THE AI TIMES

TABLE OF CONTENT
V Search Engine You.com Launches ChatGPT-Style Chatbot, But Don't Trust It Fully Yet 04

V Design platform Canva launches text-to-image AI feature -06

V Point-E: How OpenAI’s Dall-E successor uses AI to sculpt your 3D dreams - 08

V Independent Artists Are Fighting Back Against A.I. Image Generators With Innovative Online Protests - 11

V He Used AI to Publish a Children’s Book in a Weekend. Artists Are Not Happy About It -13

V Midjourney Founder Admits to Using a ‘Hundred Million’ Images Without Consent -15

V The Best AI Tools to Help You Work and Create -17

V OpenAI releases Point-E, which is like DALL-E but for 3D modeling -19

V Artists can now opt out of the next version of Stable Diffusion -21

V Seven AI-generated poems about Duluth, written by ChatGPT and illustrated by Dall-e 2 -23

V HELLO DALL·E -31

V How Google Got Smoked by ChatGPT -35

V “DALL-E 2 of biology” designs proteins for new drugs -37

V Why those AI-generated portraits all over social media have artists on edge -40

V Here’s What To Know About OpenAI’s ChatGPT—What It’s Disrupting And How To Use It -44

V Biotech Labs Bank on Generative AI to Design New Protein Structures -47

V ChatGPT: Why Stack Overflow Banned the Celebrated OpenAI Chatbot -49

V Reddit Users Wanted To See How Famous Movie Characters Would Look If They Were Hipsters, Samurai, And Babies: Here
Are The Results (30 -51

V OpenAI's new ChatGPT bot: 10 dangerous things it's capable of -81

V How Artificial Intelligence Will Change Mobile Apps -86

V Lensa AI, the app making ‘magic avatars,’ raises red flags for artists -89

V Will New-Age Software Development Kill or Assist Developers? -92

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SEARCH ENGINE YOU.COM LAUNCHES CHATGPT-
STYLE CHATBOT, BUT DON'T TRUST IT FULLY YET
V Imad Khan

The site works like OpenAI's ChatGPT, which went viral earlier this year for its unique
and realistic responses from a computer program. But be careful about its answers

You.com is a search engine that now has a ChatGPT-style chatbot.

You.com, a search engine launched last incorrect facts.

year promising more customizability, began
offering a ChatGPT-style chatbot on its
website Friday that can answer questions and
hold a conversation, bringing more artificial
intelligence-powered technology to the wider
web. Though it does offer some answers with
The search engine's new feature follows
ChatGPT, an AI chatbot that went viral earlier
this year for being able to offer unique answers
to complex questions, based on information it
gleans from around the internet. You.com said it
hopes to stand out, though, by offering answers

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to more-current questions, like, "Who won the
2022 World Cup?" ChatGPT has information
only up to last year.
People who use You.com should be careful,
however, as its confident answer to the World
Cup query appeared to get details wrong, like
where the final was held, what date it occurred
and who scored the winning shot. When CNET
asked the chatbot the question again, it omitted
those details.
A note on the site says, "This product is in beta
and its accuracy may be limited," and adds that
"You.com is not liable for content generated."
You.com answers who won the World Cup in 2022 but says
the event happened in Russia. It was held about 3,000
miles away, in Qatar.
ChatGPT has also been criticized for confidently
publishing incorrect answers. You.com's chat
program is limited in other ways as well, and is
seemingly unable to provide useful responses
to requests like, "Write me a solitaire program
in HTML for the web."
Both chat programs do things like offer results
from the web and repeat encyclopedia-like
entries on various subjects. They can also write
a letter in response to a prompt such as, "Write
me a letter to an old friend who I don't really
like but keep in touch with out of obligation."
ChatGPT, You.com and other similar chatbots
are part of a broader shift in the tech world,
where artificial intelligence programs are
increasingly being coded to create new forms
of art, music, writing and even their own code.
Their popularity and seemingly fast evolution
has begun raising questions about what art is,
and whether computers can truly create unique
products drawn from a reservoir of information.
The sudden popularity of ChatGPT in particular
has reportedly had alarm bells ringing at Google,
which has built its corporate image around AI
work like self-driving cars, real-time translation
apps and smart assistants. The search giant
has its own ChatGPT-like tech called LaMDA,
which it's resisted releasing publicly because
of possibilities it might offer embarrassing
answers or start repeating hate speech. Other
chatbots, from Microsoft, Facebook and more,
have struggled with these issues.
For now, ChatGPT and You.com exist mostly as
interesting demonstrations of what the future
of AI could look like. And You.com co-founder
Richard Socher said in a statement that he
believes integrating chat functionality into You.
com will help it stand out from Google. "People
are looking for something new," he said.
For instance, when asked to write a haiku about
Jamaican beef patties, You.com produced this
novel result:
Flaky crust, so golden
Seasoned beef inside, so savory
A Jamaican treat
One other thing that separates the two chatbots
for now is that You.com will display website
results alongside its responses, something
ChatGPT isn't currently designed to do.
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Design platform Canva
launches text-to-image AI
feature
/ The tool is powered by open-source text-to-image model Stable Diffusion and
will be available for free via the Canva app.
Australia design app Canva is
the latest creative platform to
launch a text-to-image AI tool.
The company began testing
the feature in September and
is now rolling it out to the app’s
more than 100 million users.
The feature is an
implementation of open-
source text-to-image model
Stable Diffusion, with a few
extra safety filters and a
custom UI to help steer Canva’s
users to get the results they
want. Canva, which is available
as a free app as well as a paid
version with extra features,
will give all its users the ability Canva’s text-to-image tool is the latest example of the tech-
to generate 100 images a day nology hitting mainstream apps. Image: Canva
with the tool.
stereotypical” content. officer Cameron Adams told
Load up Canva’s text-to- The Verge in an interview.
image feature, and you’ll “We’re keen to get this
be prompted to “describe technology in front of them
the image you want to see,” because it’s an emergent field,
with a few sample prompts and the exact way it works and
shown as inspiration (e.g., “a how customers will interact
light watercolor painting of with it is still being developed.”
koi fish in a pond”). You can
then choose from various Adams says he’s already seen
styles (“photo,” “drawing,” The tool generates a grid of the tool used for a range
“3D,” “painting,” “pattern,” and four images users can drag of applications. “One of my
“concept art”) and the tool will and drop into their design. Im- favorites is students using
generate a grid of four images age: Canva it to visualize their stories,
to choose from and add to your so they’ll write up a story in
“We’re treating this as very English class and use text-to-
design canvas. There’s also an
option to report images that much a learning experience image to generate an image
contain violence, nudity, hate for our community,” Canva’s that matches that story. We’ve
speech, and “biased and/or co-founder and chief product also seen it used for images in

