Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Rea Test 1
Rea Test 1
LISTENING: _____/ 50
Subject: ENGLISH
LEXICO-GRAMMAR: _____/ 25
Time allotted: 180 minutes (excluding the time for paper distribution) READING: _____/ 65
There are 12 pages in this paper. WRITING: _____/ 60
___________________________
Full name: ______________________________ TOTAL SCORE: _____/200
Date: ______________________________
4. The club owes its good reputation mainly to the décor of the building.
5. Julian's main reason for calling the club Whispers was that it paradoxically conveys the
volume of noise inside.
Part 2. For questions 6-10, listen to a talk about the best recent phone trends. What does the speaker say
about these trends? Choose five answers from the box and write the correct letter, A-K, in the
corresponding numbered boxes provided.
A B
6. Foldables ____ A. have been consistently diverse in style since their first launch
B. are of higher quality than flagship phones
7. Notch Fight Phones ____ C. witness a shortcoming being rectified properly
D. are more fad than forever devices
8. Wireless Charging Phones ____ E. are a worthy successor to previous models in terms of camera
quality
9. Low-light Phones ____ F. were initially monotonous in design
G. need improvements in both charging speed and compatibility with
10. Cheaper Phones ____ other devices
H. are supported by serious apps designed for average users
I. include cameras attached to phones
J. should include sophisticated applications particularly suited for
advanced uses
K. become more available with higher quality
Page 1 of 12 pages
Part 3. For questions 11-15, listen to part of a discussion on a current affairs program between Nick Barnes
and Alison Tempra about the performance of the company Facebook since it floated on the stock
exchange, hosted by Emily Dunne. and choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which fits best according to what
you hear.
11. What does Alison think is cause for optimism?
A. the company kept its costs low B. the loss generated was less than expected
C. there appears to be good revenue potential D. the company hasn’t started to advertise yet
12. According to Nick, the increasing popularity of smaller devices
A. represents untapped potential for FACEBOOK.
B. is a significant challenge to FACEBOOK increasing its revenue.
C. puts FACEBOOK at a competitive advantage.
D. gives the company an opportunity to advertise more.
13. In what situation does Alison believe FACEBOOK users might abandon the company?
A. if they are given the option of watching adverts on the certain apps and sites.
B. if a free social network becomes available on the net.
C. if the company pushes advertisements onto users too forcefully.
D. if sites and apps start to appear which put users of using FACEBOOK.
14. What do we learn about the company’s performance?
A. the share price has now dropped by over one-third £.
B. there has been a 6% improvement in the share price overnight.
C. $38 has been wiped off the share price.
D. it has become the biggest flop in history.
15. Nick believes that Google
A. will inevitably prevail over FACEBOOK in time.
B. was short-sighted to invest everything it had into one project.
C. technology will be made redundant by what FACEBOOK offers users.
D. will become profit-making in a matter of time.
Part 4. For questions 16-25. listen to a talk on the difference between poison and venom and fill in the
missing information. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS taken from the recording for each answer in
the space provided.
Page 2 of 12 pages
SECTION B. LEXICO-GRAMMAR (25 points)
Part 1. For questions 26-40, choose the correct answer A, B, C, or D to each of the following questions.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided.
