Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Part 4 & 5 Early Christianity, Medieval Life and Thought

    Uploaded by

    Frosche
    40 views18 pages
    Parts 4 & 5 on the Political Theory on Early Christianity, Medieval Life and Thought

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document
    Parts 4 & 5 on the Political Theory on Early Christianity, Medieval Life and Thought

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    40 views18 pages

    Part 4 & 5 Early Christianity, Medieval Life and Thought

    Uploaded by

    Frosche
    Parts 4 & 5 on the Political Theory on Early Christianity, Medieval Life and Thought

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 18
    SECTION IV EARLY CHRISTIANITY “The civilization of the Western world rests on its GrecoRomaniodco-hrston inbertance. From the. Grecks nd Romans came politcal and legal concepts, from the latter ‘wo, repou ad eal values Tinsewih ei) montium ts ao jon ‘The vegon brought largely trough the teaching Of 1 prophets. the formulation of the Law-—of divine origin and Einsing onthe people-and of the Talmud, the analysis by learned rabbi Of the laws and customs of the tribes. che ft of ad othe pole snd covenant ade with Universalism ofthe cred implied the possibility of rival othe cred implied the possibly ‘The prophets were the conscience of the eta recreates eit Vited, saci, ess fortunate, Wealth, though not necessarily Wiis to be devoted to public welfare. There was con” cern ths Hebraic train for business reputation, heal dine ats td the observance of the Sabbath, bus there ‘Christian adopc Paiteal probiems, and moral laws it was woe ,cONeEDIS Of monotheism, ethic dems. implied a4.¥3® 1° more interested in political prob trots rl a eParton that had ot existed vn the Gree® hhad been altered: nsman’,Political values. The aim of life dedication 10 religion a4, Of self-development, it was nO” athe other egieeuteincile a concern wth th importa? | Though it em with the soul. bay early Chriss negative in its Te ative Ini Te, arty Cuaistianiry 141 QR Fee omiliy, slt-denial, and the relive nner Bis weeeming tn seuetane eemanane: f Seg the importance of social Postion or cat ith eases crny acceceety ees ecseon iss tact say coe er ot etree, BR Peesiieveite pereeatcrphass on cease Mee eat cect vo contrac reso clear. Yet if early Christianity was conservative, even reactionary, in its political quietism, and in its acceptance of social and ‘economic inequality, its ethical message was radical, All indi- jduals were important, no matter what their economic status ‘or national origin. There was spiritual equality and the broth- tethood of all, united in God. If there was no concern with social reform, there was emphasis on the need for all to pre: ‘pare for the Kingdom of God. Paul, the founder of the Church, recognized the essential ‘equality of all men in the sight of God. But he still defended of refused to attack the system of slavery, arguing that each ‘Was to remain in the occupation to which he had been born. He tended to. regard the state and political institutions as ‘ordained by God, the state preserving order so that the Chris in life: might be realized. Legal obligations had to be met; irectly, this was obedience to God, for the ruler was the servant of Gos a ‘community developed, emphasizing the role of Jesus 3s the Messiah, and the sacraments baptism and communion 35 the way to ‘enter into the fellowship. Yet even the idea of Spiritual equality had already been tempered by the belief that All were inot suitable for redemption. Grace was bestowed by fiving love. Whether man was thus predestined remained for fuller development later. St Augustine The introduction of, Christianity as a foreign, minority re- Higion into” Rome incvitably brought persecution of the Itch. Christianity could not ally itself with the stale” ‘f dependent in a period of Roman ‘emperor-worst de MER Rome needed a world-religion to sustain we, Cg: i 48 prepared to underwrite it. After Constantine Ter a Ch a ry in 313 as one of the ‘public worships, the 1 THEORIES. Great PoLITicA er empire. The latent tension be however, Was to prevent ately to lead ue ao toon sens ron the mien ln cane wen cated by eer Ee. (oman Soe Se ae Sens sn, lad Sd cna te dogma, eismati, the iia Bee ce ettiacberywio hed alta rs stnckas af aie ad of es es Saves with secular rulers against the best interests of the oa eon ‘of these African polemical disputations came Si. Reena eheneariicat in arte ee te eee ee SS ane US SSS es ee ere ues en age ae wc acral bet a enly Cvs tiie eesti’ ie MnncendSaating peers chorea ey cae ‘miracles, sacrifices and nature, as well as the relations of Fala isto to Cais pis. Nate Founded the Rpt Onan CBI Ug ‘proess, rejecting the Greek concept of cyclical recurrence oF Iovate degeetn Tape zeal sures iss saaY ftom the unreal and futile cycles of the £0d- Gay of Gan? “3 Moving to the gradual realization of the analysis this was found by subordin ‘ing eternal y, not if fo long as they are mortal, must of Gf the world was not rooted but was bound together Metest. It had its place in the World could be exp Al sexes s Gaal aac scheme of tings Man therefore sccped a BP ce to born ccs ioctl 2 erent had te pry of peering ads protecting BroPerty and preventing social site Sot Tai sioand a remedy for i Augustine, wer inshtet ft Of temporal rule: It was not wrong in ‘asf, but valuable as 8 Harkin for the ‘roe endef fans eu ae a Preto Chriian theorists in hs spec yer rom Be tchcorthe entence of a cene cn of se Mei ctcn Nocona: Pe tesee ctalished on carn woes re cen if ase I good. Oresionce ar tmaee oe ten Hts Ptterentoree's tase rchignon. but kana ee aa tne civinae Del'po 1c may nes oa clear es iiity of the cies but eons ees Batre Churcns Te Cay a ees ereened Petecisocicty the workd would Loom, ot netic ae Bee aiactne Secypreperng ior we cere irene te BU esestne Catton of trae poner wae ee {at preoceupied the Church fer the next thousand yea. Sie The New Testament Equatity and Freedom Foe a5 many as are of the works ofthe lav, are under the ibe fore writen, Cursed is everyone tat continucth Aotnallahings which are writen inthe book o the lav 10 hem WBS at man is justine by the aw inte sight of God Misevident for the jst shall ie by fain. MMe thesiaw'is not of faith: but, The man that doeth them Shall tive in them. & ist hath redeemed us from the curse ofthe hw. tng Piaget curse Yor us: tor iis writen, Cured i everyone tal Mangeh on uct: TelPH Is nelihr Jew nor Grek there either bond ne Hee, there js neither male nor female: for ye are all one it ist Jesu in Gata. 3 ofr, brethrer illed unto liberty; only use ot 0, ye have been call ety ony tse “mothee?