ANTENNA THEORY ANALYSIS AND DESIGN THIRD EDITION Constantine A. Balanis yee INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS. INC.. PUBLICATIONPreface ee ee ele ele Contents 1 Antennas Al 12 13 14 15 16 Introduction ‘Types of Antennas Radiation Mechanism Current Distribution on a Thin Wire Antenna Historical Advancement Multimedia References 2 Fundamental Parameters of Antennas 2a 2.2 23 24 25 2.6 27 28 29 2.10 21 212 213 21d 2.15 216 2.17 2.18 219 Introduction Radiation Pattern Radiation Power Density Radiation Intensity Beamwidth Directivity Numerical Techniques Antenna Efficiency Gain Beam Efficiency Bandwidth Polarization Input Impedance Antenna Radiation Efficiency Antenna Vector Effective Length and Equivalent Areas Maximum Directivity and Maxiroum Effective Area Friis Transmission Equation and Radar Range Equation Antenna Temperature Multimedia References Problems xiii 70 108, 12 4 vilviii CONTENTS 3 Radiation Integrals and Auxiliary Potential Functions 3A 3.2 33 34 35 3.6 37 38 4 Linear 41 42 43 44 4s 4.6 47 48 49 4.10 Introduction The Vector Potential A for an Electric Current Source J The Vector Potential F for a Magnetic Current Source M Electric and Magnetic Fields for Electric (J) and Magnetic (M) Current Sources Solution of the Inhomogeneous Vector Potential Wave Equation Far-Field Radiation Theorem Reciprocity and Reaction Theorems References, Problems Wire Antennas Introduction Infinitesimal Dipole Small Dipole Region Separation Finite Length Dipole Half-Wavelength Dipole Linear Elements Near or on Infinite Perfect Conductors Ground Effects Computer Codes Multimedia References Problems 5 Loop Antennas 5.1 5.2 53 54 55 5.6 5.7 58 59 6.1 6.2 63 64 : Linear, Planar, and Introduction Small Circular Loop Circular Loop of Constant Current Circular Loop with Nonuniform Current Ground and Earth Curvature Effects for Circular Loops Polygonal Loop Antennas Ferrite Loop Mobile Communication Systems Applications Multimedia References Problems Introduction Two-Element Array Element Linear Array: Uniform Amplitude and Spacing N-Element Linear Array: Directivity 133 133 135 137 138 139 142 290 31365 6.6 6.7 68 69 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 CONTENTS Design Procedure N-Element Linear Array: Three-Dimensional Characteristics Rectangular-to-Polar Graphical Solution N-Element Linear Array: Uniform Spacing, Nonuniform Amplitude Superdireetivity Planar Array Design Considerations Circular Array Multimedia References Problems. 7 Antenna Synthesis and Continuous Sources 7A 72 73 74 7S 7.6 Te 18 73 7.10 WW Introduction Continuous Sources Schelkunoff Polynomial Method Fourier Transform Method Woodward-Lawson Method Taylor Line-Source (Tschebyscheff-Error) Taylor Line-Source (One-Parameter) Triangular, Cosine, and Cosine-Squared Amplitude Distributions Line-Source Phase Distributions Continuous Aperture Sources Multimedia References Problems 8 Integral Equations, Moment Method, and Self and Mutual 9 Impedances 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Integral Equation Method 83° Finite Diameter Wires 8.4 Moment Method Solution 8.5 Self-Impedance 8.6 Mutual Impedance Between Linear Elements 8.7 Mutual Coupling in Arrays 8.8 Multimedia References Problems Broadband Dipoles and Matching Techniques OL 92 93 94 Introduction Biconical Antenna Triangular Sheet, Bow-Tie. and Wire Simulation Cylindrical Dipole 318 320 422 324 345 349 362 365 369 370 371 433 433 44 442 450 458 468 478 491 491 494 497 497 500 506 SORx CONTENTS: 95 96 97 98 Folded Dipole Discone and Conical Skirt Monopole Matching Techniques Multimedia References Problems 10 Traveling Wave and Broadband Antennas 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 Introduction Traveling Wave Antennas Broadband Antennas Multimedia References Problems IL Frequency Independent Antennas, Antenna Miniaturization, and Fractal Antennas ILL 112 11.3 14 1.5 11.6 1.7 Introduction Theory Equiangular Spiral Antennas Log-Periodic Antennas Fundamental Limits of Electrically Small Antennas Fractal Antennas Multimedia References Problems 12. Aperture Antennas 12.1 12.2 12.3 124 125 12.6 127 12.8 129 12.10 21 Introduction Field Equivalence Principle: Huygens’ Principle Radiation Equations Directivity Rectangular Apertures Circular Apertures Design Considerations Babinet’s Principle Fourier Transforms in Aperture Antenna Theory Ground Plane Edge Effects: The Geometrical Theory of Diffraction . Multimedia References Problems 13 Horn Antennas 13.1 2 Introduction E-Plane Sectoral Horn S15 52t 523 S541 542 543 549 549 549 566 602 61 611 612 614 619 637 641 648 648 650, 653 653 653 662, 663 683 692 697 701 721 726 726 8 739 739 2B13.3 134 13.5 13.6 13.7 138 13.9 13.10 13.11 H1-Plane Sectoral Horn Pyramidal Horn Conical Horn Cortugated Horn Aperture-Matched: Horns Multimode Horas Dielectrie-Lvaded Hom Phase Center Muluimedia References Problems 14) Microstrip Antennas Md 14.2 143 4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 149 Inteducton Rectangular Patch Circular Patch Quality Factor. Bandwidth, and Etncienes Input Impedance Couplin: Circular Pol Arrays and Fe Multimedia References Problemy tation od Networks 1S Reflector Antennas 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 18.5 15.6 16 Smart 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 Introduction, Plane Reflector Comer Reflector Parabolic Reflector Spherical Reflector Multimedia References Problems. Antennas Introduction mart-Antenna Analogy Cellular Radio Systems Evolunin Signal Propagation Smart Antennas’ Benetity Smart Antennas’ Drawbacks Antenna Antenna Beumforming Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) Smart-Antenna System Design, Simulation and Results CONTENTS xi 78s Fe a2 704 ane 00 sid sid xs su RNS SRL 893 ORF 9% oO ow 945 O46 O47 984 gst oss OSs 962 wt ON?xii CONTENTS 16.11 16.12 16.13 Beamforming, Diversity Combining, Rayleigh-Fading, and ‘Trellis-Coded Modulation Other Geometries Multimedia References Problems 17 Antenna Measurements 7.1 17.2 173 174 175 176 17.7 178 179 17.10 Appendix I: Appendix II: fy (x) Introduction Antenna Ranges Radiation Patterns Gain Measurements Directivity Measurements Radiation Efficiency Impedance Measurements Current Measurements, Polarization Measurements Scale Model Measurements References _ Sin(x) fa) sin(Nx) N sinix)| = 1,3,5, 10,20 Appendix III: Cosine and Sine Integrals Appendix IV: Fresnel Integrals Appendix V; Bessel Functions Appendix VI: Identities Appendix VII: Vector Analysis Appendix VIII: Method of Stationary Phase Appendix IX: Television, Radio, Telephone, and Radar Frequency Index Spectrums 990, 993, 994 995, 999 1001 1003 1021 1028 1034 1036 1036 1038 1038 1044 1045 1049 1051 1053 1057 1063 1075 1079 1089 1095