26. The employees are _____ a rally in the city centre to demand higher wages.
A. making B. performing C. staging D. presenting
27. Although usually quite compassionate, the receptionist made a __ remark that took her colleagues by surprise.
A. crooked B. cautious C. corrupt D. callous
28. Once Steven and Jill starting earning good salaries, they moved to a(n) _____ suburb.
A. flourishing B. plush C. affluent D. emergent
29. I tried to get the singer's autograph, but I couldn't get past her massive _____.
A. horde B. posse C. entourage D. cast
30. Pavlos, having lived in Greece all his life, decided to _____ to the UK for a change.
A. immigrate B. emigrate C. migrate D. evacuate
31. Susan’s kids _____ their great displeasure whenever I came round to see her, which made me feel ill at ease.
A. had forever shown B. forever showed C. were forever showing D. had forever been showing
32. Julie felt unfairly ____ when she spoke out against a company proposal and the entire staff team turned against her.
A. prosecuted B. persecuted C. oppressed D. suppressed
33. It would be considered a massive _____ on democracy if we couldn't vote for a president.
A. raid B. assault C. strike D. battery
34. Lisa made a _____ over government plans to build on a national park.
A. break B. mess C. fuss D. noise
35. Having lost her home, Lucy got _____ a gang of people who hang around causing trouble.
A. in with B. up to C. on with D. by on
36. I've been trying Ralph all day, but his phone must be off because I can't get _____ of him.
A. catch B. grasp C. grip D. hold
37. The _____ ruler was mourned by the whole country on his passing.
A. benevolent B. draconian C. malicious D. cutthroat
38. Good luck! - I'm ______ for you!
A. seating B. basing C. stemming D. rooting
39. Icebreakers will be used to ______ a path to the remote terminal during the winter.
A. etch B. carve C. incise D. lacerate
40. His success depended on a(n) _______ combination of circumstances.
A. eventful B. incidental C. fortuitous D. opportune
Part 2. For questions 41-50, write the correct form of each word in capital in the space provided.
It was with the circulation of Pickwick Papers in 1836 that young Dickens
began to enjoy a truly (41) _____________ ascent into the favour of the PRECEDENT
British reading public. He magnificently (42) ______________ a theory PROVE
that his fame would disappear just as quickly as it had come. He remained
until his death 34 years later (43) ______________ the most popular DENY
novelist the English-speaking world had ever known.
The public displayed a(n) (44) ______________ appetite for his works, and there was also a SATISFY
great diffusion of them through (45) _______________ dramatic adaptations (nearly all NUMBER
completely (46) ______________, the copyright laws being much weaker in those days). AUTHORITY
His immense popularity was based on the widespread perception of him as a great champion POSSESS
of the poor and the (47) ______________ against all forms of (48) ______________ and abuse JUST
of power. In his personal life, however, he was (49) ______________ of achieving the level of CAPACITY
fulfilment he enjoyed with the public, and all his close emotional relationships with women
(50) ______________ ended in failure. Yet, he created an extraordinary range and variety of VARY
female characters who live on in our minds and culture unlike any others created by Victorian
novelists.
Page 3 of 12 pages
SECTION C. READING (65 points)
Part 1. For questions 51-75, read the texts below and do the tasks that follow.
For questions 51-60, decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
Urban Sparrows
During the last 25 years, Britain's urban sparrow population has declined
(61) _________________ as much as two-thirds, and the bird has almost disappeared
from many of its former haunts. The decline has been (62) _________________ on
everything from cats to garden pesticides. Moreover, modern buildings have far
(63) ________________ few nooks and crannies where the birds can nest. Factors
(64) _______________ these may well be involved, but alone they
(65) ______________ to explain the severity of the decline, or the
(66) _________________ that other urban birds have been less affected.
Denis Summers-Smith is the world's leading expert on sparrows, so when he (67) ______________ up with a
theory to explain their decline, it has to be (68) _________________ listening to. He suggests that the culprit is a
chemical added to unleaded petrol. It would be deeply ironic if a policy that was (69) _________________ to
improve the nation's health (70) ______________ to prove responsible for the decline of (71) ______________
of its favourite species.
(72) _____________ to Summers-Smith, social species such as the sparrow require a minimum population in a
specific area to breed successfully. If, (73) _____________ whatever reason, number drop (74) ____________
this threshold, the stimulus to breed disappears. The most dramatic example is the passenger pigeon, which in
the late nineteenth century went from (75) ____________ the world's most common bird to total extinction within
50 years.
Page 4 of 12 pages
Part 2. For questions 76-88, read the following passage and do the tasks that follow.
a
76.
79.
78.
77.
For questions 80-83, match each statement with one of the people listed (A, B or C). Write your answers
in the corresponding space provided.
List of People Your answers
80. The experiment only works if the equipment moves in a particular
direction. ____
A. Podkletnov
81. Gravity could be absorbed by a magnetic field ____
B. Tohoku University
82. Superconductive material seems to scan an object from gravity ____
C. Modenese
83. Weight loss occurs when the equipment rotates at speeds reaching
13,000 rpm ____
For questions 84-88, decide whether the following statements are True (T), False (F), or Not Given (NG).
Write your answers in the numbered boxes provided.
