THE AUDIOVISUAL LANDSCAPE IN POLAND AT THE DAWN OF ‘THE 21° CENTURY Agnieszka Szarkowska (Poland) Introduction Poland is traditionally thought of as a stronghold of voice-over (see Gotilieb 1998: 244). Indeed, it is this audiovisual translation (AVT) modality that is predominantly employed on Polish television and that continues to enjoy tremendous popularity in spite of the fact that the rest of the world seems to treat it with a slight sneer of disdain. There is far more to the Polish andiovisual landscape, however, than just voice-over. The aim of this paper is to offer a general overview of the audiovisual modalities in Poland: from voice-over, subtitling and dubbing in the cinemas, on TV and DVD to the current situation related to the ity of audiovisual translation for audiences with visual and access) hearing impairments, Voice-over Voice-over is here understood as a revoicing technique "in which a voice offering a translation in a given target language (TL) is heard simultaneously on top of the source language (SL) voice" (Diaz Cintas and Orero 2006, 477)', The volume of the original soundtrack is lowered, but is still audible in the background while the voice of the narrator is brought to the fore. In contrast to dubbing, the translated text does not need to correspond to lip movements of the characters on screen; in other words, it does not have to meet the phonetic or lip synchrony requirement (see Fodor 1976, Chaume-Varela 2006). Neither does it have to ideally match the * in Film Studies the torm voice-over refers to the non-dicgctic narration spoken by an ‘unseen narrator.Ps Aika Santon tration ofthe carats urate rquimet known 8 achrony (ce Whiman 1992, Chun Ver 204). This i tos, however, tht voice-overs not sujet anytime consi at sl. ine Cintas nd ‘Oreo (206,47) nate ht it eomon pete 0 allow the viewer 0 ‘nar the eri speech in he fie gue fer a few snd te ‘ont ofthe speech ad ede subseqety the ole of he xg so ht theta speach ane ner As incaecs,he argt ‘extineiby ndergesredetion and conden "i Wester Europe, vlc-ve mia te inno tog ges such af imeriews, documentaries and cunet afi ogi, In Polo, © the bewilement of the rest of Pape, veer is also ule o tant Sol gers. The appisen of wice-ove othe ‘elton of etre Fins hs eer ha ood pron Wesem Eaop, 2 tenons bythe felling quote fom Dries (195, 6 ‘se fn, beer me potas pe we ple el soar lo ny of tg meme ‘The vee sty he aw he mig mis etn itty ite ia min aig ates Dag ‘he cnc ne fm te ey nd cing ly cet band ty nt oly. ‘While Dies is tn desing he met sl tate egal sound ‘shed inthe background and tht th voi aver ata, elle ek, oe not temp © imi the orginal tame, she ie nevereles risen abut cra sues, Fst ofl voice-over ht is by some Tele 0 be sore casetetive than subi (Gace 2007, 140, Fuhina and Major 2002, $9} Second, the leior i by 20 mem files im Pound, te omit and et of the opal loge ane nad et ‘up ommend ara say am ed expec oat ut te dnlope— tb it old crete an inion amorous effet ~ bt eter to peovide a “whispesing ranshtion ts slowing the since t hear te cx voces tothe east extent, owe To doi wel, you ms tire with the propa. You ‘matt bac Eke an str 9 the een yu mist do your ob a ‘soobasivly sponse: read i Pols othe viewers will undertae commenis Mark jews, » wellknown Polsh vice tn (4 ‘Giser99. Since Dies aie was public, seven! sues on Poli rocience rfences ave be coud. In 195, sy commisined ty Cal Pi showed tat volo over peed by 50.2% of Poin respondent, compared 1 6.1% fvouring suis and 43.3% — ubing (Bog 2004, 6) the ey 200 nota rach was cared out for ‘he BBC before it ibd to with cable chanel BBC Prime fo olin, which broasting roses with Polish bie. The re emonsred that SD viewer would rather wach prganaes wit wce-over wher nly 49% prefered stiles (Subbike 208). Thee Finding ae also spond by yet anther me conduc song TV tanicnetcomimistned by th Polish publi sein (TVP), which showed s marked pforence fe volar (5%) and fr dubbing 