Metaparadigms------------------------------------------------ ----------------------------Application to:-----------------------------

Theorist Person Health Environment Nursing Theory Components Practice Education Research
ENVIRON- Passive patient. Being well and Those elements Provided fresh air, 12 Canons: Ventilation and warmth; Light; Environmental Development of Invented the
MENTAL using every power external to and warmth, cleanliness, Cleanliness; Health of Houses; Noise; Bed aspects as integral excellent training “polar diagrams”
1. Florence that a person has to which affect the good diet, quiet to and Bedding; Personal Cleanliness; part of nursing system in St. to analyze and
Nightingale the fullest extent health of the sick facilitate person’s Variety; Chattering Hopes and Advices; care: good Thomas Hospital gather data
Environmental and healthy person; reparative process; Taking food; Petty Management; ventilation; proper and King’s College
Theory includes everything nurse who is in Observation of the sick disposal; control of Hospital in London;
from the pt’s food control of the noise; sanitation; Scientific principles
and flowers to the patient’s water treatments and practical
patient’s verbal environment experience in
and non-verbal mastery of skills
interactions with
the pt
INTER- Man who is an Symbolizes Forces outside the Significant, 4 phases of Nurse-Pt Relationship: Provides clear Author of Formulated
ACTIVE organism that lives movement of the organism and in therapeutic Orientation; Identification; Exploitation; design for the “Interpersonal concepts of
2. Hildegard in an unstable personality and the context of the interpersonal Resolution practice of Relations in anxiety as a
Peplau balance of a given other ongoing socially-approved process; functions psychiatric Nursing” which means to
Interpersonal system human processes way of living, from cooperatively with Nursing Roles: Stranger; Resource Person; nursing; aids nurses; constructively
Relations that directs the which vital human human processes Teacher; Leader; Surrogate; Counselor Emphasized the Formulated resolve angry
Theory person towards social processes that present health devt of effective feelings through
creative, are derived such as as a possible goal interpersonal psychotherapeutic experiential
constructive, norms, customs, for individuals relationship methods learning within
productive and and beliefs between the pt and the nurse-pt
community living nurse relationship
3. Virginia Pt; an individual Quality of life and Settings in which I say that the nurse 14 Basic Needs Nurses as direct Nurse’s education Recommended
Henderson who requires is very basic for a an individual does for others what Breathing normally; Eating and drinking caregiver help pts demands universal library research;
14 Basic assistance to person to function learns unique they would do for adequately; Eliminating body wastes; to become understanding of Advocated
Human Needs achieve health and fully; requires pattern for living; themselves if they Moving and maintaining a desirable independent diverse human research as a way
independence or in independence and all external had the strength, the position; Sleeping and resting; Selecting being; to improve
some cases, a interdependence conditions and will, and the suitable clothes; Maintaining a normal Designed three practice
peaceful death influences that knowledge. But I go body temperature by adjusting clothing and phases of
affect life and on to say that the modifying the environment; Keeping the curriculum
development nurse makes the body clean and well groomed to promote development
patient independent integument; Avoiding dangers in the
of him or her as environment and avoiding injuring others;
soon as possible Communicating with others in expressing
emotions, needs, fears or opinions;
Worshipping according to one’s faith;
Working in such a way that one feels a
sense of accomplishment; Playing or
participating in various forms of recreation;
Learning, discovering or satisfying the
curiosity that leads to normal development
and health, and using available health
facilities
4. Joyce Human being; a Subjective: an Associated with An interpersonal Human-to-human relationship model Hospice is one of The focus of Utilized by
Travelbee unique, individually environment: process whereby the Original encounter; Emerging identities; her essential Nursing education various authors
Human-to- irreplaceable defined state of Human conditions professional nurse Empathy; Sympathy; Rapport contributions; has shifted from a in their study of
Human individual who is well being in and life practitioner assist an Asserted that disease-oriented recently
Relationship in the process of accord with self- experiences individual, family or finding meaning in approach to holistic diagnosed cancer
Model becoming, appraisal of encountered by all community to illness and care approach; patients and their
