Ref: ELT1002102 ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEST Time: 60 min.

Directions for questions 1 to 24: Read the given passages carefully and choose the best answer for the questions that
follow each passage.

PASSAGE – I

Progress is more plausibly judged by the reduction of deprivation than by the further enrichment of the opulent.
We cannot really have an adequate understanding of the future without some view about how well the lives of the poor
can be expected to go. Is there then hope for the poor? To answer this question, we need an understanding of who
should count as poor. Some types of poverty are easy enough to identify. There is no way of escaping immediate diagnosis
when faced with what King Lear called “loop’d and window’d raggedness”. But as Lear also well knew, deprivation can take
many different forms. Economic poverty is not the only kind of poverty that impoverishes human lives. In identifying the poor,
we must take note, for example, of the deprivation of citizens of authoritarian regimes, from Sudan to North Korea, who are
denied political liberty and civil rights. And we must try to understand the predicament of subjugated homemakers in
male-dominated societies, common in Asia and Africa, who lead a life of unquestioning docility; of the illiterate children who
are offered no opportunity of schooling; of minority groups that have to keep their voices muffled for fear of the tyranny of the
majority; and of dissidents who are imprisoned and sometimes tortured by the guardians of ‘law and order’.

Those who like to keep issues straight and narrow, tend to resist broadening the definition of poverty. Why not just look
at incomes and ask a question like, “How many people live on less than, say, $1 or $2 a day?” This narrow analysis
then takes the uncomplicated form of predicting trends and counting the poor. It is a cheap way of telling ‘the future of
the poor’. Nor can we ignore the linkages between economic, political and social deprivations. Advocates of
authoritarianism ask a misleading question, “Is political freedom conducive to development?” overlooking the fact that
political freedom itself is part of development. In answer to the wrongly asked question, they respond with a wrongly given
answer: “Growth rates of GDP are higher in non-democratic countries than in democratic ones.” Sure, South Korea might
have grown fast enough before the re-establishment of democracy, but not so the less democratic North Korea.

Furthermore, the growth of GDP is not the only economic issue of importance. Reducing political deprivation can indeed
help diminish economic vulnerability. There is, for example, considerable evidence that democracy as well as political
and civil rights can help generate economic security by giving voice to the deprived and the vulnerable. The fact that
famines occur only under authoritarian rule and military dominance, and that no major famine has ever occurred in an open,
democratic country (even when the country is very poor), merely illustrates the most elementary aspect of the protective
power of political liberty. Though Indian democracy has many imperfections, the political incentives generated by it have
nevertheless been adequate to eliminate major famines right from the time of Independence in 1947.

In contrast, China, which did much better than India in several respects, such as the spread of basic education and
healthcare, had the largest famine in recorded history in 1959-62, with a death toll that has been estimated at
30 million. Right now, the three countries with continuing famines are also in the grip of authoritarian and military rule:
North Korea, Ethiopia and Sudan. In fact, the protective power of democracy in providing security is much more
extensive than famine prevention. The poor in booming South Korea or Indonesia may not have given much thought to
democracy when the economic fortunes of all seemed to go up and up together. But when the economic crises came,
political and civil rights were desperately missed by those whose economic means and lives were unusually battered.
Democracy has become a central issue in these countries now.

Democracy, which is valuable in its own right, may not be especially effective economically all the time, but it comes into
its own when a crisis threatens and the economically dispossessed need the voice that democracy gives them.
Political deprivation can reinforce economic destitution.

The removal of social deprivation can be very influential in stimulating economic growth and sharing the fruits of growth
more evenly. If India went wrong, the fault lay not only in the suppression of market opportunities but also in the lack of
attention to social poverty. India has reaped as it has sown by cultivating higher education, but the country has paid
dearly for leaving nearly half its people illiterate. Social poverty has helped perpetuate economic poverty as well.
If I am hopeful about the future, it is because I see the increasingly vocal demand for democracy in the world and the
growing understanding of the need for social justice. We must, however, take a sufficiently broad view of poverty to
make sure the poor have reason for hope.