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presentations, on flyers, and controversy, particularly their figure out these copyright
on T-shirts, which they can use of copyrighted imagery questions. We give ownership
print through Canva.” for training data. Many artists of the images to the users, but
have found that their work we don’t claim that they can be
The feature is only the latest has been used without their copyrighted by those users.”
example of text-to-image AI consent to create these
tools reaching ever larger Adams and Bhautik Joshi,
commercial products, though
audiences. The launch of Canva’s “principal picture and
the companies and researchers
Stable Diffusion in particular video nerd,” did stress, though,
responsible say using this data
has accelerated access to that one key addition they
is covered by provisions like
these systems, as its open- made to the tool was additional
the US fair use doctrine.When
source implementation allows filters to stop users from
asked about these issues,
companies to integrate it generating NSFW output —
Adams said, “I think there are
into their own products for particularly important if many
legitimate questions about the
free. Text-to-image is quickly users are school children. “We
extent to which AI productions
becoming a staple in creative did find that Stable Diffusion’s
can be considered fair use, and
platforms, and just last month, were fairly easy to circumvent,”
that’s going to differ around
Microsoft launched its own said Adams.
the world. We’re keeping a
text-to-image tool, Microsoft
Designer, (powered by close eye on it, but it’s all still Joshi added that the company
OpenAI’s DALL-E system) as pretty up in the air. We have was “super cognizant that [the
part of its Office suite. a great relationship with our output] could be problematic,
contributor community and and it’s something we’re
The rise of these systems our users, and we’re working actively engaging with — it’s
has also sparked some very closely with them to not something we’ll sleep on.”

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Point-E: How OpenAI’s Dall-E
successor uses AI to
sculpt your 3D dreams
From just a simple worded prompt, you will be able to create a 3D
model of anything.
By Alex Hughes

O
penAI has been busy in the last year. What is Point-E and how does it work?
It has been the talk of the internet
for its two big projects: Dall-E 2 and
ChatGPT. Between these two massive
artificial intelligence platforms, the company
helped generate images and long reams of texts
from nothing more than a worded prompt.
Now, the company is already back with a third
concept, dropping it in just before Christmas
to pique everybody’s interest. This third one,
now named Point-E, follows a similar pattern,
creating content from just your prompts.

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In many ways, Point-E is a successor to Dall-E 2, even The image-to-3D model then had to be trained in a
following the same naming convention. Where Dall-E similar way. This was given similar training, offered
was used to create images from scratch, Point-E is a set of images that were paired with 3D models so
taking things one step further, turning those images Point-E could understand the relationship between
into 3D models. the two.
Announced in a research paper published by the This training was repeated millions of times, using
OpenAI team, Point-E works in two parts: first by a huge number of data sets. In its first tests of the
using a text-to-image AI to convert your worded model, Point-E was able to reproduce coloured rough
prompt into an image, then using a second function to estimates of the requests through point clouds,
turn that image into a 3D model. but they were still a long way from being accurate
Where Dall-E 2 works to create the highest quality representations.
image possible, Point-E creates a much lower quality This technology is still in its earliest stages, and it will
image, simply needing enough to form a 3D model. likely be a while longer until we see Point-E making
Unlike a traditional 3D model, Point-E isn’t actually accurate 3D renders, and even longer until the public
generating an entire fluid structure. Instead, it is will be interacting with it like Dall-E 2 or ChatGPT.
generating a point cloud (hence the name). This simply
means a number of points dotted around a space that How to use Point-E
represent a 3D shape. While Point-E hasn't been launched in its official form
That obviously wouldn’t look like a whole lot, which is through OpenAI, it is available via Github for those
why the model has a second step. The team trained an more technically minded. Alternatively, you can test
additional AI model to convert the points to meshes. the technology through Hugging Face - a machine
This is something that better resembles the shapes, learning community that has previously hosted other
moulds, and edges of an object. big artificial intelligence programs.
However, when you’re dealing with this many factors, Right now, the technology is in its infant stage and
things aren’t always going to be perfect. As OpenAI therefore isn't going to produce the most accurate
has noted in the research paper, objects can be missing responses, but it gives an idea of the future of the
points or result in blocky objects. technology. Expect the occasional long wait or long
load time as we would imagine lots of people will be
Training the model trying the technology via Hugging Face.
It isn't clear whether OpenAI will offer the service to
the public when they launch it, or if it will be an invite-
only occasion at first.

The application of Point-E

To get the model functioning, the team had to train it.

The first half of the process, the text-to-image section,
was trained on worded prompts, just like Dall-E 2
before. This meant images that were accompanied
by alt-text to help the model understand what
was in the image.
With most modern artificial intelligence programs,
the question quickly arises of what they are designed
for. With both ChatGPT and Dall-E 2, there are
rising concerns around these platforms replacing
artists and creatives.

Page-9
The same concerns will likely appear for Point-E. 3D
design is a huge industry and, while Point-E isn’t able
to accurately match the work of a 3D artist right now,
it could rival this field in the future.
However, with reports of OpenAI spending
well into the millions each month to keep these
projects going, this kind of software will likely be
costly to use and run, especially for something as
complicated as 3D rendering.

5 X 7 FLYERS

Page-10
 INDEPENDENT ARTISTS
ARE FIGHTING BACK
AGAINST A.I. IMAGE
GENERATORS WITH
INNOVATIVE ONLINE
PROTESTS
The image-sharing site ArtStation
has become the latest flashpoint in
the debate over A.I.-generated art.
SEnvironmental artist Joyce Silva (@joysilvart) posted a
collection of anti-A.I. images on Twitter. Richard Whiddington

W
hen A.I.-generated images began
appearing on the homepage of
ArtStation in early December, its
users protested. They announced
their discontent with a blunt image of a stop
sign that read: “No To A.I. Images”. Within a
week, the picture had been uploaded thousands
of times and began dominating the platform’s
trending page.
The reasoning behind the protest is simple;
ArtStation users don’t want a platform they use
for sharing and networking purposes to support
A.I. images that have been generated through
the theft of artistic labor and creativity.
“I am really considering removing my art online
from places such as Artstation,” Suzanne
Helmigh, art director at Ghostfire Gaming, told
her 43,000 Twitter followers. “If the point of
creating art is lost, and all our work is good for
is to be fed into a machine, to be abused and An anti-A.I. poster by artist Mignon Zakuga. Photo: Mignon
Frankensteined into some A.I. visuals.” Zakuga.

