Name: Subject: Macro Perspective of Tourism and

Year and Section: Hospitality

Research 2: Chapter 4
BUSES

Every vehicle on the road releases an average of one pound of CO2 per mile driven.
Compared with driving alone, taking public transportation reduces CO2 emissions by 45%,
decreasing pollutants in the atmosphere and improving air quality. Buses are one of the major
contributor of air or atmospheric and noise pollution. In order to lessen its negative impact on the
environment, bus operators or drivers must assure that buses are well maintained, have an
adequate enforcement rules and regulations, and an appropriate size and carriage.
Alleviating Flight arrival and Departure Congestion

Airport Congestion
Due to the increasing expansion in demand for civil aviation, passenger terminal
congestion is a regular issue in many airports throughout the world, particularly at
security screening and check-in areas of departure terminals. This is made worse by a
number of things, including constrained waiting places, insufficiently many counters
available, delayed service, or mistakes made during the processing procedure.

Airport congestion can be minimized through a lot of alternative solutions that

can be applied.
Expansion of Facility
If the place happens to be congested most of the time due to massive number of
travelers passing, expanding the facility can be one of the effective solution that can be
done. With intelligence and considerations applied, it can gradually lessen moments of
congestion in the airports. On the other hand, though such an idea can be really effective
the production or construction can be a problem. It may take a lot of time that will
possibly take for about 5 to 10 years for it to be finished.
Relocating Air Traffic Operations
Separating International and Charter Flights or some segments of commercial
traffic operation to certain airlines to other nearby airports that are less busy or used less
frequently. Those rules airlines might be persuaded to move their operations by offering
incentives to them or they might be compelled by legal action. In a busy airport, one way
to make the most of the capacity available is to restrict its use to general aviation and
other non-commercial aircraft.
Passenger and Airport must practice
Either a passenger or the operation management on the airport. One of the best
way to alleviate congestion is to ensure that time is managed properly. Passengers
absolutely know they are not the only ones the airport would cater, so arriving on the
airport earlier would help one save time and avoid having conflicts on the process. For
the traffic operator and other employees on the airport, having enough people and time
considering the things they are to do like security check-ups and other things they will do
in order for the passenger to be allowed to board will really save time and avoid
congestion especially when people starts to arrive at a fast pace resulting to possible long
line wait for passengers.
References
Pollution caused by buses. (n.d.). Urban Bus Toolkit.
https://ppiaf.org/sites/ppiaf.org/files/documents/toolkits/UrbanBusToolkit/assets/1/1b/
1b12.html#:~:text=Buses%20may%20contribute%20to%20atmospheric,fuel%20and%20emit
%20excessive%20exhaust.

5 environmental benefits of Sustainable Transportation (2023) Transportation. Available at:

https://transportation.ucla.edu/blog/5-environmental-benefits-sustainable-
transportation#:~:text=Less%20Pollution%20and%20Clearer%20Skies,atmosphere
%20and%20improving%20air%20quality.

Zouein, P., Haddad, M., Hajj, P. E., & Bettany, R. (2020, August). Alleviating airport terminal
congestion through dynamic space reallocation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on
Industrial Engineering and Operations Management.

Alternative solutions to simulation models applied to congested (no date). Available at:
https://www.itf-oecd.org/sites/default/files/docs/alternative-solutions-airport-saturation-
simulation-models.pdf?