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MEMAHAMI SNI 2847-2019 / ACI 318M-14
– PENJELASAN KONSEPTUAL TENTANG

PEMANFAATAN ACI 318M-14
DEHA: MEMAHAMI SNI 2847-2019 / ACI 318M-14 - 2 12/15/2020 1

 The first member chapter that we will
present is “Beams”. This is chapter 9.
The first real member chapter is one-
way slabs. But for purposes of this
presentation and since one-way slabs
are virtually designed as a beam, we
will go through the beam chapter as
the first member chapter.

 One of the major goals of the reorganization was to simplify concrete
member design by helping engineers find and apply the appropriate
design requirements.
 This was done by developing dedicated member design chapters that
contain or reference all of the requirements applicable to the particular
member type.
 The result is that you can be certain that you’ve complied with the code
by working your way through the member chapter.
 The order that the requirements for each member are presented to you
was selected to closely match the order in which you would need them
during your design.
 Our hope is that the younger engineers won’t need to go to the
experienced engineers as often to help interpret the code.

 As we’ve seen earlier in our introduction
module, each member chapter has some
variation, but most follow the subsection
layout that is shown here. While we’re
going through the beams chapter we’re
going to look at why these typical
sections are included and what types of
information we should be looking for in
them. In this module, we are going to
review the beam chapter. We will go
through briefly each subsection regarding
beam design.

 The scope section explains limitations
and assumptions related to type of
construction covered in the chapter. The
provisions in this chapter are there to
answer the questions of “Am I in the right
chapter for the design of this member?”
and “Do these requirements apply to my
particular situation?” An example might
be does the columns chapter apply to a
concrete-filled tube column?

 Section 9.1 lays out the scope of this beam
chapter. The beams chapter has both the
nonprestressed and prestressed requirements.
It also covers composite members made up of
concrete elements cast at different times, but
connected to act like a unit.
 Requirements for one-way joists and deep
beams are also covered in this chapter in
sections 9.8 and 9.9, respectively. The
requirements in these two additional sections
are additional requirements that these special
types of beams must meet.

 The general section provides overall information, such as what
materials are acceptable for use by this member, assumptions
about stability, and connectivity to other members. This section
provides some good examples of member specific vs. more
universal requirements. Most of the requirements for concrete
apply to the whole structure, not to specific types of members.
These requirements will be contained in another chapter and each
of the member chapters will refer to that chapter. On the other
hand, stability requirements are typically very member specific,
For example, the maximum unbraced length for the compression
flange of a beam. These requirements will be contained within the
member chapters. Requirements for connectivity are often
contained in this section and refer to chapters 15 – Joints or 16 –
connections.

 Section 9.2 is titled “General” and it gives the
basic properties of concrete and steel
reinforcement and other items needed to
consider when designing beams, like
connections, stability, etc.. As previously stated,
the member chapters are road maps to design of
particular members. Designers may want to
jump directly to this chapter to design a beam.
This section reminds the designer where related
material information used to design beams may
be found. For concrete strength and
reinforcement properties the designer is to go to
chapters 19 and 20 respectively. Section 20.7
provides requirements for particular embedment
materials, and related detailing restrictions.

 The General section is also used to
remind the designer that the beam is
part of a structural system. Chapters
and sections on beam-to-column and
beam-to-slab joints are refenced. Here
we will find how to transfer
connection forces through joints and
how to detail connections through the
joint.

 Some of the unique requirements for beams in
this section include stability requirements and T-
beam sections. Beams that are not continuously
braced need the compression flange braced at
less than 50b. T- beams must be placed
monolithically or meet the requirements in 16.4
for the transfer of horizontal shear between
sections. For T-beams, this section discusses
how to determine effective flange widths, how
to calculate and place reinforcement in T-
beams by referring the designer to sections in
Chapters 6 and 7. This section also discusses
torsional requirements where beams
supporting slabs are subject to torsional
loads.

 The design limits section provides limits
specific to the member. It lists the
constraints on your design that you’ll
need to keep in mind as you work
through the member. These include topics
such as deflections, geometry, reinforcing
bar strain limits, and concrete stress
limits for prestressed members. These
considerations need to be thought of up
front, but you aren’t always able to meet
the requirements at this point in your
design. Deflections are a good example

 Section 9.3 provides the design limits for beam
members. These include minimum depths that can be
used under certain circumstances to control
deflections. When those conditions are not met,
section 9.3 provides a reference to section 24.2 in the
serviceability toolbox chapter for allowable
deflections.
 Another limit is on the minimum strain in the tension
reinforcement of 0.004. This limit prevents the design
of over-reinforced sections that could fail by crushing
of the concrete instead of yielding of the
reinforcement. It is similar to the old ρmax = 0.75ρb
requirement. Stress limits in prestressed concrete are
another example of limits in this section.