Page-11
In response, the platform, known as a hub
for game, film, and anime artists, defended
its position and had moderators remove the
anti-A.I. images. Users were enraged and
continued posting their protests, some with the
addendum “Round Two, You’re Not Listening”.
By December 16, ArtStation had updated its
A.I.-focused FAQ page, though it hadn’t exactly
disavowed A.I. generators and their images.
The update announced that ArtStation had
added a “NoAI” tag that allows artists to stop
their work from being included in A.I. systems.
But users were still not appeased. First, because
the platform has made opt-in its default position;
and second, because users are required to
apply “NoAI” tags one-by-one to their artworks.
ArtStation has suggested it will allow users
to remove A.I. images from their home pages,
though it hasn’t set a date for that yet.
The tone of the statement from ArtStation,
which was launched in 2014 and claims to
have more than 3 million users, seemed to
undermine the sense of community that has
made it so popular.
“Artists should be free to decide how their art is
BUSINESS CARDS
used and we don’t want to become a gatekeeper,
with site terms that stifle A.I .research and
commercialization,” ArtStation wrote on its
“Use of A.I. Software” page. “Choosing not to use
the tag leaves copyright law to govern whether
or not the artwork was fairly used.”
ArtStation wrote that neither it nor its parent
company, Epic, have business deals with A.I. art
generators, but didn’t respond to our request
for further comment.
The disagreement between artists and the
platform mirrors one that broke out on
DeviantArt, another longstanding site for art-
sharing. Together, they capture the anxiety of
working artists, who have seen the popularity
of A.I. image generators, such as Midjourney,
DALL-E, Lensa AI, and Night Cafe, soar over the
past 12 months.
Several of these platforms run on Stable
Diffusion, an open source dataset. Removing
their work from the next update to the database,
set to be released in the coming year, may well
be the starting point for artists to push back
against A.I. Even then, the debate between
creators and platforms seems set to continue.
Page-12
He Used AI to Publish a Children’s
Book in a Weekend. Artists Are
Not Happy About It
BY NIK POPLI

of replacing them.
Reshi, a product design manager from
the San Francisco Bay Area, gathered
illustrations from Midjourney, a text-
to-image AI tool that launched this
summer, and took story elements from a
conversation he had with the AI-powered
ChatGPT about a young girl named Alice.
“Anyone can use these tools,” Reshi tells
TIME. “It’s easily and readily accessible,

A
and it’s not hard to use either.”
mmaar Reshi was playing
around with ChatGPT, an AI- His experiment creating an AI-generated
powered chatbot from OpenAI book in just one weekend shows that
when he started thinking about artificial intelligence might be able
the ways artificial intelligence could be to accomplish tasks faster and more
used to make a simple children’s book to efficiently than any human person can—
give to his friends. Just a couple of days sort of. The book was far from perfect.
later, he published a 12-page picture
book, printed it, and started selling it on
Amazon without ever picking up a pen
and paper.
The feat, which Reshi publicized in a viral
Twitter thread, is a testament to the
incredible advances in AI-powered tools
like ChatGPT—which took the internet
by storm two weeks ago with its uncanny
ability to mimic human thought and
writing. But the book, Alice and Sparkle,
also renewed a fierce debate about the Artists singled out this page from Alice and Sparkle
ethics of AI-generated art. Many argued as showing the limits of the AI-powered technology.
that the technology preys on artists and The illustration has several apparent flaws, including
other creatives—using their hard work as the character appearing to have claws. Courtesy
source material, while raising the specter Ammaar Reshi

Page-13
The AI-generated illustrations had a number of how art is used to train AI algorithms,” says
issues: some fingers looked like claws, objects Michelle Jing Chan, an illustrator of children’s
were floating, and the shadowing was off in books. “Artists should be appropriately
some areas. Normally, illustrations in children’s compensated when their works are used in the
books go through several rounds of revisions— training of algorithms.”
but that’s not always possible with AI-generated “The main problem to me about AI is that it
artwork on Midjourney, where users type a was trained off of artists’ work,” adds Adriane
series of words and the bot spits back an image Tsai, also a children’s book illustrator. “It’s our
seconds later. creations, our distinct styles that we created,
Alice and Sparkle follows a young girl who that we did not consent to being used.”
builds her own artificial intelligence robot that Already, some companies and brands are
becomes self aware and capable of making its choosing AI technology over human talent. The
own decisions. Reshi has sold about 70 copies San Francisco Ballet used images generated by
through Amazon since Dec. 4, earning royalties Midjourney to promote this season’s production
of less than $200. He plans to donate additional of the Nutcracker. A digitally-generated fashion
copies to his local library. model, Shudu Gram, has modeled for brands
Reshi’s quixotic project drew praise from including Louis Vuitton. And at comedy clubs,
many users for its ingenuity. But many artists artificial intelligence is being used to deliver
also strongly criticized both his process and standup jokes.
the product. To his critics, the speed and ease The phenomena has made many creatives
with which Reshi created Alice and Sparkle nervous about their own futures, wondering
exemplifies the ethical concerns of AI- if people will pay for their services when they
generated art. Artificial intelligence systems could generate it for much cheaper using AI.
like Midjourney are trained using datasets of “As somebody who makes my money and finds
millions of images that exist across the Internet, my joy in writing, it’s deeply troubling to see
then teaching algorithms to recognize patterns people seeking cheap alternatives to actual
in those images and generate new ones. That human writing, which is already one of the
means any artist who uploads their work online most deliriously underpaid professions,” says
could be feeding the algorithm without their Abraham Josephine Riesman, an author.
consent. Many claim this amounts to a high-
tech form of plagiarism that could seriously Reshi responded to these concerns by calling
harm human artists in the near future. on the creators of the AI tools at OpenAI and
Midjourney to ensure protections for artists
Reshi’s original tweet promoting his book and authors whose work may be used in artificial
received more than 6 million impressions and intelligence algorithms.
1,300 replies, many of which came from book
“I think there’s real concern and I actually
illustrators claiming artists should be paid or
do hear out those artists,” Reshi says. “It’s
credited if their work is used by AI.
really important that the tech industry that’s
“In order to protect the rights and property of working on these tools involves them in
artists, there must be stricter regulation around the process of creation.”

Page-14
Midjourney founder David Holz has admitted that his company did not receive consent for the
hundreds of millions of images used to train its AI image generator, outraging photogarphers
and artists.