1. According to the passage, we need an
understanding of who should count as poor before
we
(A) undertake any plans for their future.
(B) venture to alter their future.
(C) decide whether there is hope for them.
(D) suggest measures to eradicate poverty.
2. Asking the question “Is political freedom conducive
to development?” is wrong because
(A) freedom encourages people to the art of
development.
(B) political freedom is part and parcel of
development.

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 (C) the question has been raised by authoritarian (A) social deprivation.
regimes. (B) political deprivation.
(D) the question generates wrong answers. (C) economic deprivation.
(D) All of the above
3. Which of the statements is NOT true according to the
passage? 5. Which of the following seems to be the author’s
(A) Economic deprivation is not the only kind of objective in this passage?
deprivation. I. Call for a broader definition of poverty.
(B) China holds the worst famine record. II. Advocate democracy as the fool proof way to
(C) Political deprivation can reinforce economic stimulate an economy.
destitution. III. Criticise India’s faulty economic policies.
(D) Social deprivation results in high economic IV. Ridicule authoritarian, military and communist
growth. regimes.
4. When the author makes a reference to what King (A) II, III and IV (B) I and II
Lear called “loop’d and window’d raggedness”, he is (C) Only II (D) Only I
talking of

PASSAGE – II

And though the first sweet sting of love be past,

The sweet that almost venom is; though youth,
With tender and extravagant delight,
The first and secret kiss by twilight hedge,
The insane farewell repeated o’er and o’er,
Pass off; there shall succeed a faithful peace;
Beautiful friendship tried by sun and wind,
Durable from the daily dust of life.
And though with sadder, still with kinder eyes,
We shall behold all frailties, we shall haste
To pardon, and with mellowing minds to bless.
Then though we must grow old, we shall grow old
Together, and he shall not greatly miss
My bloom faded, and waning light of eyes,
Too deeply gazed in ever to seem dim;
Nor shall we murmur at, nor much regret
The years that gently bend us to the ground,
And gradually incline our face; that we
Leisurely stooping, and with each slow step,
May curiously inspect our lasting home.
But we shall sit with luminous holy smiles,
Endeared by many griefs, by many a jest,
And custom sweet of living side by side;
And full of memories not unkindly glance
Upon each other. Last, we shall descend
Into the natural ground – not without tears –
One must go first, ah God! One must go first;
After so long one blow for both were good;
Still, like old friends, glad to have met, and leave
Behind a wholesome memory on the earth.

6. The poet feels sad that 9. The consolation the poet finds is
(A) they are old. (A) the memory of shared experiences.
(B) they must die. (B) dying together.
(C) the joys of youth are past.
(C) having lived a full life.
(D) they will not die together.
(D) the experience of love.
7. A feature of old age not mentioned in the poem is
(A) the weakening of eyesight.
10. Which of the following is not a blessing of old age
(B) failing memory.
(C) the body becoming bent. mentioned in the poem?
(D) the absence of physical radiance. (A) The readiness to forgive
(B) The willingness to be more tolerant of other’s
8. The poet thinks that the love we experience in our weaknesses
youth
(C) A friendship that has withstood the trials of time
(A) is the best thing in life.
(B) makes for a lasting relationship. (D) The ability to love and the state of being loved
(C) though sweet, is almost a poison. unconditionally
(D) is madness.
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 PASSAGE – III