List of statements Your answers
Podkletnov won a prize for his initial work on superconductive substances 84
COACH CARTER:
This powerful message from author Marianne What's more, despite the initial hostility, Carter found
Williamson rings true in an incredible story about a himself flooded by notes and letters of support, from
group of young men and their struggle against all over the country for his courageous act,
adversity. It is a story so astonishing that it seems like congratulating him for his youth mentoring advocacy
it should come straight from a Hollywood film. In this and social work. News networks also rushed to
case, however, it was a series of remarkable real life Richmond High. Requests came for interviews from
events that provided the story for the Hollywood magazines and newspapers such as Sports
blockbuster Coach Carter. Illustrated, People magazine, the Los Angeles Times
89…………………………………………………………… and USA Today. And most incredibly, permission
was sought to turn the team's story into a major
The reason, while unorthodox, was simple enough. motion picture starring actor Samuel L Jackson.
Although the team were having huge success on the
court, they weren't having the same level of success off 93…………………………………………………………
the court academically. In a bold move at the start of the People took to heart that success in life depends on
season, Ken Carter had taken the unusual decision to academic and social success and not just sporting
make his players sign a contract, one which set them skill alone. This was especially true for students at
clear targets for improvement in their studies, for their Richmond High, whose success was solid proof of
behaviour in and out of class, and for meeting their Carter's methods. During his time as coach from
obligations as role models to other students. 1997 to 2002. every single one of his athletes
90…………………………………………………………… graduated, with many going on to college.
Page 7 of 12 pages
The missing paragraphs:
A. Carter never anticipated so much publicity from his E. His clarity of purpose, tenacity and compassion
stance, and was quick to point out that things were made him a true hero. One who ceaselessly
about his students and not himself. The power of his campaigned for more and refused to write
message, that young people have to take responsibility anyone off. Few other people could have been
for their actions and shape their own place in society, as good a custodian for these troubled young
struck a chord across the nation, however. men as Ken Carter was.
B. Ken Carter was just an ordinary basketball coach trying F. In order to do so however, they would have to
to help students in his local high school, Richmond become student athletes and earn the grades
High, when one single action turned his life upside needed for a sports scholarship. Here, the
down and made him and his players the focus of
brave sports coach faced unexpected
national media attention. That act was his decision to
opposition when his actions prompted
pull chains across the doors of the school gym and lock
resistance not only from reluctant students, but
out his team of young sports stars. The lockout came
also from a faculty that had seemingly given up
as a total shock to the boys, who were undefeated. Why
would their coach cancel training on the cusp of such and a body of parents who didn't believe their
great success? kids could go professional and were furious
C. And they were significant. Not only did he face verbal with his decision to take high school sport away
abuse and threats, he also risked losing his job as from their boys.
coach when parents rallied against him and demanded G. When asked about the secret to his success
he be replaced. On top of this, his decision cost the Carter explained his belief in three crucial
team two forfeits and the chance for an unbeaten elements that are required to change person
season. Yet, Coach Carter's athletes stood by him, for the better. He motivated students by putting
fueled by the desire to break social stereotypes and get a contract in their hand, providing knowledge
away from their inner-city lives. Together the boys to expand their mind and connecting with them
made the decision to take responsibility for themselves emotionally. These simple things he believes
and devote the time that they needed to their studies so can change peoples' way of thinking and alter
that they could have a brighter future. their vision of the world forever.
D. The catalyst for Carter denying access to the gym H. Following the lockout college scouts attended
was discovering that 15 of his 45 athletes were not the state championship to watch Richmond
honouring these contracts, which they had signed in High. Many stated that while the Richmond
good faith. Carter knew full well that his rules were story was remarkable, the really amazing thing
strict and was under no illusions. fact many of the was the respect and affection that the players
school's best athletes refused to play for him as a held for their coach.
result. However, that didn't faze Ken Carter, or make
him back down from his principles one bit.
Part 4. For questions 96-105, read the following passage and choose the answer A, B, C or D which you
think fits best according to the text.
A SYMBOL OF MEDICINE,
A TRIUMPH OF SIMPLICITY
“I rolled a quire of paper into a sort of cylinder and applied one end of it to the region of the heart and the other
to my ear, and was surprised and pleased to find that I could thereby perceive the action of the heart in a
manner much more clear and distinct than I had ever been able to do by the immediate application of the ear..."