 The required strength section provides
the load and analysis requirements. It
tells me how to calculate the factored
forces and moments that must be resisted,
as well as critical section locations.
Often, this section will simply contain a
reference to the Loads and the Structural
Analysis Chapters, along with critical
section information. As a consequence, TORNADO
this section tends to be very similar from
member chapter to member chapter.

 The section on required strength is very similar
to other member chapters. Chapter 5 is
referenced for loads. Chapter 6 is reference for
analysis. The critical locations for evaluating
shear and moment in beams are here.
 Different from most other members, the beam
chapter includes measures to calculate ultimate
torsion such as location of critical sections for
torsion and when we can reduce torsional forces
used for design. When a beam cracks in torsion,
there is a reduction in stiffness that allows the
beam to rotate and the forces to redistribute
throughout the structure.

 The design strength section provides
the means to determine flexural,
shear, axial, and torsional strength of
the member, and the interaction of
strengths. This section should provide
the engineer with a required area of
reinforcing steel that is necessary to
carry the loads.

 Here is where the requirements for nominal
flexural and nominal shear strength are
referenced to the toolbox chapters for strength
reduction factors and sectional strength. For
beams with high axial forces, the calculation
of nominal moment capacity needs to
consider the interaction between flexure and
axial load. The nominal strength for this case
is found in section 22.4 of the sectional
strength toolbox chapter. The nominal
flexural and shear calculations are common
calculations used in most all other members.

 For beams, we must also consider the design
strength in torsion. If the factored torsion is less
than the threshold torsion, then we are allowed
to neglect the effects of torsion. As usual, the
strength reduction factor is found in section
21.2. The threshold torsion is found in section
22.7 and is about ¼ of the cracking torsion. If
the torsion exceeds the threshold torsion, then
we must design for that value unless it can be
redistribute, in which case, we can design for
φTcr. There are also requirements for including
both transverse and longitudinal torsion
reinforcement in addition to other reinforcement
required by the section.

 The reinforcement limits provides
minimum and maximum
reinforcement area allowed for that
member. This section complements
the design strength section.

 Section 9.6 has the reinforcement limits for beams
that are similar to other members. There are minimum
requirements for flexural, shear, and torsional
reinforcement. Note that the minimum torsional
reinforcement is combined with the minimum shear
reinforcement and that there is a table of cases where
minimum shear reinforcement is not required until Vu
is greater than φVc.
 There are cases where minimum shear reinforcement
is not needed here also.
 Once we check to make sure our design reinforcement
meets the reinforcement limits of this section we can
go ahead and detail the reinforcement of the beams.

 Finally, now that you have determined
member size and required area of steel, the
reinforcement detailing section provides
information such as cover, development
lengths, splice lengths, bundled bars
requirements, bar and stirrup spacing, cutoff
point, and structural integrity reinforcement.
 Most of the member chapters have these
sections. Some also have additional sections
at the end that handle special circumstances.
For example, the beams chapter includes two
additional sections on deep beams and joist
systems.

 Many chapters contain references to these
common detailing requirements.
Remember that cover is for protection of
the reinforcement, so it is in the Chapter
20 steel materials section. Bar spacing
requirements to limit the size of cracks,
development lengths, lap splices, and
requirements for bundled bars are all
common requirements to several
members, so they are in the
Reinforcement Details toolbox chapter.

 One unique requirement for beams is
to include skin reinforcement for deep
members. The maximum spacing is
controlled by the same requirements
used for maximum spacing of flexural
reinforcement to control crack widths.

 The requirements for bar cutoff point are
included in 9.7.3. These requirements
cover critical sections where the
reinforcement must be developed on
either side. They also cover locations
where the bars can be terminated if they
are no longer needed to resist flexure.
There are also situations where the bars
must be extended into the supports. The
structural integrity requirements will also
affect where bars can be cut off. We’ll go
into these later.

 The general requirements for transverse
reinforcement are in the toolbox chapter
for transverse reinforcement in section
25.7. Specific limits for spacing of
transverse reinforcement in beams are in
the beams chapter at 9.7.6. When the
transverse reinforcement is only for shear
the stirrups are not required to be closed.
The can be U-stirrups with 135 degree
hooks around a longitudinal bar or
stirrups with splices on one or both sides.

 The general requirements for transverse reinforcement are in the toolbox
chapter for transverse reinforcement in section 25.7.1.6. Specific limits
for spacing of torsional reinforcement are in the beams chapter at
9.7.6.3.3. When the transverse reinforcement is for shear and torsion,
closed stirrups or hoops are required. This is because the cover over the
stirrup tends to spall off when a section nears its torsional capacity.
When the cover is lost, the stirrup can loose its effectiveness if the ends
are not restrained. Two-piece closed stirrups are allowed if there is a slab
to restrain the corner of the crosstie with a 90-degree hook. In many
applications where crossties are used, the end with the 90 degree hook is
switched for successive stirrups. This should not be the case when there
is a slab on only one side. Similarly, a closed stirrup with 90-degree
hooks can be used if the hooks are kept in a corner restrained by a slab.

