Çankaya University – ECE Department – ECE 373 (FE)

Student Name : Date : 09.01.2017

Student Number : Open Source Exam

Questions

1. (70 Points) A message signal, x  t  is given as follows

Fig. 1.1 Plot of x  t  for Q1.

A. If x  t  is to be sampled at three times the Nyquist rate with periodic delta functions, write for
the corresponding x  t  , i.e. time series delta function expression, indicating what Ts (sampling
period) should be.

B. Plot x  t  and x  t  , xs  t   x  t  x  t  in time domain, similarly plot of

X  f  , X   f  and X s  f  in frequency domain.

C. Quantize xs  t  into L  8 levels. Find the quantization levels within one complete cycle of x  t 
. Plot the sampled and quantized waveforms of x  t  for one complete cycle. Find the SNR
resulting from the quantization error.

D. From the quantized waveform, construct the PCM encoded waveform and multilevel
waveforms for M  4, 8 .

E. Taking M  8 and using c  t   cos  22500 t  construct ASK, PSK and FSK waveforms.

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Solution :

A. From Fig. 1.1, we see that the period of x  t  is , Tm  1/ f m  0.5 msec, f m  2 kHz , x  t  can be
written as

x  t   0.4 cos  t / Tm   0.4 cos  f mt     t   (1.1)

The sampling frequency is to be the three times of the Nyquist rate, i.e.,
f s  3  2 f m  12 kHz, Ts  83.34 sec . Thus we write for the corresponding x t as follows


x  t      t  nT  s
(1.2)
n 

B. The expressions of xs  t   x  t  x  t  in time domain, similarly X  f  , X   f  and X s  f  in

frequency domain are given below ( X  f  is in error, it is actually a sinc function, refer to
FEQ1_09012017.m)


xs  t   x  t  x  t   0.4 cos  f mt     t  nT  s
(1.3)
n 

X  f   F 0.4 cos  f mt    0.2   f  f m     f  f m  

X  f 


1
X s  f   X  f   X  f   X  f   f  nf s 
Ts n 

0.2 
    f  nf s  f m     f  nf s  f m  (1.4)
Ts n  

The corresponding waveforms and spectrums are given in Fig. 1.2 (The subplots for x  t  , X  f 
, xs  t  , X s  f  are not for those of this question) .

x(t) X(f)

 
t f
0 -f 0 f
m m

x ( t ) X ( f )

   

t f
fs = - 1 / Ts 0 fs = 1 / Ts
Ts
xs ( t ) = x ( t ) x ( t ) Xs ( f )

    t       f
- fs - f m - fs + fm 0 fs - f m fs + fm

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Fig. 1.2 Time waveforms and the spectrums of message signal, sampling waveform and the
sampled waveform.

C. Adopting L  8 , the actual sampled and quantized levels of x  t  for one complete cycle are
shown in Fig. 1.3. From Fig. 1.3, we obtain Table 1.1.

Fig. 1.3 Sampled and quantized levels of x  t  at f s 12 kHz and L 8.

Quantized level 0.375 0.325 0.275 0.225 0.175 0.125 0.075 0.025
PCM, Encoded
111 110 101 100 011 010 001 000
sequence
Mary level 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Sample number 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th

Sample level 0.4 0.35 0.2 0 0.2 0.35
Quantized level 0.375 0.325 0.175 0.025 0.175 0.325
PCM, Encoded
111 110 011 000 011 110
sequence
Mary level 7 6 3 0 3 6

Table 1.1 Sample and quantized levels of first six samples of x  t  and their corresponding PCM
encoded sequence.

From (2.2) of notes, “ECE 373_PCM_Sept 2013_HTE”, assuming that the distribution of q
constitutes a uniform pdf as depicted in Fig. 2.3 of the same notes, we find the quantization error
as

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 q 2 25 10-4
 e2    2.08 10-4 (1.5)
12 12

On the other hand, from Table 1.1, we calculate the quantization error as

1
 t2   0.4  0.375   2   0.35  0.325   2   0.2  0.175    0  0.025    6.25 10-4 (1.6)
2 2 2 2

The results in (1.5) and (1.6) are not in perfect agreement as seen, this is because the quantization
error originating from the sampling of x  t  does not constitute a uniformly distributed pdf.

SNR  3L2  192 or 23.84 dB (1.7)

D. PCM encoded waveform, i.e., M  2 , and multilevel waveforms for M  4, 8 are displayed
in Fig. 1.4.

Fig. 1.4 PCM encoded waveform, i.e., M  2 , and multilevel waveforms of M  4, 8 for x  t 
up to the 4th sample.

E. ASK, PSK and FSK waveforms based on M  8 multilevel signal of x  t  are displayed in
Figs. 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7.

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Fig. 1.5 ASK waveform for M  8 .

Fig. 1.6 PSK waveform for M  8 .

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Fig. 1.7 FSK waveform for M  8 .

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2. (30 Points) Answer the following questions as True or False. For the False ones give the
correct answer or the reason. For the True ones, justify your answer

a) When we talk about GSM 900 and 1800, we are referring to message signal bandwidths :
False, by GSM 900 and 1800 we mean the carrier frequencies concentrated around 900
MHz and 1800 MHz (or 1.8 GHz) respectively.

b) People using the same staircase is a good example of physical division multiplexing
(PDM) : There may be different cases, if we refer to people using the same staircase
simultaneously (time coincident), then this is an example of PDM (provided that this
particular staircase is wide enough to accommodate passage of several people at the same
time). On the other hand people using the same staircase at different time (slices) is an
example of TDM.

c) Plotting the marks of an exam with horizontal axis indicating the numeric value of marks
and vertical axis indicating the number of students is a good example of probability density
function : True but, to convert into theoretically defined pdf we must normalize it so that
the area underneath is unity.

d) Nonuniform quantization is used since the frequency spectrum of the message signal is
concentrated mainly around lower frequencies : False, nonunifom quantization is used,
since the pdf showing the amplitude distribution of the signal has larger values around the
origin.

e) Modulation shifts the frequency spectrum of a message signal to lower frequencies : False,
during modulation we shift the spectrum of the message signal to higher frequencies. It is the
demodulation process that shifts the spectrum back to lower frequencies.

f) PCM has better noise performance than AM : True as illustrated in section 4 of lecture
notes entitled, “ECE 373_PCM_Sept 2013_HTE”.

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