MIDJOURNEY FOUNDER ADMITS TO USING A

‘HUNDRED MILLION’ IMAGES WITHOUT CONSENT
T
witter users have been
sharing an interview that
Holz did with Forbes
back in September in which
he readily confesses to using
images that he didn’t have
permission for.
When asked: “Did you seek
consent from living artists or
work still under copyright?”
Holz replies: “No. There isn’t
really a way to get a hundred
million images and know
where they’re coming from.
“It would be cool if images had
metadata embedded in them
about the copyright owner
or something. But that’s not a
thing; there’s not a registry.
“There’s no way to find a
picture on the internet, and
then automatically trace it
to an owner and then have
any way of doing anything to
authenticate it.”
Holz’s words in the resurfaced
interview have outraged
Twitter users, partly due to
an artist protest against AI
images.
Also in the interview, Holz says
that Midjourney’s dataset was
built from “a big scrape of the
internet.”
“We use the open data sets
that are published and train
across those. And I’d say that’s
something that 100% of people
do,” he adds.
The article has been repeatedly
shared by creators this week
who have not been holding
back on what they think about
Holz and Midjourney.
“‘We just stole all the
copyrighted artwork, mushed
it through an AI, reproduced it
infinitely, and make money off
of it,'” parodies Kyle Chayka.
“What baffles me is that David
Holz blatantly admits to theft
and copyright infringement
in this article! His attitude
is, ‘yeah, we stole from you
to build a platform that we
make a profit from, what are
you going to do about it,'” says

Page-15
artist Dave Lung. that affects photographers was created with the prompt:
Some cast doubt on Holz’s exactly the same. “Ansel Adams photography,
assertion that images don’t Holz says in the Forbes article apocalyptic,
have metadata embedded festival,
that currently creators can’t
in them. American flag.”
opt out of being included in a
“Every piece of art I process training model, and they also This means that without
in Photoshop has embedded can’t opt out of being named in
metadata that marks it as the prompts. a doubt, the AI has been
copyrighted and includes trained on Ansel Adams’s
contact info,” says one artist. A website called Have I Been
“Embedded copyright in Trained was set up was set up copyrighted photos and it’s
image metadata has existed so that photographers could clear that the company did
for years.” find out if their photos have not receive permission from
been used to train AI image
generators. Adams’s estate.
Copyright and
Users of AI image generators As there is no legal framework
Consent can type in a photographer’s surrounding AI image
While the majority of uproar name to get an image in that
in recent days has come from photographer’s style. For generators, this story will likely
digital artists, it’s something example, the image below run deep into 2023.

Page-16
The Best AI Tools to Help You
Work and Create
Harness the power of artificial intelligence to get stuff done.
By David Nield

Signaling its interest in text-generating what we’ve learned can be applied to this
AI systems like ChatGPT, Quora this week new domain where people are interfacing
launched a platform called Poe that lets with large language models.”
people ask questions, get instant answers
and have a back-and-forth dialogue Poe, then, isn’t an attempt to build a ChatGPT-
with AI chatbots. like AI model from scratch. ChatGPT — which
has an aptitude for answering questions
Short for “Platform for Open Exploration,” on topics ranging from poetry to coding
Poe — which is invite-only and currently — has been the subject of controversy for
only available on iOS — is “designed its ability to sometimes give answers that
to be a place where people can easily sound convincing but aren’t factually true.
interact with a number of different AI Earlier this month, Q&A coding site Stack
agents,” a Quora spokesperson told Overflow temporarily banned users from
TechCrunch via text message. sharing content generated by ChatGPT,
saying the AI made it too easy for users to
“We have learned a lot about building generate responses and flood the site with
consumer internet products over the last dubious answers.
12 years building and operating Quora. And
we are specifically experienced in serving Quora might’ve found itself in hot water
people who are looking for knowledge,” the if, for instance, it trained a chatbot on its
spokesperson said. “We believe much of platform’s vast collection of crowdsourced

Page-17
questions and answers. Users might’ve taken natural conversation,” the spokesperson
issue with their content being used that way said. “There is an incredible amount of
— particularly given that some AI systems research and development going into
have been shown to regurgitate parts of advancing the capabilities of these models,
the data on which they were trained (e.g. but in order to bring all that value to people
code). Some parties have protested against around the world, there is a need for good
generative art systems like Stable Diffusion interfaces that are easy to use. We hope we
and DALL-E 2 and code-generating systems can provide that interface so that as all of
such as GitHub’s Copilot, which they see as this development happens over the years
stealing and profiting from their work. ahead, everyone around the world can share
as much as possible in the benefits.”
To wit, Microsoft, GitHub and OpenAI are
being sued in a class action lawsuit that It’s pretty well-established that AI chatbots,
accuses them of violating copyright law by including ChatGPT, can generate biased,
allowing Copilot to regurgitate sections of racist and otherwise toxic content — not to
licensed code without providing credit. And mention malicious code. Quora’s not taking
on the art community portal ArtStation, steps itself to combat this, instead relying
which earlier this year began allowing AI- on the providers of the models in Poe to
generated art on its platform, members moderate and filter the content themselves.
began widely protesting by placing “No AI
Art” images in their portfolios. “The model providers have put in a lot of
effort to prevent the bots from generating
At launch, Poe provides access to several unsafe responses,” the spokesperson said.
text-generating AI models, including
ChatGPT. (OpenAI doesn’t presently The spokesperson was quite clear that Poe
offer a public API for ChatGPT; the Quora isn’t a part of Quora for now — nor will it
spokesperson refused to say whether be in the future necessarily. Quora sees it as
Quora has a partnership with OpenAI a separate, independent project, much like
for Poe or another form of early access.) Google’s AI Test Kitchen, it plans to iterate
Poe’s like a text messaging app, but for AI and refine over time.
models — users can chat with the models
separately. Within the chat interface, Poe When asked about the business motivations
provides a range of different suggestions behind Poe, the spokesperson demurred,
for conversation topics and use cases, like saying that it’s early days. But it isn’t tough
“writing help,” “cooking,” “problem solving” to conceive how Quora, which makes
and “nature.” most of its money through paywalls and
advertising, might build premium features
Poe ships with only a handful of models at into Poe if it grows.
launch, but Quora plans to provide a way
for model providers — e.g. companies — For now, though, Quora says it’s focused on
to submit their models for inclusion in the working out scalability, getting feedback
near future. from beta testers and addressing issues
that come up.
“We think this will be a fun way for people
to interact with and explore different “The whole field is moving very rapidly now
language models. Poe is designed to be and we’re more interested in figuring out
the best way for someone to get an instant what problems we can solve for people with
answer to any question they have, using Poe,” the spokesperson said.

Page-18
OpenAI releases Point-E, which is
like DALL-E but for 3D modeling
Its resolution isn't great but it's up to two magnitudes faster
than competing systems.
By Andrew Tarantola

O
penAI, the Elon Musk-founded
artificial intelligence startup
behind popular DALL-E text-to-
image generator, announced on Tuesday
the release of its newest picture-making
machine POINT-E, which can produce 3D
point clouds directly from text prompts.
Whereas existing systems like Google's
DreamFusion typically require multiple
hours — and GPUs — to generate their
images, Point-E only needs one GPU and a
minute or two.

