GRAVITATION GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL Potential due to. point mass m ata distance ris yiven by GM ir 1 Potential Due to a Thin Ring ‘ Rx Gravitational Potential due to a Shell (Outside the shell: V= ~GM/r (r> R) M (ii) On the surface of the shell: -GM/R (iii) Inside the shell: V = -GM/R Potential Due to the Solid Sphere (i) Outside the sphere i) Inside the shell, GRAVITATIONAL FIELD (E) Field created by a point mass M ata distance r from the particle is given by JEF Gu A particle of mass m in a gravitation field E,, experiences a force equal to = mf, Field due toa circular ring MField Due to a Sphere M Ina spherical shell For X>R For XSR Ina solid sphere: For XR. For X n=6567 Periodic time of approach = 106.38 hrs. 'A spaceship is sent fo investigate a planet of mass M and radius R. ‘While hanging motionless in space at a distance SR from the center of the planet, the spaceship fires an instrument package with speed vo as shown in the figure. The packages has mass m, which is much smaller than the mass of the spaceship. For what angle @ will the package just graze the surface of the planet? Sol, Let the speed of the instrument package is v when it grazes ” the surface ofthe planet. Conserving angular momentum of the package about the 8 centre of the planet m my, x 5R sin (n~6) = mvR sin 90 Conserving mechanical energy, GMim jy? GMm Ty Substituting the value of v from Eq, (1) in Eq. (2) 86M4. A body is projected vertically upwards from the surface of earth with a velocity sufficient to ca to infinity, Calculate the time taken by ito reach a height ‘W’. Sol. ifat a distance ‘’ from the centre ofthe earth the body has velocity v, by conservation of mechanical energy 2gR + 2gR (Rr ~ 1) v= ee r orp Vs > -e? = fags | Se ‘The minimum and maximum distances of a satellite from the centre of the earth are 2 K and 41 respectively, where R is the radius of earth and M is the mass of the earth. Find (@) its minimum and maxirmum speeds. (b) radius of curvature at the point of maximum distance. a w Sol. (a) Applying conservation of angular momentum my; (2R)= mvy2 (4R) y= v2 yak (3k Ny whRN 7 ‘ From C.O.E. 1 ye Mm _ 1 ye GM 2 2 ee ae ue Solving Eqs. (1) and (2), * Ver * 3R (b) Ifrris the radius of curvature at point B my; _GMm or GRY loviR? GM - & (puting value of v2)SOLVED PROBLEMS 1. A closed eplinder of length °, containing 4 tiguid of variable density constant angular velocity Find the net 7" force exerted by the liquid on the axis of rotation, (Take the cylinder to be massless and A = cross sectional area of cylinder) ‘ pis) = po(l+ ax) is rotating apaltil (A)pe aa’ & [ter] ® pro’e| ty (parol #7") poe Sol. fat= [dmo'x the separation between the fixed particles i f, the minimum velocity of projection of the particle so as to eseape is equal t0 Sol. Le Mo ¢ 2 When itis projected with a speed v, i ust escapes to infinity, and the potential and kinetic energy will becoane zero, = AKE.+ APE, ‘The gravitational potential energy U=—4Gmm, /£, my= mass of particle (D) 3. A particle hanging from a spring stretches it by 1 em at earth’s surface. Radius of earth is 6400 km. ‘Ata place 800 km above the earth’s surface, the same particle will stretch the spring by (AyT em (B) Bem (©0.1 em (D) 0.79 emSol. = A. (8004 A seri) (2 rc (D) 4+ Acircular ring of mass M and radius ‘as placed in a gravity free space. A small particle of mass m Placed on the axis of the ring at a distance 3a from the centre of the ring, is released from res, ‘The velocity with which the particle passes through the centre ofthe ring is a | a IG) © se() 2a im Sol. From COM, my, ~My, =0 ay F ~ GMm Mm 1 aoe From COE, -. = +o) += m Be pa My, @ From Eqs. (1) and (2), fay w) Ve (mem (D) 5. _A satelite is moving round the earth ina circular orbit. The following statements are given, (i) Itis moving with a constant velocity. Gi) It suffers no acceleration, (iii) its angular momentum w.rat. the earth remains conserved, (iv) Its distance from centre must be equal to /2 times of earth’s radius. The correct option is, (A)( and (ii) are true (8) (i), (ii) and (iv) are true (Cony Gi) is true () (i) and (iy) are true ‘When an carth satelite is moving ound the earth in a circular orbit, it is moving with a constant speed hhas centripetal acceleration, Its angular momentum remains constant as no external torque is present. Its radius need not be equal to the ¥2R, (0) Sol. 6. The angular speed of rotation of earth about its axis when the weight of a man standing on equator will become half of its weight at the north pole (assume earth to be a perfeet sphere) R-6400 km. (A) 275 = 10° rad se (B) 9.75 « 104 rad sec! (©)8.75 x 10° rad sec* (D) 8.0 10 rad sec"? Sol. C-Ro® ff 7. The eseape veloci t