¥ for an occasion to the Nesh, but bY 144 “Tue Great POLITICAL. THEORIES For all the law is fulfilled in one word, even in this, Thoy shalt love thy neighbour as thyself Galatians, 5 ‘Art anou called being a servant? care not for it: but F thoy mayest be made free, use it rather 1 Corinthians, 7 ‘Duties and Obligations ery soul be subject unto the highest powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of Caeser therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ori nance of God: and they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation. For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil ‘Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is ‘g004, and thou shalt have praise of the same: For he is the minister of God to thee for good. But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain: for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute ‘wrath upon him that doth ev ‘Wherefore ye must needs be subj wrath, butainforcomcnee ste ae For, for this cause pay ye tribute also: for they are God's mins aeding contin upon tis very thing Render therefore to all their dues: tribute to whom tribute tron stom to whom custom: fear to whom fear; honour to 3 1 exhort therefore, that, first of tions all, supplications, prayers vercessions, and giving thanks, be made forall mens” tea ‘or kings, and for all that are 1 it ane alate in authority; that we may and peace all godliness and honesty. food and acceptable in the sight of God ou “yon honest among the Gentiles: that. Sgainst you. as evil doers, they may YY Y shall behold, glorify God in the ‘ordinance of man for the Lord's as supreme ancy Cuistianrry ius ishment of evil doers, and for the praise of them tha well: fas is the will of God, that with well doin hee the ignorance of foolish men. Stree, and not using your liberty for a cloke of mali Arias the servants of God. cloke of malicious. four all men. Love the brotherhood. Fear God. Honour ing. rvants, be subject to your masters with all f {good and gentle, but also to the froward iB Ye may put fear; not only 1Peter, 2 shave heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye tooth for a tooth: ; But [ say unto you, That ye resist not evil: but whosoever Ssmite thee on the right cheek, turn to him the other ind if any man will sue thee at the law, and take away thy at, let him have thy cloke also. whosoever shall compel thee to go a mile, go with him Matthew, 5 ‘me the tribute money. And they brought unto him a he saith unto them, Whose is this image and super- Say unto him, Caesar's. Then saith he unto. them, der therefore unto’ Caesar the things which are Caesar's, Hunt God the things that are God's. ee Matthew, 22 4s many servants as are under the yoke count their own fers worthy of all honour, that the name of God and his ine be not blasphemed, they that have believing masters, let them not despise they are brethren; but rather do them service, they are faithful and beloved, partakers of the benefit hse things teach and exort {ANY man teach otherwise, and consent not to wholesome Sgn the words of our Lord Jesus Christ and to the . according to godliness, is proud, knowing eee but doting about questions ifes and words, whereof cometh envy, strife railings, minds, and destitute ress: from such with disputings of men of corrupt 1 SUipposi in is godli thyserg UPPOsing that gain is god SPdliness with contentment is great gain. see tux Pura TONE petro aig hi wot ad re ar i ein od anit ne tah ad hurl ists, Which drown men som Sereted after, they have erted from the faith, and so at a Oe cna Te tow ate Pen mn es ings os ce eR receipe comms eee ae, ee ck 1 {ithminded, nor trust in uncertain riches, but in the living is certain we , unrebuke- I Timothy. 6 SAINT AUGUSTINE The City of God The Ordered Universe ‘Therefore God 1nd (0 the life in common brutes, intelectual tite 1 EAnty Cunistianrry ( mode, every speci te Mom fs exer mode, very species every order; trom whom Peete pec astute, of whacer ear ent a exisicnee in Pale, of whatever Rnd be and of sg value; from whom are the seeds of forme sity Heo to flesh its origin. beauty, health, reproduc: ve jy, disposition of members, and the saluary come teary; who also t0 the itational soul as sven seman Pippetite, but to the rational soul, in addition to the, iven intelligence and will; who has not left, not to speak baa th, gels and bi ii Bteaven an earth, anges and men, bu not even he ental ei tke smallest and most contemptible animal, or the feather of tied or the litte flower of a plant, or the leaf ef tre Githout an harmony, and, as it were, « mutual peace among Wie parts-—that God can never be believed to have left the Kingdoms of men, their dominations and servitudes, ouside of thelaws of His providence. vethe peace of the body then consists in the duly propor- ined arrangement of its parts. The peace of the irational toll is the harmonious repose of the appetites, and tht ofthe Tational soul. the harmony of knowledge and action. The Pesce of body and soul is the welLordeted and harmonious Hie and health of the living creature. Peace between man and God isthe well-ordered obedience of faith to eternal law. Peace between man and man is well-ordered concord. Domes- ic peace is the well-ordered concord between those of the family who rule and those who obey. Civil peace is a similar foncord among the citizens. The peace of the celestial city is the perfectly ordered and harmonious enjoyment of God, and ‘ef one another in God. The peace of all things is the tranquil- f order. Order is the distribution which allo things GR and unequal, each to its own place. And hence, though Tiserable, in 30 far as they are such, do certainly not § Peace, but are severed from that tranquillity of order in a there is