(1 of 2) (1 of 2) : I T Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies

Management Information Systems:
Managing the Digital Firm Learning Objectives

Sixteenth Edition 5.1 What is IT infrastructure, and what are the stages and
drivers of IT infrastructure evolution?
5.2 What are the components of IT infrastructure?
Chapter 4 5.3 What are the current trends in computer hardware

platforms?
IT Infrastructure and Emerging
Technologies 5.4 What are the current computer software platforms and
trends?
5.5 What are the challenges of managing IT infrastructure
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IT infrastructure strategies IT infrastructure strategies

Formula for Success (1 of 2) Formula for Success (1 of 2)
• Problem • Outsource IT infrastructure management and operations
– Loss of IT infrastructure from divestiture • Demonstrates the role of cloud computing in re-shaping a
– Limited time frame and resources firms infrastructure
– Inadequate in-house IT staff • Illustrates how firms can integrate their existing applications
• Solutions into a cloud platform
– Plan new IT Infrastructure
– Make IT infrastructure investments
– Shift from operational to strategic technology orientation
– IBM-managed cloud computing services
– SAP applications
Defining IT Infrastructure Figure 5.1 Connection Between the
• Set of physical devices and software required to operate Firm, IT Infrastructure, and Business
an enterprise Capabilities
• Set of firm-wide services including:
– Computing platforms providing computing services
– Physical facilities management services
– IT management, education, and other services
• “Service platform” perspective
– More accurate view of value of investments
Figure 5.2 Stages in IT Infrastructure Evolution

Evolution of IT Infrastructure
• General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era: 1959
to present
• Personal computer era: 1981 to present
• Client/server era: 1983 to present
• Enterprise computing era: 1992 to present
• Cloud and mobile computing: 2000 to present
Figure 5.3 A Multitiered (N-Tier) Technology Drivers of Infrastructure
Client/Server Network Evolution (1 of 2)
• Moore’s law and microprocessing power
– Computing power doubles every 2 years
– Nanotechnology
• Law of Mass Digital Storage
– The amount of data being stored each year doubles
• Metcalfe’s Law and network economics
– Value or power of a network grows exponentially as a
function of the number of network members.
What Are the Components of IT Figure 5.8 The IT Infrastructure

Infrastructure? Ecosystem
1. Computer hardware platforms
2. Operating system platforms
3. Enterprise software applications
4. Data management and storage
5. Networking/telecommunications platforms
6. Internet platforms
7. Consulting system integration services
Computer Hardware Platforms Operating System Platforms
• Client machines • Corporate servers
– Desktop PCs, laptops – Windows Server
– Mobile computing: smartphones, tablets – Unix
– Desktop chips vs. mobile chips – Linux
• Servers • Client level
• Mainframes – Microsoft Windows
– IBM mainframe – Android, iOS, Windows 10 (mobile/multitouch)
– Digital workhorse for banking and telecommunications – Google’s Chrome OS (cloud computing)
networks
Enterprise Software Applications Data Management and Storage

• In 2018, firms spend $389 billion on software for enterprise • Database software providers
applications – IBM (DB2)
• Largest providers: SAP and Oracle – Oracle
• Middleware providers: IBM, Oracle – Microsoft (SQL Server)
– Sybase (Adaptive Server Enterprise),
– My SQL
– Apache Hadoop
• Physical data storage for large-scale systems
– Dell EMC
– Hewlett Packard Enterprise (H3C)
Networking/Telecommunications Internet Platforms
Platforms • Hardware, software, management services to support
company websites, intranets
• Network operating systems
– Web-hosting services
– Windows Server, Linux, Unix
– Routers
• Network hardware providers
– Cabling or wireless equipment
– Cisco, Juniper Networks
• Internet hardware server market
• Telecommunication services
– IBM, Dell, Oracle, HP
– Telecommunications, cable, telephone company
charges for voice lines and Internet access • Web development tools/suites
– AT&T, Verizon – Microsoft (Visual Studio and .NET), Oracle-Sun (Java),
Adobe
Consulting and System Integration What Are the Current Trends in

