CHAPTER 3 Review of Related Literature As stated in the previous chapter, the review of related literature is An investigator needs to review one of the components ofa research process. : write-ups, readings, and studies related to his present study to determine the similarities and differences of the findings between the past’ and present studies. This also aims to gain insight into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial. Likewise, a review of related legal bases, literature, and studies provide the investigator a background regarding the aspects which have been studied and not yet studied. It also assists him on what to do on the components of the research process. This also gives him ideas to proceed with his study until its completion. Furthermore, the investigator should have the ability to compare between what he should read and include in his study and what he should not read and does not need to include in his study. Basically, the investigator is required to read all literature and studies partially and closely related to his study. The word related means the legal bases, literature, and studies which. have direct bearing or relation to the present study. Ina research paper, thesis, dissertation, and research project, the review of related literature is broken down into three parts. These are: (1) related legal bases, (2) related literature, and (3) related studies. Related Legal Bases Related legal bases as section of Chapter 2 of a research paper, thesis or dissertation is important to determine the relevance of the study to the government's thrusts. The major sources of related legal bases are laws and department directives such as circulars, orders, memoranda, and others which are related to the present study. These laws and department directives serve as legal basis for the paradigm of the study. In presenting the related legal bases, the investigator has to arrange them chronologically from the recent to the past and the relevance of each legal basis is explained.For instance, the study is entitled “CORRELATION Ber weed JOB-RELATED PROBLEMS AND JOB PERFORMANCE OF ST: NURSES IN PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT HOSPITALS IN THE CITY AND PROVINCE OF ILOILO, PHILIPPINES.” Examples of related legal bases are as follows: Examples of Related Legal Bases In 1992, the Philippine nursing law, jurisprudence and ethics stressed that the nurse's role in the hospital has greatly expanded and her professional involvement has continually progressed in the pace of the technological, sociological, and economic changes’in the society. A pressing problem confronting the nurse today is how she can adapt to these changes to be able to render professional nursing more effectively. (legal basis) Based on the foregoing legal basis, some nurses may not be able to render professional nursing service efficiently and effectively in the health care and to cope with the technological, sociological, and economic changes due to problems met by nurses in performing their duty in the hospital. In this manner, the health care industry, especially that of nurses, is greatly affected due to these problems met by nurses that block their way to render excellent health services to the peop'e. (explanation of the legal basis) Republic Act No. 7164 known as the “Philippine Nursing Act of 1991” defines professional nursing as the performance for a fee, salary, or other reward or compensation. . . toward the promotion of health, and alleviation of suffering through utilization of nursing process. (legal basis) The foregoing professional nursing definition explicitly expressed that nurses practice their profession for a fee or salary commensurate with their work in order to satisfy their needs and wants to cope with the fast changing world. In other words, the performance of a particular job affects nurses’ values especially if nurses meet problems related to their job in the hospital, hence, promotion of health services cannot be attained. (explanation of the legal basis). The researcher must bear in mind that no explanation of the legal basis relevant to the present study is unscientific. Related Literature Literature may be defined as “Written works collectively, especially, those enduring importance, exhibiting creative imagination and artistic skill which are written in a particular period, language, and subject (Funk and Wagnalls Dictionary, 1976). In other words, any writtenyurnal, magazine, novel, poetry, yearbook, ed as literature. as tion in a research P' which the sources are taken from materials published in book, jo and encyclopedia are consider The related Titerature ae dissertation, and research projet ie books, journals, magazines, novels, poetry, and CE ological Similarly, the presentation of related literature i aieteenient of order from recent to past. Some universities allow et Dacnelenie related literature by topic order while others are in alp. fe atdy is a The relevance of each literature presented to the Pe Cee explained. It is unscientific if ee Le i pres nation at the relevance to the prese! q stay the same example of study in related legal bases, the examples of related literature are as follows: er, thesis, Examples of Related Literature Murray’s (1998) article on nurse executives’ leadership roles stated that chief nursing officers (CNO) leave their position due to lack of power, conflict with chief executive officer (CEO), and inadequate nursing personnel. (Related literature by Bruce P. Murray. 