4%), with only 4% fvoutng, bis (Care 2007, 131), Nataly, referees for prila AVT oie re dtermised by habit andy se ofen “selfpepeanig, beaus ove-eyosue 19 one or other ‘ectniqe afi accept and comaued ws" (Mea 1989, 73) With the inreating salailty of dist weviion and the male ‘pons ffs i psi that mae snd more Fos viewer wil tu ‘ay fm woke a vou of sbiting = ts renin the sts shea gt Cee ha tnApia Sona According 10 Hendnkowsi (196) the erga of vies over go ack the emo sent in Ath kme was cen for sera ne ommentsts (ch as panes Bens) exp he pt of le an to read out aor tran the inti the ven, any of when weit Other AVT reercben ts he gn wise oes ch ‘© mevarls (Graz 2007), clkining tat eoce auencer prow suse 1 the oie commenting te stoning ple on te sere ‘twas oly suet ti meod was subsequently ied on tlevinon ‘Another theory hes it (loa Klaiowise, persona comma hat the vey fist fe baat on Polish iekision wee sel ing «inca sie), which — ving tthe smal ize of the sren~ rete 5 poor Kili so it was decided that i woul be Betert hve the sebtides rad out, It soon tamed out, however ht ths method. wes Imdoqte: therfo,a decison wat taken to rae seta! ype of “sosition wih sown chances sa contin writen ext hich ‘sto bread oat ya leior ‘The suppor of voice-over in fxr ne point ut th une in ‘sbtiting, views dono have dvd hit atentn bowen image td he ex which makes viewing more strand enjoyable cont te dating, voir is much cheaper, eter and fer padi, Moreover, it des ait ee high Inacy lvls ed, a ch, does nt cla teat aiences ad chien. Ii als the rtened nodal = 2 oped t suiting ~of th aseces wth isa impacts Aho vigil dog can sil be bad in the backaroand sme ats df the stbentciy of the auivsal pogram. The talon der ‘oot reno cover he erin apd “he vines it comteaty wee ‘hough the aor canoe of he psn ofthe rig angus” (Dak Claas and Orr 2006, 47). This makes vce-over an ove pe of rslaton (6 Howse 198, Diadhastges of voleoover, on heater and, sre ako sumeroue. “The msjor aw of this modi the mismatch ewes the gee ad steno ga eee worn ae. Ren ot ‘he gener of he een crete, the dalogue incon fil in Pol wl abays be ed out by a man his val ass eebroms mong foreigner, uacusomed this modality, sown ia he allowing ge ft The NewYork Time: 4 de en ip iw ‘So bas Chan wd pnd Spm ae ay ich ay ea me ‘stslnbohrts omar fr aD siren languages an be ‘Some viewers nd woie-ovr dating te dif Ingo ear at the same sims. In scenes with masy chasse speaking ‘een ab te ing ee ef purcula spakes. Sail to other AVT modi, vie over i ao cnet by igh nambe of element rom he origi logue at ‘at uaergo redetn, condensation ox omision, ama them vcae Toms of aes, bonowings sch a OK, srecigs, loesakings, ‘eaifaon in wlephone convention, svesvors, anor repens (omasckiewce 206, 118119, ‘AS in ther counes, icone i abo wed i Polind at = ‘walaion mediliy ia somfision guns atch at documents, eviews, news aod ooking programnes, Hers, both male and fale ‘ogee ae employed wid the peterece far femal ones gen in coking roramines nd in sare dcinetes on same chanel alt iste UK ~ where a new end as develope or thet ‘ew year, whereby the oie alent ede ot he alton with fain ie at mmr ese 2mcca ited f uslag Received Studd Pronanciaon~ voice in Pols ead ot instead Polish by ive speaker, roils of he ‘ign of the character on seen No ate ade onthe pat of he rendertoinpenanate the carver tough the ace eter at lettre people to rode voice-over fansite (mac), eiae adatatr) and voice-over naraton (ltr) Fl, ‘woking with be wiv materi and (sally) he dog st, he trmsltor produces the target text. Net, th eve, ho dey should now te language ofthe ecg snd who should have sen the fl, sakes sue the Wenaed text is underandsble, mest the stand esubsbd i he proeson an conforms with eleva gl sgusions sch asthe Ac om tb Plsh Language and te Medi Act (ee Grcre 207, 142 Only then ithe tall tex edt Be reordering "hr wen he eo es np Sis he se nw respon Engh‘ se ong ce wy asa ‘Sine i tte i po ig Eg (Oa ome ‘Seige ys cy Pn ‘nit spt inh meso te me a Se ‘curteunee has Sarton cers fy ss i et ‘iy peu Ena ir atop meet) Nec acres deb Fgh esgic yg ey ig ng in ce cn etal ange oo fe hacer ty het stn be ea fe soe mr a pee Ea a ye inva cher beng pov sp ner he tet meee. Aver ESSE SEES oy teen pe fal oy ngage ib seve toperpeine comma erp Dow ae -apcey fase ch enemies oo TV bere ‘erecting he olor washes the fil om his box clea ipl oo) an rad ou ex "The mukipisy of rales sered by the people lavlied in he ‘utiovsa tesaton production proces: mises the thomy ste of ators od copyrights owners, How many poole sole etd 10 bold the copyrict on an avin product ranted ino anor langue in be for of sbi, wie over or dubbing (ee Daz Cintas and Oreo 206,47)? Wile he mor ght of he aur are st wll ‘oetione, it dhe economies tha ed arse controversy 8 Pol fe the intodcon of sew anendnens tthe cops! Ine, oieover mire essed ‘Ber own protesionl organisation Stowaryisene Lltrw RP (Palih Lore Amoi), demanding royals forthe wos In 2007, the ie of copytight ownebip bsame te ene of tenon in stormy dete on ama abn which was spk Of ty the amet of several ators of fina” who published hei works eatine on te poral worms ng, Palish copyright hw poisons ae loging behind eal paces an ono cel epithe qusion concerning the sharing of le conning amateur aston of Slope 1s vith net, Se expert that oder cet wasn of dalog lst oe nos to have obtained const fom the coptigh Comer wheres aber elove tht leat produce rater sabes ‘io, ot eg ke then frely able ote oe Lipsey 2007, ‘ cptoncdecring recording, eps hen ef dss a tain ay seo mana oyun o amar ig i hve oe i 9 wn ‘sh pl ‘a pe Sp ons eae ‘een ne etna of val opens wi bis ey (Denese Rome 2° Aina Suhante Sebciting Subiting ithe pedoiunt AV ml in Posh cna. Il ign ining sabes. Dring fm fas, ii common fr elcronic subs to be projected ona makes pane under the sen. This goes git he common peretion of Poland as ois of county. Siting is ako wed on one public television chanel TVP Pena which oadess programmes aimed at Polish ences ving progancs (sly Pl TV seis, saps md eu ln) with open subties in Engh (ee Fig p Fig. Open ier oe TVP oxo Inet, at area of the campign run by the rien diy, Tobin fer open iting ibis on lvision, in Ontober 208 te second lac of Pls publi levision (TVP2) stated broadcasting 2 ‘an Ameican TV seis fr temps eted The Sut Lie of Zak and Code Fi. 2) As Posh levis bated by aw all publi miso” wa decid thatthe bracing of ecto programmes incloes sbi programmes they bp in eaming feign lnguages (Gee Die Cita Feiner Cz 208). ‘he Av Laos in 20pm es on ah ise ‘The decison to tronics the TV sres wit open ste on pubic ‘cleric with bee dacs between the spores of voice-over td thse of btitng which onion the pee day. Acsording ‘he sty commie by Deen, nen Sve Pls spots saben ‘psc fom open subiting on TVP Poloia sad TV, some chants avisbie in Polind offer closed ining teletext subg. For example, viewer of te dpialbasdeast ffi chanel dl Kio! on wath cera ini erga language wtouwice-ove. ig. 3 Cling aie oe ha ‘Alta al tscems that hanks dig! TY, dbs on wheter Poland voice-over county or aot wilson bot obsolete Ir wil be up the ewer oo the AVT madly ough which hey wan aces foreign mnt ‘AX preset dpi televsion i aly arable Plan on cable slit, While work aed ender lunch dpa terestil TV, ths is Bound to ke same tine ste pected dato he campeon af igi evithover hasbeen posponed util June 2015 (www poland ond,Alot Sona Dabbing ‘With the fveson of sound and te vl of the takes, Hollywood ‘ese mini it leading postion onthe global lea mare Iwas fort poor thst American sie were hall in Joie near Pais, whee slings fms mere crsed by reshotng the oxi! produtons in sever iat nguages wit foreign ctr and det. ‘This ao cided five Polish sewage versions al dicted by Ryszad COrivss (Latelsi 2008, 76). The pracice, however, "was soca csi wneecooaed inefcent an often demed arisaly poo” (©°Connl 2007, 12) a is he ety 19305 