no disturbance, nevertheless, inasmuch as they leservedly and justly miserable, they are by thei ve “Wain SOBnected with order. They are not, indeed conjoiss “ontas, icssed, ut they are disjoined from Wher ee . & And though they are disquieted, their circumstat es HeeotMithstanding adjusted to them, and consequently they Some tranquillity of order, and therefore some Pets y ea Y t that Peace “OUId, however, be more wretched if they had nok TA Which arises from being in harmony with, the na ier of things Mae extracts are from Book v, 11, and Book 17) que Great POLITICAL THEORIES 148 The Love of Self and the Love of God ride, to, no the felt of him who delegates Power, yoy tc, Desiostc. ; deal that i iy enameun ot peril i ot ae the more ust dominion oft ef som Foe eum be who inordinately Tove, yg he aor, Comet ren though He bia gd which a Das the 00d, and Wretched Deca.” ved of a r good. Drive ofa te ease, we should love the shy and ‘east woul be our sufficient ood: and wick it was well with us in respect of it, we should seek nothing te wal pare mens created in the image of our Cresiot ieee) univer etereal, whose ns PaMeiiHiwelb is thelcternal. tric SSSI enaM iahaicelvidsous scrcresons cc fheclor wiles ase fun Or all tbe works Which Tie he Be ae taiyed tis foorsinc, oe fore and nov leant even in those things tre sre be teat ah sce they cold notso much as exist or be bodied forth naa shape or follow and observe any Taw. had they tot teen made By Him who supremely Ss, sad is supremely food and sptemey iss ye In ourselves benoldng, His Hag let like thal younger son of the gospel. come ursles, and ase and feten to Him from whom by our sin Ye tad departed There our being wil have no: Seat, out Ione aro secoujal”tteteore: man lives Recording. to man, sot scene to God, he is ike the devil, Because ‘not even 38 Gis mig ive according to an angel, but only according '° teats ui ee hy and speak Gods th truth ge grit: When thea, a man ives according to the for He ame sade inset, but ee is.. ess Sid, Tam the truth" When, therefore. sar Hs rah When, ter ote. Pot the author and creator of a lie: it but eUHBht, that he might not Tye tind ot iia mig ao Hi that mad Hin in seamed (0 lve, that is ales. Alli iat es it fmm that desire or will by Ko wih ue Pate eh Za gee oF rane neces * from an} ng men, Any other quarter, or even from among ae ‘she might serve by sacrifice: but she EArty Curistaniry 149 than we were. And why is this, but because the source abr Mpappiness les only in God, whom he spenaceee Hal and notin hirsell, by ving according moor het pares MMMM is peorostiatctciryianas arr a Bits according (0 the Tesh and others seat acne Sprit there have arisen two diverse and conflicting cites, we riage have snc terest ects we Be sscuing vo Goa For Sacre erate Br etinneg roe heres ce 2 SPs Pano Bare setanycarean and i ccs 7H emeyig DRG icorinp omer! Bear ss ors percot mun mac seer tree sont nan amet oe 4) The Two Cities 1+. And thus it has come to pass, that though there are ety many and great nations all Over the earth, whose rites And customs, speech, arms, and dress, are distinguished by Mhatked differences, yet there are no more than two kinds of hhuman society, which we may justly call two cities, according tojthe language of our Scriptures. The one consists of those WhoWishto live after the flesh, the other of those who wish to lve after the spirit; and when they severally achieve what they Wish they live in peace, each after thei kind talc: Tie ity of God hhas in her communion, and bound to het by the sacraments, some who shall not eternally dwell in the lot of the saints, Of these, some are not now recognised; others declare themselves, and do not hesitate to make com- Mon cause with our enemies in murmuring against God Uose sacramental badge they wear. These men you may to- thd Ace thronging the churches with us, to-morrow crowding a the godless. But we have the les reason 2 of the reclamation even of such persons, if among our Thengdielated enemies there are now some, unknown 10 Iwo lies are“enumsi ropter i two, #84 Iringi: TE (0 cities, the heavenly and the earthly, which are BBE roger ee ie tenng down ote end OF tithes Me earthly one has made to herself of whom she wan't his AuBSVES, Who are destined to become our friends. In. truth, ‘inte nly, and is a pilgrim on the earth, does not make false ‘Twe Great PouITICAL THEORIES, 10 08 ot on es Dra ne ogc ere toad things. or are afficted with temporal evil, (°3 temper Era diverse hope, and diverse Tove, unit? i Src yet dian ad each us 8 here ner ae ante formed by (v0 10s: te ear, tyibehnecan intone coer of Gods te nce? ee Diesen tallimelunentn tre Lord. ree (2 Ia i neaproimetietiigescn gry of cto iSeneneee eeeieeiticcce lst or Reger mepteett sion Gat tron ar os ec a een uetrccr nr ee the pins an he dees are ose anotn(n(eoM ie obshing whee former ke Noupe er 1n.9¥e cipro tom stash fproeains a oc e ti Ocoee Oat “wi ine The So By sash And hrfore the wise me ae coe living according to man, have sought for profit to they co, Sodas or soul ox bah and thee wheat (athe {ord Hin hot as God, meter were nae os ‘ain in their imaginations, and their foolish heart was dark- ‘ by pride—"they be ita an inayat hanged the glory of the’ incorrupiible God fourfooed Sema KE to corrupible man, and to birds. and leaders 06 tenes 2% eteeping things." For they were siihet worshipped slaNeT of the people’ in’ adoring images, and who is Diewed (ore ibe creature more than the Creator human wi 5” But in the other city there i= 90 fhe ibe Gol esse oles which oer duc ‘orship ‘si for its reward in the society of! that God may be all the great grievances with inthe miserySof this mortal 3s fiom he ils of ties : i OF the city. whieh, a nal, ais nave pe Mle with awa wii. 20d the cial outed fom the fn ws Se ands va 9 Sting ana oe Veena 4s ning a Wich shall not be everasing (0 "ty when it has been ‘committed to the ee: EARLY Cunisruniry th fee pest. as i 00d inthis word and wees ise joy 8 such thines can aord. Bathe (ee it Poaswhicmeen dachorge is cevrces oa ures 9. pen dived ant Isl by igatonn wane MES Muenwetoris 95 re either Iiedstoyng chee 20 Gah pre of that arms against ancter gear ar ee, Fox frum over the nations though ice in toniae