STUDIES IN LANGUAGE COMPANION SERIES (SLCS) “The SLCS series has been established 28a companion series to STUDIES IN LANGUAGE, International Josrna, sponsored by the Foundation "Foundations of language” See tors Werner Abraham Michael Noonan Unhersityof Groningen University af Wisconsin Milwaukee ‘The Netherlands Usa Boi! Board Jean By Universy of New Meco) ‘Uke Clad (Canes of Clog] ‘ern Coe ia Pn tse, apie) ‘Willams Cro Universo Manchesten Osten Dbl (Unser of Sea) cenit Dien (Unies of Lien) atin Haspimath (ou Plank Inte, Leis) Ebkcard Konig (ree Univers of Bei) China Laman (Uber of Bie) Rest angie (Univer of Teas Artin) | | | Bian MacWniany (rn elln Unies) Matisne than (Unersiy of Caloris, Sons Burka) Et Moravec (Univers of Wisconsin, Miwa) ‘Masajoei Shibata febe Universi) sl Tomin (University of Oregon sin Veins (The Hague} Volume 42 Michael Darel, Eth Moraes, Frederick Newmeyer, ‘Michael Noonan and Kthleen Wheatley (as) Functionlion and Frain in Ligases Volume I Case Stes FUNCTIONALISM AND FORMALISM IN LINGUISTICS VOLUME II: CASE STUDIES Bdited by MICHAEL DARNELL EDITH MORAVCSIK FREDERICK NEWMEYER MICHAEL NOONAN KATHLEEN WHEATLEY JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY |AMSTERDAM/PHIIADELPHIAo DPRNARD COMRIE AND MARIA FOLINSKY Masums, Yosio, 198, “Seman and Prigmaie of Nownitying ‘Constcton in Japanese". Papers rom th Fwrcen Arnal Mecting of ‘he Berl Lingue Soke, 165-17, Nilay, Sere Ls trot, Sergey A. 1994 A North Caucasian mal i Dictionary. Moscow: Ase Poin. Maria 1998, "see Aprevmeat The Teva the Unustl”’. Paper retell to NSL9, Unive of Chicago, and sbited othe send ines os John R. 1967. Cran on rable Syma. PR. disraton, MIE ‘Published 1986 alte Sta, Nonweod, NJ= Aten) Seahoei Ant vans, Pras 1993. Weak nad and an Agere Seman tics fe Soop Taking” Nota! Language Semantics 1235-84, Formalizing Functionally Kees Hengeveld Univers of Amsterdam Astra ‘his pper press Fao Gram Dk 19) 69 ef amar Stl in het tng co ‘ewan pen go igi ot Te Sa ie 10 sf eae Mandal pes ol coplenent cla 1 Funeionaion nd Formas ‘The terms “Formal and “Puntos aogh genemllyaceptl a Seipaions of two reat approaches win ings. are not ene Mouse, since they embody tn iret Kinds of pontine "Te fat opesion concer the base view of language adopted by linguistic theories, where, oushy speak oe eer views pana pia ea aulononus sal system, o views gree primarily ay ns Inet of socal interaction. Toor aig these two ow peat may be fale “atonal fenton, respectively. ‘The secon postion ss of 4 qule ferent nae. Some inguisi theres have te explicit ln of consti a fmalrpesetatoa system, hws ter are oot Th of hse may ald ‘Since thes 0 oppo carrie guste here indepen of ‘one anter hey may te combioed asin Tbe 1. fn Tae 1 for dient Iypes of linguistic teary are defined in tems of the oppositions Govermeat aad Binding Thory (G8) and Head Deven Phrase Seuctreaa rma (PSG) would be examples frp A theo. Tei opps ype, ‘Setcmplied by apices aac a those advocated by e. Haliay (1985), td Givdn (1984190), Type dos mot seem to hie major contemporary Iepresenates, Ths aves with type Cs wich i iste in varios Tarret ode svk s Role and Referee Grimm (REG, Foley & Van Valin 198) an Potions Grae (26, Dik 1989) In his paper | vil coosentate on FG an cours i with i immedine goa in Tal 1,36 wihapproacis of type A and Futons Gr Ine haves oe feature wit ach thes sppoache. Like eas of ype D, FG has incon event, Kifer from thee hore nth ses 3 feemal representational sen and theo forces engi osstematily ‘Svclop the teary vate consent formulation of hypotheses, Like thors of tape AFG es 