Services Computer Hardware Platforms? (1 of 5)
• Even large firms do not have resources for full range of • The mobile digital platform
support for new, complex infrastructure – Smartphones
• Leading consulting firms: Accenture, IBM Global Services, – Netbooks
HP, Infosys, Wipro Technologies – Tablet computers
• Software integration: ensuring new infrastructure works – Digital e-book readers and apps (Kindle)
with legacy systems – Wearable devices
• Legacy systems: older TPS created for mainframes that • Consumerization of IT and BYOD (bring your own device)
would be too costly to replace or redesign – Forces businesses and IT departments to rethink how
IT equipment and services are acquired and managed
What Are the Current Trends in What Are the Current Trends in
Computer Hardware Platforms? (2 of 5) Computer Hardware Platforms? (3 of 5)
• Quantum computing • Cloud computing
– Uses quantum physics to represent and operate on – On-demand computing services obtained over network
data  Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
– Dramatic increases in computing speed  Software as a service (SaaS)
• Virtualization  Platform as a service (PaaS)
– Allows single physical resource to act as multiple – Cloud can be public or private
resources (i.e., run multiple instances of OS) – Allows companies to minimize IT investments
– Reduces hardware and power expenditures – Drawbacks: Concerns of security, reliability
– Facilitates hardware centralization – Hybrid cloud computing model
– Software-defined storage (SDS)
Figure 5.9 Cloud Computing Platform What Are the Current Trends in
Computer Hardware Platforms? (4 of 4)
• Green computing (Green IT)
– Practices and technologies for manufacturing, using,
disposing of computing and networking hardware
– Reducing power consumption a high priority
– Data centers
• High performance, power-saving processors
– Multicore processors
– Power-efficient microprocessors
What Are the Current Computer
Software Platforms and Trends?
• Linux and open-source software
– Produced by community of programmers
What are the current
– Examples: Apache web server, Mozilla Firefox browser,
DISCUSSION computer software platforms OpenOffice
and trends? – Linux
• Software for the web: Java, HTML, and HTML5
– Java Virtual Machine
– Web browsers
– HTMLand HTML5
– Ruby and Python
What Are the Current Computer

Software Platforms and Trends?
• Software outsourcing and cloud services
– Software packages and enterprise software What are the challenges of
– Software outsourcing DISCUSSION managing IT infrastructure
– Cloud-based software services and tools and management solutions?
 Service Level Agreements (SLAs): formal agreement
with service providers
• Mashups and apps
Dealing with Platform and Management and Governance
Infrastructure Change • Governance
• As firms shrink or grow, IT needs to be flexible and • Who controls IT infrastructure?
scalable
• How should IT department be organized?
• Scalability – Centralized
– Ability to expand to serve larger number of users  Central IT department makes decisions
• For mobile computing and cloud computing – Decentralized
– New policies and procedures for managing these new  Business unit IT departments make own decisions
platforms
• How are costs allocated between divisions, departments?
– Contractual agreements with firms running clouds and
distributing software required
Making Wise Infrastructure Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Model

Investments • Analyzes direct and indirect costs
• Under-investment and over-investment can hamper firm • Hardware, software account for only about 20% of TCO
performance
• Other costs: Installation, training, support, maintenance,
• Rent-versus-buy infrastructure, downtime, space, and energy
• Cloud computing • TCO can be reduced
– Security requirements – Use of cloud services, greater centralization and
– Impact on business processes and workflow standardization of hardware and software resources
• Outsourcing
Competitive Forces Model for IT Figure 5.13 Competitive Forces Model
Infrastructure Investment for IT Infrastructure
• Market demand for firm’s services
• Firm’s business strategy
• Firm’s IT strategy, infrastructure, and cost
• Information technology assessment
• Competitor firm services
• Competitor firm IT infrastructure investments
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Management Information Systems:

Managing the Digital Firm Learning Objectives

Chapter 4 5.3 What are the current trends in computer hardware

IT infrastructure strategies IT infrastructure strategies

Figure 5.2 Stages in IT Infrastructure Evolution

What Are the Components of IT Figure 5.8 The IT Infrastructure

Enterprise Software Applications Data Management and Storage

Consulting and System Integration What Are the Current Trends in

What Are the Current Computer

Making Wise Infrastructure Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Model

This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is

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