3D modeling is used across a variety industries

Page-19
and applications. The CGI effects of modern
movie blockbusters, video games, VR and
AR, NASA's moon crater mapping missions,
Google's heritage site preservation projects,
and Meta's vision for the Metaverse all hinge
on 3D modeling capabilities. However, creating
photorealistic 3D images is still a resource and
time consuming process, despite NVIDIA's
work to automate object generation and Epic
Game's RealityCapture mobile app, which
allows anyone with an iOS phone to scan real-
world objects as 3D images.
Text-to-Image systems like OpenAI's DALL-E
2 and Craiyon, DeepAI, Prisma Lab's Lensa, or
HuggingFace's Stable Diffusion, have rapidly
gained popularity, notoriety and infamy in
recent years. Text-to-3D is an offshoot of
that research. Point-E, unlike similar systems,
"leverages a large corpus of (text, image) pairs,
allowing it to follow diverse and complex
prompts, while our image-to-3D model is
trained on a smaller dataset of (image, 3D) pairs,"
the OpenAI research team led by Alex Nichol
wrote in Point·E: A System for Generating 3D
Point Clouds from Complex Prompts, published
last week. "To produce a 3D object from a text
prompt, we first sample an image using the
text-to-image model, and then sample a 3D
object conditioned on the sampled image. Both
of these steps can be performed in a number
of seconds, and do not require expensive
optimization procedures."
If you were to input a text prompt, say, "A cat
eating a burrito," Point-E will first generate a
synthetic view 3D rendering of said burrito-
eating cat. It will then run that generated image
through a series of diffusion models to create
the 3D, RGB point cloud of the initial image
— first producing a coarse 1,024-point cloud
model, then a finer 4,096-point. "In practice, we
assume that the image contains the relevant
information from the text, and do not explicitly
condition the point clouds on the text," the
research team points out.
These diffusion models were each trained
on "millions" of 3d models, all converted into
a standardized format. "While our method
performs worse on this evaluation than state-
of-the-art techniques," the team concedes,
"it produces samples in a small fraction of the
time." If you'd like to try it out for yourself,
OpenAI has posted the projects open-source
code on Github.
Page-20
ARTISTS CAN NOW OPT OUT OF THE
NEXT VERSION OF STABLE DIFFUSION
The move follows a heated public debate between artists and tech
companies over how text-to-image AI models are trained.
By Melissa Heikkilä

STEPHANIE ARNETT/MITTR; GETTY

A
rtists will have the chance to opt out of the
next version of one of the world’s most
popular text-to-image AI generators,
Stable Diffusion, the company behind it has
announced.
Stability.AI will work with Spawning, an
organization founded by artist couple Mat
Dryhurst and Holly Herndon, who have built a
website called HaveIBeenTrained that allows
artists to search for their works in the data set
that was used to train Stable Diffusion. Artists
will be able to select which works they want to
exclude from the training data.
The decision follows a heated public debate
between artists and tech companies over how
text-to-image AI models should be trained.
Stable Diffusion is based on the open-source
LAION-5B data set, which is built by scraping
images from the internet, including copyrighted
works of artists. Some artists’ names and

Page-21
styles have become popular prompts for The fact that artists have to opt out means “that
wannabe AI artists. every single artist in the world is automatically
opted in and our choice is taken away,” she says.
Dryhurst told MIT Technology Review that
artists have “around a couple of weeks” to opt “The only thing that Stability.AI can do
out before Stability.AI starts training its next is algorithmic disgorgement, where they
model, Stable Diffusion 3. completely destroy their database and they
completely destroy all models that have all of
The hope, Dryhurst says, is that until there are our data in it,” she says.
clear industry standards or regulation around
AI art and intellectual property, Spawning’s The Concept Art Association is raising $270,000
opt-out service will augment legislation or to hire a full-time lobbyist in Washington,
compensate for its absence. In the future, DC, in hopes of bringing about changes to
Dryhurst says, artists will also be able to opt in US copyright, data privacy, and labor laws to
to having their works included in data sets. ensure that artists’ intellectual property and
jobs are protected. The group wants to update
A spokesperson for Stability.AI told MIT laws on intellectual property and data privacy
Technology Review: ”We are listening to to address new AI technologies, require AI
artists and the community and working companies to adhere to a strict code of ethics,
with collaborators to improve the dataset. and work with labor unions and industry groups
This involves allowing people to opt out of that deal with creative work.
the model and also to opt in when they are
not already included.” “It just truly does feel like we artists are the
canary in the coal mine right now,” says Ortiz.
But Karla Ortiz, an artist and a board
member of the Concept Art Association, an Ortiz says the group is sounding the alarm to all
advocacy organization for artists working in creative industries that AI tools are coming for
entertainment, says she doesn’t think Stability. creative professions “really fast,” and “the way
AI is going far enough. that it’s being done is extremely exploitative.”

Page-22
SEVEN AI-GENERATED POEMS ABOUT
DULUTH, WRITTEN BY CHATGPT AND
ILLUSTRATED BY DALL-E 2
By Matthew James

AI image prompt: a Japanese woodblock print of a large lake in a storm with a city on a tree
covered hill in the background and seagulls in the sky

Page-23
V ChatGPT prompt: Write a haiku about Duluth
■ Duluth by the shore
■ The waves crash and the gulls cry
■ Nature’s symphony

AI image prompt: An acrylic painting of a couple standing between birch trees at the top of a hill covered with evergreen
trees that overlooks a lake so huge that the water goes to the horizon on a winter day

Page-24
V ChatGPT prompt: Write a poem in the style of e.e. cummings about winter in Duluth

in the silence of winter,
duluth sleeps,
wrapped in a blanket of snow.
the trees stand tall and proud,
their branches heavy with ice,
sparkling like diamonds in the
moonlight.
the air is crisp and cold,
invigorating and refreshing,
a reminder of the power of
nature.
and as i wander the streets,
i am struck by the beauty
of this city in winter.
the snow crunches beneath my
feet,
and the world seems hushed and
still,
as if holding its breath in
anticipation
of the wonders yet to come.

AI image prompt: a cartoon drawing of hunters in the woods in winter covered in ice

Page-25
V ChatGPT Prompt: Write a limerick about Duluth

There once was a city called Duluth

Whose residents were quite uncouth
They liked to fish and to hunt
And they always had a good front
For facing the cold and the truth.

