on te aw drapes en) = ess fe fi) 2 eatin i) < 0) “Ts vay upper bod eving tn aed yg oh tin IED oops Notation ‘igs tain dated by" THe notin se epee he mer Bown cf Sgr ning ne. Unig es notacn we cn Cte sore wot of Sie ken by ees, Detnton A fn) sd ob in (gh) bounded tlw by ve pve conti mali og) och a fa) = cgi) Paral ny isdn eg Fallon ah eet the cre for oti tet) rena empl: ‘Conse = 2+ Sant) = 7 fa) = 20245 TOMA RCE aw at =O PRT at reArta soni ns Pal Ano tiie ay nr ai snot hots en) = 70) nee MN om fi) = 2008 4 = Phe fe) =a) and ten, fi) = 209245 3 Taaouan we oTaR Fane wo cumple: BOs if) = 20+ Band 90) = 7 Tha for n> 3 we get) > e+ whee 22 tf) >= Ran berpetd Simly fo) = 2068 bauer io) = 7 aT be ec mebem Rens 2 ouF Hee 25 wd Ga thy 2. FEEL 6 notion ‘he ht ton me poi with Bot ig oh anes Non sa) 5) es“ TR BUCA oma ‘ome examin of asymp order 1 began) hen Iopan in) Sogn Of te ede af rth fog Iogsn €O%83) lage ¢ Ota he re of rom of eae? a Iopsn ia) agg Oia meg ete ty BL {em ra wh > Oh Hes 6) Be nn-2722064) astm) sou's md ofa 9/2200) Sin, in 1/26046) f= 0.0) sin) 2040%) fay20(0%) sim-nzeai) faba EEE Properties of Order of rowth 1315) ere fan err of 3 te, ‘6 «Ofna gs. 2. Polyamide me), ‘at mean mata dpe creel ne polyoma For eampleay0? +230? 2580 cha he ene of pom 4) 3.000 < Og») my ewe amine Tbe fhe raing i of agro A The sttmen en in he pen oy To)? OF) ‘rm ths we an ot etc lformstion st owe oun nd he ttre ao son Sty shot the ppet bond wih sald be Of OD?) se. Hane te ‘Sent 2 meng What ed sales vale of ack ht 1 < Carte val engin in 1,12 38 Te eaters lb rin ining er 064 4015, rege te fling rth Tee enh) ca) te a WMA, saan he growth tt in ners ode Ol) eo) 29? saa eigs0a) a0) = eed mew ale ‘Ain > 6) a > 0 fin) = 2? senelgnota ci ERIREDD Fw = ycoinstoe2 sneer ett He Of Seaton eM) sey sayntagn? cong | ‘Then we have aig it Sor Pe) a epee £0 1 tin 8 con BES - care Cand C+ ten =) "EOWA BUCO. at be (EEE re tin = oo etn ore pt on per nee 1) = enn oa Pane EES summation Formula and Rules eed in Efficiency Analysis tS aterensoee tteteoan s Bois Sauadn 1 Sy ence tote nanan sm ager it EEN + 0 a 0 ery te ft. re see ‘so feat =o) — sein» To oe 6) -(0)= (sttost0D) grin) (9) = 0) rere 0) et 0) 0) = He) en verte Heyeneyceeie) wt ese and ars eam PLEO net ieFE 97-6000 CoP aby yen ett hwy te (oss oolap!, wheren> 0 5 (oom forme te) = at Gorn? = 0(0), (oso! » Gd. whens 2 Gon) bree ween sar Gael trata (000 = ') apd m2 (249) = 0008) B50. poe TRI 08) won fr aesing | ‘Solution: 45) = O (g(a) where | fin) < <* 3h) | tet megs im det eda tA Koyenergis) se los, Fd (ond oe (3) atin Didar = 2f= 83x +8 fue =0(@)? Epa Salton: 1) To tig cee fio) = 1497 6A wean ein pom orm a fo) = 2a? itn where 7 ow fg (0) =7 (0) ten wept f(9) > 760) Hee aa? ines = 2(6) ‘osha ig tet ntaton es" 5 09) 562. fis) = 0(0) we 997, 2) fh) = BPs Be a(e2) Mey 80) £005 "(0 han 0 (0D) fo) = 0(02) whe y= 9 and y= 1 win 5 OC") wee bem raeeeay On naa apnea aaa RP aeean aa Ain bw ID shoes Sey oe oo (020) < (ost, when so S (oom) frne la) coon? (ore = (olay, when so 2 (60 fre 21/2- whe 2 2a 2 & n= Il, frm22 Ia rn = 