seks © Hien eas eonguered, ivi inflated with pretest I fifedestroying: but if it turns its thoughts upon the common Caialies of our moral condition, and nate Le commN feening the disasters that may befall i than earn oan Siceetes already achieved, thi victory, though ey tthe Kind ssl only short-lived for iteannoeabigegrs ashe Tiss whom it has victorously subjugate. Bua ae aoe tie this city desires cannot justly be said to beet nee vin its own Kind, better than all other urmas nora Hasies earthly peace forthe sake ot enying auf eaee nd i makes war inorder to attain to the peace nea Pas conred, tn tere remain so one 10 reat eneys A peace vthich i had not while there were spot Goze Who contested for the enjoyment of those thinn heh mere {oo small stisty both. Thi peace is purchased by tense Wass it i obtained. by’ what they site's slrecs vicky Now when victory remains. with the party whieh had ihe Hisler cause, who hesitates to congratulate the wel, and Aiea desirable peace? These things, then, are good tings, ARE witbout doubr the gifts of God. But i thoy neglect te Tate things of the heavenly city. which are securedby tee Palvctory and peace never-ending, and so inordinately covet hese present good things that they believe them to be the only rable things, or love them better than those things which Hebelisved tobe better—if this be so. then iti necessary Mt misery follow and ever increswe athe imperial city has endeavoured to impose eee ¥ ot only her yoke, but her language ss 8 bond Festa inept ar rom bing sre ae munis : is true; but how many great wars, how muck TauBhIer and bloodshed. have we hi anh And fre past, the end of these miseries has nt fate. For though there have never been wanting, nor ae Yt Pacing noe ; se who le ations beyond the emp. agsot om ‘te ve been and are waged, yet, supposing tee we Tatlons, the very extent ofthe empire set has produced GB of a more obnoxious csrigion=socl ad a these the whole race has been agitated, either SSE onic ora ee renewed outbreak ‘Te Great POLITICAL THEORIES BE apc crores ee ccnens ease Beetle Sincere Seca eceistarar etsise anes cic nce a ee a eee ce ee ec cs ee et re eee r= eee meme ono thse of early peace nthe early communes hie the city of God itis connected with eternal peace. And there. fen cee torah Sn rote pescaenmaceatat® ts ers once 152 oe tite 10 the peace of the soul For if ce Be avanting abr fp to he pese sven of he ‘aisil souk Since icant clan tne peanseaen oI Truk M0 ater bps the atl pce ae wich he ag aR PSE Fon soul, he subordinates al his ities coment ee rosy a be tet ay pas. ess Ser mon’ tno ve Purpose he must decetc® Of the rational soul. And for this icy denny 2 ether motte by pin tre a some egestas eee PP ay ‘Me and manner a OMedE® by which he may regulate M ind 1 fall ino minh eoMi28 10 the liability of the, hua? 2 snare to him un} ery Pursuit of knowledge ™*Y ay obey yi te he hag Pu of Knowle das EME him such help se and who may at the same t= 2h ap oth who may athe same rGodhe y ih body. he 0 sane Sa ae Eaaty Cutistianny he wich mortal man has with the immortal God, so that he Sins divine Master inculcates two precepte ine weet Zand the lve of our neighbour and ayn thes pers pepe tings hehe exc ae 9 ee feghbour—and that he who loves God loves himel ne fffoliows that he must endeavour to get his neishtowe nee: Gosbsinee he is ordered to love his seightous rene err For they who care for the rest rule-the hunter ths wife the parents the children, the masters the servants ued They who ace cared for obcy—the women their husbana te Ghildren their parents, the servants thir masters: But ia the family of the ust man who iver by ah andi a yt a lim journeying on to the celestial city, even those who rule Bere thove worn they seem to command; forty fue wt From a love of power. but from a sense ofthe duty they owe to others —not because they are proud of authority, bat be ‘aise they love mere. But the families which do not live by faith seek ther peace Inthe earthly advantages of this life; while the families which Hive by faith look for those eternal blessings which are prom. Tied; and use as pilgrims such advantages of time and of earth 4 do not fascinate and divert them from God, but rather aid fem to-endure with greater ease, and to Keep down the num fer of those burdens of the corruptible body which weigh pon the soul. Thus the things necessary for this mortal life fe used by both Kinds of men and familis alike, but each has Hsown peculiar and widely different aim in using them. The Sathly city, which does not live by faith, seeks an carly Bee, and the end it proposes, inthe wellordered concord of {ii obedience and rile, is the combination of men's wills to lBin the things which are helpful to ths life. The heavenly ly-ot rather the part of it which sojourns on earth and lives, jltth, makes use of this peace only because it must until wpaettal condition which necesitates it shall pass away Inne wUEMHY. 30 Long as it ives like a captive and a stranger er Sahl city, though it has already recived the promise ImenesemPtion, andthe git of the Spt a the earnest of the gto Setup to obey the laws of the earthy iy, Ai Seminitereas sp nar a thie. Fon there is a harmony between them in regard to what Aust. Bu the earthy iy supponed that many Bods signe @vited to take an interest an human fis, nd Ment $9 each a separate function and a separate depar: ~The celestial ity, on the other hands knew ‘Tue GREAT POLITICAL THEORIES ae Have common ls of religion, and et ies could re peen compelled in this matter to Ga the heavenly cy Baro tows who think dfferenty =°% Se chy: trees wnile Ht sojourrs on, cary calls cians out of all nations, and gathers together a soci eal ci a aguages, not srupling about diversi Sor netiters laws, and institutions whereby earthly peace da ane alin, but recognising that, however ears ea apr eae ibeiotcinre he size end or a pce. therefore fs 30 far from rescinding and abolann ee ies asain Veapeny ae na uedianes tothe worship ofthe ane sare. Eamets the hee Rtv latin eucfotiligrings) avai fect os k ee es tenis tue Calne desiand anning common seen ce, te fguing I pusion of ne neseeates ef nt makes this enily peace bear upon ihe peace of heave: te ths lone ca bei eld an