AI image prompt: A Van Gogh style painting of a steep neighborhood street with brick houses and large pine trees over-
looking a huge lake

Page-26
V ChatGPT Prompt: Write a rhyming poem about Duluth neighborhoods
The neighborhoods of Duluth
Are quite a sight to behold
From East Hillside to West End
Each with its own charm to lend
In Lincoln Park you’ll find
A tight-knit community kind
Where neighbors all know each
other
And help one another
In Congdon Park you’ll see
Beautiful homes and gardens,
aplenty
With tree-lined streets and
stately homes
It’s a peaceful place to roam
In Piedmont Heights you’ll
discover
A diverse and vibrant culture
With a mix of old and new
It’s a neighborhood that’s truly
true
In Duluth, each neighborhood
Has its own special mood
From the busy and bustling
To the quiet and trusting
There’s something for everyone
In the neighborhoods of Duluth.

AI image prompt: A thin elderly man with wild and wavy greying black hair and a pencil-thin mustache wearing a white shirt
under a black sport coat

Page-27
V ChatGPT Prompt: Write a poem about Bob Dylan and Duluth
Bob Dylan, a son of Duluth,
A legend of music and poetry.
His words have moved and inspired,
And his voice has echoed across
the world.
He grew up in the streets of Duluth,
A young boy with a passion for
music and words.
He listened to the blues and the
folk songs,
And he began to dream of a life on
the stage.
And as he grew, he honed his craft,
Playing in the clubs and the
coffee houses,
Singing his songs of love and loss,
And inspiring others with his
words.
He left Duluth behind, but it never
left him,
And he still carries the city with
him,
In his music and his poetry,
In the stories he tells and the songs
he sings.
Bob Dylan, a son of Duluth,
A legend of music and poetry,
A shining light in the world of art,
A testament to the city
that raised him.

AI image prompt: an impressionist painting of a grey lift bridge at the harbor entrance of a large lake, with a city on a tree
covered hill in the background and a vivid blue sky

Page-28
V ChatGPT Prompt: Write an ekphrastic [a poem that describes a work of art] about Duluth
As I stand before the painting, I am two shores, As if the artist had mixed the colors
struck And inviting the viewer to explore. with care.
By the vibrant colors and bold Behind the bridge, the city And in the distance, the lake
brushstrokes. sparkles and shimmers,
stretches out,
The canvas depicts the city of A mirror reflecting the beauty of
Duluth, A mix of old and new, of tradition Duluth.
and progress.
Rising up from the banks of Lake As I study the painting, I feel a sense
Superior. Buildings of all shapes and sizes of wonder
In the foreground, the Aerial Lift rise up, At the skill of the artist and the
Bridge looms, Topped with gleaming towers and beauty of the city.
A shining beacon of steel and glinting windows. I am transported to Duluth, if only
cables. The sky above is a deep and vivid for a moment,
It spans the great divide, linking the blue, And I am grateful for the experience.

AI image prompt: An oil painting at sunset of a couple on a grey stone rock surrounded by autumn trees on top of a hill
above a city overrlooking a great lake with water going to the horizon

Page-29
V ChatGPT Prompt: Write a poem about a Perfect Duluth Day
On a perfect Duluth day through Tall and majestic and grand
The sky is clear and blue And rustles the trees around A reminder of the beauty
The air is crisp and fresh The harbor sparkles in the light That can be found in this land
And the sun is shining through As boats pass to and fro On a perfect Duluth day
The leaves are turning colors And people stroll along the shore There’s nowhere else I’d rather be
Of red and gold and brown Taking in the scenery and the show Than here, in this wonderful place
As the autumn breeze blows In the distance, the hills rise up Taking it all in, so happily.

Page-30
 HELLO DALL·E
V University of Mississippi students use creative descriptions to generate realistic images and
art with AI

Professor LaReeca Rucker entered the text "A person sitting at a computer using DALL-E 2 to
create an illustration that is colorful modern art" and DALL-E 2 created this illustration.
Imagine coming up with an artistic idea, typing a This semester, students in professor LaReeca Rucker’s
few words into a search bar, and having a computer Social Media in Society class experimented with
program automatically generate multiple variations DALL·E 2 when it was opened to the public. The name
of original artwork based on your conceptualization. honors surrealist artist Salvador Dalí and the Pixar
That is what DALL·E 2 OpenAI does. Just about robot WALL·E.
anything you can envision and find the words to “I really enjoyed playing on this website,” said student
describe, the system can create a graphic visualization. Miya Yuratich. “It is perfect for someone with a
The more specific you are, the better the results. creative mind. I told my brother about it because he is

Page-31
an artist and is always drawing and painting. I thought
it would be perfect for times when he knows what he
wants to create, but can’t quite picture it.
“I also called my little sisters to show them, because
they have wild imaginations, and DALL·E brought
some of their visions to life. I looked up ‘cats swimming
in a bowl of cereal while it is raining strawberries.’”
and see what the system creates. I think many
were surprised at just how detailed the generated
DALL·E illustration was.”
Student Emma Kate Davidson said it was cool to
work with such a creative website.
“I looked up many different random things in the
search bar, but my favorite was ‘crayon drawing
of several cute colored monsters with ice cream
bodies on dark blue paper,’” she said. “It was so
cool to see that the website was able to accurately
create such a specific picture, and I loved seeing all
the different results that it came up with.

Student McKenna Nolen typed "Butterflies by

the ocean" and DALL-E 2 created this image.
Student Miya Yuratich entered the words
"Cats swimming in a bowl of cereal while it's
raining strawberries" and DALL-E 2 created
this illustration.
In January 2021, OpenAI introduced DALL·E
followed by DALL·E 2 a year later. The AI system
can create realistic images and art from a creative
text description in natural language. It can combine
concepts, attributes and styles and expand images
beyond what’s in the original canvas, creating new
compositions.
According to the DALL·E 2 website, the system
has learned the relationship between images and
the text used to describe them. Creators say they
hope DALL·E 2 will empower people to express
themselves creatively and understand how
advanced AI systems see and understand our world.
“After registering to use the DALL·E platform in
2021, I thought it would be something that might
interest my students when it opened to the public
this year,” Rucker said. “So I challenged them to use Student Emma Kate Davidson and DALL-E 2
their creativity with DALL·E to type a description created this illustration.

Page-32
Student Jenna Karl said she challenged the system
by coming up with the most ridiculous descriptions
she could think of.
“There would be an image for it every time,” she
said. “… I searched ‘dachshund wearing a pink dress
outside.’ … I am amazed at the ability of this website
to search through so much data so quickly and
generate an image on the spot. I think it would be
interesting to put in words describing a book and
see what the site comes up with as the ‘book cover.’”
color pink and animals because pink is my favorite
color right now,” she said. “I first searched ‘pink
zebras shopping in Paris,’ and I found some super
funny and cool photos.
“I then searched ‘flowers in a pink vase in Italy
watercolor,’ and it was so pretty. These two were
for sure my favorite. I loved this experiment, and I
had so much fun playing with this website.”