makes the weight t the equator 10% less than the weight at pole, the peripheral velocity of a point on the at the poles ofa planet is ve Ifthe effect of rotation of a pla of a body equator of the planet is (assume the planet to be @ uniform sold sphere) we @ 2. ) ae wv © py 2: @) 3 Sol. B Bogs = (0.9) Bats > Bu -OR=(09),. = or-5 10 Peripheral velocity on equator v=oR = [2 = [28R __¥._ WR” ~V¥20 ~3y5 period t around the Sun; Mars has a circular orbit of radius R and period T. In order to send a spacecraft from the Earth to Mars, it is convenient to launch the spacecraft into an elliptical orbit whose perihelion coincides / \ with the orbit of the Earth and whose { Sun aphelion coincides with the orbit of Mars; | e this orbit requires the least amount of energy | for a trip to Mars, The time t' taken by a spacecraft (0 reach Mars from the Earth \ satisfie No (a) t+ T)2 =r @e=(e+T)2 (Ct = +792 - (D) ey = (0% + T92 Sol. D Use Keplers Law of Periods 9. A small particle is dropped from a height R in front of a narrow tunnel dug ° inside the earth (along a diameter). Let M be the mass of earth, R be radius A of earth. Let vo Tbe speed of particle when it reaches A and time taken by a particle to go from A to B respectively. Assuming mass of particle to be negligible as compare to mass of earth, pick the correct option(s) I = a) wai @) vet fe 7 (D) T=x, OM 3B10. A thin homogeneous disc of radius Rand mass m and a small sphere of same mass is placed at a distance £ from the disc on its axis of symmetry. Initially both are in rest and then released from rest. ‘They collide because of gravitation attraction, Assume ¢ >> R, Find the magnitude of relative velocity of approach just before the collision, [ess(ama i “& #sn(2-) B) fete) ) oF “8 Sol. Gravitation potential due to dse is EP —0) mM (Rect) So, relative velocity ae)1, First an object fs slowly lifted from the bottom (point ~ A) of a shaft of oo R : depth h, & to carth’s surface (point-B) and then it is slowly lifted still higher to attain am altitude R above the earth's surface (Point C), Ws and Ws are the work performed in two eases respectively. Choose the correct option(s) (0) WoW, (8) W, se gceer Bf > WW, jem if Revco r ' 3GMm_ v= f facna=200 w,= | Mtg im RR oR 2 2 12, A satellite is moving around the sun in an elliptical orbit, MI is the ‘mass of sun and ‘a’ is semi major axis of elliptical orbit. The velocity of satellite when i reaches at A is ox Va © @) From equation (1) & (2) rea Now from conservation of energy GM _ 1 GM13. An artificial satellite of mass m revolves in a circular orbit of radius 4R around the centre of y,, moon (where Ris the radius of the moon). Suddenly it starts experiencing a slight resistance du , cosmic dust. The resistance force depends on the speed of satellite as F = kv where k i 4 constant, jy the radius of the moon is Rand acceleration due to gravity on the moon’s surface is, then (assum, that at every moment the satellite follows a cireular path) m “Ind (A) The satellite will hit the moon's surface after time (B) The satellite will hit the moon's surface after In2 3 (C) The work done by the resistance force on the satellite till it hits the moon surface = ~mgR. 3 (D) Work done by gravitational force till the satelite hits the moon's surface = =, mgR . Sol. A, C, D. for circular orbit of satellite u E=—=-K = -dE=dK = (kv) vdt = mvdv Ww a t= B inf %)= Mn [MER «Mig (Je VGM7aR W, =U,+U, oat 4 W,+W, ‘COMPREHENSION One of the method to transfer a planetary body like the rocket, from one planet to another is not sending directly along the radial line. But to let it go in an elliptical orbit {with sun at one of its focus], which joins smoothly to the 8 Planet | orbits of the both planets, Let the path of the planetary Planet Il body starts tangentially to the orbit of one planet at A and joins the orbit of other planet tangentially at B, as shown in the figure. SA = faq =2 The minimum distance at point on the orbit of planetary body is called perigee = radius of orbit of first planet. SB = ma => The maximum distance at point on the orbit of planetary body is called apogee = radius of orbit of second planet = eccentricity of orbit = p => orbital parameter =The total energy of the planetary body at any PoIMt of path (which is remains conserved) is given by GM «where Ms mas of sun, mis mass of pltetary body 2a 7 f, 12> semi-major axis of the elliptical orbit = == ; If the rocket moves on the elliptical orbit of semi-major axis ‘a’, is time period of the motion will be directly proportional to “a!” ‘A planetary body begins its journey in space, it is at Perihelion of orbit of first planet at A and finally reaches near the second plane, itis atthe apehelion of second omit at B. So using