eemed the pes oe Teaenable creates, consisting as it does In the estes Crdered and harmonious enjoyioent Of God and ot ees ibe n Ged. When we shall have feached that peace ee mecca a minty rteh Wt ss down the soul, bur a spr body Tecing no an ~ beareaenrans subjected to the will. In its pilgrim state fat vet righteously when i tafrs toe cxennet o faa when refers to the attainmett iat peace: carts: Action towards God and man; for the cnngeut the peace which ‘We enjoy in this life, whether ‘ourscives is father the solace of 154 80 far as it has respect © f of such a kind that it consis. ins than in the perfecting of ing himself and his vices, even when theY Sither defeats or at least resists ch all our righteousness EARLY CHRistianrry Re ich no longer exist, that reason should rule vies whi shall rule the man, and the soul shall slo et uae eat tae’ anne Ss ora Band we shall be assured of its eternity: sad (reece fof this blessedness and the blessedness of this pears be the supreme good fon the other hand, they who do not belong to this city pase eSpall inherit eternal misery, which Ws ao cole a death, because the soul shail then be separated free sets life, and therefore cannot be sid to live, andthe body fal be subjected to eternal pains. 3 are from Books xiv i, 135, xvut 54, xv 28, xxx 74, x16 7, 11, 14, 17,27, 28.) en Commonwealth and Justice founder and ruler is Christ, if at least any choose to republic; and indeed we cannot deny that iis the i. But if perchance this name, which hes become iar in other connections, be considered alien to our common parlance, we may at all events say that inthis city is fue justice; the elty of which Holy Scripture says. thingsare said of thee, O city of God.” stice being taken away, then, what are kingdoms but sbberies? For what are robberies themselves, but little 2? The band itself is made up of men; it is ruled by uhority of a prince, itis knit together by the pact ofthe federacy; the booty is divided by the law agreed on. If by Admittance of abandoned men, this evil increases to such Hee that it holds places, fixes abodes, takes posession of band subdues peoples, it assumes the more plaialy the fof a kingdom, because the reality is now manifestly fn ity not by the removal of covetousness, but by ition of impunity. Indeed, that was an apt and true ‘was given to Alexander the Great by a pirate Whe en seized. For when that king had asked the man Wirt It by Keeping hostile possessions of the sea, Be With bold’ pride, "What thou meanest by seizing The but because I do it with a petty ship, I am coe Whilst thou who does i with a great fleet ares public as the OF O'S De Republica briefly defines a republic er et the people, And if this definition be true. 156 ‘Tue Great PourTicaL THEORIES Tepub, forthe People WE Was never, wg Roman (Pan For fhe people according ff Sesh ane Conmen Of right and by a community of interests. And hac emt totine stood of right he ap Sema lp ints puta cana badness scribes Wie hele hore ino ice tere be no right. For that which is done by right is justly done, say a ty ne cama be done by ng "SS Suen ibe fubicls te weal he pepe, and Ne fovpeie fhe no soci by commen sckneaS" rola angie moviht whee tere moe then mow ert aos tat here ne repanse Na fremont Where then the pice sf mar she ‘Setter Godan il Ruel wap es Boi we duct ths denon 2 6 Se an unig ante sy thats peop sae Suen ee ign fie brid ase by acorns spesten teebachal he ay ten nonirta ester thon Sate Py mtn ch ee ieee bat woe an ane este set 1 tn et of love eg adi ml sper pepsin properton art & si eth yh reso renee 8 ower (Extracts are from Books 1 2i, wv 4, x1x 21, 24.) SECTION V MEDIEVAL LIFE AND THOUGHT Moms appeared. Fach was characterized by terrileral cet {tribal grouping, common blood relationships, a com, largely custom, and a leader (Dux), who was Miially a warrior. Government control, as direct central i Was weak; local government was the norm, the the important administrative figure. ‘Towns declined Of trade. Self-supporting villages became the tem on Of an agricultural economy based on the manorial parbarian tribal system with its weak central inttu- ie of paid armies, the social system was idalism was essentially a series of defined rela- fen landlords and tenants. In a situation with , each social group had legal relation- Pledging services to its superiors and obtain- m from them. ; n Ban stUtes of this system, which was common toa ther GATOPS, were. vasslage’ andthe Bel. Vanlage, wea ies into by formal act or not, meant that the the lord fidelity, gave him certain financial aid, military service. The lord, in returo, undertook did defend the vassal. The fet was the land allowed OsrergO Condition that certain services were per- sion of land was conditional, subject to use. is ‘Tue Great Pourricat, THEORIES , land in this way; his posses ‘The king, too, stot re of his people. He gave protection 9, 0° epee SVasals owed a duty 10 the king, to gS rr tay provide taxes and make contributions the Serves and duties were customary—they were not io tt determined by the king. There was no legal partnership. be tween the king andthe people, but he depended on them (0 advice and consltation. Though these Were private ra than pl lati the sein obientios at Were bound t perform was an anticipation of the later ea ot 1 poeal contract which bound the parties t the feudal system, law was not “made” by anyone, so such as recovered, The king therefore “promulgated” i father than made it He was subject to the laws se wid eryone ele, Yet, there was substantial difference’ berwess this theoretieal concept and actual conditions. Tt was diticeh 40 ese thatthe king Was actually under the lav, the rene esseied by vassals were not always clear, and the sight ‘ownership developed inspite ofthe theory. Stan tok plc this uniform, lated, set suiet spsem fora vanity of reasons. Friction between the king sad the nobles lel on one side to a claim for more. centslied Eto and on the other to disobedience: and refusal, Die and plagues, especially the Black Death, reduced. the simpunt of manpower, and brought a demand for higher Sete inthe towns. The towns and cities developed as taining he king; the townsmen Taide oupraleston from a lord. The Roman idea of