1998. “Nurse Executives’ Leadership Roles.” Journal of Nursing Administration. 28(6):48. (June 1998). The article of Murray has bearing to the present study because staff nurses’ performance would be affected if the middle managers or chief nursing officers have conflict with the chief executive officer or top manager and with problems met related to their job, for instance, inadequate nursing personnel. (explanation of the related literature). In 1997, Dobos published an article on understanding personal risk- taking among staff nurses. She stressed that nurses were often the target of frustrations and are exposed to painful emotions because of consistent presence at the bedside. Nurses felt the identification of problems as a personal threat as evidenced by the reluctance to fill out incident reports. She suggested that to improve patient care, identification of problems met by nurses must be supported, encouraged, and must be non- threatening. (Related literature by Carol Dobos. 1997. “Understanding Personal Risk Taking Among Staff Nurses.” Journal of Nursing Administration. 27(1):12-13. (January 1997), snd ete te cud en rat ea . Jn performing their duty in the ‘ospital are job-related problems which must be identified and gi due attention by top, middle, and low | ind given ae » ane’ lower managers to improve patient care. (explanation of the related literature). » P McElhaney (1996) on her article on conflict man: ini: i . ; ‘agement i i administration stated that misunderstanding, in nursing communication failure,Personality clashes, and value differences are sources of conflict. Other causes of conflict involve organizational climate, leadership style, job problems, job standards, and personnel prejudice. He stated further that avoiding the problem does not resolve the issue but it only prolongs the inevitable confrontation. (Related literature by Richard McElhaney. 1996. “Control Management in Nursing Administration.” Nursing Management. 27(3):49-50. (March 1996). McElhaney’s article has relevance to the present study because some of the job-related problems met by staff nurses are misunderstanding against co-staff nurses, top, middle and lower managers, communication failure, personality conflict, and leadership style due to autocratic style of management by top and middle managers, organizational climate, job policy, job standard operating procedure, and personal prejudice. If top manager neglects the problems met by staff nurses it does not solve ae baste mee only prolongs the unavoidable argument. (explanation of the related literature) In 1996, Laschinger published an article on staff nurses work empowerment and perceived control over nursing practice stressed that lack of autonomy often identified as prominent reason for nurses leaving the profession. (Related literature by Heather Laschinger. 1996. “Staff Nurses Work Empowerment and Perceived Control Over Nursing Practice.” Journal of Nursing Administration. 26(9):27-43. (September 1996). Laschinger’s article has bearing to the present study because lack of autonomy or independence of nurses is one of the job-related problems met by staff nurses in the hospital which drives the staff nurses to leave the work. (explanation of the related literature) Kramer (1991) published an article on job satisfaction and retention of nurses. She stated that both intrinsic and extrinsic factors are causes among nurses’ decision to quit in the hospital. These include technical supervision, hospital policies, interpersonal relationship with patients, kin, colleagues and superiors, working condition and salary. (Related literature by Marlene Kramer. 1991. “Job Satisfaction and Retention, Insights for the 90's.” Journal of Nursing Administration. 