4) From ep Indep 2 et BEB eaeF* and ny 2 al (oan = 0668) 20 spre | ....... | ie fader anos oy Sataton £9) = Of), whe fe) < eB 6) Me> and gi) 2) ss fo) = brent fo) = O(a) econ st seers fo 700) Hee aa? eines = 916) ‘oan ig tts otaton rasa) = 0) a ey +90) 0 se 0) an Ho) £0 (0) fn) = (9°) whee c= 88 and c= ® 0 (2) sete ease ROWGH LEATO ane wa — TECACAL PREATONS™ A pt ende tions por mbites 2 sessions ro) fal EE catgrcowny As eta) £95 opt ase 9? € 007) tu a o Feeen ooo) cake meotieen oo wo ett 9? ta 0) Tae ene wert fe)» Stee Hance 2 O0"* te Gente @etyens 2 nt e@tne | ie (ERR ee wn ip tin tl mr it ene man Tepe eon tos Bp, a ee ‘Derr tn ty Fr enn ton at bt 0) 5 cr gna Hawee a! © 06) fa Ba) = 2 ng =a alaaial ‘Solution : Finding insertion sort beat serge sort means time complexity of insertion sort * n= ten | eos than merge sot 4) = 20540 tng “aes = shay | te me a < len fea) | a Hc 22s ge 622 ie ce ete Sotutiom : We assume n= 1000 $ heont tie me = login = 9 10 = 3 © appoe = 30 ‘GOA MALTON caw waa mma TRB ETON fae at meMeneniestemes —_icw sn: sna Yogi = tg lo 1 = gy 3 ogg og n= 0 3 38 HS « cos) Cone ts 7-0? tog = lpg «3 -% Ae Stop ep og > a loge ogee 2 ese) et nf Setuion Fri a ston cee we hr (6) a fans and ect awe f) = a3 +2 se) = 9? ‘Abo ase = 1,6 1 LHS. = oan <7 REIS. = conn) = 10 fn) c+ 9) nt with Land sa)? 27 501209 44 "eon RAT ane waa mae ef) 609) ae ‘hue 0? +25=0 (0%) frm 2 and €=7 (RED it 0 ne opty ening po ng Oto erg aOreR iH) ‘ seg=mir ar) ¢ soa eee + oo Setulon: The ine comply compe sp by sep by erie te rer of = ie complet ‘Thus considering the order of magaitude and negating the constant, we get the tine canpoy of CEEIERED e rcigr at a42 434 oe OND Por aaa Le ay = 2630 aoe? 3 Stnstn fo) £0) cm) =)" evans 40)<0) ame On PLAT fae tt ie‘eet tha ae (6) Scxsni 302) 502%) ne + oth cas re tet proves 1e2ese— encom) Fn a he mtn he ction i=in ss oo, Seton: Lt fa) = 2924, ‘Te cbt Theta oat, We have Sind ou, Sia) = 61 C3 0) tin) = at we gt 0) = 016%) ie, aml 2428: Domine te mpeg fins 24-3180 16)-83 w Heyes Samet 2426: Let 0) 10005. Ep) win mag {sh nays 2 he ty Ena ae eg te, Be ¥6 Ce Oy Tne SST | | BI Recor Equity am Te) = The-en 1 ed cc in al pin led cin The mrtce option an ar mt f segues. Te ‘Sinton be ve facto pa mine ral eS ee 12,3 and 4 atte naomi pA EEE soiving Recurrence Equations coe ————— = : rmathod in which a guess for the scion ts —— es SS eo te tr ga TP Stet ivsuteso ses On RRO oe at ae= Ton 1+ With iit comin Solution s Tin 1) = T (w=1=1) + ( w Pete etn naps gen a gl ® Te) = Ma-deeDen o tod = The-a-Dem-2 fm a ten aig eatin a apn Te = TheSemoad mation wee 2een " oe STK) yikes Dein ke dete uo tke nthen a oe Tin) = TO) +1424 “S ° pe eataes 10 +0 1 = T+ oe ee 7 Again we can denote T(r) in arms of big ch notation a8 3 eneing above grand © a ston We can dss Thy = MOLD a9 Wena denote Tin tem fi h cn alo TW) = Ov) a lt pe pte on wat i He «mes Ti tie 2) hice T= yt sti Ta) «Om Tin D 61 wi TO) = Ow (CRIB st tic ating rr ration Tm. in, A fo tan Te) = T= 1)44 Dy tchward btn, Ta=t) = Th-941 Me) = TH+ =e dnener Apis Tin=2) = Tn-2- = teat Rec