Free software and open source software are related but

distinct concepts in the world of software development and

distribution.
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Free software is software that users are free to use, copy,
modify, and distribute. So since kapot niya an WORD nga FREE,
Free software must meet certain criteria known as the "Four
Freedoms,"

Four essential freedoms of Free Software

To meet the definition of "free software", Kailangan muna ine

ma meet nga Four Freedoms.

 The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose
(freedom 0).
 The freedom to study how the program works, and change it
so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access
to the source code is a precondition for this.
 The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help others
(freedom 2).
 The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions
to others (freedom 3). By doing this you can give the whole
community a chance to benefit from your changes.

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OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE

This means that the source code can be viewed, modified, and
distributed by anyone.

Examples:

1. VLC MEDIA PLAYER - This multimedia player is used for

video, media and audio files and it plays discs, webcams,
streams and devices. Most of the users use it for streaming
podcasts as well. It allows you to optimize your audio and
video files for a particular hardware configuration and also
offers a plethora of extensions and skins which allows you to
create customized designs.
2. LIBRE OFFICE - Unlike Microsoft Office, which is not
accessible (read our article on what is web accessibility) for
everyone due to its pricing model, LibreOffice is totally
free.
3. Mozilla Firefox - is a customizable internet browser and
free open source software. It offers thousands of plugins that
are accessible with a single click of your mouse.

DIFFERENCE

 The coder of Open Source software can specify whether a

user is allowed to redistribute the modified code or not.
So sa open source, a coder an mag dedecide kun an masunod
 nga user pwede niya e redistribute an kanya modified code
or dire. This is not possible with Free Software, kasi it
specifically indicates that the modified code derived from
Free Software, should also be released as Free Software.
 even though the main software is licensed as Open Source
software, you will still need to pay in order to get the
full functionality. So mayda ka gihapon babayaran sa Open
Source pero optional unlike sa Free Software na everything
is free to its full functionality
 Open Source allows the coder more control over his program
compared to Free Software. So in terms of taking control of
your program, mas lamang an open source

1.11.1 History

The history of operating systems (OS) dates back to the 1950s,

with the development of early computer systems. This is just a
short preview of the first computers during the early days,

Ini siya nga UNIVAC waray ine siya operating system, an gamit
sine sakanya pag program is an switches and punch cards.

ENIAC (/ˈɛniæk/; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

[1][2] was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose
digital computer, completed in 1945.[3][4] There were other
computers that had these features, but the ENIAC had all of
them in one package. It was Turing-complete and able to solve
"a large class of numerical problems" through reprogramming.
[5][6]

PUNCH CARDS - punched card (also punch card[1] or punched-

card[2]) is a piece of stiff paper that holds digital data
represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined
positions. Punched cards were once common in data processing
applications or to directly control automated machinery.
During 1950 an softwares nga gin r release is mayda source a
code
MAINNNN

In the early days of modern computing (that is, the 1950s),

software generally came with source code. The original hackers
(computer enthusiasts) at MIT’s Tech Model Railroad Club left
their programs in drawers for others to work on. “Homebrew”
user groups exchanged code during their meetings.
Companyspecific user groups, such as Digital Equipment
Corporation’s DECUS, accepted contributions of source-code
programs, collected them onto tapes, and distributed the tapes
to interested members. In 1970, Digital’s operating systems
were distributed as source code with no restrictions or
copyright notice. Computer and software companies eventually
sought to limit the use of their software to authorized
computers and paying customers. Releasing only the binary
files compiled from the source code, rather than the source
code itself, helped them to achieve this goal, as well as
protecting their code and their ideas from their competitors.
Although the Homebrew user groups of the 1970s exchanged code
during their meetings, the operating systems for hobbyist
machines (such as CPM) were proprietary. By 1980, proprietary
software was the usual case.

During 1950s, an computer enthusiasts sa MIT’s Tech model

Railroad club gin babayaan la nira an kanra programs sa kanra
mga drawers para trabahoon naman sa iba while ine nga HOMEBREW
which is group of users nag eexchange sira codes during
meetings.

During 1970, didi sine na distribute an Digital OS without

restrictions or copyrights issues. Kasi normally, computers
and software companies limit the user of their software. So an
nakakagamit la sine nga product or software nira is those
authorized and those customers nga nagbabayad pero an kanra la
liwat gin re release is an compiled binary files tikang sa
source code, dire nira gin hahatag an source code mismo. So
the reason for this is for them to protect their code and
ideas from their competitors.

By the way HOME BREW is

Homebrew is a popular package manager for macOS that allows

users to easily install and manage open-source software
packages on their computers. It provides a simple command-line
interface for installing, updating, and removing packages, as
well as a large repository of pre-built packages that can be
easily installed with a single command.

WHY IT SIMPLIFIES THE INSTALLATION?

Overall, Homebrew simplifies the installation of software
packages on macOS by providing a centralized repository,
automatic dependency resolution, easy updates, and simple
uninstallation. This makes it a powerful and user-friendly
tool for managing software packages on macOS.