 Structural integrity provisions for beams are found in section
9.7.7. These provisions have sometimes been overlooked in the
past. Part of the reason may have been that they were located in
a section of the detailing chapter and designers may not have
run across them easily.
 The intent of the provisions is to produce a higher level of
redundancy than would typically be provided by normal
detailing practices. They are intended to guard against
progressive or disproportional collapse in the event of
accidental overload or loss of support. The provisions also help
keep any damage local. The code provisions attempt to meet
this intent with minimal, simple changes to the basic detailing
provisions.

 Structural integrity provisions are not a design for a particular threat or scenario.
There is no way to quantify the specific circumstances under which they are
effective in preventing progressive or disproportionate collapse.
 They are also not the equivalent of a blast-resistant design such as required for
some government, industrial, and high-threat structures. Blast resistant design
requires special analysis and design methods outside the scope of structural
integrity reinforcement. You can find more information on blast-resistant design of
concrete structures in ACI 374R
 So how do these provisions work to provide structural integrity? By following the
provisions, the designer produces a system of more or less continuous
reinforcement throughout each floor of the structure. This reinforcement is well-
anchored in the supports and confined within the beam transverse reinforcement
so that it does not easily pull out. Splices are located strategically to limit stress
and be unlikely to lose their concrete cover. When an overload or support damage
situation occurs this reinforcement develops catenary action similar to hanging
from a rope between two trees that reduces the chance of further damage and
possible collapse of the structure.

 Structural integrity reinforcement is
different for perimeter versus interior
beams. For perimeter beams, 1/6 of the
maximum top reinforcement must be
continuous and ¼ of the maximum
bottom reinforcement must be
continuous. There also must be a
minimum of 2 bars top and bottom. The
bars must pass through the column core.
The transverse reinforcement must be
hoops or closed stirrups.

 There are 2 options for structural integrity
reinforcement for interior beams. There
are no requirements for continuous top
bars, but ¼ of the maximum bottom
reinforcement must be continuous, just
like perimeter beams. There also must be
a minimum of 2 bottom bars that must
pass through the column core. For this
option, there are no transverse
reinforcement requirements.

 The second option requires no special
treatment of the top or bottom
longitudinal bars. The only
requirement is that the transverse
reinforcement be hoops or closed
stirrups.

 The code also allows the use of
mechanical or welded splices instead of
Class B tension lap splices. Headed bars
or straight bar development can be used
to anchor the structural integrity bars in
the exterior supports. Strand can also be
used for structural integrity reinforcement
in prestressed concrete construction.
There are additional provisions allowing
the use of welded wire reinforcement for
structural integrity transverse
reinforcement.

 The beams chapter starts off with the
same 7 sections as most other member
chapters. However, there are two
additional sections at the end of the
beam chapter dealing with
requirements for one-way joist
systems and deep beams.

 This section, section 9.8, is not one of the
typical member sections. It is needed to spell
out the special requirements that apply to joist
construction. Recall that section 1.5.4 states
that “Specific provisions shall govern over
general provisions.” Most of the common
requirements are in section 9.8.1, General
Requirements, section. As you can see there
are restrictions on size and spacing of ribs.
There is also structural integrity bar
requirements. And there is mention on joist
systems with structural fillers between ribs,
like clay or concrete tile fillers.

 The other unique section for the beams chapter is Section 9.9 which is
deep beams. The General section defines deep beams as those with a
clear span < 4h or point loads within 2h of support. Now here is an
example where the ratio of span length to height of beam is 3 that is less
than 4.
 There is a dimensional limit to deep beams that helps define limiting
beam widths that is based on the critical Vu at the support. The
dimensional limits of 9.9.2 control cracks and prevents diagonal
compression failure.
 When heavy concentrated loads are distributed in a deep beam there is
nonlinear distribution of strain in the member over the depth of the
beam. There is a statement in the code that using Strut-and-Tie Models
to analyze deep beams can be used to satisfy the nonlinear strain
distribution. Therefore, the strut-and-tie models should be used to meet
the requirements to consider nonlinear distribution of strain in the cross
section.
 Section 9.9.3 provides limits on the
transverse, longitudinal, and flexural
tension reinforcement. This is similar
to beams.
 Section 9,9.4 provides requirements
for cover, bar spacing, and
development. Cover and spacing
requirements are the same as for
regular beams.

 If the engineer follows through the entire
member chapter, in this case for beams,
sections 9.1 to 9.7, the engineer can be
assured that they have seen all of the
requirements in the 318 code for concrete
design for that particular member. This holds
true for members that are part of building
structures classified as Seismic Design
Category SDC A.
 For members that are part of buildings with
SDC classifications higher than A. there is
additional seismic design provisions located
outside the member chapter.


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MEMAHAMI SNI 2847-2019 / ACI 318M-14

– PENJELASAN KONSEPTUAL TENTANG

DEHA: MEMAHAMI SNI 2847-2019 / ACI 318M-14 - 2 12/15/2020 1

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