indi wih he ea RE hs Pecame more pronored wae an law. Inereasing trade and. com- forte rensetnate tse of money, which cosld be substiuted the ref te EOL Secs, With growing centralization and Hori sate the system declined. Regnum and Sacerdotium Tn this united Presed the idee yt loelized social structure, the Church Petiod of barbaren yunivetal Christan Commemvealine In & ofa ingle society Wingo, the argument was put forward Powers. Pope Gelasinn (M0, 80vernments, each with separat® the two swords, God way (492-496) outlined the theory of oral Power. The Pope watt, (©, SeParate spiritual and. (eh ‘ecclesiastical realm; ag’ 3% SUPCtior to the secular rule in Ne "ahe-ruler was Superior to. the Pope i” Tiere nite atts on nr npr Be eatietito tian eternal lit . eof Charlemagne, the Western Empire was restored, 5] transferred from the empire at Constantinooe oe King of the Franks, crowned Emperor st equa ii Empire on. Christmas ‘Day 800, wer eH, ape and. support his spiritual supremacy as well oe ceqts ‘ecnlar universalism. S put the claim to papal supremacy was increasingly made in fiod of dual authority. It was stated most strongly by Vil, Pope (1073-1085), and emphasized bak cc, esastical and papal power. The Pope was supreme heed Church and could not only control bishops, but aso oe. the Emperor. The analogy of the sun and moon wes leveloped: the Pope's light shone on the inferior satelite, the peror,The ecclesiastical organization could control’ the lar not only in spiritual, but also in ethical matters, Some gManegold of Lautenbach, argued that the king might be ed if he ruled unjustly. In his analogy of the king tothe shepherd responsible for his flock, he expressed an eatly the. Sn) of popular sovereignty, and a'contract made between the ‘and his people. ecclesiastical argument was a rationalization of a sit: fn in which the Church, basing its action on is knowledge divine or natural law, was attempting to act in all spheres, ical social, economic, scholastic. It was in a favorable ition, compared with the feudal communities, to influence Meeanttel human affairs by canon law and its penal code. The le source of all authority was divine; political participa AePended on religious allegiance and orthodoxy. Bie who upheld secular power used the same argument h a different conclusion. Since authority was of divine Secular rulers. were responsible to God alone, un- a by. ecclesiastical interference. Even if irae of Bunication by the Pope were granted, he still had no {0 remove the ruler or absolve subjects of tet athe only limitation on secular power was the obser- ustom and natural law. : aineital Premise of dual authority in a unified com “a a ‘in which all belonged to a Christian community lation of the Stoic universal society—foundered be- ‘THe GreAT POLITICAL THEORIES inual disputes: The recurring problems wer, cn ofthe oti pe op cea wx taxation of Church property, the Be rareears, Possessed by lesiscal personel hong ft depositions and excgn tras largely fought on legal grounds. In general, the canon’ Upheld the Papal authority. and the lawyers of the Univers fof Bologna based their arguments supporting the Emperoy © Roman law, the power of the Caesars, and their sovereignty The Diet of Worms, in 1122, established a compromise ‘which the papal power over investiture was differentiated ;" Giflerent countries. But at the end of the 12th century, Inne cent IIL again expressed the theory of papal. supremacy” tn England, the conflict between the two realms led to the mun der of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Becket, by knighis tf Henry I, in 1170. 160 John of Salisbury ‘This was the setting in which John of Salisbury (1110- 1180), friend of kings and scholars, and secretary 10 Becket, wrote his Polieraicus, the first important. medieval. political work: John, an eloquent ecclesiastical spokesman. was con- ¢etned with the limitation of the ruler by higher or divine law. Under such law. an individual fulfilled his duties, but also ould resist the prince if he did not conform to law. It is a theory of a stable society, understood through an ‘organic analogy. The Commonwealth was "'a body endowed uth lite by the benefit of divine favor.” The prince was its ‘ead the priesthood its soul, the Senate its heart, judges 2nd Fena, drts.O¥€8. cars and tongue, officials and soldiers i's All cogpenail offices its stomach, and husbandmen its fet ont inated soneny ot (PE 00d Of the whole interrelated. co Soneluson can be drawn from the book. The Fellow sersarutistet of the common interest” and served his 3d and “peita et also the prince obtained his power from Sacred duties ‘which seem Un- Prneas of the priesthood." Tyranny, the abuse of Part of God's ordering of the universe Ein prane HOM Be Fh and ust even'a public duty. seemed ig ite hiker laws touwhicheati were. sub(ec ce inteatn {908th rice, Yor the norm The Polleraeu sal: "The prince puts a bridle on himsel century sues“? SPOMS the nature and complenity of 120% MEDIEVAL LIFE AND Tuoucer ator 161 fily invented much before the ninctes jand fiefs aod with vasalage and feudal mune, Wen tly did not think in terms of a broad feudal heeee feudal principles by which to comtruct a slags was restricted to mature men, The reson fassal was supposed to be a wartor. Cereymen, i eld fs wile debarted trom tiodshes by €a Qualifications that eame tobe put on their homage ly Were plainly the result of compromise. . peo evhatever its minor adaptation, was eesti) ml MSE the original vassalage was 2 military ‘basis of the new system, assuredly, was military ‘que Great POLITICAL THEORIES 162 Is and encour: his vassal Bed su, tes he ing ge es 1 rar ifctaton cote Fat tp tere wat a nereasing denon el scaing ae SRY apd ination of heay-arnct for mouned oor, THe Pt tnipeance. The profesert canal was of roleu Fm aistoeralc code of chai arms came tbe 0405S tng only for the highborn, ‘Th Scene na ean in the Ite MiG ES efor agrarian rent oF sevice Spore eo he nial NTA a8 0 Bet ci fee in am, was nV ena bower ean, being milly, 88s iso facto pol. sc acorn to Carling standards, i Was proper for ial cet deal privege in return. The persona rls Pahl nd wn arid wih no Power ot re Sead ee Sad ot eeprom he erry sty which every