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CAPITAL STRUCTURE
CAPITAL STRUCTURE
• It is the make up of a firm’s capitalization.
• Represents the mix of different sources of
long term funds in total capitalization of
company.
• Capital structure is concerned with how the
firm decides to divide its cash flows into two
broad components:
– a fixed component – to meet obligations towards
debt capital and
– a residual component - that belongs to equity
shareholders
Factors determining Capital Structure
1. Trading on equity
2. Retaining control
3. Nature of the enterprise
4. Legal requirements
5. Purpose of financing
6. Period of finance
7. Market sentiment
8. Requirement of investors
9. Size of company
10. Government policy
11. Provision for future
Optimum Capital Structure
• It is that combination or mix of debt and
equity that leads to the maximum value of the
firm”.
Features of Sound / Appropriate
Capital structure
• Return
• Risk (threatens solvency of company)
(Solvency is the ability of the company to
meet its obligations)
• Flexibility – capacity to alter
• Capacity (debt capacity)
• Control
Capital Structure Theories
• I. Net Income Approach (NI Approach)
• II. Net Operating Income (NOI) Approach
• III. Modigiliani – Miller (MM) Approach
• IV. Traditional Approach
Capital Structure Theories
Assumptions:
1. companies employ only two types of capital: debt
and equity
2. no corporate or personal income taxes
3. dividend payout ratio is 100% - no retained earnings
4. degree of leverage can be changed
5. investors have the same subjective probability
distributions of expected future operating earnings
6. business risk is assumed to be constant
7. operating earnings of the firm are not expected to
grow
I. Net Income Approach (NI Approach)
• According to this approach, capital structure
decision is relevant to the valuation of firm.
• A change in capital structure causes
corresponding change in overall cost of capital as
well as total value of firm.
Higher financial Weighted Average Value of firm &
leverage cost of capital (ko) market value of
shares
↑ ↓ ↑
↓ ↑ ↓
Assumptions of NI Approach
• There are no taxes.
• Cost of debt is less than cost of equity (kd < ke)
• Debt content does not change the risk
perception of investors.
Effect of leverage on cost of capital
(NI Approach)
Cost of capital (%)
0.10 ke
ko
0.05 kd
0.10 k0
0.5 kd
ke = (NOI – Interest) / (V – D)
(OR) = NI / E
= (10,00,000 – 3,50,000) / (10,00,000 – 50,00,000)
= 6,50,000 / 50,00,000 = 0.13 (or) 13%
(OR) ke = ko + (ko – kd) D = 0.10 + (0.10 – 0.07)
= 0.10 + 0.03 = 0.13 (or) 13%
• ko is a constant
• ko = kd (D/V) + ke (E/V)
• = 0.07 (50,00,000 / 1,00,00,000) + 0.13 (50,00,000 /
1,00,00,000)
• = 0.07 (0.50) + 0.14 (0.50) = 0.035 + 0.065
• = 0.10 (or) 10%
If the proportion of debt is increased from Rs.
50,00,000 to Rs. 70,00,000, the value of the firm would
still remain at Rs. 1,00,00,000. But what would happen
to the value of equity? It will decrease to Rs. 30,00,000.
• ke = (NOI – Interest) / (V – D) = NI / E
• = (10,00,000 – 4,90,000) / 30,00,000
• = 5,10,000 / 30,00,000 = 0.17 (or) 17%
2 D. Rs. 21,000
MCQ – MM Approach
1. MM Theory is similar to ______ theory.
a. Traditional theory
b. Net Income theory
c. Net Operating Income theory
d. All of the above
2. In MM model, the irrelevance of capital structure
rests upon which of the following:
a. Arbitrage process
b. Cost of debt and equity
c. Decreasing overall cost of capital
d. All of the above
Correct Answer
1 C. Net Operating Income theory
2 A. Arbitrage process
MCQ – Traditional Approach
1. The traditional approach towards the valuation of a
company assumes that _____.
a. the cost of capital is independent of the capital structure of
the firm.
b. the firm maintains constant risk regardless of the type of
financing employed.
c. there exists no optimal capital structure
d. that management can increase the total value of the firm
through the judicious use of financial leverage
2. Which one of the following remains constant in the
traditional approach?
a. Cost of equity
b. Cost of debt
c. Weighted Average cost of capital
d. None of the above
Correct Answer
1 D. that management can increase the total value of
the firm through the judicious use of financial
leverage.