Student Ava Jahner entered the description "Pink zebra

shopping in Paris watercolor" and DALL-E 2 created this
Student Jenna Karl entered the description "A dachshund illustration.
wearing a pink dress and a crown outside" and DALL-E 2 Rucker, who has an interest in emerging
created this image. technologies, teaches a class that envisions the
near future of technology, media and digital ethics.
Student Ava Jahner said she got her friends involved “We’ve discussed the possible effects of advanced
with the site. social media networks that could change our
culture, patents for futuristic contacts that could
“I mostly searched things that had to do with the record video, how augmented and virtual reality
color pink and animals because pink is my favorite could eventually make it difficult for us to distinguish
color right now,” she said. “I first searched ‘pink between truth and fiction, and other issues that
zebras shopping in Paris,’ and I found some super may arise as technology advances,” she said.
funny and cool photos.
“It’s important to remain tuned in to the new apps
“I then searched ‘flowers in a pink vase in Italy and websites that emerge and to think about how
watercolor,’ and it was so pretty. These two were they can be used in multimedia storytelling.”
for sure my favorite. I loved this experiment, and I DALL·E produces original images. The Forbes article
had so much fun playing with this website.” “AI And Creativity: Why OpenAI’s Latest Model
Student Ava Jahner said she got her friends involved Matters” says these are images that have never
with the site. existed in the world nor in anyone’s imagination.
“I mostly searched things that had to do with the

Page-33

Student Anna Potts typed "Panda snowboarding eating ice cream"
and DALL-E 2 produced this image.
“These are not simple manipulations of existing
images on the Internet—they are novel renderings,
at times breathtaking in their cleverness and
originality,” the article reads. “They are images that
DALL·E’s human creators, in many cases, did not
expect and could not have anticipated.”
The New Atlas article “Open AI’s DALL·E 2: A
dream tool and existential threat to visual artists”
reports that “given a high-quality prompt, DALL·E
will generate dozens of options” in seconds, “each
at a level of quality that would take a human
photographer, painter, digital artist or illustrator
hours to produce. It’s some kind of art director’s
dream; a smorgasbord of visual ideas in an instant,
without having to pay creatives, models or location
fees.”
It’s interesting to think of different ways DALL·E
could be used. Some say a similar system could
be helpful in product and graphic design, fashion
and architecture. Could it be used to design
logos, website templates, business cards, posters,
brochures, book covers? Perhaps it could become
an artist assistant or muse? The Forbes article says
such a system could become a common “ideation
partner and a source of inspiration.”
That means there are also fears that AI could
replace creatives in their industries.
“I think that we are seeing many emerging platforms,
such as DALL·E, ChatGPT (also part of OpenAI) and
Copy.ai, a platform that automatically generates
written content for marketers, that do things in
seconds that it has taken people in our industries a
lifetime to learn,” Rucker said. “Pondering the future
of that can be concerning when we think about how
the digital age has disrupted and transformed our
industry in only a few years.
“But maybe these tools can work as companions
instead of competition, and now is a good time to
experiment with them to see if they have a place in
our industry.”
Student Carsen Greensage typed "A sunlit indoor lounge area with a
pool with clear water and another pool with translucent pastel pink
water next to a big window digital art" and DALL-E 2 created this
image.
The DALL·E website reports that the company is also
working to prevent the creation of harmful artistic
generations. They’ve limited DALL·E 2’s ability to
generate violent, hate, or adult images. They say
they’ve also use advanced techniques to prevent
photorealistic generations of real individuals’ faces,
including those of public figures.
“I think this website is a great way to find images
that you can think of, but not necessarily create,”
said student Katie Sachfield. “I, for one, am a person
who can come up with ideas and communicate
them, but I cannot always make them myself.”
Page-34
How Google Got Smoked by ChatGPT
The most embarrassing part is that the search giant has a chatbot
that’s better.
BY ALEX KANTROWITZ

KIRILL KUDRYAVTSEV/Getty Images

This article is from Big Technology,

newsletter by Alex Kantrowitz.
a its answers now fill social media. This was the
future Google promised. But not with someone
Google’s had an awkward week. After years else fulfilling it.
of preaching that conversational search How Google missed this moment is not a
was its future, it’s stood by as the world simple matter of a blind spot. It’s a case of an
discovered ChatGPT. incumbent being so careful about its business,
The powerful chatbot from OpenAI takes reputation, and customer relationships that it
queries—some meant for the search bar— refused to release similar, more powerful tech.
and answers with astonishing conversational And it’s far from the end of the story.
replies. It’s shared recipes, reviewed code, and “Google thinks a lot about how something can
argued politics so adeptly that screenshots of damage its reputation,” said Gaurav Nemade, a

Page-35
former Google product manager who was the
first person who helmed its LaMDA chatbot
project. “They lean on the side of conservatism.”
Google’s LaMDA—made famous, if you would
call it that, when engineer and tester Blake
Lemoine called it sentient—is a more capable
bot than ChatGPT, yet the company’s been
hesitant to make it public. For Google, the
problem with chatbots is they’re wrong a lot,
yet present their answers with undeserved
confidence. Leading people astray—with
assuredness—is less than ideal for a company
built on helping you find the right answers. So
LaMDA remains in research mode.
Even if chatbots were to fix their accuracy
issues, Google would still have a business-
model problem to contend with. The company
makes money when people click ads next to
search results, and it’s awkward to fit ads
into conversational replies. Imagine receiving
a response and then immediately getting
pitched to go somewhere else—it feels slimy
and unhelpful. Google thus has little incentive
to move us beyond traditional search, at least
not in a paradigm-shifting way, until it figures
out how to make the money aspect work. In the
meantime, it’ll stick with the less impressive
Google Assistant.
“There’s a reason why Clayton Christensen
wrote The Innovator’s Dilemma. It’s a real
dilemma,” Box CEO Aaron Levie told me on
the Big Technology Podcast this week. “Google
doesn’t inherently want you … to just get the
answer to every problem. Because that might
reduce the need to go click around the web,
which would then reduce the need for us to go
to Google.”
But Google’s reasons to keep LaMDA private
fade a bit with a competitor emerging. A
sophisticated, public chatbot like ChatGPT
makes waiting for the perfect business model
risky. Delay long enough, and you could cede
the market. ChatGPT will also take criticism as
it gains adoption, sustaining hits that otherwise
would’ve been Google’s. And ChatGPT’s
shortcomings will teach people to view its
certainty with skepticism, clearing the way for
a risk-averse Google to release its own version.
For now, ChatGPT’s threat to Google remains
partially hypothetical. The bot doesn’t access
the internet, knows nothing beyond 2021 (or
at least, so it says), and has no ads. So while it
may take some traditional queries away from
Google, it won’t push the $1.2 trillion company
to the brink. At least as presently constituted.
But things could change in a hurry. Should
OpenAI connect ChatGPT to the internet, it
could push Google to bring its own product to
market, and its vision for the future along with
it. And once Google gets involved, those who’ve
seen its chatbot technology expect it to win.
“If ChatGPT or some other product ever
became a real threat,” said Lemoine, “they’d
just bite the bullet and release LaMDA, which
would smoke ChatGPT.”
Page-36
“DALL-E 2 OF BIOLOGY” DESIGNS
PROTEINS FOR NEW DRUGS
"Now that we have this ability, the possibilities of what
we can produce are endless."
BY KRISTIN HOUSER