etwas construed 10 imply. And ies {arash feudal ford had the right to old courts. to levy tlk Se emcee pe attee or encimaierinns vs vase fonifeaons and to maser the population for Toca! defense Reva cbviuslya pune offen it. indeed, ne mere form Of word fo scr tat every Het was an ofc; for the fle of ee sects toes ir ee cothees chase ot se tame development may fe seen the fact that by the end of te niin century the more important agents ofthe sate had teen brousht within the estegoryof royal vassal ‘The tans fon was an informal one of which the capltularies tll vs Fle but thatthe result was gute an accord with Colingian policy sems clear Tt every feudal tenant as to some dest 4 count within is own terior, when a count Decam® 3 ‘asa mould not the couaty be Bs et? ‘he cancion thus seems inewiable that to talk of “pol ‘cal feudalism,” as\distinguished from “economic feudalism, i milading: all feudalism was politcal: und if we wh asf the agrarian economy presupposed by feudal tenuse. al familiar expression, “manorial 5) We have the accurate ane failing empire. es long ago as 1818 He the in fenry Hallam expresed Opinion that the feudal sysiem, had much to be said in ‘MEDIEVAL LIFE AND THouonr its short igs it be ss) Despite is shortcomings it must be valued he saye fof moral discipline,” which nourished 1° @20% 38 Base me Sei et ett paurahed everywhere, the “inci ean fended t0 save Europe from the “dangee nel To the feudal law it is owing iar weve Of ign and pve were, no vey nay ae 2 ’ ating hand of power." These sentimena eat i terce area trifle exuberant. But Haine ee of wil agree. makes a good fivhen he adds iia previous state of $e ec tet the grandchildren agne we must always Keep in mind if aengee Beri the enccts of the feudal syricm uportal oF nds The- institutions of the eleventh century must be pared with those of the ninth, not with the amet es fusion of modern times. If the view that | have went dark ages is correc, the state of anarchy which wey as the natural result of a vast and barbers en iy administered, and the cause rather than the resol of neral establishment of feudal tenures." Moo few historians have followed the lea offered by the Hallam. Too many have repeated vague generaion # to the effect that feudalism was vitualy sysonjanoas t political disintegration. The meaning of such remarks altogether on what state they refer t. Wil they hold fn the first place, for the Carolingian Empire? The iaries of the eighth and ninth centuries reveal on the fhe kings a definite policy of using traditional va ‘to buttress the monarchical authority. Royal vassals, as heavy-armed cavalry and leading simiat contin: Ms Of their own men, formed the principal strength of the Were increasingly employed in routine administra ‘well as for special missions. They came to be placed in {Prominent ofhces of church and state. To enable them their costly obligations, they were commonly endowed h benefices that included rights of immunity. But this WegitiOf Of vassalage for governmental purposes often np on Weaken and discredit the primitive bond. Vassals (on distant fiefs lost respect for a lord with whom they {ontact. Dislayal officials, in spite of enforced hom ued 10 be disloyal. No amount of legal enactment ‘nt usurpation or deter men from supporting tt ‘who gave them sustenance and protection. fstablishment of hereditary tenure, though encour- ithe emperors, perpetuated more abuses than benefits. -qwe Great POLITICAL THEORIES Fewdling poy of the Carcligin, ee ate asin ie vl, Du ecaise Sous ibe accomplish the ImPEETjemagne was indeed 100 “vast and bar, The emi of Ca emaengtered” to be held Lost aro” and toe Mina ensued upon is death. ‘The eniye the rouble prebof western Europe forthe Next three hun. gpital xeon of wee age of economic sore eed Year creas one fact: that stale, in order to su ‘ive had to be relatively small. 7 rad Cetine these principalities, the true states of the clk Sentury, what do we learn of feudalism and its polite savemtiscanee? A cursory glance shows that feudal custom Shs goeally prevalent in those where the central authority ites rong ab well asin those where it was weak. The dies Tree bemeen (pica members of the WO. grOUPS i found to fenot im any theoretical powers of the ruler but in his abit {o enforc them, The feudal contract allowed each party 10 ‘enounce the other for sated cause, primarily default of fr protection: # was the absence of a common superior to fender effective justice that resulted. in the chronic warfare Called private. Within any well-organized state whose miltary 164 a system under which they were Supposed to exist. And it is a mistake to consider fevdsl See ong ie Soon Reem ces ei a ene cE eee nc ny ptt ae Bro ictitnransotucclyerzee gros! ‘The Beginnings of Representation Tn the ad te goa ft tw lft century, local juries eame to be Jmore frequently for a great variety of gover” jt *€e information concerning the pF", or communities; to. assess persons, 2 nce of ams or payment of taxes, 10 bing suspected criminc st %est officials; to present the names, of Property to amon, ("2te disputed titles to land or othe Fines on entoMG® all sorts of questions pat ‘by: tne 0% fest be Sbunig; NOt uncommonly the desiged results cou! ‘hen the juries were: popularly elected. 2%! IEVAL LIFE AND THovoHT Met TH 16s gonally it was found convenient to call together a nus juries to consult with the king or his ministers. In ihe Pee ctr sch wei ln ea Tia itings of the great council; and to, we are tides Mfeammons ultimately emcees point, however, 1 should like to interpose another sliotovernment. The One does not ineviably gph he MThe essence of a jury was not that certain men were represent others, But merely that certain men wee Be euih to.give true answers to questions. Teo tentes MoM ferthe Norman Conquest the jury remained peers etetfinding institution. What was sill demanded of the Beyaz particular Knowledge, rather than authoriy to tet Delf» community. So ong ie king ery waned mation, a) sYstem of appointed juries, consulted. ether yer in groups would be enrly aden. Ths may be Gpreemtative government of sort, but itis not What we ize by that name in later England. frigins of Parliament are not to be found by tracing atlie times