Part 6 You are going to read the views of four economists on the subject of large-scale human migration. For questions 37-40, choose from the extracts A-D. The extracts may be chosen more fisn once. The winners and losers in mass migration Four economists give their views on the economic consequences of large-scale migration. A Large-scale human migration between continents is often erroneously seeanded 2s 2 recent phenomenon. It is remarkable, however, that a process that once took thousands of years now shes 2 few generations, as the history of countries like Australia and Canada bears witness. Most developed cations Save seen migration from less developed areas this century, a trend that seems set to gather pace in years 80 come. Pur simply, there's excess demand for labour in rich countries, and people from poorer countries zxxive so plug che gap, thereby helping to keep the economies of the developed nations functioning smoothly. Alshous® sey cend to do lowly-paid work initially, such people are clearly much better off financially than they would be Bad chey stayed where they were, What's more, because they often lend financial support to family members back bome, the wealth of developed nations is effectively invested in the economies of less-developed areas, and ewe=yone benefits. B In developed countries, each generation tends to gain improved access to efscation and employment opportunities, until eventually a shortage of unskilled labour, especially i= che service sector, provides opportunities for incoming migrants, and in order to maintain levels of esomti and development, rich societies need to attract such people. Given that economic growth is the aim of mses: wesem governments, itis hard to see this changing anytime soon, Sadly, however, itis often the most ablc and ieduscrious individuals who leave poor countries to the detriment of the local economy. The potential benefits of mizration can be overstated, however. Indeed, being by nature energetic and intelligent, some would-be migrants might actually be well advised to stay at home, where they are best placed co fuel economic gromeh and sap the benefits. Instead, these people often end up doing low-paid menial work in the developed weed Alchough some funds may be channelled back to their country of origin, the overall economic ef=== i Cc Economic growth is the aim of most democratic western governments, asi Eexps voters in work and allows them to enjoy an increasingly sophisticated lifestyle based on consumpsion of ss0ds and services, Part of this equation is population growth, which especially in the case of service Endres, tends co fuel economic development. Low birth rates in developed countries mean that migrant laboar mends to be recruited if targets for economic growth are to be achieved. It seems an irreversible trend. Mizzranss send to come from less- developed parts of the world. Individuals are attracted by the oppormunizy s= cams such more than they could back home, although this could be a false impression given the realities of Evang on 2 low income in a country with a high cost of living. Meanwhile, poorer economies may be denied the caseribution of some of their most able members. D Clearly, economic growth in the USA was fuelled in the nineteenth cenmary bey 2 secady influx of labour from oher parts of the world. Some argue that the same process that produced esonasic s=eth in that infant economy will have the same effect on modern post-industrial ones. But the issues 2re mach soe complex, Indeed, although migrants arrive in European countries in response to labour shortages, those do mc exis in a fiee market, and 1 would question the assumption thar the current level of economic migratiom acess continents will be sustained. “The existence of minimum wage legislation and other social initiatives, eximasimablc in the nineteenth cencury, serve to distort the picture and make ic difficult to say whether immigrasios is swing the needs of a growing economy effectively or not. Itis certainly depleting the pool of alent in pooe=r masons, for although materially berter off, migrants rarely return to channel their new found wealth or sists sean the local economy. zy TEST 7: READING AND USE OF ENGLISHWhich economist doesn't have the same opinion as Economist A regarding the impact of migration on the economy of the host country? [sz | holds a different view to Economist C regarding how migration can affect a migrants’ country of origin? [ 38 | shares Economist B's view regarding the financial benefits of migration to the individual miarant? 39) has a different opinion from the others regarding how likely current migration patterns are to continue? {40 | TEST 7: READING AND USE OF ENGLISHPart7 You are going to read an article about the hobby of cloudwatching. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs which you do not need to use. ‘A-G the one which fits each gap (41-46). There is one extra paragraph In the exam, mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. The sky’s the limit for cloudwatchers Christopher Middleton learns to distinguish an altoseratus, from a cirrus at Britain's first Cloud Bar. High above the Lincolnshire coastline, a swiel of small white clouds moves slowly across a clear blue sl normal circumstances, youd describe them as wispy and feathery. But because we're standing on the roof of Britain’ first Cloud Bar, and i's decked out with wall charts, we assembled skygazers can identify the above-mentioned phenomena as Cirrus fibratus, For the moment anyway, since clouds only live for ren minutes (ie says on the chart). a “That said, clouds can be tremendously exciting too, he adds. “The first cloud I noticed was at the age of four and a half. [saw this magnificent Cremulonimbus, with rays of sunshine sprouting out from behind. Even now, I love to s those towering great formations. In my mind, clouds are che last great wilderness available to us.” 45 | J “Ies a fantastic idea, this place’ says off-duty fireman Poter Ward, who’ brought his young family ‘Really inspiring.” re here. Ac the last count, membership of the Cloud Appreciation Society stood at 23,066, covering 82 nations and all kinds of skywatchers from hillwalkers © airline pilots. ‘We think that clouds are mature’ poetry’ says the society's founder Gavin Pretor-Pinney, author of The Cloudsporter’s Guide (sales of 200,000 and still rising). ‘Clouds are for dreamers and their contemplation benefits the soul.’ In fact, you don’t really need to travel at all to see interesting clouds. You can just lie in your back garden and look upwards, he says. For many cloudwatchers, the most important factor is not so much geographical location, as your philosophical disposition. TEST 7: READING AND USE OF ENGLISH Cloudpsoreers in search of each aurumn to North Queensland in Australia for the tube-shaped pi Glory. ‘You go up says Gavin Pretor-Pinney, whose follow-up book is The Wavewascher’s Com is to travel through clouds on a hang-glider. The pat your hand inside a cloud, but although its wer and chilly, heres no actual substance ilar experiences flock senomenon knows as Morning ad surf the wave of air it creates,” anion, “Even more thrilling strange thing is, “There's something about clouds which appeals to the soul, Ian Loxley says. “The line I like best is the one that goes, “Li measured by the aumber of breaths y x by the moments that take your breath away.” heA Gavin Pretor-Pinney explains why this is: Because of the stately way in which clouds move and the gradual rate at which they develop, contemplating them is akin co meditation,’ he says. “The mere act of sitting, watching and observing slows you down to their pace,” B Absolutely, And as well as ¢timulating the imagination, clouds get you out and about. The keeper of the Society's photo gallery, Ian Loxley, has been on cloud-sceking expeditions in places as far afield as Cornwall and Canada, though his favourite location is around his home in the Lincolnshire Wolds. © The Cloud Appreciation Society website is full of reports of such encounters. Some, like that one, are in mid-air at close quarters, while others are miles below on the ground. D Alo clouds are a good cxample, ‘They are primarily made up of water droplets, making them appear as grey pufly masses. If you see these on a humid summer morning, watch out fora potential thunderstorm lacer. TEST 7: READING AND USE OF ENGLISH E Yes, spend an hour here and you become an instant expert on telling your altos (four to six miles high) from your cumulos (anything lower), As for these, they don’t start until eight miles up, and they're identifiable because of their long, thin, shape (the name in Latin means a strand of hair). F And, like all such places, humans want to explore them. Glider pilor Mike Rubin not only flies inside dlouds bur rides on them. ‘You fly underneath, find the thermal life chat is generating this cloud, and climb up by circling inside it, he says. ‘Use the thermals, and on a good day, you can travel hundreds of kilometres.” G Other beachgoers aren't as convinced that the country has been for a purpose-built pavilion like this, equipped with adjustable mirrors so ing out that you don't even have to look up at the sky: But the world’s nephelophile community (that’s cloud enthusiasts) would beg to differ, especially now changeable weather offers fewer cloudless blue- sky scenarios, and lots more action of the scudding and billowing kind. that more autumn, myPart 8 You are going to read an article about sea creatures. For questions 47-56, choose from the sections of the ar In the exam, mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. le (A-D). The sections may be chosen more than once. In which section of the article are the following