8 formal repeatinal yr, Hers ro thes theaies ‘nth it as fn cee a hereby eniveslyappiable- “These pit wl be Hlsatd below Hl take the eaten! of Tens, ‘Mood and Asest (IMA) caters in FO. deseribed in seston 3. ny poi Gt deprte and bseqeny how ia section 4 ow ths approach ea 0 8 ‘ype conning the stent oF empleeat costco Bah nthe fica of TMAsgeems and i the ara of eaplmenation the representations ved at allay Toston costings generalizations. I ston then tm te the ueaent of TMA-cuegres in Goverment and Budi Thewy and Seed the way these capris are del wt in is aoch will no ead tocrsslingnsialy val geenlizaons, sae th egies under investiga tion ae at futonlly defined, Sacton 2 Tit presents an outing of ome felevan ase of Peto! Grama 2 Pormalzing in Functional Grammar 1 86, uneringepsentton of erie re seman and pragmatic ty bose unveralyappnble srastare Once uly secifed the ndeyng FORMALIZING FUNCTIONALLY os traces ae tito atl ings expres vs the application of Slunguage-speci wt of expen rus, Tas, sens abl primase ‘ely sparted from sya an mero Ternces ae rpc by at of layered archicad stu tu. The general format of ths elf given in igre 1 Tis teresentation {sins by Foley & Van Valin (1988), ut hs ten ven seman as in the RG amen, (MLL (9A) %e{—1 KE Ioerpesoal evel ~ Gert peed F904) 60) Representational level Gane a Spec ot oposice 1X) Preps comet Prin te) Sito ae rete) egeryetion ‘en a Indi Fete he meson furans Panton Grom “The sac in Figure as 3 whole vs a repesenatin of the speech st (&_. Wain ta spc at een conte CX) i communicate, THs woporona cone comin description of ste a als (,) which Inte one ar more inva) ‘The bighes lve of ths uracare following Halli (1970325) ‘he ierpersoml ee! essere othe Dass of a aba llbewony prac (ILI) sich at DECL (cae) ot INT Gsematve ich Ms the speaker (), the addessee (A) and the proposition coven (K) as 3 ‘gues. The lowes lvls called the rypretontatoal lve, following Ber (093428), This level ested on he ass fa pect (whe has n= ‘or more ivi () (4) 38s agents. The two Fvelscomespond 1 Jakobsen’ (1971) speech evebt and arated even, epestvely. As Jakobon gue, any grtial cares can be eine cal if thse tw Ives of 'alysiare take it acount. "ish ayer n Figure 1 reposts ilerent typeof enti, wich ay bested intr of aetna vein of Lyon (9 TT42-447) clasiaton ‘entiy pen A predate epee er ede ety, which as mo inp ‘Sat exenc, bu cu ony Be esas infers fH applabty 4 ber typos of ey Afr 6) specs am vd «it er en, whch Ee cmt on apace and can be eve i tr of 6 exes. A fwedaton epee sae offs, secon eet, whieh ane Arete in pcs ie sc Be tall rms is ely. A propos tn (Xess «proponal cnet i xe ey, whic ean be Toc nee m spc a aden eae erm th ‘Sine epsems pec et out rere. which ates isl in Space and inc an en Be vat in tem of 18 ey. he dination hween propositional contents an sates of as. oF ‘wea inland second der ets, of eri portance wih te Toul jot resened Prepon sete, ho opinions, and he he, Ire mental const teh nineteen, By coast, Sus fai tees, es, nd eke, oe pr of exter word 5 oneeptad by the peal and eit whe they ae tap abot ow ‘3. Tome, Mend, and Aspect in Futon sch ofthe eleva ui of cae strstr disused ofr can be mee hy yer Opto ar stat cements reesei. semantic does pes by sami mens. I igure ? he dere yes of pene se Teese he model of te clase (ep LAD el —1KOIEDH (5055 5 es 090 ED 1x texwion gris Commie ey of the speak eg Rin Poptart ahi pop ne eg Biel) EL leson pets Sng fe of if Tene, Resi) E etenc cps” Moin of te ier as of he a of aise A=) eee 2 Tos Ma al ae pertyin anal Gro All pete iyps ve fntons which te tunel he evel