Over the last 20 years, the Bretton Woods institutions have disbursed loans for "stabilisation" and "structural adjustment"
to more than 70 developing countries. These loans carry tough conditions that cover a wide range of domestic policies and
institutions in borrower countries. The implementation of orthodox stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes has
been disastrous for the working people and the poor of the countries in which these programmes were imposed.
In the first 20 years of the IMF, over one-half of its resources were used by industrial countries. Over time, industrial
countries stopped borrowing from the IMF, and it became a source of credit almost exclusively for developing countries.
This process accelerated after the start of the debt crisis in 1982. There is now a clear division between borrowing and
non-borrowing members of the Fund, a shift associated with a gradual phasing-out of low-conditionality loans.
By 1981, financial assistance from the IMF was, in the words of an IMF publication, "conditioned on the adoption of
adjustment lending". The new types of loans and the new environment of lending are associated with new conditions.
IMF conditionalities now pertain not just to balance-of-payments or exchange rate and price policies, but to a large
number of structural features of an economy. The conditionalities have become more wide-ranging and stringent.
A similar development occurred with respect to lending by the World Bank. Until the mid-1970s, the World Bank lent
money primarily to finance development projects. The conditions imposed on the borrower, related to performance in
respect to specific projects. From the 1970s, however, the World Bank began non-project financing. In the early 1980s,
the World Bank introduced Structural Adjustment Loans (SALs) and Sectoral Adjustment Loans (SECALs) and their
share in total lending has increased steadily ever since.
This shift in the nature of lending was associated with a broadening of the conditions imposed on the borrower.
The conditions attached to structural adjustment loans are economy-wide and include those on trade policy, public
finance, the ownership and management of public sector enterprises and agricultural and industrial policy.
With the debt crises of the 1980s, and with both the IMF and the World Bank lending for stabilisation and structural
adjustment, "cross conditionality" came into force. The World Bank, for example, may not agree to a SAL unless the
borrower-country has accepted the terms of a stand-by agreement with the IMF. Together, the two Bretton Woods
institutions are able to impose a host of conditions on the economies of developing countries. In what would have
seemed a role-reversal in earlier years, the IMF can now impose conditions on specific sectors rather than
on macroeconomic variables and the World Bank can impose conditions on macro-management rather than only
on specific sectors and it is now difficult to distinguish between the conditionalities of the two institutions.
The need to study the effects of orthodox stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes comes from the fact that
they have been implemented in large parts of the developing world. The typical elements of an orthodox stabilisation
and structural adjustment programme are first, fiscal austerity, monetary contraction and devaluation, and second, a set
of policies at the sectoral and micro level. The second set of conditions focus on "reform" of "policies and institutions"
and include privatising public sector enterprises, deregulating financial markets and agricultural prices, the labour
market and removing trade barriers.
Orthodox stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes have been criticised in India and elsewhere, on three
major grounds. The first is that they undermined the sovereignty of borrower-nations. The second is that orthodox
programmes have failed to stimulate social production and economic growth. The third is that these policies impose
a severe burden on the poor. An unambiguous conclusion from the international experience is that the victims of the
process of structural adjustment are the poor and the property-less.
11. Current IMF conditionalities pertain to on the poor.
(A) balance of payments. (A) Only 
(B) exchange rates. (B)  and 
(C) price policies of borrowers. (C)  and 
(D) a large number of specific structural features of (D) All the three statements
the economies of the borrowing countries.
14. According to the passage, the term ‘cross
12. Initially, the role of the World Bank was to conditionality’ means
(A) concentrate on non-project financing. (A) the terms of the World Bank coupled with those
(B) dictate conditions that affected the economics of of the IMF.
borrowing countries. (B) economic policies of borrower countries and the
(C) finance development projects. IMF.
(D) finance development projects and appraise (C) economic policies of developed and developing
those projects with respect to the conditions laid countries.
down. (D) economic policies of most countries and the
World Bank.
13. Which of the following represent(s) the opinions of 15. The main constituents of a stabilisation and structural
the critics of the orthodox stabilisation and structural adjustment programme are
adjustment programmes? (A) fiscal austerity, monetary contraction and
. The programmes undermine the sovereignty of devaluation.
borrower-nations. (B) a set of policies at the sectoral and micro level.
. The programmes do not stimulate social (C) imposition of certain norms for spending the
production and economic growth. money lent.
. The programmes impose a severe burden (D) Both (A) and (B) above
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 PASSAGE – IV
Everyone's had the experience. You walk into a gallery and see something hanging on the wall or sitting there on the
floor or hovering all around you and you just don't know what to make of it. It may annoy you—what is this, and why is
this art? Or you may find yourself intrigued, or even kind of loving it, although you couldn't really begin to explain what i t
might mean. Jerry Saltz, art critic, recently named this the "I-Don't-Get-It Aesthetic" phenomenon, referring to the kind of
contemporary art that doesn't easily let us in.

Consulting a cross section of art-world professionals—including artists, collectors, dealers, and museum curators and
directors—revealed that even the experts often don't understand new work, at least on first encounter. "I would go so far
as to say that's exactly the kind of experience you're looking for in art. It's a disappointment when the work is too
user-friendly," says Robert Storr, Senior Curator of painting and sculpture at the Museum of Modern Art in New York.
"The nature of really serious art is that you don't know what you're looking at. You're impressed by some quality or
bothered by some quality. You don't know why it's the way it is or how it came to be that way."

