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Petronas Technical Standards: Minimum Loadings and Load Combinations For Onshore Structural Design
Petronas Technical Standards: Minimum Loadings and Load Combinations For Onshore Structural Design
PTS 11.10.01
December 2016
FOREWORD
PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) has been developed based on the accumulated knowledge,
experience and best practices of the PETRONAS group supplementing National and International
standards where appropriate. The key objective of PTS is to ensure standard technical practice across
the PETRONAS group.
Compliance to PTS is compulsory for PETRONAS-operated facilities and Joint Ventures (JVs) where
PETRONAS has more than fifty percent (50%) shareholding and/or operational control, and includes
all phases of work activities.
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers who use PTS are solely responsible in ensuring the quality of
work, goods and services meet the required design and engineering standards. In the case where
specific requirements are not covered in the PTS, it is the responsibility of the
Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers to propose other proven or internationally established
standards or practices of the same level of quality and integrity as reflected in the PTS.
In issuing and making the PTS available, PETRONAS is not making any warranty on the accuracy or
completeness of the information contained in PTS. The Contractors/manufacturers/suppliers shall
ensure accuracy and completeness of the PTS used for the intended design and engineering
requirement and shall inform the Owner for any conflicting requirement with other international
codes and technical standards before start of any work.
PETRONAS is the sole copyright holder of PTS. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, recording or
otherwise) or be disclosed by users to any company or person whomsoever, without the prior written
consent of PETRONAS.
The PTS shall be used exclusively for the authorised purpose. The users shall arrange for PTS to be
kept in safe custody and shall ensure its secrecy is maintained and provide satisfactory information to
PETRONAS that this requirement is met.
ANNOUNCEMENT
Please be informed that the entire PTS inventory is currently undergoing transformation exercise from
2013 - 2015 which includes revision to numbering system, format and content. As part of this change,
the PTS numbering system has been revised to 6-digit numbers and drawings, forms and requisition
to 7-digit numbers. All newly revised PTS will adopt this new numbering system, and where required
make reference to other PTS in its revised numbering to ensure consistency. Users are requested to
refer to PTS 00.01.01 (PTS Index) for mapping between old and revised PTS numbers for clarity. For
further inquiries, contact PTS administrator at ptshelpdesk@petronas.com.my
Table of Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5
1.1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ................................................................................................. 5
2.0 MINIMUM STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS ........................................................ 6
2.1 ONSHORE STRUCTURES.............................................................................................. 6
2.2 DESIGN WORKING LIFE ............................................................................................... 6
2.3 DESIGN LOADS ............................................................................................................ 7
3.0 LOAD COMBINATIONS ................................................................................... 14
4.0 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR DESIGN CONSIDERATION ......................................... 16
5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 17
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This PETRONAS Technical Standards (PTS) provides the minimum structural design
requirements for onshore structures. This PTS adopts various International Standards with
additional requirements based on PETRONAS lesson learnt and best practices.
1.1 SCOPE
The scope covers loadings and load combinations as minimum structural design requirement
for onshore structures listed in Section 2.1.
Refer to PTS Requirements, General Definition of Terms, Abbreviations & Reading Guide PTS
00.01.03 for General Definition of Terms & Abbreviations
None
No Abbreviations Description
1 EN EURO Code
This PTS covers the design loadings applied on common structures in PETRONAS onshore
plants. Typical structures and foundation in PETRONAS plants are as followings but not limited
to:
ii. Pipe Support - pipe sleeper and pipe rack for piping and cable trays & pipe bridge
The design working life of a structure is the assumed period for which a structure or part of it
is to be used for its intended purpose with anticipated maintenance but without major repair
being necessary. This requires knowledge of the ambient conditions, loadings and rates of
deterioration of the elements of the structure throughout its life span.
The values given in Table 2.1 shall be used for determining time-dependent performance (e.g.
fatigue-related calculations). The table shall be read in conjunction with Annex A1 (BS EN
1990) for application for buildings and Annex A2 (BS EN 1990) for application for bridges. The
minimum design working life (unless stated otherwise) can vary depending on the use of the
structure or on the design life of the overall facility/plant or refinery, and shall be agreed by
the Owner.
1 10 Temporary structures(1)
Reference shall be made to PTS 11.16.01 Design of Jetty or approved equivalent codes and
standards as a guideline jetty design working life.
2.3.1 General
All new onshore structures shall be designed to resist the minimum loads in accordance to
this PTS, local and international building codes and standards.
Future loads shall be considered as specified by Owner. For existing facilities, actual loads may
be used in lieu of the minimum specified loads.
Refer to Table 2.7 for minimum load types. Other loads that is not listed in Table 2.7 shall be
included in the design, if required by the Owner or local and International Codes and
Standards.
For imposed load for buildings, refer to PTS 11.14.01 and PTS 11.14.03.
i. Wind load shall be determined in accordance with local or international codes and
standards as agreed by Owner.
ii. The wind can blow in any direction and the most unfavourable case shall be
considered.
iii. Where applicable, due regard shall be given to the allowable reduction of live
loads for multi-storey buildings or open structures under maximum wind load
conditions.
Reference for earthquake load shall be made to PTS 11.10.02 Seismic Hazard Assessment for
Onshore Facilities.
ii. The frequency of occurrence of earthquakes, and their intensity and duration
shall be derived from seismological data and/or accelerograms (i.e. recordings of
actual ground accelerations during an earthquake), local and international codes
and standards or as specified by the Owner.
iv. Where necessary a special soil investigation shall be conducted to predict the
possibility of ground displacements, settlements and soil liquefaction.