RENÉ-THEOPHILE-HYACINTHE LAËNNEC (1781-1826)
Despite the trend toward the use of hi-tech diagnostic equipment, the simple
stethoscope remains the tool most closely identified with medical care. Even those
doctors in specialties other an internal medicine who do not routinely examine
patients’ hearts and lungs tend to keep a stethoscope close at hand. More than just
a helpful device, it has become a fully-fledged symbol of medicine.
The 18th-century doctor attempting to diagnose diseases of the heart and lungs had to rely almost completely
on the patient’s verbal inscription of symptoms – the ‘history’. Although the then novel practice of anatomical
dissection was leading to revelations about the physical basis of many diseases, doctors had few means of
gathering objective data that might point to a specific condition such as a leaky heart valve) before the patient
reached the autopsy table.
In trying to hear the sounds coming from the thoracic organs, the doctor would press an ear directly against the
patient’s chest – a manoeuvre known as "direct auscultation", from the Latin auscultare, to listen carefully. Apart
Page 8 of 12 pages
from being unrewarding from a diagnostic standpoint, this technique was considered undignified and sometimes
imprudent. Since it required close physical contact between doctor and patient, it inevitably increased the
incidence of contagious diseases spreading. Such transmission may have contributed to the death of one
proponent of this approach, the French doctor Robert Bayle, who died of tuberculosis.
Laënnec solved the problem by recalling an acoustic phenomenon he had experimented with as a child in
Brittany. By scratching one end of a wooden plank, he could send coded messages to his friends at the other end.
When he applied this principle to the problem at hand, Laënnec literally transformed the practice of medicine.
Tightly rolling up the pages of his notebook, he placed one end of the makeshift cylinder on his patient’s chest
and put the other to his ear: the heart sounds could be heard more distinctly.
Laënnec later replaced the rolled-up paper tube with a slim wooden one resembling a child’s horn. [A] With this
simple instrument he was able to hear and describe the sounds associated with diseases that were the scourges
of his time. [B] Continuing to study patients from hospital ward to autopsy table, the dedicated doctor tried to
match the sounds he had heard in the clinic to the physical signs of disease found after death. [C] For example,
the large cavities noted in lungs ravaged by tuberculosis produced one type of sound, while the solidified lung
tissues of pneumonia yielded another. [D]
The stethoscope did not remain a stiff unwieldy tube for long. To make it more compact, Laënnec divided the
cylinder into sections that could be carried more easily in an inside pocket. Other European doctors later
developed flexible versions, and in 1855 an American doctor named George Cammann devisee a binaural
stethoscope that had two ivory-tipped earpieces connected to an ebony chest plate by cloth-covered, spiral-wire
tubes. This version, which cost about £2, allowed doctors to listen to a patient's chest with both ears.
Since then, the stethoscope has changed only modestly. Today it is a precision-engineered instrument (often
costing £80 or more), with two plastic earpieces attached by rubber tubes to a chest piece with interchangeable
‘heads’: a flat diaphragm, used to hear distinct, high-frequency sounds such as the clicks characteristic of mitral
valve prolapse, and a domelike bell, which allows the listener to detect soft, low-frequency noises such as the
rumbling murmur of blood flowing through a narrowed mitral valve. To hear these various heart sounds, doctors
will often use the diaphragm to listen to several areas of the chest and then apply the bell to the same areas.
Beyond providing insights into heart and lung diseases, Laënnec’s invention encouraged doctors to pursue
objective data investigating these and other conditions, instead of relying solely on a patient’s often misleading
account of his or her complaints. Doctors not only attended more carefully to sounds emitted by the chest, but –
in the interest of correlating their findings on physical examination with what they had learned at autopsy – they
also began what has been referred to as "laying on of hands": probing more deeply, palpating the abdomen and
other areas of the body, and using the sense of touch to detect abnormalities such as tumours.
Laënnec’s discovery reflected the impact of the French Revolution on the field of medicine. As the Old Regime
was driven out, new ideas could be explored that emphasized observation rather than reason alone. These
philosophical shifts helped make Paris the centre of medical science in the early 1800s. Whether Laënnec started
a revolution or simply rode on the wave of change, the trend toward collecting information by more objective
means and correlating physical findings with laboratory data continues today with the widespread use of x-rays,
echocardiography, and other diagnostic tests. With his invention, medicine moved closer to becoming a science.