RaLeATN fae aa mepsn ttn ay opt Fo) = tans? rey = Ome ne2 2 een m estate Ty = Ta-3)43 = 33a) =3% x9) Te) = Tew ok 5 = Fano {k= hen equates bones we patent ten ai Peed Den = ‘Wecan dst Tn temo notion ws xe) = 4 bed Te) = of) — eee by a aay eat 8 aia dn-3) fens tat © x)= ind) ¢" rn > Lat 21 ae penn) x0 2 xiob=si) +1 fons tinthaiteteg neo sete 9 tr ah pe ; 0) = ayes sah ett reeetaes | ety g gig ate Sg ak = WO 010845 « xeemenes snag ahha ah = recorse ¥ tenet ten 2 xs Me Feat = Xap o50-0 atte Bete omet = xO +s0-9 = | Sneak T0451) vateo ws San0 | | xa) = 20-1 | "EO RUA. Aw a ae ence mean -Aasp mare nn ee -a tet x) = e001 [ome ee etetruatatocogaememaveneestntet 20) = xa het a = bayonet ee = 3a +209 see? csi) = 08 LHS. = RES at prove WO eM 2a Salton The WO notatin dances he appr ound fags ring tine ‘ies Hs oh notion we can gv loge amout of tine then by ike alg 1 agen 2) ee oo a ae woe rs) ERD 0-0 0) me T0190 He Fea) s conta) ‘hos hat Ty (m) +7 Dime Tee) OW Satta. La er oe EB sxc, v0eey | | Thin) Sigil formes » 1 hr we wl i the va of mech at | «oa Fy = erin owen cont TW) Segst forme a -2 acai Let y= wae (ye) such that a max (ny a} “Then we an wt ing guns 1a at yee) © 18) Oe Ex EOWA AALENTON a moa TORN RADEON As a moesw mg tine a . 5 (a1 Fet6s 48x) od 5 +50 5 cy mig +g) F604 T (© Ofori + 2 (A) ee CERIEED Per50)< 01) tom Yn? cote Seon: Lt) fo) +6 Bea keaton fans inv! =o sacred eee wes Br cosdering ely highs degre of ply we gt tea = om) Hence ©) then «0 i re REID = sg rn itn aD og totem i) i) + toni ttn a8 itso of Spat tint Span? gatate2tatenaaberta? opie oe pa “Sa = omen 40) ah = ales? Te) = ahenen? ta) = (CHEERED ee tte met se rere Ti) =T(-Del hee) = 0). = Staton: Ta) = Tet 1. imn-2ya}62 = 90 = Mtge = 19-9 Th) + Tbk © aa 1) = 8} we pt k= gun) 0 RES. Te) = Th = Tyee Tw) = ear a-2 m0) 60) Tao ALAR fase ma neAes onin ct ere axe snp ne 2) Mates Matos |) ny nt nn mat Tey = aris | ‘Conde ftowing rureer ten - wh dnd me conta ‘Then Mate orem Be ede cyan | Gnas ng meres __TW=s00+H evn dud dune aay | { FI (0) whe 4 0 ty meunec ton hen 2 meet ne 1) a Tin) = fn") itarot |) ieee Sie Te = ar en Setaton We wil mp tis euaton with Te) = at 0) +) Now fete a, aged = 40) = oi) enc tne compet or uk nd ny tons of pte end Iago Yale 2 allowing tle can be "i Rassinad a oR { PALEATOW da tt me Ty) = aT vt) +40) ened 1 AO OPA ee Te) = ot) 2) 66 tg then Ta) = 8 OM bgt) Se 60! ten Tn) = 81609 NED 5 10-200 n ts fe) = nen Acconting ct 2 ven in shove Mate ce eee ee EL Raa asp asent eat stn ny ten 1 ste Te 1H) = 06 coment eee eee = 96) ors ong centebytny 1) = othe on . a we Selon: Hee) «a? bogs = 5 en acorn ae 1 oso len Mer tere f0) = O95) -Omnr, = ome Tan Ta) = 019, Tey = oca™2%y Th) = 4) ENED 60 0) = rows ee? Setation Here © 9,8 =9 anf) on? Ant gs = 2 According tee 3 in above Mitr hem As faye = ahtsen, 5.910%) and we have fn? Toe Ta) = O4iny Te) = 0%) CED ce ems Stee: Heres = and 2 ‘Now ew aa wh Weare i) = 2° "eee ART dap maa We pt Tn) = O(a" ag In) = (ah gS) «Oa? gn) Te) = © 8) Find rf rho itis of te sing rere eT) = Tu) xD) mio serena) «xm o2 Ra AP (92) oP 0 Sntion| We