11

Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person – Grade 11

Quarter 3 – Module 10: Evaluate Truth from Opinions in Different Situations
using the Methods of Philosophizing

First Edition, 2020

Republic Act 8293, Section 176 states that no copyright shall subsist in
any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the
government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for
exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things,
impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand

names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective
copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to
use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and
authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education - Schools Division of Pasig City

Development Team of the Self-Learning Module

Writer: Antonio H. Maranan
Editor: Miguel C. Ignacio
Reviewers: Irene J. Mondejar
Illustrator: Andrew C. Paurillo
Layout Artist: Crisanter N. Mendoza
Management Team: Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin
OIC-Schools Division Superintendent
Carolina T. Rivera, CESE
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Manuel A. Laguerta, Ed.D.
OIC-Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
Victor M. Javeña EdD
Chief, School Governance and Operations Division

Education Program Supervisors

Librada L. Agon EdD (EPP/TLE/TVL/TVE)

Liza A. Alvarez (Science/STEM/SSP)
Bernard R. Balitao (AP/HUMSS)
Joselito E. Calios (English/SPFL/GAS)
Norlyn D. Conde EdD (MAPEH/SPA/SPS/HOPE/A&D/Sports)
Wilma Q. Del Rosario (LRMS/ADM)
Ma. Teresita E. Herrera EdD (Filipino/GAS/Piling Larang)
Perlita M. Ignacio PhD (EsP)
Dulce O. Santos PhD (Kindergarten/MTB-MLE)
Teresita P. Tagulao EdD (Mathematics/ABM)
Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Schools Division of Pasig City
 11
Introduction of Philosophy of
the Human Person

Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 10
Evaluate Truth from Opinions in Different
Situations using the Methods of
Philosophizing
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Grade 11

Self-Learning Module on Evaluate Truth from Opinions in Different Situations
using the Methods of Philosophizing!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and

independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims
to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them
to manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Introduction to Philosophy of the Human Person Self-

Learning Module on Title of Topic!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an
active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 In this lesson, the students are expected to:
a. define the difference between reason and reasoning.
b. categorize different forms of fallacies.
c. evaluate truth by means of different fallacies.

Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Socrates contend that a person must preserve in order to be devoid of

harm.
a. adversity c. integrity
b. diversity d. solidarity

2. Stoicism carries a strong adherence to reason and ________.

a. Good Reasoning c. Good Judgement
b. Good Living d. Good Statement

3. The Stoic Philosopher who was also a Roman Emperor.

a. Lucius Verus c. Marcus Aurelius
b. Antoninus Plus d. Magnus Maximus

4. The other term for Rational Train of Thought is ________.

a. reasoning c. thinking
b. speaking d. answering

5. Socrates’ great Disciple.

a. Plato c. Immanuel Kant
b. Aristotle d. Confucius

Before heading on to our next lesson, let us first check what you have
learned from our previous lesson.
Direction: Give a brief answer to the following question. Write your answer
in the space provided.
1. Give 5 examples of a factual statements and 5 examples of an opinion.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Evaluate Truth from Opinions in Different Situations using the Methods of