his racice was abandoned comple ow poole, bath in ond ouside Folan, reise tht Poland hae 2 Jongstoding duing tan, dating back 1 the pro-war period. Ts ese tet the fin fim dabbed into Polish wat Walt Disneys Sow ‘Wii 198, Not only were ipo orsign irs ramsned ito Pls ‘pt domestic productions wero rowed nd expo with logs in the get Imguage. Andochowie (he Inenet forum ww dobing for) give he example of 1937 cama Pero W329", acted by Leon Tystan od dubbed ino Vis, predition which ‘may pope considered ob Jewish in. Incrpedby Word War, Poli hing wa recta in 1949 ty opening the Duding Depainctis Wa Fini Fallon ia UUs. in 1985 kt was moved to Warsaw and tansomed ito Sato Opacowa Dialogoych (Croco 200; Mik 208) Flms soon sted 19 be dabied for tevin. The eat famous Posh cubing scar wie Zain Dybowsa Ackndowir, who doce, ameng ber, Anatomy of Marder Blsobth R; nna Karenina, Clas and Alcs be Wonderond. Tasks tober we can 0 tak about the Posh Dubbing School which esd the pinay of he sore ten, les inthe vansaon spoach and teal romciton of sa. nthe 19805 Polish dbbing sued fom fiance, but the carly 19805 bought i kad revel (e Cal Plas pact. ‘The undoubted vated inthe sory of Polish dutbing was Banos. Wierbiga'staslaion of She, writen in coopenion with thing recor oan Wir. hed radi depart aes teaicl prommciation of dabing actors, chinceritic of ey Poth atbing toward a pronounced sit 1 the ase of nal every anguge In terms of the tention apprsch, i was domesation that becme the tered ste lowing he waits a lagu writer oly sbi he origi cle pes tems wit Palit into piven and replace fines onsieed ikl not be understood by the muiece With a waslaon conning retraces the careat slant get oun Now ubbing in Plan is wed many in productions asd to chien and eeages. tis valle in cnemas ad ister rene oa DVD as well as cilir’'s wlevison canal, sch at Minin, (Catoon Network ad Jt Acenitiity Accu is here taken to mean ating on andiovinl propane allo people that otherwise cold nt hve sees oi (Dia Cintas 2005, 4). In he wadtoalundesaning of the erm hie inca sch AVT molto suck tubing forthe deaf nl hard of earng (SDH, sign gue ntersing (SL) and uo description (AD), en Ea eh Ari bs Th oe 2 Dhar Cine wi xp emg of csi an mp at alo scp tment wih me ova acing he ‘Sista cane bons oar tran ara G8.‘As the wa thd fangs taser on Pais elvison wc over, ‘viewers wih bearing impairments ae dedaotged when if comes 10 secesing TV programmes, The sition ls in proving cloud ebtiing serie. Posh biting forthe deaf and hard fering began 0 1 naa 1996 whe the bli tevin brads io Grande with cloned tte suis Since thn, baring ipa auenes hve Been povided with SDI ono major abi tein chance: TVP] and TVF2,akiopetiee ‘stinting above #96 of TVPL ané TVP2 ir ne” Sofa 9 piv vate fe SDH on ay chan Suber re sale at analogue teletent om page 777 with ‘wiry shen opine time rognmmes. The SDH afer covers awry of ores sich as feu fms, TV series and soph cument fie propames pe day. Mos programmes ar suid inre-ingualy, bot some frig ere lms are provided wih intetingual SDH, The verelning mony of sabes ae presecrded Is the case ‘of etre lim ad sme TV sere, min haar ae alloted oe of the tres cols: yellow, seen o be, Subs ae also jie to the let rt the ight depentiag on the locaton of speaker othe seen. Dilan a ot ated wit dash he begining of ach in, btm empty line ad intend (ie Fi.) Fig Softee TP: ftom an dle News programmes Tesepes and ladon ae trades with emi live subs, which ar alms lefalgned md ake wp trees of tex Fg 5) Many viewer with tearing inprimenss have sepesey voiced tic segue opinions about SDH, cticing them for excessive edg, ‘fogent omision nd nconsitnieswith hp avert, ol cling or ert subs it soon tht the dest over eed vx eatin subd canot be esove a this sage os So fa no stemati reseach tas been cared out in Poland on the reception and cxpechemion of subtle TV programs (ef Romer-Freco 209). 