96. In the first paragraph, the writer mentions "hi-tech diagnostic equipment" in order to
A. emphasise the simplicity of the stethoscope. B. stress the usefulness of the stethoscope.
C. show the symbolic role of the stethoscope. D. explain why doctors use the stethoscope.
97. In the past, lack of adequate diagnostic equipment meant that
A. many patients died unnecessarily from heart disease. B. cause of illness was often discovered only after death.
C. diagnosis was based solely on subjective hypothesis. D. many contagious diseases were never detected.
98. The advent of the stethoscope meant doctors
A. were less likely to catch something from patients. B. could distance themselves from those under their care.
C. were facilitated in detecting contagious illnesses. D. could now hear a patient's heart beating.
99. What exactly does the phrase “such transmission” describe?
A. the brainwaves from the brain B. the passing of an infectious disease from patient to doctor
C. the pumping of blood in the body D. the evolution of a widespread disease
100. The word “makeshift” in the paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. interchangeable. B. stereotypical. C. cryptic. D. provisional.
101. Which of the square brackets [A], [B], [C], or [D] best indicates where in the paragraph 5 the sentence
“The names he applied to these distinctive sounds – rales, bruits, and egophony – are still used.” can be
inserted?
A. [A] B. [B] C. [C] D. [D]
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102. How many versions of the stethoscope did Laennec devise?
A. one B. two C. more than two D. more than three
103. The modern stethoscope
A. is meticulously crafted. B. closely resembles the original.
C. consists of two moveable parts. D. was developed by an American.
104. Although simple in design, Laennec's invention
A. forced doctors to use reason with their patients. B. brought about great change in medical procedure.
C. caused a revolution in philosophical thought. D. has yet to be bettered as a diagnostic tool.
105. The last sentence of the article implies that
A. medicine would not have been a science if the stethoscope hadn't been invented.
B. Laennec was one of the few 18th-century doctors who practiced medicine scientifically.
C. without Laennec, medicine might have progressed at a much slower pace.
D. the invention of the stethoscope helped medical practice become more systematic.
Part 5. The passage below consists of six paragraphs marked A-F. For questions 106-115, read the
passage and do the task that follows. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes
provided.
B. The Maya, in contrast, left behind a rich record of data regarding their fondness for cacao drinks, which they
associated with the gods. Incidentally, Carl Linnaeus, founder of taxonomy, clearly has this legend in mind when
he named the plant Theobroma cacao, in the eighteenth century – Theobroma from the Greek for ‘food of the
gods’ and ‘cacao’ being a European derivative of the indigenous Mayan kakau. The Maya also had a hieroglyph
representing cacao in their art, and left behind depictions of rudimentary recipes for production. For the Maya, the
cacao beverage was a treasured drink of the ruling class, and a treat for families who cultivated cacao in their
home gardens. For the drink, the beans were fermented, dried and roasted, much like today, then ground and
mixed with a variety of spices to form a paste that was heated and poured from vessel to vessel to produce a
frothy foam.
C. For the Aztecs, cacao beans were both a valuable commodity and a major form of currency and tribute
payment in their empire. The neighboring towns of Tenochtitlán and Tlatelolco each had large, well-organised
markets that were visited by all the surrounding townspeople. Watched over by special government officials who
ensured the weights, measures and prices matched the quality of goods, the Aztec market included both vendors
of prepared chocolate and dealers of raw beans. The honest cacao seller would divide the beans into separate
piles according to their origin. Dishonest dealers, meanwhile, used various ruses to sell counterfeit beans,
artificially colouring inferior lots of cacao, or even disguising worthless, avocado seeds with cacao hulls to fool
customers. The Aztecs also used cacao ritually, both to be drunk during ceremonies and even symbolically in acts
of human sacrifice. In this context, the cacao pod would symbolize the human heart.