at wich they operate Prete operators (:) eset pail exresions Which ‘pera alin proper of ffir. Many pst exensons ae “rote hy th ype of oprtr Peto pers (eps rai fal exmessons whi spo the oing of eo aa he tke cr of fe. te ad acti egresins poston operons) reouet pan "nucal expression which psi te prpsitonl atta of he speaker, the cae of evel may. Mca operators) trent gamma "xenon which ny the force of a pach act abd is ae ae fe the reinforcing eof emphatic mara "hi semantic charter finds async Formal ellen i the way in wich TMA expresion are reine coslingsticly. The goucaiz om i ven i (1) afar a ngage ase one and the same morphol sae fee the expression f epson hese ac exes, With reset he pectin the on Pot om HH “Ts the expression of pets cnt in iter poi krona the pect tes length ering seman cape of es peas Some examples ar en in 2-40 iene 2) Prk m 8 Wire dpa histo sth “The wee mast have begun 08 ye % Py "Te ee nist have Regu gow i us cla Past Sc OH "The eee mas ave Begun o B10" Ine Hits example. th ingresive pic 8 feces te il pase sate of ali Ie mods te mera tre of he ee offvic es me in he rea eas ds be consered am ops The past patil san ise te ae of srs a 4 wb, alu Te ingress sieaton, one ine a witout intel ars, fh can thas considera y-apera The con pari pein he Sesh’ commit with eet the a vale a he epost comet ‘hibespecch ck withn wich fee s made fhe ele laa Tsien sd ingens, ts be onside 2 oper “The eer of price this ellos the seman sop elas Boece sariogs les operas within eh unryingresetatin. Te sae es Fore ofthe aus nthe Engl xu (3) hi ext the Ives ofthe cer of the ats (2) TA some ile xan fom Tari ven in Pry 8 5 Ante ab eek ngs i eden: LR NFER “Tener that Iwill be ale understand “Tis example consis ds een al elon The ait sli i fxpenes ails puispant oeted di, which fects the relation Texwoon 2 pariipint ina ste of afrs andthe elcaon of hat Ste of ‘Mund ay ths cose the exon of operat. Te nels Sifix veel chaactizcy the sate of afi Hnloing the opecieaion of ili, ae una witout fein ts itera otc, ah can th be nskeed the expressin of «Ry peste The ede ulmi eats thar the spear hae oo doc cee forthe proposal coment ee prosnting and thi indica wer dere of eomaent on he pat be eal feat of r-opsatoe "The examples given ae epesntatve of univer phenomenon, ist extensively vestigate in yes (985), noted at win he domain of {TMA expressions Arps ens Io by expresso Sse to the pee hen "Tere andthe Mod Th een ¢€ TMA opens a FG ives formalized ‘noi fo thee Ging. ‘ote ht he oraz in (1 ako rac een to mara cal eatin: th odeing plea or the expesson operator ds or se fisce whee ae nth same reps exession Torts sed fr tha ‘psa The peer ostcon tc he exten of comin of seis such Fonotatizave MINCHONALLY » i (8) Solna one In (5) Pec Aspect segs wi the Rep of in er which bal ‘ste Tove mur Given this ed expo, makes sense 0k ‘och ofthe tw ctor expe hs 1 te predia 4. Complementation As tis intadstio othe teste of TMA exsist FG, Iwill no sho ho th frma eesettona ll jas caine pedis the epee Son af eonpeeat clase, ‘The sem hata given to ath ofthe apc Table 1 makes ‘pss to cll sonia comstrstions inte of Be ight ye hey ‘onan traning sce Hengeved 198}, Sie not al sborint “Sonsinton epee fall pot my Rested a each of tee layer my at shorts comarcin new in (0 6 Chases of sontnte constructions ia FO Chases Bey HLS) (AVR XAG Preston: Cy Xe (2 bol INT Praia: (Ry e911 (2p) In he cae of complementation, te ate of the andoing eetre of the ‘component ln pes one ete of te compleeat aking predate (oonan 1985) Some examples ae sven 0-0) O Smyaney Bate ay) ©) Ber (a) 9) “The