Others concur, finding that an aggressively negative introduction can bode well for a future relationship. "My radar is up
around art that I don't understand precisely, because the early art experiences that I had, which proved to be the most
revelatory, were the ones that really irritated me" says artist Fred Tomaselli. "When I first saw a James Turrell piece,
I laughed, because I thought it was a stupid modernist dark square painted on the wall of a dimly lit gallery. Then when
I tried to touch it, my hand went into empty space," Tomaselli recalls, referring to how Turrell manipulates lighting to
create illusions of flat shapes. "I went from laughing at it, to thinking 'Ooh'. It challenged what I thought art was."

Dan Cameron, Senior Curator at the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York, says that there are many artists
whose work he initially found unsettling. "I would go all the way back to an artist like Sherrie Levine, whose strategies in
the 1980s I just found so baffling and disturbing that I wound up learning a whole lot more just to get to the bottom of it.
Through that process, I discovered that her approach to appropriation was a form of testing the limits. I realized more
about my own ways of looking at art, and I ended up liking her work a lot", he says.

"Art that makes you agitated, usually has something going for it, and you can't really trust your first reaction", Cameron
continues. "The complexity that the artist is aiming towards, is based on a kind of push and pull of your own tastes and
your own ideas and psychology about art."

Some liken the experience of trying to understand unfamiliar art to that of being introduced to someone new. "It's like
meeting people—they may have a dazzling impact in the first ten minutes, but really interesting people continue to
reveal themselves over years. I look for the same thing in art", says New York dealer Jeffrey Deitch.

“If people gave art just the same amount of courtesy and respect and time that they gave new people they meet,
I suspect things would be a lot better", says Marcia Tucker, a freelance curator and former director of the New Museum,
who thinks that viewers too often rush to judgment about contemporary art. She herself is happily confounded by the
enigmatic performances of Brooklyn-based artist Tehching Hsieh, who, in one piece, punched a time clock every hour,
day and night, for one year. In another work, he spent a year living in a cell where he did not speak, write, read, or listen
to music. "What he's done is question the separation between works of art and quotidian life", Tucker says, "which
means I have to reformulate what being an artist is. It is brilliant work, and fortunately. I continue to fail to understand it."

Children seem to have an easier time "getting it" than adults, observes Leonard Riggio, a collector and the Chairman of
the board of New York's Dia Center for the Arts. "I watch children in museums, especially looking at some of the
so-called difficult work", he says. "They move freely throughout these pieces, and there's a joy of discovery. I don't think
that to them, the challenge is to understand but rather to observe and participate. Children might say, 'Wow, that's really
neat,' or just shrug their shoulders, but they don't put their hands on their hips and say, 'I don't get it’.

16. Which of the following cannot be deduced from the
reaction of children to pieces of art?
(A) They try to see and share the work of art.
(B) They do not bother about comprehending art.
(C) They have an innate grasping power as far as
art is concerned.
(D) They are different from adults in their approach
to art.
17. According to the passage, which of the following is
not necessarily true regarding works of art?
(A) What is disconcerting is doomed to die.
(B) It may not be to its advantage if a piece of art is
easily comprehensible.
(C) What is enigmatic is captivating.
(D) Obscurity helps generate interest.
18. Which of the following is the similarity between
a work of art and new people?
(A) Whatever mesmerizes you is good
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(B) Whatever has something new to offer even after
years is interesting
(C) Whatever is complex is unnerving
(D) It doesn’t take much time to differentiate between
the good and the bad
19. Art that doesn’t ‘easily let us in’
(A) is uninteresting.
(B) is not worth exploring.
(C) is a statement that is true of all contemporary art.
(D) probably has a lot of depth.
20. The experience of artist Fred Tomaselli shows that
(A) art may have more to it than the most obvious
dimension.
(B) what at first appears laughably absurd, is
generally unique.
(C) a negative reaction inevitably leads to
appreciation.
(D) lighting is an essential part of all art.
ELT1002102/4
 PASSAGE – V