evolving and physical- mean as sufferings, prevent or cope with suffering enables Stated that nursing personal search
changing emotional-spiritual hope, pain and the experience of the patient not only programs need to for meaning
status illness illness and suffering to accept illness offer a much
Objective: an and if necessary, to but it will also broader background
absence of find meaning in serve as a self- in communication
discernible disease, these experiences actualizing techniques, values
 Theorist Person Health Environment Nursing Theory Components Practice Education Research
disability, or defect experience clarifications, and
as measured by care of the dying
physical
examination,
laboratory tests,
assessment by a
spiritual director, or
psychological
counsellor.
SYSTEMS Sees person Dynamic; depends Can be internal, Requires a holistic Client Variables; Lines of Resistance, Goal-directed, Holistic Additional
5. Betty (IFC/S) as an open upon which state of external and approach, an Normal Line of Defense, Flexible Line of integrated and curriculum; clarification and
Neuman system that works the health created forces that approach that Resistance, Stressors, Reaction, Prevention holistic approach to Provides an generation of
Systems Model together with other continuum they are interact with a considers all factors and Reconstitution; client care; effective testable nursing
parts of its body as in line with, the person’s state of affecting a client’s Prevention: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Formulated framework in theories;
it interact with the person maybe in health. Can be: health Neuman Nursing conceptual Guide model to
environment line with the state intrapersonal or Process format: evolution among enhance the
of wellness or interpersonal Nsg Dx, Nsg levels of nursing nursing care of
illness Goals, Nsg students from clients with
Outcomes diploma to specific
associate to physiological
baccalaureate stressors
programs
6. Dorothy Medicine focuses An elusive state Not specifically External regulatory 7 Behavioral Subsystems: Attachment or Used assessment, Focuses on the Stated that
Johnson on biological that is affected by defined but does force that is Affiliative; Dependency; Ingestive; disorders, tx and patient as a nursing research
Behavioral system, nursing social, say there is an indicated only when Eliminative; Sexual; Aggressive; evaluation instead behavioral system would identify
Systems Model focuses on psychological, internal and there is instability Achievement of nsg process; and its dysfunction and explain the
behavioural system biological, and external The behavioral behavioral
physiological environment system is said to system disorders
factors determine and limit which arise in
the interaction connection with
between the pt and illness and
his environment develop the
rationale for the
means of mgt
7. Imogene Exists in an open Ability of a person The process of An act wherein the Utilized by Nursing curriculum Her work served
King system as a to adjust to the balance involving nurse interacts and professionals in development and as a theoretical
Goal spiritual and stressors that the internal and communicates with most specialty practice application bases for various
Attainment rational thinker internal and external the client areas; in Ohio state and studies
Theory who makes external interactions inside Developed the other universities
choices, selects environment the social system Goal Oriented
alternative courses exposes to the Nursing Record
of action, and has client (GONR) which is
the ability to used to record
record their history goals and outcomes
through their own in patient settings
language and
symbols, unique
and holistic and
have different
needs, wants and Note: Nurse interacts simultaneously on 3
goals levels: Personal, Interpersonal & Social
8. Dorothea An individual with “Structural and Client’s The acts of a Self Care; Described nursing Came up with the Developed a
Orem physical and functional surroundings specially trained and Self Care Requisites: Universal , mgt of Pertussis; idea of a need for number of
Self Care emotional soundness and which may affect able individual to Developmental, Health Deviation; Teaching self-care nsg-specific instruments for
Deficit Theory requirements for wholeness of the their ability to help a person or Therapeutic self-care demand; Self-care to Diabetic pts and knowledge research;
in Nursing development of individual” (Orem perform their self- multiple people deal agency; Agent; Dependent care agent; ESRF; structure; The 1st
self and 1991). care activities. with their actual or Nursing Agency; Nursing Design Pain assessment Author of “Guides instrument
 Theorist Person Health Environment Nursing Theory Components Practice Education Research
maintenance of potential self-care and control for Developing developed named
their well-being. deficits. Curriculum for the Exercise Self-
Education of Prac. Care Agency
Nurses” and (ESCA)
“Foundations of
Nsg and Its
Practice”

