RULES “WE GERUND (For verbs and expressions followed by the gerund. see Grammar Appendix, page 216.) Active voice Passive voice Present (not) doing (not) being done Perfect (not) having done (not) having been done ‘The gerund is used as a noun in the following cases: + as subject or object of a verbs ‘after certain verbs and expressions + after prepositions + after the verbs go / come (usually recreational activities) * alter sit / stand / ie + expression of place * with no to show prohibition or that something is impossible wotes. When using @ gerund and referring to two people, we use: + verb + possessive pronoun + gerund * verb + object pronoun + gerund * verb + possessive noun + gerund * verb + noun + gerund Walking is good exercise. | postponed taking the course for another year. It's no use complaining about your salary. '"'m looking forward to reading her new novel. | paid him for servicing the car. Will you come shopping with us? 'No, thanks. | went shopping yesterday. { stood there wondering what to do. He used to sit outside reading a book. No smoking, There's no arguing with her her mind is made up! Peter resents my doing overtime. (formal) Peter resents me doing overtime. (informal) Sue complained about Peter Sve objected to Peter joining us for dinner. (informal) joining us for dinner. tormap = When referring to past actions, the perfect gerund form is also possible. hope you don't mind my having told you “AE INFINITIVE (For words and expressions followed by the infinitive, see Grammar Appendix, pages 216-217.) Active voice Pass (not) to be done Present (not) to do Present Continuous (not) to be doing Perfect {not) to have done Perfect Continuous (not) to have been doing ‘The infinitive is used: * as the subject of a sentence * after certain verbs and expressions * after verb + object * after certain adjectives describing character, feelings, attitudes and senses * after certain nouns + after It + be + adjective / noun + with certain structures too + adverb / adjective 50 + adverb / adjective + as, adjective / adverb + enough ‘enough + noun “after be to for instructions, plans (see Unit 1) * ina phrase that begins a sentence (To be honest, To tell you the truth...) (not) to have been done To resign now would be a mistake. ‘The whole trip turned out to be a disappointment. Itis up to you to decide. She told me (not) to post the letters. ''m delighted to meet you. She has the ability to learn It would be silly / a mistake to resign now. She's too young to drive. Would you be so kind as to post this letter? ‘She spoke clearly enough to be heard, He eams enough money to live on. No one is to leave the building. To be honest, | don't ke him at all. 57* after verbs such as know, decide, discover, find out, see, show, understand, want to know + question word * after something, anything, nothing, ete. * after only to show a surprising or disappointing result * to express purpose (= in order to) I didn't know what to do. I wondered where to go for lunch. Homeless people may have nobody to tur to ‘She searched her bag only to find her purse was gone. He contacted me to set up a meeting GERUND OR INFINITIVE? + Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive with little or no difference in meaning, (See Grammar Appendix, pages 216-217,) They have started working / to work on the new airport ‘+ Some verbs can be followed by a gerund or infinitive with a difference in meaning, remember + infinitive Judy always remembers to post the letters, responsibility; remember is the earlier action) Judy remembers visiting Paris. (= remember a past action) intention; remember to perform a duty, task or remember + gerund forget + infinitive forget + gerund regret + infinitive regret + gerund Jill forgot to post the letters. (= forgot to fulfl a duty or responsibility) vill will never forget visiting Paris. (= forget an earfier action, usually @ negative or question) | regret to tell you that you falled your examination. (= announce bad news) | regret telling her about the accident. (= fee! sorrow about a past action) stop + infinitive stop + gerund John stopped to drink some water John stopped drinking wine last year. inish one action in order to do another) stop a habit or an activity) try + infinitive try + gerund | must try to improve my spoken English. (= make an effort to do something difficult) | tried using tapes to improve my spoken English but that didn't help so | tried taking a course, ‘experiment with a new or different approach) ‘mean + infinitive ‘mean + gerund | didn't mean to interrupt you. (= intend) Going by rail means paying a lot more to get there. (= involves or wil result in) need + infinitive need + gerund I need to borrow a pen. (= itis necessary) ‘The car needs servicing. (= passive meaning - it needs to be done) go on + infinitive He talked about the course and went on to warn students about cheating in exams. ‘change to another action) He went on lecturing after the bell rang. (= continue the same action) go on + gerund FULL OR BARE INFINITIVE? let, help, make, dare, would rather, had better, would sooner Jet + pronoun / noun + bare infinitive I et the employees leave early. help + pronoun + bare or full infinitive (same meaning) —_—_Will you help me do the fling? Will you help me to do the fing? ‘make + pronoun / noun + bare infinitive He made us work late. pronoun / noun + be made (passive) + full infinitive We were made to work lat dare + bare or full infinitive (expressing courage) dare + bare infinitive (expressing a warning, usually negative) dare + someone + full infinitive (challenging someone) | don't dare tell / to tell her about the accident. Don't you dare touch that again! | dare you to say that to his face! had better / would rather / would sooner + bare infinitive had better / would rather / would sooner + continuous or perfect infinitive 'd sooner stay single than marry a liar! ''d rather be working than sitting at home bored. ‘You'd better not be chatting when the boss walks in, We went to Spain although I'd sooner have gone to Paris VERBS OF PERCEPTION / SENSORY VERBS: see, notice, watch, look at, observe, hear, listen to, feel, smell verb + noun / pronoun + gerund for an incomplete or | saw Helen running up the stairs. (while she was running) repeated action ‘can smell something burning, (infinitive not possible here verb + noun / pronoun + bare infinitive for complete single action 58 | saw Helen sing in a concert last night.Compiote the sentences with the correct form of the verbs below. buy © enter © bake © break » have © read © offend © discover = lend » speak This device will enable YOU wn nn HO. BARE, your own bread quickly and easily. 2 You are forbidden . the laboratory without protective clothing, 3. Tim pretended v-ma @ headache as he didn't want to go to school. 4. The customer wanted to know who to about the faulty goods she had purchased. | was delighted sonmneane that had won £1,000. 2 Jam lay by the POO! sonsnnnnnnnnnnei a magazine, ~ Why don't you let me sssssu YOU the money that you need? I'm sorry, | didn't mean a ‘The witness said she saw the man ... ‘The estate agent advised us 1 bigger property. .- anyone with my thoughtless remark, the car window. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Richard didn't expect ‘to. be.chosen. (choose) for the school team. 2 According to the invitation, the ceremony WAS jn son (hold) at the hotel ‘As the deadline approached, | regretted not... c .- (spend) my time more productively The accountant is rumoured (steal) a large sum of money from the company. We appreciated (invite) to our neighbour's wedding ‘Sue is really lucky - (give) a new car for her birthday! Hold my aunt about my problem, though I'd rather (confide) in a friend. As a child | always enjoyed nnn (take) to the fair. Choose the correct verb to complete each sentence. Make any necessary changes. offer / mind Did you helping out in the school shop? Did you to help out in the school shop? 2 demand / make The police officer to see my driving licence. The police officer me show him my driving licence. 2 threaten / persuade My father soumnnnnnene FE tO stay home and study. My father ‘to stop my pocket money if | didn’t stay home and study, + dare / fancy Joseph doesn't sven tl her the bad news. Joseph doesn't telling her the bad news. consider / hesitate 1 snmsnenenenneve ROM replying to her letter | didn't ve to reply to her letter 2. recommend / encourage The headmistress soon taking the examination a year early. The headmistress soon ‘some students to take the examination a year early Complete the sentences with one suitable word. The kids look like they're having ...fMM, trying on their mum’s old shoes and hats. 2. There's somsnsu Getting out of the test ~ everyone has to do it 3. The archasologists carefully opened up the tomb, om to find that its contents had been stolen. ‘The play is thought to been written by Shakespeare. George hates sous Kept waiting - we'd better hurry up. The walls in this 100M wrennnnnennne Painting. =. The results of the election to be announced tonight, 3. Only Alex would be s0 silly... to go out in his slippers! 59TEXAN PRACTICE A. KEY WORD TRANSFORMATIONS Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given. 1. Alice didn't want to go to the shops with her friends that Saturday, FEEL Alice 2. you need any advice, you can always ask me, If you need any advice, 3, You can't go to lunch until you have finished the report The report .. shopping with her friends that Saturday, me, NEEDS you go to lunch, 4. Having an argument about the referee's decision would be a waste of time. POINT There's 5. Tony doesn't have the ability to memorise long poems. Tony is the referee's decision. CAPABLE long poems. 6. Janet couldn't identity the thief as she didn't get a clear view of him, ENOUGH Janet didn’t see the thiet 7. hope you broke my computer by accident! BETTER, You to identify him, my computer on purpose! 8. After teling us about the hotel, Max described the resort to us. WENT. Max told us about the hotel and .. B. Circle the correct answer. 1. will always regret... the chance to travel. a. not to have b. tonot have not having had d. having not 2. Would the plan involve ..... @ great deal of money? a. tobe investing b. our investing ©. usto invest d._we investing 3. Weren't you supposed... your nates with you to yesterday's seminar? a. to have brought b. tobe brought cto have been brought 4. have brought 4, Surely the professor wouldn't be... everyone in the class! a. too cruel to fail b, enough crue to fail ©. so cruel faling d. so cruel as to fail 62 1 description of the resort. We had no idea ..... with us on the trp, a. to take how much money taking how much money c.how much money to take d. how much money taking Christine and Joyce were careful... while they were gossiping, a. to be not overheard b. tonot overhear Cc. not to be overhearing di. not to be overheard | thanked him for ..... 50 generous with his time. a. him being having been c. tohave been him to be Doesn't Harriet spend a long time... 2 putting on her make-up to put on her make-up b. having put on her make-up 4. to be putting on her make-up