High Frequency UTZ – 15 megahertz and above

HFU – 15 MHz or more

High absorption=high penetration=Small superficial structures – thyroid gland, breast tissue, skin,
muscle, orbits

2.5 MHz – low absorption=high penetration = deep seated organs

Curvilinear probe

Used usually in general abdominal utz or OB

For Greater view

For general abdomen and OB

Amneutic fluid used for acoustic window to view fetus within the sac

High frequency, Linear probe

Lineear high frequency probe

Used in small body parts (superficial); thyroid, orbits muscle, MSK, vascular, testes, scrotal

Endocavitary probes

-vaginal, uterus, ovaries, prostate, rectal,

Can also be used during early pregnancy (1,2,3 months) or first trimester

Sector probe

Low frequency probe

All around, for pedia application; for cranial, abdomen and for chest
PEDAM

PZT cystals (crystals with dipole ability, +-)

(+-) electricity flow results to expansion of crystal

(-+) electricity flow results to compression of crystal

From b-c repeatedly creates rapid expansion and compression of crystals called PZT effect creating
vibrations that transmits soundwaves (mechanical energy-utz)

Piezoelectric effect Expansion and compression creating a mechanical energy – ultrasound waves

Natural crystals

Quartz, Rochelle salts, tourmaline

Artificial crystals

Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT)

Barium Lead Zirconate

Barium Lead Titanate

Lithium Sulfate

Lead Metaniobate

LZT universally used currently

Synthetic

-preffered over quarts due to:

1. better coupling coeeficient- electromechanically efficient

2. Dielectric constant – consistent released mechanical energy/intensity

3. easily mold into different shapes and sizes – ex. Circular, small cuts, square
Electrodes

Are sandwiching the PZT Ctystals

changing polarity of crystals by supplying electricity – changing sizes and shape producing vibrations

- Tinfoil of gold and/or silver (TGa/oS)

Damping/ backing material (diagnostic)

Prevents crystal ringing/vibrations that stops the production of utz waves to give time for receiving the
echoes

provides short burst delivery of utz waves (pulse utz)

tungsten powder, epoxy resin

Therapeutic – continuous emission of UTZ to deliver heat for physiotherapy

No damping block

Acoustic insulator/absorber

To insulator the soundwaves preventing transmission of utz energy into the casing and the power cable

(increasing beam intensity)

Utz waves should only come out in forward direction (into the transducer phase)

Composed of rubber, cork, alum

Matching Layer

Matches PZT crystals into the patient to pass through

Improves transfer of energy to and from the patient

Matches out the transmission of waves to prevent no interaction

Maintains easy transmission of information by matching out the transmission of energy and receival of
echoes

Reduces vibrations
Some books designates matching layer as the coupling gel/transmission gel

Aside from dual polarity of crystals

PZT crystals should be submerged into curie temperature for PZT effect (328-365 degree Celsius)

Crystals dictates the frequency of UTZ probes

High frequency (15 Mhz or more) decreased thickness of crystals (70 micrometer or 35 micrometer)

Thyro id, breast, scrotal, skin joints, muscles

2.5 Mhz – increased thickness of crystals (.35 or 1.5 mm)

Deep seated

Abdominal organ imaging

Natural

Quartz, Rocheles salts,

Array – pertains to crystal arrangement

1.Linear – single row/single file in straight line

2. Curvilinear (convexly curved) – single row, single file of crystals in curve

Mixed and matched

Sequential – in a sequence , sunod sunod

Phased

In segments or in group

Per segment
In-phased

Linear, Sequential (ranging from 200-500 elements)

FOV: boxed type

Linear Phased

Usually called sector probes

UTZ waves In segments

Usually used for Pediatric patients; brain, chest, abdomen

Has smallest arrangement

FOV: pointy at the ,

Not as wide as the Curvilinear

Curvilinear, Sequential

For wide angle and view, wide footprint

Deep organs

Low freq

2 kinds of Diagnostic Beams

Continuous wave Ultrasound (CW)

Give-Give-Give

Used for moving interphases and flow of blood (Vascular UTZ)

Pulse Echo UTZ

(PE)

Give – Stop - Receive

Generally used in Imaging

used for Imaging; still images (e.g. B-mode)

2 UTZ Beams Shapes

Spherical Wavefront –

Source of UTZ are coming from a single location

Seldomly used nowadays

Plane Wavefront

Used today

Each crystals give an UTZ wave

Huygens Principle

Accumulating multiple wavelets and combining them together to form resultant wavefront

higher intensity and displacement for the amplitudes

Stronger and more uniform

Arrangement or beam shaped used in doppler or PE imaging

Fresnear zone FAR FIELD – High divergence of beam -Uniformity of UTZ intensity =- as distance
increases weak utz energies are diminished

Fraunhofar zone NEAR FIELD – High collimated beam – High variation of UTZ intensity

Focal zone – Near field and far field transition –area where Best image/spatial resolution is captured

Grating Lobe – UTZ energies that are emitted in a far off axis.

Beam occurs almost at 90 degrees

{Usually from multi element transducer – linear sequential)

Side Lobe - accounts to 10-15 percent of beam

Beam occurs likely at 45 degrees angle

Usually occurs from single element transducer (spherical)

A-mode (Amplitude)

Amplitude or strength is the basis just like the pulse

The height of the pulse is used to measure what is being depicted or interpretation of it

Is seldomly used nowadays

B-mode (Brightness)

Currently used

Depicts the BRIGHTNESS of the reflected wave will be equivalent to the intensity of the returning echo

Dynamic imaging (Movement)

For organs that are actively moving(e.g heart imaing – M-mode/motion mode display)

Cardiography -2D Echo, Stress test

M—Mode

Continues but still has pulse (to receive the resulting echos)

Real Time

Doppler