cn av te given our wing Masters aren. a6 gen tye owt whee d2 0 coeds Tin = 81) ace! se! Tn) = 04g) wane coeds Ti = 6m) aoe 2 te Temen ee 2 = 48 =2 and fs) eis macing wth ee 3 Tw) = ea) «e404 [rea = @in2) | thet complet. ‘aoc Rata aay aa me9 T= taaen? Hare a= 20nd fo) =? in) = of Fencing ath ce 2TH = aTisngn saci arwarn(3) sat Here =7,0 63nd fe) lope = gs? «17 or maths Wh ce 3f Masters Tn, Le 40) = a (xhmose Tw) = e4tay = 0%0% TOMA PUT fa alr mags nant aes seasons ts (2) en ee = ba Rend) ap ta ah he Ma ae, for bn oG0"" 0-9 Ta) = 0") EM tere tn fg nc non TRoorha sy 2s TT Seti 1. Maser Tho suvenfayen ame ln et) (09) weree=t = 0 team fe) Te) = o(0osb*) wien fa) = ofetse*) tne 10) = (64) 2:0) Mate Theo T= 8be4 Keele nogea = alog.d=@ (00) Jy cageenyeces Bede Igy he oy Bl for 3/4 | H(d) » Hoe /8}=(99) enc) Ta) = (60) Ta) = Ofcen) TES RRLEATON Aw eB moete) = 0) Hone, Tine comple of Te) = otasapere tape a soaps tions spencer = _ “om atu cas he analy roi wh te lp of ate amples, Ae a = 98° 69 ten +) Sonuaning on Sponge puting ne tron ater nth * For examole RIED a err rin wig tee mia nd es yr aoe ‘weg mat, Te) = To Tc. er Seton La cove Se eel resco exes oly ocr, Hines he ine ak above get ue Ts 19 For ope /\ ZN ZN7 Oh hoa eb rity o si pe ene get a rn ne htt a i tn i 9+ 3) s-~ = aa wep ten i hah eo ne imme in (3) = ag wh agg pet tol ato be Ofna 8) Ota ga) | Ee ae mana i ae ———— ei ang he on figment of code vari rogtmingctsapen Sager 2 Peto 3 Recisie als 4, Wil and repeat oops TENG PURUEATEND an me l ____ Fee teat canbe snl rmsd Srp: Flowing 2 ingle frp 1 ens tol niece is +t) + +2 [Now Bt sore umber stom nd ce des manera) soe cp at SEM Sae ce egal wn Gn when coon tr an cow mere Sie Bit TEESE LuSE Scn coon ptr sn when eaten he sonar wl be ced fem ne, ily pre ae wl be exudates ea wees , “he seve econ wil, einen) + (Ee (eD +a em=GneD ane2) Sm RANT tte| seetoarwmm Arathi Now we can compute ie sly fn he guy ot ayy 5 le feguncy cunt Gn +2 Then fat pata he een el ee pea su cpl swt ah ma Hacer Bet hens ea 1 On) ah re come. Set te cmplny neat ee ge Wl ge une compnty ob i) 1 Racer cl Rocuson 3 rn who con cl le GEE researc a some of yur Jt ng cn seen ce ining et ‘rn Fal 2-9", nts et te be opton pein The ys Hee fa) = Anon whe n> 0 T= ey st : i ‘Tie mipaton, To muity remo cto) decane, t19) = Th) = Te-ne } = anaes = Maas Ted-seis2 ete eercerererees Sa pn sar saan = tas 2 Teak ST = Tin-non Tem Tos Te) = 1t8 ecm sy icmp of ace ation th. ie te seg J fd na ae, omy f th or omen (2 ot) + FBO: : compen of lorton em loinc = 2 jt er wl be xt ech fr (0) and F For F 0) we wl haven 3 to) = 247+) to) + 2etet TW = 2470)+10 Wwapa as tt sw Aopen or Fb) we wt hive n= 8 7 2410) +19) m2 jem cement of ns squeegee nce ope GERM tm we mae ge -complety ofthe algorithm, ’ Commo on tie Semcon nc cy sm tsb cv = yee f Wats me permed om Aw i rs : ‘ov p it foe A Bag ‘oHi=tA hey io tg rem 36 ang roam a ; } ‘Tre ie complet tower of Hat problem 0") eo open ops The whe oe pet apse ted at he ca pe it the cave call Wie ann ten ete | pemeuerunrs | 1 eins nonee ns ee | Se Eee nen cay | | Reeve