1.11.2 Free OS

GNU
The GNU project was launched by Richard Stallman in 1983 with
the goal of creating a free software operating system that
would provide users with the same freedom and control over
their software that they have over their hardware.To Stallman,
“free” refers to freedom of use, not price. The free-software
movement does not object
to trading a copy for an amount of money but holds that users
are entitled to four certain freedoms:

Ine siya nga project includes a wide range of software tools

and utilities like for example compiler, text editor, shell,
and numerous other command-line tools. One of the most
important components of the GNU project is the GNU General
Public License (GPL), which is a widely-used license for free
software that ensures that users have the right to use, copy,
modify, and distribute the software.

The goal of the GNU Project was to create a complete Unix-like

operating system composed entirely of free software, with the aim of
promoting the freedom to use, study, modify, and distribute software.

Overall, the GNU Project and the GNU operating system have played a
significant role in the development of free and open-source software,
and have helped to promote the idea of software freedom and user
empowerment.

LINUX

Linux is a free and open-source operating system that was developed

by Linus Torvalds in 1991. It is based on the Unix operating system
and is compatible with a wide range of hardware platforms, from
personal computers to servers to mobile devices.

Overall, Linux is known for its flexibility, security, and

reliability, and is used by millions of people and organizations
around the world for a wide range of computing tasks. Its open-source
nature has helped to promote innovation and collaboration in the
software development community, and has contributed to its ongoing
popularity and success.
RELATION
GNU and Linux are often associated with each other because they are
both components of many modern free and open-source operating
systems, including most Linux distributions.

UNIX -
Unix is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems

BSD UNIX

The Berkeley Software Distribution or Berkeley Standard

Distribution[1] (BSD) is a discontinued operating system based on
Research Unix, developed and distributed by the Computer Systems
Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley. The
term "BSD" commonly refers to its open-source descendants, including
FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, and DragonFly BSD.

As with many open-source projects, this source code is contained in

and controlled by a version control system

VCS

The primary purpose of a VCS is to keep track of changes to the

project over time, allowing developers to view previous versions of
the code, track who made changes and when, and collaborate with
others on the same codebase. This is especially important in software
development, where projects can become very complex and involve
multiple developers working on different parts of the codebase
simultaneously.

An main purpose sine nga VCS is para ma monitor an changes sa

projects, it allows the developers to view previous versions of the
codes ngan also it allows them to track who made changes and when. So
Importante ine siya sa sayo nga software development.

A software repository, or repo for short, is a storage location for software packages. Often a
table of contents is also stored, along with metadata.

Centralized VCS

Sayo la nga repository an gamit sa tanan nga developer,so tanan nga

projects or any other assets, sa sayo la nga storage gin bubutang
ngan tanan nga developers is may access sira siton nga repository,
pwede sira maghimo changes anytime.
In a distributed VCS,

Kada sayo sa developers mayda sira copy san repository, ngan an

changes nga nahimo is ada between those repository, so mas okay ine
siya kay pwede kam maghimo changes maski dire kam connected sa
central repos.

Examples of distributed VCSs include Git and Mercurial.

Some of the key benefits of using a VCS include:

History tracking: VCSs keep a detailed history of changes made to the

codebase, making it easy to identify who made what changes and when.

Collaboration: VCSs make it easy for multiple developers to work on

the same codebase simultaneously, even if they are located in
different parts of the world.

Code backup: VCSs provide a reliable backup mechanism for code and
other project assets, reducing the risk of data loss.

Rollback and branching: VCSs allow developers to easily rollback to

previous versions of the code and create branches to experiment with
new features or ideas.

Overall, version control systems are a critical tool for software

developers, helping them to manage the complexity of their codebases
and work collaboratively on projects.

SOLARIS

Solaris is known for its robustness, scalability, and security

features, Mostly gamit ine siya sa mga enterprise environments kasi
kaya niya mag handle high level of system loads . Solaris also
pioneered many features that are now standard in modern operating
systems, such as support for large amounts of memory, advanced file
systems, and network protocols.

1.11.6
Open-source systems can be excellent learning tools for a variety of reasons.

Access to the Source Code: One of the main benefits of open-source

systems is that users can access and examine the source code. This
means that users can see how the software works, learn from it, and
even modify it for their own purposes.

Collaboration: Open-source systems are often developed

collaboratively by a community of users and developers. This means
that users can learn from other experts in the community and
collaborate with them on projects.

Real-world Experience: Open-source systems are often used in real-

world applications, which means that users can gain experience with
software that is actually used in industry. This can be particularly
valuable for students who are preparing for careers in software
development or related fields.

Flexibility: Open-source systems are often highly flexible and

configurable. This means that users can experiment with different
configurations and settings, and learn how they affect the software's
behavior.

Cost: Open-source systems are often free to use, which makes them
accessible to a wide range of learners who might not have the
resources to invest in commercial software.