any political practice that didnot involve the fia election of deputies with a delegation of binding au- otty from the communities of England. The assembling of communal representatives apparently began in 1254 and oped Into. a regular custom by the end of the century. “Why a king like Edward I should have insisted on these as- embles merely to facilitate the presentation of petitions T “Gannot understand. But T can understand how the bringing of " Beltons in parliament would be encouraged by the constant ston of burgesses and Knights of the sires for other pur- ‘The principal purpose, I am convinced, was to ob RONeY—a conclusion that agrees with the known character of Sing andthe social and economic changes ofthe age Reuphemisc language of the royal writ should kad ws. In 1241 Henry it called at Worcester an assem tthe wealthier Jews from all his boroughs “ad wactan- penabiscum tam de nostra quam sua uilate” But the ‘mutual advantage of which they were to treat was ly alae of 20,000 marks. When Edvard 1 noted ‘men of various towns that he had commissions Gt Kirkby to explain to them and expedite through thett ia arduous and especial concerns” of his, no one coule m Surprised to discover that he was negotiating fot ie" mystified When ned to consider to which the pemand conte ‘were as itl fiamente emporaries HY representatives were summor Sther “difficult and -momentous affairs tue Great Potrticht THEORIES fee They knew that they Would be fo, nner demands fOCBRER escape fate ah epenentve SIE NES tbe Tae core ofthe Goth pat of sele-ppeinted spoken a yaue sme ong dooms i the rare ofthe po. primitive eustom Ot ection of jurors for a sort of national Ble, or even the seston a mater of sheer political neces Tt ag hs Me oye tage nc ot Seon ober by te growing aeneh of the Scio ery aitough the King might use comm ae, crld uPP ay of aye, the compelling motive behing doles ins Tay am eae of parliament was eeonome nee recurring need for general taxation, there woul, Tete, have been o House of Commons. wlesdaving. may aso be Femarked that some of the ‘constitutional features pesees by Burke. ee be ele aid ot England were by no means so fundamental 2: be joa ginal practice for members of the 166 writs constantly pate to eseape further fesponsible to them, and legally bound to be resident within Contemporary political thought, of course, embraced democracy founded on universal suffrage. But it the interdependence of representation and popu- inciple of the mandate was not i JOHN OF SALISBURY The Statesman's Book (Policraticus) rue ofthe law tha he and chit place in the ees onesie ats te ao eo, opens cvs nti that Wrens private men are Ml Burdens of tt tele Private afars, on the prince fall the is ‘community. Wherefore deservedly thet on him, and gathered together in his hands MebIEVAL LIFE AND THouoHT BG he subjects; 10 the end that he fot alttin seeking and bringing about to Pividually, and of all; and to the end gh indivommonwealth miay be ordered in Eat cactiand il are menbergess Poh indeed but follow nature, the est garneoe has gathered together all the senses of her mise: Mahe little world, which is man, into the head, and hoe alte mars n hicce on ach ws ot Hiimction propery #0 long as her aches at Br acircas: cs be’ncca onda, 2, folow the ‘with all the great and high privileges which he enecessary for himself. And rightly so, because nothing ME teecton pespic eer a eset duce should be fully satisfied; since it is impossible that his BE ee tous opposed tonics Toeeenea Ne Mer tcncrtce tind ct tkonas coves Sree BR othe power whic the pes Sack Re ocenc perce ct Goa ster aan MM heeray ccersncen Grosses meee Berg att rings each His rercy or tes PBrrtsivure om Bonk v chaptos and?) Miaiinitevcse ch-cntcocrs and forte tevaed ot 167 may be sufficient the advantage of that the state of the best possible Taws? To quote the words of the Emperor, "itis indeed ing. worthy of the majesty of royalty that the prince Hedges himself bound by the Laws” For the authority sprince depends upon the authority of justice and law; @ tnuly-it is.a greater thing than imperial power for the 10 place his government under the laws, so as to deem Fentitled to do nought which is at variance with the ity Of justice. Princes should not deem that it detracts from ther princely ity fo believe that the enactments of their own justice ae Ao be preferred to the justice of God, whose justice is an ting justice, and His law is equity. Now equity, a8 the . pirists define it, is a certain fitness oe Oe ee Hes all things rationally, and seeks to apply like rules 0! G4 wrong: to. like cases, being impartially disposed Gril BeFSons and allotting to each that whieh belo 12 this equity the interpreter is the law, to which the wil ion of equity and justice are known. “A 3S it were, a discovery, and a gift from God, » ‘men, the corrector of excesses of the will Jes tae Gre Pouca. Tones frre ts ar Mea a fee eataecice wees ote chav en in eo renee ow, Suir tres ienoic Ga a eet eee = ee eee ce eee eee ee : igs an the bondsrant of ety and he bere he be person inthe sense that he punishes the wrongs 2a juris fal anda cine, wih cena ea “Those who derive the greatest advantage from mance of the dies of his offce are those who can do eat for themselves, and his power is chiely exercised agaist those ho desire todo harm. Therefore not without reason he tears 2 sword, wherewith he sheds blood blamelesiy: without be. oming thereby a man of blood, and frequently: puts mento death without incurring the name or guit of homicise, ‘Tul the sword of princely power is asthe sword of a dave hich contends witout gall smite without wrath, and whet A figs yet conccives no Biterness at all. For as the. ls ures gull without any hatred of persons, 20 the. prince tre Bata Bunishes offenders from no motive of wrath but at sre Pehest and in accordance with the decision, of the pas is perfor. Theil Princ Us the Minister of the Priests and Inferior © Them: and of What amounts to Fea Penance orn Prince chase ght Amounts to Faithful Performance of rich Make hee the prince receives from the hand of the Newedltouth abe henelt has ng ace cba os the prints ahe has this sword, bul she oc i pyri hand of ‘ion retainer

    You might also like