At (erin sone (AN) > Man a Merson att Theta nan et pet iin we ep, nding ‘Th te tne comple of above agro (9) (EEREME cower sg find he Fs re a Sattion; erie loth for obtaining he Fb ss pein ‘The te comply of above aor 4 Op) = thee # ony one for kop aq Recursive lth fo ebtinng the bona see oe en tog): “te tine camplenty of sore lin gma nea Tis shows dat the Hee lit for camputing bona segue mere (HEINE oxi ind he mtu an ma eet oo A og ngen Wat he ring tine of rae fr empath ‘meen eet ea of gee?os sin tr a ma wo=- pas t nea soa 1) ee t Ate A 150 an ‘ eran aan b oag ee i mt one ‘pr a sein vat mito) Feet een fore ESE re cle mae mht, od al dd ii espting min and ma wil To) = Hnz)+TEa2)e2 wand Te) ven nd sl tne ment pee then Tn) = 0. The ne gue Sr caputig min and Ti) = 2Tiyzea = atria apes "ESCA ARUN Aaa me atone ae ele 2p2)¢2 nfa}-oo9 arate aw + an) iy acing crt, we i sey tat ine compey fsovesgrin Ti 089 (EEE vy sre nt rr ect ft tite Be GD of fog ing pa dg Ane he ao oman ‘toaeincooote pines) ‘elt am ce ‘asi GO Otte tae ‘ie nn eer toms "h Eastste ana seen (ius np and = Heian = ; nc gc i» eam RPeee pied copes he fee ger tsk eC wang pg Basan sy. Argenta ‘ ‘ete @acenamens <0) ‘a t Ma) alos) Se sen ee "ee =a ronnie ; “Anais: Te worse ne plenty fs ERNIE ie soe of tant potion, 1s ome coma aed aera ce fn. ore mein ation dco I robem “Towen of Hans” 4 dae pe of reve he. seep a horn ng 261) a fi rr Pat are the pep at a A, Band. The ve dof len ote ae sarge ofthe ch a eray aa iat pled he problem of Tower of Han sat Gat move the ve ds om pg Ao 1 ny tp elo ny Fog ye moved any tr po 1 A lager dk shoul eer et on he male oe ot ft mabe ut eo ar are Feaae vel fmeve dak 2. fom CB sore dik 1 fom A WB vo | TEMA PLEAD nt iy TOR RELEATOW ig ot oeii ok ‘us aul we have moved m= dk em pg tC ‘ete TOA) ‘ht eo tab mores ‘tent i rte Th a ore om A) ; 2 4 ‘eo 1 dit fn AB ng ‘inte Laan ee ae ‘ities nom Cog A ; z Madea Aaa sep ‘Th ips A. tl umber ft. ip? n= here ply move te dk a om pep A to pg a GH ALE hw aw boa days ater ctor ee "he mover fds ae dence by Mi) Mls) pnd en uber of da. The Only 1 move edd TOH (1 ay = 1 n> 1 hn we nd sue cle pone ove Hee Ma) = Mint) + 1 + Minot) oe ommw(02) ka Tomove got AtoC fom peg Ato Bak om pe wey = at | Tomo 1 dts trom pag BC o spa Sing ee Mp 1) +1 ig to ebtiton meh a) ay = 3 3) Mo) =? Mu) = 20)41=20)62 Mu 5 Mn) = 2Mn—1) +1 = timwin=Benlet oe May e12261 May 01220) +1 BM acaeaey = don +3 TRaMin-2 2 Mon 9.42 demons og | wna = aMa-367 PMinedertoataa _Aboe cmp sagan so compte ns computson hom he mec eh gal oma Rene ‘Ren RICO sae tatedep itn ttt eae ent Avo computations spat compute next cmp se Pram th cn lah gecaloala Ms) ear eny ‘Tis can al be wtenos [a= cosa ‘Tha for cng Mawes» by a1 auton). et st mtn cin eb cates of een Basis sea. ‘sequin @) we cam an Mn) by abating n= = ase iy Ma) = 26046-94211 within tom tem = EM mpeattaa 2 eta Pay = My PA Nowdn= ten Ma) = 2-101 pore + Indacion + From equ (wet Mo) = 26-164 sot ee ot nb of ndction we ave compe M fn 1) = 2°11 he ie he ae anon) an ew st Min) = 20-14 1=2"-200 Ma) = 27-1 tpl fon We gt ince