The most important change in the world over the past 30 years has been the rise of China. The increase in its average
annual GDP per head from around $300 to $6,750 over the period has brought previously unimagined prosperity to
hundreds of millions of people. India’s GDP per head was the same as China’s three decades ago. It is now a quarter of
the size. Despite a couple of bouts of reform and spurts of growth, India’s economy has never achieved the momentum
that has dragged much of East Asia out of poverty. The human cost, in terms of frustrated, underemployed, ill-educated,
unhealthy, hungry people, has been immense. Government is at the heart of India’s failure. The few strong
governments India has had—always dominated by the Congress party, a Nehru-Gandhi family fief—have had rotten
economic agendas. That is partly because India is an extraordinarily hard place to govern. Much power is devolved to
the states; the fissiparous nature of its polity means that deals have constantly to be done with a vast array of regional
and caste-based parties; and a colonial and socialist past has bequeathed India a bureaucracy whose direction is hard
to change. The former Prime Minister, Manmohan Singh, who was not much more than a Gandhi family retainer, had
little chance of doing so. Now, for the first time ever, India has a strong government whose priority is growth. Narendra
Modi, who leads the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), has won a tremendous victory on the strength of promising to make
India’s economy work. Mr Modi, by contrast, has huge authority, both within his party and in the country. The BJP’s
victory owes something to good organisation but most to its leader’s appeal. Not since Indira Gandhi was assassinated
in 1984 has India had such a powerful personality in charge. Mr Modi has an outright majority—282 of the 543 elected
seats in Parliament’s lower house. Only Congress has ever won a majority by itself before, and it has not had one for
30 years. The combination of parliamentary clout and personal power means that Mr Modi has a better chance of
getting state governments to go along with him than Mr Singh did. Congress, meanwhile, has been routed, retaining just
44 seats. The joke goes that until the parliamentary elections India had no government; now it has no opposition.
Mr Modi has a mandate for economic reform. Although his core supporters are religious nationalists, steeped in the
glories of a Hindu past, it was the votes of the young, urban and educated that won him the election. They were turned
off by Congress’s drift and venality, and its preference for welfare handouts over fostering opportunity. They want the
chance of self-advancement that Mr Modi, a tea-seller’s son, both represents and promises.

21. According to the passage, India's GDP per head is
most likely to be
(A) $300. (B) $3375.
(C) $1687. (D) $5061.
22. In the context of the passage, the word “fissiparous”
most likely means
(A) divisive. (B) fragmented.
(C) factious. (D) unstable.
23. According to the passage, which of the following
presents the most serious impediment to India's
chances of prosperity?
(A) A fragile economy.
(B) The rotting institutions in the country.
(C) The country’s complexity, overwhelmed by
a combination of politics, bureaucracy and
corruption.
(D) Indians who want economic development and
not feudal charity.
24. According to the passage, all of the following factors
fortifies Mr Modi's potential to be a game changer
EXCEPT:
(A) Mr Modi's government committing itself to
growth and a population hungry for it
(B) Mr Modi winning the election by a margin
almost nobody imagined possible, which should
mean stable and decisive rule
(C) the BJP winning only because of voters'
grumpiness at the national misrule of Congress
(D) Mr.Modi centralising power, thus his Prime
Minister's office being mightier than its recent
predecessors
Directions for questions 25 to 28: The sentences
given in each of the following questions, when properly
sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence
is indicated with a number. Choose the most logical
order of sentences that constructs a coherent paragraph
and mark the correct sequence of numbers in the box
provided below each question.
25. (1) Regime-sanctioned thugs try to fight back but
lose their nerve in the face of popular
intransigence and global news coverage.
(2) The people mass in the main square.
(3) But turfing out an autocrat turns out to be much
easier than setting up a viable democratic
government.
(4) The world applauds the collapse of the regime
and offers to help build a democracy.
(5) The new regime stumbles, the economy
flounders and the country finds itself in a state
at least as bad as it was before.
26. (1) Governments had steadily extended
entitlements over decades, allowing dangerous
levels of debt to develop, and politicians came
to believe that they had abolished boom-bust
cycles and tamed risk.
(2) The crisis turned the Washington consensus
into a term of reproach across the emerging
world.
(3) The damage the financial crisis of 2007-08 did
was psychological as well as financial.
(4) Many people became disillusioned with the
workings of their political systems – particularly
when governments bailed out bankers with
taxpayers' money and then stood by impotently
as financiers continued to pay themselves huge
bonuses.
(5) It revealed fundamental weaknesses in the
West's political systems, undermining the
self-confidence that had been one of their great
assets.