21(5):18-20. baad Se of Kramer is relevant to the present study because both intrinsic and extrinsic factors are among the job-related problems met by staff nurses in the hospital. These intrinsic factors include recognition, achievement, professional. jealousy, professional growth, and work itself. Extrinsic factors are workload in the hospital, hospital 's policy, job security, job status, salary, working conditions, and relationship among relatives, superiors, and peers. Due to these intrinsic and extrinsic factors as problems met by staff nurses in performing their duty in thehospital, they decided to quit their job and look for greener pasture abroad. (explanation of the related literature) Based on the foregoing examples of related literature, they are arranged chronologically from recent to past or from 1998 to 1901, And each related literature has explanation, Mores, the related literature are all published articles, Related Studies Published and unpublished research studies are sources of materials that are included in this section. The research studies which have direct bearing to the present study are segregated into foreign and local studies, The presentation of foreign and local studies is similar with related legal bases and related literature which are arranged in cl ‘onological order from recent to past. And each related study has explanation on the relevance of the present study. It is unscientific if no explanation at all is given. Using the same sample of study of related legal bases and related literature, the examples of related studies are presented below: Examples of Related Studies Local Studies In 1999, Sultan in her study on perceived sources of stress among staff nurses at a tertiary hospital in Quezon City, found out that lack of administrative support and no rewards were perceived by staff nurses as the most stressing; no opportunities for personal and career development ranked second; and increased risk for contacting disease from patients ranked third as stressors. Problems with co-staff nurses were perceived as more stressing than conflicts with nursing superiors. Poor relationship between doctors and staff nurses caused interpersonal conflicts. Respondents between 26-30 years old were more stressed than 31 years old and above; married staff nurses were more stressed than single; male staff nurses were more stressed that female; and staff nurses without Master’s units were more stressed than with Master’s units. (Related local study by Vilma Sultan. 1999, “Perceived Sources of Stress Among Staff Nurses at Tertiary Hospital in Quezon City.” MA Thesis in Nursing. Central Philippine University, Hoilo City, Philippines). Sultan’s study has bearing to the present study because lack of administrative support, no rewards, and no opportunities for career development are among the job-related problems met by staff nurses in private and government hospitals in Iloilo City which block their way to perform effectively and efficiently. (explanation of the related study)ees ee Galvez (1996) conducted a study on relationship between organizational climate and job performance of nurses in selected private hospitals in Iloilo City. She found out that staff nurses employed in Hospital A, managed by Baptists, had job performance rating of 3.253 or average; Hospital B, managed by Roman Catholic, the job performance mean score of staff nurses was 3.478 or above average; and Hospital C, managed by non-sectarian, the mean score job performance rating of staff nurses was 3.479 or above average. She concluded that job performance was not related to organizational climate. (Related Jocal study by Eva Galvez. 1996. “Relationship Between Organizational Climate and Job Performance of Nurses in Selected Private Hospitals in Tloilo City.” MA Thesis in Nursing. Central Philippine University. Iloilo City, Philippines). Galvez’ study is related to the present study because she determined the relationship between organizational climate and job performance of staff nurses employed in selected private hospitals in Iloilo City wherein job performance was not related to organizational climate. The present study determines the correlation between job-related problems and job performance of staff nurses in private and government hospitals in Iloilo City wherein job-related problems of staff nurses was highly related with job performance. ( explanation of the related study) Ocampo (1996) conducted a study on job-related problems of nurses in government hospitals in Misamis Occidental. She found out that job- related problems met by nurses were: (1) lighting, ventilation and water supply were major problems to hospital physical set-up; (2) insufficient medical supplies against number of patients; (3) disproportionate hospital beds to number of patients; (4) untidy and disorderly nurses’ station; (5) malfunction of emergency apparatus; (6) lack of cleanliness; (7) inadequate operating room/delivery room equipment; (8) non-observance of the proper way of giving medication and no regular checking of fair and priority patients, and (9) review and follow-up of doctors’ order not done. (Related local study by Marivic Ocampo. 