a Mio) = 28-1 hoe thin we can conde that fw of Hara has a tine comply ot EB Amortized analysis “Aa anon! enya mess fing averaging ne fer open Oe woot ce sequence of operons, An anor’ sale nda hat eens cst of Tike optim mal vege of nes of perenne, Ts [ait oy eve penton © epeive win the soqace. An amotied arlalt pnts he in ar peton re wrt oe Pesoartserine atom ee Tex i 4 ieee teas sree ea an eon’ aan = SORE Se are ee renner ees a. {oer one nes om ik sis mean hun pat ai . “ere wy ed ahi ud ni ma » * Aegean ° 1 Accutng mebd : 1) Pet mea 2 ope ERED i pr We wg pr da * ” ‘tw se each technique of amortized analysis ane by ane. » = BED AeoregstoAnatysie co - a nf says awh the eal ic mde oer snence tay at ‘Cetcomiesoe SES rs ey ar ee ce sm ma Sa oetin Tava we dns ne Seon ‘gene alsin a oa ‘hat es fe he ie 8 he sk wen "aml igen ck a a arp cm te mat op pt ‘he woh opetn sc +" ane gene of tin 1 Toimplment ju fen we soe Seon a at wot om oat ‘ten eee ol | aa Spee Ot fe ety 2: Teepe = op we sed Socom mere cing RTE, os tem Ap ‘hes Fsh en ad pop () tops eh nem nO) en Tao ‘ru a ot of uh ope OA) nd vss of ens Te a ‘ecto tine wil be ah Now Sw, ‘eff peng pop operations then k top cbyects willbe remaved frm the sick. aa { | retina Dacron igen sete es sn moa ea ag sie ea =| ky oe St Men aye at eth et ne pel hth [nro pa “or mend cot ro ote orm ace |S rene meg arid aH tng fo eng ot ‘ron Ce ees ean binary ‘e-bit umber. We will use an Thre npg ty nt 8 at 3 nich rte Sry on | a ara ae eae eon Rene oar eedep a tht ae depart From oe ie can mal wen ect ew dation + [0] fie /dge very eta es C11 ps etanges very ee ee 2] (21 e/a fr 4] wis 31 is/are fori =02- 1, Beans orf os ‘That oa mater ofp | ahve “Te wos cate ine willbe Of The rage ca of ech option Lamond ‘oa yer penton = Oia = 08) "Beit whi nc ee ecco = ‘Reet aren) e374 Saye tual en edo oo aera ee_ (| ances ne sp titi 1+ Asin dont harp re opens + Meeamount of urge ld amor ct + i re acta of ich pron. The aie et ca ee ese ot > seal cot te cence tre in pci oj call + Whe pute opnton ane’ et = 0 an A> tp Tg, he whe sep wil be ed mo mie Now ne) >= 0 fect eames tf whi ap. Era a se. Tap Eastin |For mde ei sh © popu der It aed ent an ESM ABLETON. Ap at oesr ete a taste (eleT=TeTel “EyESee" ry oa in ; “Tu we ave sme the nice at ad seed te eens at cementing cate Te a nated t by sro so (TEESE trent AMPLE ptt ork ing marion rt a CeleTeTeTe) apes ae, ORG RETO aa wreERE st “EDUCATION tn wing tn g Zr ea SLCTETy Seeds wis, oe ene 1 sn te CeTeTeTeTe] GEL TeT¥) seats ttinae, bEREET =" es CATeDeTeD TeTeTe [2] some ‘has wo get he sored nt of ee ng urn srt BD sa “Ths outhod a inprovenet over he snp verin srt hs mth the lene ot fd dane ase compared The dt wi en Be Serene y sox ac emo nd pan th compari be mae ly, vin cemets i ecumpured. Let le sme empl ample hil lesaw tht, —, i. Pe ee nly Kwas 5 Te sme da Geman K by at ed 2 -Kek-dinkss-203 Sorow amps (91 x9) sont 8b x7 Second ea = etek: — sip 2:Now KK d:K23-201 sorow cope (0, 9} x9) fo, OL te, xD "Th sorting ten dane by single neon sort. ese sil eon 2 igh cn on sed Bee ESP LBUCAROW ni