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27. (1) Its methodological error lies in the fact
that it over-estimates the epistemological
value of our logical operations and to
a certain extent admits the validity of other
sources of knowledge such as institution.
(2) Art is almost always harmless and beneficent, it
does not seek to be anything else but an illusion.
(3) Philosophy is not opposed to science, it
behaves itself as if it were science, and to
a certain extent it makes use of the methods;
but it parts company with science, in that it
clings to the illusion that it can produce
a complete and coherent picture of the
universe, though in fact that picture needs to fall
to pieces with every new advance in our
knowledge.
(4) Save in the case of a few people who are
obsessed by art, it never dares to make any
attacks on the realms of reality.
(5) Of the three forces which can dispute the
position of science, religion alone is a really
serious enemy as it can exert its power over the
strongest emotions of human beings.
28. (1) Tourism is rebounding here five years
after the financial crisis stifled what had
been a burgeoning industry.
(2) Across most of earth a tourist attraction that
sees 35,000 visitors a year can safely be
labelled sleepy.
(3) Visitors are taking tours inland and even
engaging in “adventure tourism” like skydiving
and scuba diving under the ever-sunlit skies of
a southern hemisphere summer.
(4) But when it’s Antarctica, every footstep matters.
(5) And it’s not just retirees watching penguins form
the deck of a ship.
Directions for questions 29 and 30: The passages
given below are followed by four summaries. Choose the
option that best captures the author’s position and mark
the number corresponding with it in the box provided
below the question.
29. As the old saying goes, beauty is in the eye of the
beholder. But, while we can appreciate that others
might hold different opinions of objects we see, not
many know that factors beyond our control can
influence how we perceive the basic attributes of
these objects. We might argue that something is
beautiful or ugly, for example, but we would be
surprised to learn that the same object is perceived
as a sphere by one person but as a cube by
another. The process of visual perception is a best
guess scenario. When we look at something, the
brain uses visual clues – sensory signals that
convey information – to help work out what that
thing is.
(1) The same thing may appear to be beautiful or
ugly, basing on our visual perception, the key
factor in perception.
(2) Our perception of the world is not a simple
reflection of sensory information, but an
interpretation of it.
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(3) People perceive the world in different ways
because physical objectivity does not exist in
the world.
(4) Conventional wisdom holds true even in cases
in which subjectivity does not exist.
30. Research parasite, a term publicized by a pair of
physicians in a journal of medicine, is an
inflammatory way to call out researchers who did not
generate their own data, but instead used data
produced by others to make novel discoveries.
Increasing data sharing, the authors warned, would
lead to parasite proliferation. It is, however,
essentially describing a good scientist – someone
who looks skeptically at other people's data.
It is an opportunity to take the absurd, which is the
sort of idea that those people are parasites, and turn
it into a more productive conversation, which is the
idea that this is actually a good practice and should
be recognized.
(1) Data, whatever the source is, should be used to
expand scientific horizons and such use should
not be criticized.
(2) Research parasite is a term that should be
taken more seriously, given the cost of
collection of data involved.
(3) Every scientist is likely to be a parasite because
the conceptual basis he uses has been
developed by his predecessors.
(4) It is not meaningful to use others' data as many
ethical and moral issues are involved in the
utilization of data to arrive at the conclusion.
Directions for question 31: Four alternative summaries
are given below the following text. Select the option that
best captures the essence of the text.
31. An amazing lack of socio-cultural sensitivity is
provoking endless controversy and delaying much
needed investment in Kalahandi, one of our
most backward-albeit mineral rich-districts.
The proposal of Vedanta Aluminium Ltd to source
bauxite ore for its alumina refinery at Lanjigarh
Kalahandi, cannot be faulted on technical grounds;
the region has some of the world's best deposits.
But to insist that the mining site be on top of the
Nijamgiri hills, considered sacred by the local
Dongria Kondhs seems to be the height of insensate