1 or contention tat the bat oon maybe provi bth edad Yerba ste or ‘ewer t choose fo sit dae fr example a the US by PBS with he tilde’ coo “Ara” (Medi Ace Gro), Tis soon However, ques gene avait of digi levson and console facia Sign Language etng Patsh stoned elevison ao offles programmes with in-vison sign intercer(se Fg.) Many merken of he cmmuniy of he dea nd hard of ering a eye of hem asthe signer ot wena Polish Sign Language (PSL), bt nail Polish language based em Senne orbp inp pirs Area Sona of signing known s Shtom Jeplomo-Mgoy SI, Signed Plt hic isnt understood by many deaf viewer ‘Ces of he present SLI ao poi ou ht the fgue of he tle ‘ced athe Brio ight comer the eee sos in eo ‘oe undersea sign language which makes me of tee-dmension! pce nd fil exes. Adi Deseiton ‘The fist cre ates at sudo describing ims Poland were ae in ‘hone 19908 with be nancial sport ofthe Minis of Clea he Posh Asociaton ofthe Bid (PZN). The and-dserted fs were called ‘ype, ftom Grek phar maxing ‘ling. While the tect quality fhe ato description Lt alt oe ded it od 2 be szesed tht he nitive had ly pioneering chr ad htt opie inaasive soon, rich a fmetezing, Unlike te mio scription roduoed now the early AD was plovievo bots Piha foreign lms, he te wih voice-over. ‘Another moe pofsionalied atempt at no dren wat mde by pulc TV, which cided create AD toner of Poh TV seis o whic obs copyright The ani dxribd sera ae ailble Sige Rh on nung — ea em fmamalmmson wh ‘om of pm meron he ot poi unguge Iam Ft Sd Folotoceearesquacwas 90 nena MAN nine onthe TVP webs fe of charge oa who have obtained aso fm he Pls Astacio ofthe Blind o anyone for a fe ‘Sone afte podutions hye alo Bren ened on DVD. ‘The fet soci of an adi described fm in Pol cine was in November of 206 he cinema Poa i Batok twas 2 Polish roducton Supe! (Ext, Soon afermarts ater cinemas ass te cunt tre ving ind and paral sightd viene for seeigs vith ive amdio denrption, read ont by an aio desriber with a Inicophone siting next to te auence oe by wing t conference lnpatig syste with the eerie the both nd he ewes wearing eadpone "Hopi th ations, ow and fr been os, Wl son become the norm. “The movil lanssp Sn Poland is uadrping comierble canes ‘ving 1 api tctncogizl advances, the enegence of acesiity ‘erie nthe inaction of nw leg egltins, bth atthe EU sod the sal lvl In he words of Diaz Gnas (2008, “is Qary of activity that wear witesing i aii telat hee dag Clear ination hat AV ha ome of 8 The changes have frreohng Smplton fo the fel Heald new research svensk 0 -ethape the dois andscape inthe yeas com. “ety Zs Poach ie mu of eg Wor srg teen lsh praictions with elcrenscly dopa SDH antBiography ope, LY The Care of Rect in Seng I: Jura of phil owt oa coum Bat, ce Kh Bown oii) sf ang nt ua, oon 6, ‘Die Ca Avil Tsao yA Caen of Ace At: roma oy opie me hy 208 aan Ft Wage say ash bo 8): elie ‘Fanpaend npa F 17-29 Dini Mn Ung se eo mers pa ‘etn Dw Cm) The Duc fina! ow i Ca 0 rina ace oe ap Cha: en nr i Ber Fal sg ro mn v0) re atom a Bai Sa, Na ‘newhiap a A Fier tein Te ord Foti Ti. ation Cone ni Sting Tin ey 6 iano Dib 37 a HE) am Ae Tle pray fi eri nek lel i ine fis Ti es ‘nen Wyrm Moh Pla Bane: ow York Tims, 24 Tes 9 ated awsome atti: ‘Shautetnnetne gta faethe ayer ue reorient cx Te os is oo ek) he Are -tcetpa of Proto ae Meche 3 ronal 200 hos am cing Spon 200, 86 Hess M38) 7 peop noes Ear Barn (0) Pelee iat pa ap Ww 5 awe, 8 Mek Teale sty Aemen Tinge {ig amps tng ne yee as in, rir: fr ty he ay 99 eo Reine ar 8H sw kyo pla Lk Who's Ting Pt. Poa ‘Bil ad erent sha sa ting Bu Compal 057 ST, et Kb Kr Li 4 Conan an er Cine PR ame sco, 209 Mes Ha ar pnt ves Vr ep Sa i: rain aa pd Ungar OAL sentowt 8 (990 Fron ats eae a lon rope ond der suttcatapie BOC Pe Capo 99 Rie. Cnt Kipiopterpitoaatzorsiid "ne “2? Taman 8 Praia ant, Waco, ‘Wimax (9) Dupe ag gs PantaSchritenreihe Schriften zur Medienwissenschaft ISSN 1616-9936 Angelika Goldstein & Biljana Golubovié (eds.) Foreign Language Movies — Dubbing vs. Subtitling Verlag Dr. Kovat Hamburg 2009