D. There are competing theories on the etymology of the word ‘chocolate’, but most have at least some
connection to the Aztec language of Nahuatl. Some attribute the word to the Nahuatl word xocolatl meaning ‘bitter
Page 10 of 12 pages
water’ – and it was indeed bitter, being sweetened with honey for those who preferred it that way. Another theory
suggests the word is a hybrid of a Mayan word chokol, which means ‘hot’ and the Nahuatl word atl meaning water;
thus ‘hot water’. It could also be a combination of kakau and atl, simply ‘cacao water’. Any way you look at it, the
word ‘chocolate’ itself represents a combination of Maya and Aztec cultures; an appropriate blend considering the
historical transmission of knowledge through the cacao trade. When enthusiasm for chocolate spread across
Europe, European colonies in Africa and Malaysia began to raise ‘cocoa’, as the cacao bean came to be called in
Europe.
E. It was not until 1828 that chocolate changed from a sacred drink to the solid bar we know today, through the
addition of cocoa butter. Not only did Coenraad Johannes van Houten of the Netherlands create the process of
manufacturing cocoa butter, but he also discovered how to treat chocolate with alkalisto to remove the bitter taste
that had until that point been characteristic of chocolate. While the addition of chilli had long since been dropped
from the recipes by Europeans, vanilla was often retained, along with milk and sugar, the latter being unavailable
to the Aztecs. Thus, chocolate as we know it came into existence after several thousand years of being consumed
in liquid form with a pungent, bitter taste. These days, producers of chocolate are experimenting even further, by
adding not just sugar and milk, but chilli, lavender mint and other flavours, giving us new forms, new uses and new
tastes, all continually inspired by its divine origins.
the ingredient that had initially been rejected by European chocolate makers 112
the steps required to prepare the raw beans for use as chocolate 115
Part 1. Read the following extract and use your own words to summarize it. Your summary should be 100
to 120 words.
Very few people in the modern world obtain their food supply by hunting and gathering in the natural environment
surrounding their homes. This method of harvesting from nature’s provision, however, is not only the oldest known
subsistence strategy but also the one that has been practiced continuously in some parts of the world for at least
the last two million years. It was, indeed, the only way to obtain food until rudimentary farming and very crude
methods for the domestication of animals were introduced about 10,000 years ago.
Because hunter-gatherers have fared poorly in comparison with their agricultural cousins, their numbers have
dwindled, and they have been forced to live in the marginal wastelands. In higher latitudes, the shorter growing
season has restricted the availability of plant life. Such conditions have caused a greater dependence on hunting
and, along the coasts and waterways, on fishing. The abundance of vegetation in the lower latitudes of the tropics,
on the other hand, has provided a greater opportunity for gathering a variety of plants. In short, the environmental
differences have restricted the diet and have limited possibilities for the development of subsistence societies.
Contemporary hunter-gatherers may help us understand our prehistoric ancestors. We know from observation
of modern hunter-gatherers in both Africa and Alaska that a society based on hunting and gathering must be very
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mobile. Following the food supply can be a way of life. If a particular kind of wild herding animal is the basis of the
food for a group of people, those people must move to stay within reach of those animals. For many of the native
people of the great central plains of North America, following the buffalo, who were in turn following the growth of
grazing foods, determined their way of life.
For gathering societies, seasonal changes mean a great deal. While the entire community camps in a central
location, a smaller party harvests the food within a reasonable distance from the camp. When the food in the area
is exhausted, the community moves on to exploit another site. We also notice a seasonal migration pattern
evolving for most hunter-gatherers, along with a strict division of labor between the sexes. These patterns of
behavior may be similar to those practiced by humankind during the Paleolithic Period.
Part 2.
The charts below give information about the way in which water was used in different countries in
2000.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
Some people think that the teenage years are the happiest times of most people’s lives. Others think
that adult life brings more happiness, in spite of greater responsibilities.
Discuss both view and give your own opinion.
Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.
Present argumentation to highlight your opinion on this matter. Give reasons and specific examples to support
your opinion(s).
-THE END-
Page 12 of 12 pages
ANSWER KEY
SECTION A. LISTENING (50 points)
Part 1
1. FALSE 2. TRUE 3. TRUE 4. FALSE 5. TRUE
Part 2
6. J 7. F 8. C 9. E 10. K
Part 3
11. C 12. B 13. C 14. A 15. A
Part 4
16. behind its eyes 17. 20 and 80%
18. seeps into 19. muscles
20. brown recluse spider 21. (deadly) blue-ringed octopus
22. secrete 23. special glands
24. sucking out 25. cone snails