conservation of enerEy Eq=En=E 1, GMa 1, GMm__ GM, sm — 2a I'v, and v» are the orbital velocity of first planet and second planet around sun then vy < vq and vs > vs always Hence once, taken from the gravity of first planet the planetary body is launched inthe direction of orbital motion of first planet, the planetary body needs a small impulse to get a speed about (v3 ~ vi) reative w the first planet. ‘Again in order to tangential approach to second planet, the planetary body requires a final impulse which should increase its speed vo to Vo ie. to get a speed relative 10 the second planet about (vs ~ vx). Once it catches up with the second planet, it would land on it, guided by the gravity of second planet, A. hypothetical rocket 1s transfered from first planet to second plane for which following data is given [OM _s05 Fran = 2€ unit fue = 16 cuit, J —* = 3002 kmihe Ve Read above passage carefully and answer the following questions 14, The speed of the rocket after first impulse (vs) at planet A is (A) 10 km/hr (B) $ km/hr (©) 12 km/hr (D) None ofthese So. D 15, During the journey, how many times, itis required to provided impulse to the rocket (A) Once (B) twice (©) thrice (D) none of these So. B 16. If the time period of the revolution of planet A about sun is 2V2/3 years then the time required to transfer the rocket from planet A to planet B is (A) 1.5 years (B) 3 years (©) 45 years (D) 9 years So. oC tats, by -OMs 2 Xe Using Keplers Ilr law T {a Tae) so time required to transfer planet = T/2= 4.5 years 3x3xda> T=9 yearsMatrix ~ Match Type 9 regard 17, For planet orbiting about sun in elliptical orbit. a eee ee sil pha quantities are given in col Which can he completed by using entries as {quantities are given in column _ 1. Which cam be comp! Ee Column ray of su pla | 4, depron om sem aor ant of mb (A) Maximum potential {q) Isat aphelion | (By Maxinium speed of planet (©) Minsmusn potential enetyy of sun planet | 19) 1, dependent of mass of panel system (D) Minimum KE of planet | (a) Isat penelton So A ing Bois ows an iven in the three Answer questions 18, 19 and 20 by appropriately matching the informa columns of the following table Figure shows three point masses placed a the vertices of an exh triangle An extemal agent slowly moves the particles into final jons, column UE ists lateral configurations Column [lists the final configurat the work done by the extemal agent in changing the conti column HE Lists gravitational potential energy of the system mm final guration and Count Caton? | ay a | a =| Gn . lls Fon | | | __| | 18. (B) (II) (i) (S) (D) (I) ivy Q) Sol. 19. Pick the option for maximum work done by the external agent, (A) CID Gil) (P) (B) (I (Ss) (C) (LY) Gili) (P) (D) (LY) (ii) (Q) SoC20. the option for minimum potential ener2y inthe final configuration. (A) (IV) (i) (Q) (B) (HID (i) (S) omar (0) ) Gi) Q) SoD Numerical Type 21, A tunnel is dug across the earth of mass ‘M’ and radius ‘R’ at a distance RI2._/G from the centre ‘O” of the Earth as shown. A body is released from rest from => ‘one end of the smooth tunnel. The velocity acquired by the body when it 56M aR reaches the centre *C” of the tunnel is ind n, So, 4 Using conservation of energy Ly = _ (= Gin) Le E 2 R (ORR 1 22. Am artificial satelite is moving ina circular orbit around the earth with a speed equal to 3/8 times of the magnitude ofeseape velocity from the earth If the satellite i stopped suddenly init orbit and allowed to fll freely onto the earth then the speed with which it hits the surface of the earthis a Kms, Find n, (take g= 10 mis and Re= 6400 Km) n So, 2 Ve= J2aR, 3 po [eR _ [RI aR V9 YR oh 9Re+9h=32Re i 9 Now, total energy at height ‘h’ = total energy atthe surface of the earthNumerical Dec Ans. Sol, mM. Sol. val Type Vigure shows. G90 binary star systems such that the distance of fighter sta fram same in both cases, If the M \ a ) ju ratio of time periods of 2 OM / Pie where nis an integer, find a rotation is 0009.00 477 8 My - 3M, M:- 4M (2) -{! ] ay 4 (e) (2) sea) r 9 £ T, 8V2 ‘An unmanned space probe (of mass m) and speed v = 2 krn/s relative to the Sun, approaches the planet Jupiter (of mass M >>m) and speed Vy relative to the Sun as shown in the figure. The {pacecraft rounds the planet and departs in the opposite direction. The mass of Jupiter is very nuch greater than the mass of the spacecraft (M >>m), and it orbits the sun af a distance of S25 ‘AU, where 1 AU is the orbital radius of the earth around the sun: 1 AU = 1.5 ¥ 10° km, 1 earth year = x 10", nearly. The speed of the space probe after it leaves the solar system relative w ‘the sun is nearly (20 + n) km/s, where n is an integer. Find the value of n. 0001.00 Use momentum conservation principle.