Accomplishes patient's *Legend:

therapeutic self-care Theory of Nursing Systems
compensates for patient's
inability to engage in
Nurse self care Theory of Self-Care Deficit
action supports and protects
patient
Theory of Self-Care

Wholly compensatory system *Presented as a general theory of nursing,

the Self Care Deficit Nursing Theory
is expressed in three theories:
perform some self-care
measures for patient (1) Theory of Nursing Systems
compensates for self-care (2) Theory of Self-Care Deficit
(3) Theory of Self-Care limitation of patient
assists patient as required
Nurse
performs some self-care
action
measures Patient
regulates self-care agency action
accepts care and assistance
from nurse
Partially compensatory system

Accomplishes self-care
Patient
regulates the exercise and development of action
Nurse self-care agency
action
Supportive-educative system

Basic Nursing Systems

by Dorothea Orem

9. Faye Individual having “Total health Included in comprehensive 21 Nursing problems: Overt or Covert Organized and Typology provided Believed that
Abdellah physical, needs”; “health “planning for service that is based *see below systematic basis of scientific body of evidenced-based
Typology of emotional and state of mind and optimum health on on an art and Identify overt and covert nursing problems + nsg practice; knowledge and practice on
Nursing sociological needs body” local, state, science and aims to solve overt and covert nursing problems = Typology helps in filled-in the gaps of scientific data
Problems national, and help people, sick or quality professional nursing care efficient ADPIE; weaknesses in has a great
international well, cope with Uses scientific nursing education impact in
levels” their health needs. basis in PS nursing research
Basic to all pts:
To promote good hygiene and physical comfort ;To promote optimal activity, exercise, rest, and sleep ;To promote safety through prevention of accidents, injury, or other trauma and through the prevention of the spread of
infection; To maintain good body mechanics and prevent and correct deformities
Sustenal Care Need
To facilitate the maintenance of a supply of oxygen to all body cells; To facilitate the maintenance of nutrition of all body cells; To facilitate the maintenance of elimination; To facilitate the maintenance of fluid and
electrolyte balance; To recognize the physiologic responses of the body to disease conditions; To facilitate the maintenance of regulatory mechanisms and functions; To facilitate the maintenance of sensory function
Remedial Care
To identify and accept positive and negative expressions, feelings, and reactions; To identify and accept the interrelatedness of emotions and organic illness; To facilitate the maintenance of effective verbal and nonverbal
communication; To promote the development of productive interpersonal relationships; To facilitate progress toward achievement of personal spiritual goals; To create and maintain a therapeutic environment; To facilitate
awareness of self as an individual with varying physical, emotional, and developmental needs
Restorative Care
To accept the optimum possible goals in light of physical and emotional limitations; To use community resources as an aid in resolving problems arising from illness; To understand the role of social problems as influencing
factors in the cause of illness.
 Theorist Person Health Environment Nursing Theory Components Practice Education Research
DEVELOP- Humans are A state and a Includes all the Acts to enhance the Manipulating the Development of Development
MENTAL holistic, adaptive process of being conditions, interaction of the stimuli and not the curriculum devt in and testing of
10. Sr. Callista systems; and becoming circumstances, and person with the patient; various theories;
Roy A whole with the integrated as a influences environment to Nurses enhance institutions; Practice-based
Adaptation parts that function whole person; surrounding and promote adaptation; the interaction of Three vertical research;
Model in unity for some Reflection of affecting the A science and person and their strands in the Development of
purpose; adaptation that is development and practice that environment thus curriculum: The programs of
Not limited to just the interaction of behaviours of the expands adaptive improving health adapting person, research;
the individual can the person and the person; abilities and Health-illness; Development of
include; groups, environment Stimuli include enhances person Nursing adaptation
families, can be categorized and environmental Management; research
organizations, as focal, transformation. Two horizontal instruments
communities, and contextual and strands in the
society as a whole residual; curriculum:
Internal and Nursing process,
External Student adaptation
and leadership
11. Madeleine Humans are Is a state of well It is about the Learned humanistic Three models of Actions and Decisions: Prepares nurses to Helps produce a Focused on
Leininger believed to be being that is worldview, social and scientific Culture Care Preservation or Maintenance; prevent culture well-qualified culture care;
Transcultural caring and capable culturally defined, structure and profession and Culture Care Accomodation; Culture Care shock and conflicts faculty prepared in With research
Nursing and to be able to valued and environmental discipline which is Restructuring or Repatterning as they practice Transcultural method of
be concerned practiced and context. focused on human with different Nursing to teach (ethnonursing)
about the needs, which reflects the care phenomena cultures; and guide students; to examine
well being, and ability of and activities in Provides human Education in theories
survival to others individuals or order to assist, care and health Transcultural
groups to perform support, facilitate behaviours as Nursing leads to
their culturally individual to background culturally
expressed, maintain their well knowledge to competent nursing
beneficially and being in culturally, understand nursing care
patterned lifeways. meaningful and phenomena
beneficial ways
 Theorist Person Health Environment Nursing Theory Components Practice Education Research
12. Jean A human being Health is viewed in The environment The contact and the The original theory developed in 1979, was Caring as an Author of Research Must
Watson has needs a holistic should be bond between two organized around 10 carative factors: essential field in “Nursing: Human focus on both
Philosophy (biophysical, approach; it is conducive to individuals is the Formation of a Humanistic-altruistic system nursing; Science and subjective and
and Science of psychophysical, being able to holistic healing foundation of of values; Instillation of faith-hope; Example in Human Care- a objective patient
Caring psychosocial and function mentally, (mentally, nursing. Providing Cultivation of sensitivity to one's self and to clinical setting Theory of outcomes in
intrapersonal) that physically, physically, professional, caring, others; Development of a helping-trusting, (ICUs, NICUs, Nursing”; knowing that
are to be valued, spiritually, and socially, and thoughtful human caring relationship; Promotion and Pedia and Described the Core caring is
respected, socially to your spiritually) as it is interactions in order acceptance of the expression of positive Gerentological Nursing as aspects important in
supported and full capacity. critical to the to promote holistic and negative feelings; Systematic use of a Units) of the nurse-patient nursing
cared for. patients well health and prevent creative problem-solving caring process; relationship
being. illness. Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning; resulting in a
Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or therapeutic result
corrective mental, physical, societal, and
spiritual environment; Assistance with
gratification of human needs; Allowance for
existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces.

