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Feature article
Feature article Fluoride salts are just one of the active constituents in toothpastes. Others include:
non-fluoride anti-caries agents (e.g., calcium and phosphate salts, metals, xylitol
and antimicrobials);14 anti-calculus agents (e.g., pyrophosphates, phosphonates,
zinc salts and copolymers); whitening agents (e.g., silica and alumina abrasives,
often augmented by enzymes, peroxide, surfactants, citrate, pyrophosphates
and hexametaphosphate); anti-malodour agents and desensitising agents (e.g.,
potassium salts, arginine, stannous fluoride, nano-hydroxyapatite).3,4,15.
Excipients, on the other hand, act to bulk up, stabilize or enhance the active
ingredients of toothpastes. These include: colours (e.g., clorophyll, titanium dioxide);
sweeteners (e.g., aspartame, sorbitol, saccharine); flavours (e.g., peppermint,
spearmint, menthol, lemon, eucalyptus, fennel, parsley); gelling or binding
agents (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose, gums and alginates); film agents (e.g.,
cyclomethicone, dimethicone, polydimethylsiloxane and siliglycol); humectants
or moistening agents (e.g., water, glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol); preservatives (e.g.,
alcohols, benzoates, parabens, phenolics) and surfactants.reviewed in 3
Over the last 30-years, it has become the major or sole surfactant in most
toothpastes.19 It is also a frequent constituent in many mouthwashes.
Figure 1: Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) chemical structure. The hydrocarbon chain common to all surfactants is
indicated, as is the anionic polar head. Image from: National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database.
Sodium dodecyl sulphate, CID=3423265, https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/3423265
Volume 202 March 2021 29
Grooming products: shaving cream, lip balm, hand sanitiser, nail treatments,
makeup remover, foundation, facial cleansers, exfoliants, liquid hand soap
Hair products: shampoo, conditioner, hair dye, dandruff treatment, styling gel
Bath products: bath oils or salts, body wash, bubble bath
Creams and lotions: hand cream, masks, hair-removal products, sunscreen
Cleaning products: laundry detergents, spray cleaners, dishwashing detergents
Foods (emulsifying and whipping agent): dried egg products, some
marshmallow products, dry beverage bases
SLS may interact with other oral health care ingredients, such as chlorhexidine.29
Chlorhexidine, being a cationic bisbiguanide is thought to ionically interact with the
anionic SLS to form a low solubility salt, neutralising chlorhexidine’s antibacterial
activity.30 This has led to the recommendation that toothbrushing with an SLS-
containing toothpaste and use of a chlorhexidine containing product be separated
by 30-minutes.31 However, recent studies, including a meta-analysis from 2016
have suggested that methodologic issues in some of the data supporting this
notion may be flawed and that a chlorhexidine mouthwash can, in fact, be used
in combination with daily use of an SLS-containing toothpaste without significant
need for temporal separation.29,32
Other interactions of SLS include those with triclosan, zinc and betaine. The
interaction between SLS and triclosan is now largely a moot point, due to its
recent removal from toothpastes.
SLS is also responsible for the peculiar effect toothpaste has on taste reception:
the so-called ‘orange juice’ effect, whereby orange juice drunk soon after
toothbrushing is rendered unpleasant and astringent. This is due to both direct
inhibition of SLS on taste receptors and indirectly through its dissolution of
phospholipids (in fats), that normally block bitter taste receptors.25,33
Figure 2: Cocoamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) chemical structure. CAPB is a zwitterionic / amphoteric surfactant. Image
from: National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Cocamidopropyl betaine, CID=20280,
https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/20280
Contact irritants damage skin and mucosa directly through physical and chemical
means, with damage occurring faster than the turnover of epithelial layers.