Philosophizing

Socrates was the first philosopher who applied the critical method of
fundamental questioning regarding problems of morality. He dispelled
notions of seeking the truths on things and objects around us. As for as
Socrates was concerned, gaining information on the distance of planets from
the earth, or whether the horizon was land’s end, or the temperature of the
sun’s surface are all of absolutely no material consequence to any person.
Socrates persisted that what matters to mortal beings is seeking truth
about the realities of the human condition. He perpetually asked questions
like “what is right?”, “what is just?”, what is the capacity to endure?”
Socrates was the founder of Moral Philosophy. And in Socrates’ process of
interrogating people on their beliefs, assumptions and convictions on topics
concerning human behavior and the accountability of individuals, he was in
fact following a rational train of thought that we now call REASONING.
This Socrates style of questioning often led to the interlocutor’s
original answer to be defective and full of gaps. However, Socrates never
came up with any infallible final answer to any dilemma nor perplexing
issue that concerned moral affairs. What he did was to emphasize that only
through REASONING can a person search for a rational truth. He stated
rhetorically that “if there is one thing I know; it is that I know nothing”. He
further asserted that a man who preserves his integrity; no real long-term
harm can ever come. He believed that personal catastrophe befalls only
those whose souls are corrupted.
Socrates accomplished more that any other individual in establishing
the principle that everything must be open to question, and only in the
Dialectic Method of Question and Answer, and argumentative reasoning can
a person rationally seek the Truth.
Socrates himself did not put his system nor his Philosophy in Writing.
But his great disciple Plato compensated for that though his prolific writings,
many of which gives detailed accounts of his mentor Socrates’ lifelong works
and his philosophical accomplishments. The dialogues that Plato wrote
frequently portrayed Socrates as a Protagonist and Teacher. That is how we
know so much about Socrates. Plato is considered by many to be the
greatest Philosopher of Western civilization and the first Professor. Plato
encouraged his students to criticize and question existing knowledge.
 Plato taught them to constantly disagree and reason thereby creating
arguments. Because Plato contended that knowledge is virtue. He further
extended Socrates’ ideas that virtue and integrity must be accompanied by
morally good deeds. Plato expounded and wrote extensive doctrines which
he incorporated in the more than twenty Dialogues he wrote. The most
famous of which are “The Republic” and “Symposium”. He asserted that all
branches of learning including Mathematics and Politics are included in the
realm of Philosophical Reasoning.
There is also a Philosophical School of Thought known as “Stoicism”,
the central premise of Stoicism is that there can be no authority higher than
REASON. And that nature itself is ruled by intelligible principles. In effect
there are reasons why things are how they are.
Stoicism itself carries a strong adherence to reason and good
judgement. The word “stoic” means “withstanding adversity without
complaint”. Some of the great Stoic Philosophers are Zeno of Citium, who
contended that “the world as reason presents to us is all the reality there is.”
He further contended that God is in the world, that he is like mind and self-
awareness of the world. Another illustrious Stoic Philosopher was Marcus
Aurelius, the Emperor of Rome from 161-180 AD. His great philosophical
work is entitled “Meditations”. Famous stoics can be said of Epictetus and
Seneca, who both wrote Discourses on Stoicism.
“Rationalism” is another School of Philosophy wherein the core of their
belief is that knowledge of the world is acquired by the usage of reason. And
that information gathered by the use of the senses are inconclusive,
inaccurate and subject to a profusion of Errors. And one great exponents of
rationalism is the French Philosopher and Mathematician, Rene Descartes.
Other great Rationalist Philosophers whose hallmark method is Reasoning,
are Spinoza, Immanuel Kant and Gotfried Leibniz. The German Immanuel
Kant magnum opus are entitled: “Critique of Pure Reason”, “Critique of
Practical Reason” and Critique of Judgement”.
The process of Rational Examination is centered on the fundamental
question: “How can we know?”. Pondering this question comprises the
branch of Epistemology.
Reasoning is anchored on establishing the truths of statements.
Reasoning creates a series of questions known as a “train of thought” leading
to a rational conclusion, that is derived from a constructed Rational
Argument.

Match the Great Philosophers to their Philosophical Work. Choose

your answer from the box.
 Critique of Practical Reason Meditations
The Republic Discourses on Stoicisms
Moral Philosophy

1. Immanuel Kant: ________________________

2. Socrates: ______________________

3. Marcus Aurelius: ______________________

4. Plato: ______________________

5. Epictetus and Seneca: ______________________

Direction: Select one issue from the current issues in our society today. How
do you apply methods of philosophizing in determining the truth? Write your
answer on the space provided.

__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Answer the following statements in 3-5 sentences.

1. What did I learn today?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What I learned today can help me later when …
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Direction: Choose the correct answer. Write only letter on your separate sheet of
paper.
1. Socrates stated that everything must be open to what?
a. reasoning c. question
b. judgement d. argument

2. What style of questioning leads to proving an Interlocutor’s original answer as

defective?
a. Deductive c. Rationalism
b. Socratic d. Stoic

3. Who is the founder of Moral Philosophy?

a. Socrates c. Rene Descartes
b. Plato d. Spinoza

4. What Philosophical School of Thinking believes that only reason can help a
person acquire knowledge of the world.
a. Stoicism c. Criticism
b. Rationalism d. Symposium

5. What branch of Philosophy is concerned with the question “How can we know?”

a. Metaphysics c. Ethics
b. Logic d. Epistemology
 Post test

References
Magee, Bryan., “The Story of Philosophy” Penguin Random House
Publisher
Buckingham, Will; Hill, Clive; Marenbon, John; Burnham, Douglas;
and Weeks, Marcus., “The Philosophy Book” Penguin Random House
Publisher