policy. After fall, there are proven deposits of bauxite
along large tracts in Orissa, including in Rayagada
and Sunderbagh districts. So, to undertake intensive
mining activity in Nijamgiri in the first place would
alienate and deprive the tribals of a sacred space
and cannot but harmfully affect the larger regional
population. The idea that industrialisation must
necessarily erase ancient myths needs to be nipped
in the bud.
(A) The idea that industrialization should wipe out
superstition is borne out by the fact that
Vedanta Aluminium Ltd. wants to undertake
intense mining activity in the Nijamgiri hills
despite the possibility of alienating the local
tribes.
(B) Large tracts of Orissa have been found to be
very rich in bauxite deposits, which is why
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 Vedanta Aluminium Ltd wants to set up its
refinery at Lanjigarh in Kalahandi district.
This will help wipe out traditional myths about
the place.
(C) The idea that industrialization wipes out local
myth does not go hand in hand with investment
and development in the region. In fact, it will
alienate the local tribes, as was shown when
Vedanta Aluminium proposed to conduct its
mining activity on top of the Nijamgiri hills, held
sacred by the local Dongria Kondhs.
(D) The proposal of Vedanta Aluminium to source
bauxite from the Nijamgiri hills though other
areas are rich in the ore ignoring local sentiment
regarding the sanctity of a region could alienate
a whole segment of society and retard much
needed investment and progress in the area.
Hence the idea that killing ancient myth is
a corollary to industrialisation needs to be
checked.
Directions for questions 32 to 34: Each of the
following questions presents 5 statements of which 4,
when placed in appropriate order, would from
a contextually complete paragraph. Pick the statement
that is not a part of that context and mark the number
corresponding with it in the box provided below the
question.
32. (1) These snippets of contemporary journalism
quoted by Francesca Lidia Viano in “Sentinel”,
her exhaustive account of the origins of the
Statue of Liberty, take the reader back to a
Time - almost impossible to imagine now -
when the great green lady did not preside
over New York Harbour.
(2) The Statue of Liberty remains a deeply occult
symbol, not merely in terms of the largely
ignored esoteric traditions that informed its
genesis, but also with regard to the many
mysteries that still surround its history.
(3) She seemed a dismembered monstrosity as
she grew, piece by piece, in a ‘Parisian atelier’.
(4) She has done so since 1886 and, like so many
extraordinary constructions, what was once
miraculous has come to be taken entirely for
granted.
(5) “Here was an enormous right ankle”, “a calf
thick like a cedar, never seeming to end”;
a few metres further up, “there’s the thigh, as
thick as an Armstrong Gun”; so wrote Le bien
public, a journal, in 1876.
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33. (1) Today they are routinely used in human
clinical trials for comparing the efficacy of
experimental drugs; this is based on the
premise that placebos containing inactive
substances have nil therapeutic potential.
(2) Placebos go back to the origins of medicine as
a science and as an art and have been part of
the stock-in-trade of charlatanism and quackery.
(3) But, although their use in clinical care for
treating patients with imaginary or real ailments
is reportedly showing some promise, their
undisclosed use is considered questionable and
even unethical - and hence is not formally
approved by medical authorities anywhere in
the world.
(4) Yet, doctors in several developed countries are
using them even when effective medicines are
available.
(5) Evidence-based practice must wait for further
research and for the formulation of clear
guidelines for placebo use.
34. (1) But Rothman proposes that the words such as
'Hnea Yahoo' or 'Hekinah Degul' that were
used in the novel were variations of Hebrew.
(2) "Gulliver's Travels," Swift's best-known work, is
a satire on human nature, politics and the
traveller’s tales popular at the time.
(3) Certain 'nonsense' words that Jonathan Swift
introduced in his 1726 novel 'Gulliver's Travels'
are actually wilful distortions of Hebrew, says
a linguist from the University of Houston.
(4) Professor Irving Rothman's explanation offers
a new solution to the 289-year-old puzzle that
has eluded a proper explanation.
(5) In his 1980 annotated version of the book,
author Isaac Asimov wrote that "making sense
out of the words and phrases introduced by
Swift ... is a waste of time. ... I suspect that Swift
simply made up nonsense for the purpose."
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