Contact irritations are non-allergic reactions, as immune responses (i.e., IgE or
T-cell mediated) are usually lacking. However, it may be difficult to discriminate
some irritant reactions from allergy, as a substance may act as both an irritant
and an allergen. Through the removal of oils and natural moisture in the epithelial
layers, irritants penetrate skin or mucosa and trigger inflammation.
t
NZDA NEWS
Feature article A familiar clinical example of irritant reaction to dentists and those with young
children, is lick dermatitis or dribble rash. The frequent exposure of the periorificial
tissues to repetitive physical trauma from licking and alkaline saliva damages
the skin around the mouth, resulting in a characteristically distributed, and well-
demarcated perioral erythematous rash. This may further be complicated by
bacterial (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus) and fungal (Candida albicans) co-infection.
Usually, when the irritant is removed (or prevented from damaging the skin through
use of a topical barrier, such as paraffin), the skin recovers. Additionally, the skin
and mucosa may develop tolerance to milder irritants over time.
Rarely this may be seen as an isolated oral epitheliolysis: the patient describes
‘peeling’ of the buccal (and occasionally lingual) mucosal surfaces either
spontaneously or to low-grade physical interruption (e.g., application of a fingertip/
nail).36 A high index of suspicion and careful history are required: usually oral
epitheliolysis can be discriminated from more worrying immunobullous disorders
like pemphigus and pemphigoid, through its non-painful nature, absence of
blisters or ulcers and temporal association with an (SLS-containing) oral care
product. Oral epitheliolysis usually reverses quite rapidly on discontinuing the
offending product.
Volume 202 March 2021 33
Summary points
The oral healthcare team has a responsibility to stay current with the development
and marketing of toothpastes.3 Although, the evidence for prescribing an SLS-
free toothpaste in specific oral clinical conditions is not yet fully formed, clinical
experience alongside the available literature suggests that there are certain clinical
situations (oral ulceration, oral epitheliolysis, salivary gland hypofunction and oral
dysaesthesias), where this may be helpful.
t
NZDA NEWS
ClōSYS® Sensitive Fluoride Toothpaste Surfactant free 1100ppm Gentle Mint Online: 96g
Healthykiwis.co.nz
198g
Colgate® Sensitive Pro ReliefTM Repair Poloxamer 1450ppm Mint Supermarket, 110g
& Prevent Pharmacy,
CAPB
or Online
Oral-7® Moisturising toothpaste Surfactant free 1000ppm Gentle Mint Pharmacy or 105g
Online
Spry® Xylitol & Aloe Fluoride Sodium lauroyl 1100ppm Spearmint Online: 113g
by Xlear Toothpaste sarcosinate Toothshop.co.nz
Xerostom® Dry Mouth Toothpaste Betaine, EVO 1000ppm Lemon Pharmacy or 65g
Online:
Toothshop.co.nz
Smilestore.co.nz
* Website addresses provided in Table 4, are the most common hits of internet searches at the time of writing. Practitioners are encouraged to search for these independently.
Volume 202 March 2021 35
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BIOGRAPHY
Dr Natasha Paul BDS (Hons)
Tasha graduated from the University of Otago in 2019 with first class honours and was a recipient of the R.C. Tonkin Research
Scholarship awarded by the New Zealand Dental Association. Her honours research focused on dental education. In 2020,
she began working with the Auckland District Health Board as a dental / maxillofacial house surgeon and continues in this
role in 2021. She has been involved with Smile New Zealand initiative run by the NZDA and Southern Cross Health Trust,
assisting with providing free treatment to low income adults, and would like to be involved in this type of dentistry in the future.
BIOGRAPHY
Dr Hadleigh Clark BSc, BDS, MBChB, DClinDent (OralMed), MRACDS (OralMed)
Hadleigh is a full-time oral medicine specialist with the ADHB. He has particular clinical interests in immune-mediated mucosal
and salivary disorders, as well as oral dysaesthesias. Passionate about interdisciplinary collaboration and education, he is a
regular educational presenter to dental, medical and allied health professional groups.