ver ay Sse the reptig of spch a and hs tksubornte ou it comple Te ve lee express» propose atu, at ‘hun keaton rposton as cmpement The verb othe, aly, sense he flat ta on ste of ai cates am expen, a {hu takes a iherdnatepodction a argument Give he uocaton fran les pester Wi specie ayes te eprscitons in ()-48) el ta nambero recites (1) incomplemens at the wth aay al clases of operators rom Re dowawars are eleva (2) in0 Kes MENGEVELD complements of te vet belive propositional and lower operas (fom town) ae eleva 3 i complements of he ver ato preiatioml a Ser pets (am downwars) a elevat. I wht ftw {vee ‘hese cums foe Spanish The leat base examples ae gen in 10}(2) Spanish (a) ier que Suan eset eferme sy ht Ban ea He sy ta oa ei 1) Cree gue tan sh enermo ese that Jan i "He teow that San (12) Le molest que nan sé enferme hi ters ht Ba ss bother i that aa il! (nm thesis thes piton made above, ane would expt te verb dei y's but aot he var eer "hello allow the eaboing of spec cs ih ile illoctonry ales. Tat Hs Is indeed the casei shown by ‘vamples (13) and (14 (3) Dice que saan steno ‘aye tht aan i he says taf Sua He ake wheter Ju i (14) "Cre ue sian esd enfermo Tone tht an le bees tha i Juan i il “ie tenes ter an it ample (12) shows tat sponse Far he vee dec ay" fo fake an inegive conpemen, hich mt allowed wt the verb rere in (1, ‘On te basis ofthe vasond pdt, one wold expect to Be posible capess a prosonal ade win the complement of ibe vet rer Tine’, tt in that of the esd meet ute’. THs pectin 6 conned in examples (18) and (16) (15) a No cree gue umené_enformo 1 beieves tha on se Me doesnt ive tha a bbe gue dunes enorme tn beieves tha an tN "He decent belo ht aan i (owe Tio Bee (16) Note molest gue ta et onermo obi bere tat Jn 0 does tbe hi st ean 1b Note molest gu ua ed efor bin thes that an Nt "oes tt hi ta oan (tue Tw he ett tire be i) 1 nse contexts the ver erer tle” may te subjunctive or incive ‘onplennts. By the se ofan indie complement te speaker nica be ‘hoe ioe whit he subject of he min lane des not seve, By the we a ! rbjunctve complement however, be dos at cont ne 0 the coat fe complement props Iate complements the ve molest "ote the ineatvehabjunciveeppesion eo be sed in tis 2 ' comparison of sxanples (12 an (7) shows tht ts possible io exes tempest oppoions within the complemont f the vet mest “bother as ‘xpd on te ss ofthe thd prediction (17) Bo ke mola gue Jaan snr enerme oi tes that Baa was "does ther im ths Jaan wt The hype, which Klloned rm ou tsment of TMAoperatrs within 3 Semanal based uadeying rpresctation ofthe uence, ths es 0 2 umber of rn predtions concerning the expres of ese operas ie ‘aris types of complement lass These varying poss have the consequenes for the way i which these complement te expressed cshgusically. These positives may be ptr By the lication hierhy given in (8 (1) The higher te outzmmest lye of «complement cane, he ore key be expressed by an independent vero: Le = OH) >1 KES HENGEVELD The um “indent sree” in 16) wet designate a weber hat ‘uy bese i inept cscs. Ts neon em ewe stead fe oval ew “Heness” to 90i the my poten ave i defining the “able 3 exci he way he Hach i (18) 6 nse in some ope ans ° ae 2 prio af Camps Clases veto Independent ifm, «= pendent As Table? shows the dtsaton of complet pes ellos the inp ey in ato way) the we of am depen vem ina lower iret complemen imply te seu such form higher evel compl Ines (hh ne apne verre a bighe vel empl ips the ne of sah a yrborm in lower fel complements The Wea ‘seine ensues In FG ts gives formalized Basis to Lehman's {U9 dvi sae ‘What di