mentioned? the kind of sea creature that people in general find appealing how certain creatures reached the sea where they are currently found the replacement of various kinds of sea creature by other kinds. the likelihood that only a small proportion of ail sea creatures is included in the Census a situation that is not immediately apparent in the Census a doubt about the accuracy of existing information about sea creatures [Ba] | the basis on which sea creatures are included in the Census an informal term to describe a large proportion of all sea creatures a task that would be very difficult to carry out the aim of the people carrying out the Census TEST 7: READING AND USE OF ENGLISH a) a | a _ EiWhat lies beneath Marine scientists have discovered strange new species, but their census also reminds us how little we know about sea creatures, says Tim Ecott. A. Inthe latest Census of Marine Life, the Mediterranean has been identified as one of the world’s top five areas for marine biodiversity. ‘The others are the oceans off Australia, Japan, China and the Gulf of Mexico, each containing as many as 33,000 individual forms of life that can be scientifically classified as species. In total, the Census now estimates that there are more than 230,000 known marine species, bur that this is probably less than a quarter of what lives in the sea, The Census has involved scientists in more than 80 counties, working over a decade. They hope that by creating the fire catalogue of the world’s oceans, we can begin to understand the great ecological questions about habicat loss, pollution, over-fishing and all the ocher man-made plagues that are being visited upon the sea. ‘The truth is that, at present, much of what passes for scientific facts’ about the sea and what lives in it are still based on guesswork. B So far, the Census tells us thar fish accoune for about 12 percent of sea life, and that other easily recognisable vertebrates — whales, curtls, seals and so on ~ are just ewo percent of what lives beneath the waves. It is the creepy-crawlies that are out there in really big numbers. Almost 40 percent of identified marine species are crustaceans and molluscs ~ things like crabs, shrimp, squid and sca-snails. The Census continues to add images and data relating to a myriad range of creatures that could have slithered out of the pages of science fiction, For example, there is something enchanting about the ‘Yeti crab’ (Kiwa hirsuta), another new discovery from the Pacific, with a delicate, porcelain-smooth carapace and arms longer than its body, encased in ‘sleeves’ of what look like ginger fur, © In shallower waters, the iridescent pink fronds of Platoma algae from Australia resemble the sheen of a pair of pink stockings. Juvenile Antarctic octopuses, speckled brown, mauve and orange, look like exquisitely carved netsuke ornaments, ing for their arre variety perfectly proportioned and ende donnish domed heads. For its and for its enduring mystery, we must learn co treasure the sea. It is easy to be captivated by intelligent, scemingly friendly sea creatures such as dolphins, or even by the hunting prowess of the more sinister sharks. The Marine Census helps us understand that it is the less glamorous, less appealing and less dramatic creatures that are the great bedrock of life on which the oceans depend, As Nancy Knowlton, one of the Census scientists, observes, ‘Most ocean organisms still remain nameless and unknown’ — and how would we begin to start naming the 20,000 types of bacteria found in just one litee of seawater trawled from around a Pacific seamount? Hidden within the Marine Census results is a dark message. Maps showing the density of lange fish populations in tropical warers reveal that numbers of many of the biggest open acean species have declined by more than 50 percent since the 1960s and specific species, including many of the sharks, by as much as 90 percent, ‘The Census also points to the effect of the so-called ‘alien species’ being found in many of the world’s marine ecosystems ‘The Mediterranean has the largest number of invasive species - most of them having migrated through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea. So far, more than 600 invasive species have been counted, almost 5 percent of the total marine ‘creatures in the Mediterranean. ‘There is evidence that global jellyfish invasion is gathering pace. ‘As Mediterranean turtles lose their nesting sites to beach developments, or die in fishing nets, and the vanishing population of other large predators such as bluefish tuna are fished out, their prey is what nature does best; filling a void. Smaller, more numerous species like jellyfish are flourishing and plugging the gap lefe by animals higher up the food chain, In the not too distant future, they may be the most plentiful marine species around, TEST 7: READING AND USE OF ENGLISH