As Jean developed her theory over time, she became to change these carative factors into clinical caritas processes. These included:
Formation of humanistic-altruistic system of values, becomes: "Practice of loving-kindness and equanimity within context of caring consciousness
Instillation of faith-hope, becomes: "Being authentically present, and enabling and sustaining the deep belief system and subjective life world of self and one-being-cared- for";
Cultivation of sensitivity to one's self and to others, becomes: "Cultivation of one's own spiritual practices and transpersonal self, going beyond ego self";
Development of a helping-trusting, human caring relationship, becomes: "Developing and sustaining a helping-trusting, authentic caring relationship";
Promotion and acceptance of the expression of positive and negative feelings, becomes: "Being present to, and supportive of the expression of positive and negative feelings as a connection with deeper
spirit of self and the one-being-cared-for";
Systematic use of a creative problem-solving caring process, becomes: "creative use of self and all ways of knowing as part of the caring process; to engage in artistry of caring-healing practices";
Promotion of transpersonal teaching-learning, becomes: "Engaging in genuine teaching-learning experience that attends to unity of being and meaning attempting to stay within other's frame of
reference";
Provision for a supportive, protective, and/or corrective mental, physical, societal, and spiritual environment, becomes: "Creating healing environment at all levels, (physical as well as non-physical,
subtle environment of energy and consciousness, whereby wholeness, beauty, comfort, dignity, and peace are potentiated";
Assistance with gratification of human needs, becomes: "assisting with basic needs, with an intentional caring consciousness, administering ‘human care essentials', which potentiate alignment of mind-
body-spirit, wholeness, and unity of being in all aspects of care"; tending to both embodied spirit and evolving spiritual emergence;
Allowance for existential-phenomenological-spiritual forces, becomes: "opening and attending to spiritual-mysterious, and existential dimensions of one's own life-death; soul care for self and the one-
being-care-for.