2.3.5 Snow Load, Ice Load, Sand Load and Water Load
i. Snow, ice, sand and water load shall be taken into consideration in roof design. The
load shall be derived from local regulations or experience.
For the design of each structural element the most unfavourable position of the crane or other
moving loads shall be considered.
Reference for traffic load shall be made to PTS 11.12.02 Roadworks and Surfacing
i. At least one road leading to the main process or distribution area(s) shall be
designated as a heavy equipment route.
ii. Bridges/culverts including other underground facilities shall be designed for the
maximum expected loading condition caused by transportation of heavy
equipment.
The supports of heat exchangers with removable bundles shall be calculated on a pulling force
of 200% of the weight of the bundle unless the bundles are pulled by means of a mechanical
device which acts on the principle of equilibrium of forces.
i. When thermal expansion results in friction between equipment and supports, the
friction force shall be taken as the operating load on the support times the
applicable friction coefficient.
The horizontal slip forces exerted by expanding or contracting pipes on steel pipe
racks shall be assumed to be 15 % of the operating weight on the beam. These
'slip forces' shall not be distributed to the foundations.
Shall be designed for an arbitrary horizontal pipe anchor force of 15kN acting at
mid span, and shall not be distributed to the foundations.
Normally, pipe anchor and guide load and location will be supplied by piping stress
group from the piping stress analysis. For pipes where the anchor and guide loads
are not supplied by the piping stress group, anchor/guide load may be calculated
based on the arbitrary forces of 5 % of the total pipe load per layer.
This anchor and guide load which acting simultaneously with thermal friction load
shall be considered for the design of piperack beam, column, struts, bracing
system and foundation.
Thermal friction load shall be considered as loads acting lateral to the pipe
support beam based on the operating weight (dead + contents). Minimum 15% of
the operating load shall be considered as thermal friction load. Thermal friction
loads will not be included in the design of vertical bracing system, columns and
foundations.
A detailed design and vibration analysis for rotating equipment foundations and structures
subject to vibration shall be made in accordance with Table 2.5.
c) Elastic deformation:
Reference for explosion and impact Loads shall be made to PTS 11.14.03 Blast Resistant
Building Design.
Explosion and impact loads due to explosion or collision shall be included in the design, if
required by the Owner or local standards.
For the purpose of design, the weight of machinery and moving loads shall be increased as
follows to allow for impact:
Percentage
Types of member Source of Impact increased (%)
ii. The loads of scaffolding, including the wind load, shall be taken into account for
the design of the structure.
iii. Heavy equipment lowered onto a supporting structure can introduce extreme
point loads on structural members, exceeding any operating or test load. After
placing of equipment, the exact positioning (lining out and leveling) can also
introduce extreme point loads. The above should be interpreted on the basis of
the Contractor's practical experience and the Vendor's information.
iv. Beams and floor slabs in multi-storey structures, e.g. fire decks, shall be designed
to carry the full construction loads imposed by the props supporting the structure
immediately above. A note shall be added to the relevant construction drawings
to inform the field engineer of the adopted design philosophy.
i. Dead Weight of Empty Equipment (Static and/or Rotating) derived from Vendor
Data including insulation, protection and fireproofing.
ii. Operating Weight of Equipment (Static and/or Rotating) including internals and
weight of maximum content during operational stage.
iii. Hydrostatic Test Weight of Equipment (Static and/or Rotating), with equipment
completely filled with test liquid as required throughout the test duration, which
shall be used for the supporting structure design purpose. When considering
multiple equipment on one support structure, the design shall include the test of
only one of equipment at any one time with the other equipment considered as
empty or under operation stage.
Load combination shall consider all the possible situations that could occur during the
structure’s lifetime.
Structures shall be designed using the loading combinations given in Table 2.7.
Operation
Load A B C D E
Lifting/Moving load x x x
Imposed loads x x x x x
Wind loads x xc d xd
Snow/ice/sand/water loads x x x
Dynamic loads x x xb x
Thermal effects x x x
Earthquake loads x
Differential settlement x x x x
Traffic Load x x
Explosion Load x
NOTE(S):
i. The most unfavourable load combination shall be taken into account.
ii. Only if the structure supports rotating equipment that will be in operation while a vessel is being tested with water.
iii. Only 50% wind load shall be taken into account.
iv. The effect of wind forces acting on temporary scaffolding erected during construction or for subsequent maintenance
which will be transferred to the vessel or column shall be considered. When considering these effects, the actual
projected area of the scaffold members together with the correct shape factor and drag coefficient should be used. As
an initial approximation, the overall width of the scaffolding itself can be taken as 1.5 m on each side of the vessel or
column with 50% closed surface and shape factor 1.
Source: BS6399
The stability of the structure shall be checked for the non-factored load combinations B, C and
D and, if applicable, E. The following stability ratios shall be used in calculations to prevent
foundations from overturning owing to horizontal loads:
5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
In this PTS, reference is made to the following other Standards/Publication. Unless specifically
designed by date, the latest edition of each publication shall be used, together with any
supplements/revisions there to:
MALAYSIAN STANDARDS
Uniform Building By-Laws UBBL
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
Minimum design loads for buildings and other Structures ANSI/ASCE 7-95
Basis of Structural Design BS EN 1990
Euro Code 1: Action on structures BS EN 1991
International Building Code IBC