1996. “Job-Related Problems of Nurses in Government Hospitals in Misamis Occidental.” MA Thesis in Medina College, Ozamis City, Philippines) The study of Ocampo has bearing to the present study because physical facilities, equipment, apparatus, medical supplies, and job hazard were also the job-related problems met by staff nurses in private and government hospitals in Hoilo City. (explanation of the related study) In 1993, Ahono conducted a study on correlation service administrators’ traits, managerial skills, and services in selected Metro Manila tertiary hospitals. the continual migration of nurses to other countri pool of human resources available for nursing s Nursing. between nursing quality of nursing She found out that ies has reduced the ervice; good quality48 =| Research Methods and I hess Werting livered only if nurses are strongly alae by dynamic and competent nurse administrator. ( SE a Erlinda Ahono. 1993. “Correlation Between i it Natal e Administrators’ Traits, Managerial Skills and Qua vi aia ou Services in Selected Metro Manila Tertiary Hospitals: An ae y! die Thesis in Nursing. University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Phi ae es). Ahono’s study has relevance to the present study because . ain do not migrate to other countries if they are strongly mo! at bY dynamic and competent middle managers or nurse aoe rs a the Philippines. Since staff nurses in the Philippines are not strongly motivated by dynamic and competent nurse administrators as one of the job-related problems met by staff nurses in private and government hospitals in Iloilo City, hence, they migrate to other countries. (explanation of the related study) nursing care is de Foreign Studies In 1993, Gray on her study on stress and stressors in nursing, showed that the major sources of stress among nurses included inadequate staffing, work overload, and conflict with administrators, physicians, and other nurses. (Related foreign study by L. Gray. 1993. “Stress and Stressors in Nursing.” Ph.D. Dissertation. New York University) Gray’s study has bearing with the present study because inadequate staffing, work overload and conflict with top managers, middle managers, lower managers and co-staff nurses were also the job-related problems met by staff nurses in private and government hospitals in Iloilo City. (explanation of the related foreign study) In 1993, Hsiao’s study on motivators affecting job satisfaction of staff nurses of two private regional hospitals in Changhua, Taiwan, revealed that staff nurses in the two hospitals were more satisfied with the extrinsic motivators than the intrinsic motivators such as lack of efficient sympathetic supervisor, lack of communication with administrators, and Jack of channels to upgrade nursing profession. They were not satisfied of their job and suggested an increase in their monthly sal; ary, reduced workload, additional equipment and supplies, improved quality of nursing care, personal relationship should not be a factor for promotion, administrators should remember the needs of staff nurses. administrators should be more objective in making their evaluation of the performance of staff nurses, administrators should mana; is and kee] communication lines open among and hospital Personnel. aad ties should be given opportunities for continuing education, (Related foreign study by Yea-Wen Hsiao. 1993. “Motivators Affecting Job Satisfaction of Staff Nurses of Two Private Regional Hospitals in Changhua, Taiwan:Implication to Nursing Service Administration.” MA Thesis in Nursing. Unive y of Santo Tomas). Hsiao’s study has bearing to the present study beca motivators which caused the dissatisfaction of staff nu private regional hospitals in Changhua, Taiwan were problems met by staff nurses in private and government hospite Noilo City in relation to top, middle and lower management, communication, financial condition, hospital facilities, and job hazard. (explanation of the foreign related study) : The above local and foreign related studies are arranged in chronological order from recent to past and each related study has explanation on the relevance to the present study. se intrinsic of the two WAM EXERCIRER WMH I. Identification: Identify the sources below if(1) related legal basis,(2) related literature, or (3) related studies. Write the number only on the blank at the right column. 1. Research Methods and Thesis Writing 1. 2. R.A. 8550 2. 3. Growth Increment of Mudcrab (Seylla 3. serrata) cultured in the Fishpond using Bread Meal as Supplemental Feed 4. DepEd Order No. 1, s. 2005 4. 5. NIPSC Memorandum No. 5, s. 2005 5. 6. Journal of Nursing Administration 6. 7. Effectiveness of Teaching Conventional 7. and Modern Mathematics 8. NIPSC Fisheries Research Journal 8. 9. Educational Psychology 9. 10. Philippine Nursing Act of 1991 10, 11. Acceptability, Salability, Profitability uu. and Nutritive Values of Canned Luncheon a Meat from Bone Meal of Milkfish and Goatfish 12. Statistics with Computer 12