analy of complement ass as sown in elation «the nals oP TMA systems in the evo sation he that th eo ona Tepesenatoel sean tgs cme to filly Terma hype for He "ur fone domain f marc he hss ofthe esl of he analy | other domain of rare, 5 Ten, Mood, and Aspet in Government and Binding Theory ‘Given ht oe Frain proach ogra fey swell motte the (gossion why oe would ke a untonal a not am steno view of UEnege In onlr to anor this queen, stay be uff rota to he trstnet of TMA spon an compre the PG approach tte ee cure vested Goverment sn Bing They ‘With Ptleck's (198 “pit nt hype TA exons areas ‘hirowa intionalpoetos i underyng GU epsemons. The base ex hehind he GB apprich staevry TMA category tan owe projection the omdersing sere By ving the ws fn Hs oi poston fo he pesos ofthe aris pct pik the ware TM marers ne by {oe The underiing stactze eters the enw TMA nar tne ered. An example of represent 2 res Pllc 198 pe a9 o @ ‘Aspe from (1, nd oe eabrate epson nar pop he intucion of funtion! caegrics 9 OB thw) ces 2 ston pale erent strstr Bed thoy on he one had and fc ed ene ach se RRG and FG on tech Sine the rca aon of “TMivslegories as somatic hss a lsd stove he seman pecch | Pant the set apgroac in GB ead a highly compare ress "Tee ever mao lca ween he pec a et resto ofthe ema ctl bass het undress. Theto KEES HENGEVELD naj dens sen (1) cm th PG ge in Fig 2. i ont Teepe pie y mens of acon reds ronal, ey lec be a abot te pen o ape ustream Ac ely een ong Sly ela Engl an rch go wage non to Aare! and Re wi rpc toch oe Te, Bele 930) tropa evens ane fo Tene sad Ameen (9). Were {Shon dan frome ngage sve yee eed ‘Rontgenstr This pub i dnc corn fhe ft tc Ces fanute ach for 8 OB sje Snee agement eof he eee trict coe ve sot algud fit prgston whch ‘acne pol of cnetnguini ean js aie ‘nF he or fond, smn agri ete hae ni “rw cn be dled ith pet teach he fn es fei Senne spe, sl ope mts efit nth oe of he ‘ete inane sical he emantexpesine ow sperm insane sce Agent cnt be Sead in tm of seas pe tare to Tita cag al tere mt eli sae a FO Sarre dea th testa pla sens ped it xguents ie exponen ef vi x hal es sere pa of tapes ods congealed allow «sper Sevag wd aso oe expo of TMA 6 Conctasion 1 hs paper Rave edo sow that “rma and uncon” are not con icon if "forma is wien he sense of “Yorn Fermin thes have te ability ogee exit ete ype abt gama fal nce, Fuptond hos hve te advange owing Inga npr ‘eat basi semanc notion tet lly for cong generating A Foonal‘anctomal tery th cis the songs pits of ermal and ‘ction approaches Aciedgments References Bala, A. 1900 Generated verb movement Tan: Rosary & Sei Buble, Kal. 1934 Sphere. Jom: Pach Bybee Joan L. ORS. orp: stay fhe elation ren mening ad sem Aten: nis, Dik, Son C1989, The hry of Faction Grammar Pa The astro the lose. Darks Fors Foley, Willa A. Rott DV Yin, 984, Faactonal yac andra sramnar. Cambs: Cunbidge Univesity Pres {ivi Tay. 1984990. Sa A asap itn. 2 Ns “Anitera: Renji alld, MLA-K. ISAS. A insoducton 0 Fuca Grom Len ‘Bard Arn Hengevell, Kee 1989."Layers and operates in Fons Geum’, Junot of Ungustice 28.1, 127-187, bse, Roman 1971 “Shiers, verb cgi, athe Rus ver”. Tabs, Selected Writing, Wal The Hague: Mouton. 130-187 Leta, Chin 9K, “Tovar ypology of an kage” tn Jon Hainan & Sande A. Thmpeon fe, Cus combining grammar ad sdicouse. Amster: Bejan, 181-25 Lyons, eb. 1977, Semantics. 2 vos. Cambridge: Cridge Univesity rss Noon. Michael. 185. "Carplementton In Thy Shops, Language ‘nyibg and tactic deeipon, Wo Cane Cambridge Unver fy Pres, 42-100. Plc J, 1989. "Verb movement, UG andthe saci oF I Linus Thsiry 20, 365-224,