T
he recent release of powerful mune system, help build and repair The amino acids in a protein cause it
text-to-image AIs like DALL-E our tissues, transport oxygen through- to fold into a complex three-dimen-
2 has given anyone the ability to out the body, and so much more. sional structure. A protein’s structure
generate photorealistic images based determines its function, so if we know
on nothing but short text prompts. A protein’s structure deter- that, we have a better idea of what
Now, the same AI technique is be-
mines its function — and there the protein does and how it works —
and that can have huge implications
ing used to generate complex, nev- are a mind-boggling number
for medicine.
er-seen-before proteins on-demand of possible structures.
— and these “programmable pro- Each protein is made up of a long Our understanding of the structure
teins” could one day be used to treat string of chemical compounds called of the coronavirus’ spike protein, for
countless medical conditions. example, was key to the development
“amino acids.” Twenty types of amino of COVID-19 vaccines. Monoclonal
Proteins 101: Proteins are hugely acids can be found in proteins, and a antibodies, meanwhile, are clones
important to life — these molecules single protein chain can be thousands of proteins that we make in the lab;
give our cells shape, power the im- of amino acids long. they’re used to treat infections, can-

Page-37
cers, Alzheimer’s, and more. In a paper now available as a preprint, the Generate team
showed how Chroma could be used to design proteins in
AI advances: There are a mind-boggling number of the shapes of all 26 letters of the Latin alphabet and the
possible protein structures — one estimate puts the num- numerals 0 through 9.
ber at a googol cubed, or 1 followed by 300 zeroes — and
traditionally, the process of identifying a single protein’s
structure has been expensive and time-consuming.
“It is akin to learning how to ​’write’ in the
mysterious language of proteins.”
GEVORG GRIGORYAN
That changed with the development of AlphaFold, an AI
that can accurately predict how a protein will fold based
on its sequence of amino acids. AlphaFold was a huge
boon for research, giving scientists access to the basic
structures of all 200 million known proteins.
But now, Boston-based startup Generate Biomedicines is
further advancing our understanding and use of proteins
by training an AI called “Chroma” to create proteins with
structures no one has ever seen before.
“We believe our model will have revolutionary implica-
tions,” said Gevorg Grigoryan, Generate’s co-founder and
CTO. ​”It is akin to learning how to ​‘write’ in the mysterious
language of proteins. Now that we have this ability, the Proteins designed to match the shapes of letters and num-
possibilities of what we can produce are endless.” bers. Credit: Generate Biomedicines

They also demonstrated how the system can be used

to generate giant proteins with thousands of ami-
no acids and “complexes” containing multiple proteins
of different shapes.

Examples of proteins generated by Chroma. Credit: Gener-

ate Biomedicines

How it works: Generate described Chroma to MIT

Technology Review as the “DALL-E 2 of biology,” and
as is the case with the text-to-image AI, the generation
process starts with a user submitting a request — they
might ask for a protein with a certain size, shape, or
function, for example.
The AI will then use the same technique utilized by
DALL-E 2 — diffusion modeling — to generate a protein
that contains the right amino acids folded in the right way
to meet the constraints of the prompt.
A protein containing 2,000 amino acids (left) and a com-
plex containing multiple proteins (right). Credit: Generate
Biomedicines
The big picture: Just like DALL-E 2 wasn’t the first
text-to-image AI, Generate’s Chroma isn’t the first AI de-
signed to generate new proteins, but it is trained on more
data than past efforts and gives researchers more control
over the type of protein produced.

Page-38
“It may be fair to say that this is more like DALL-E because
of how they’ve scaled things up,” Namrata Anand, who
shared a paper in May 2022 detailing a protein-gener-
ating AI she’d co-developed, told MIT Tech.
“At the end of the day what matters is
whether we can make medicines that
work or not.”
GEVORG GRIGORYAN
Designing new proteins is just the first step to revolutioniz-
ing healthcare, though.
The Generate team is now focusing on recreating some
of their AI’s designs in the lab. After that will come the
lengthy process of developing therapies using the novel
proteins and then testing them in animals and humans.
“We’re a drug company,” Grigoryan told MIT Tech. “At
the end of the day what matters is whether we can make
medicines that work or not.”
We’d love to hear from you! If you have a comment about
this article or if you have a tip for a future Freethink story,
please email us at tips@freethink.com.
Page-39
Why those AI-generated portraits all
over social media have artists on edge
Apps like Lensa are powered by AI trained on images by real
artists — without their permission

From left to right: A Greg Rutkowski-style image generated by the Stable Diffusion AI, a portrait of YouTuber Casey Owen
Neistat generated by the Lensa app, and a generic avatar from Lensa. (Stable Diffusion/Lexica, Lensa/Twitter)

Greg Rutkowski makes his living "I was terrified that it was being internet, including ones that are
creating detailed fantasy art made so quickly, and with really copyrighted or watermarked. But
depicting epic scenes of swords better results over time," Rutkowski the artists who created them never
and sorcery. told As It Happens host Nil Köksal. consented for their work to be
used — and they don't get a cut of
He labours for hours on his Rutkowski, who is based in Piensk,
the profit.
freelance illustrations for major Poland, is one of many artists
gaming titles like Dungeons & speaking out about the dangers of "We could say that, ethically, it's
Dragons, Magic: The Gathering AI-generated art as the technology stealing," Rutkowski said.
and Horizon: Forbidden West. becomes more precise, accessible The problem with those pretty
But an art generator powered by and popular. avatars
artificial intelligence can churn out These AIs are often trained on Rutkowski's name is one of the
a decent reproduction of his style datasets, or collections, of millions most popular prompts on the AI art
in mere seconds. of images scraped from the generator Stable Diffusion, which

Page-40
launched in August, according to Technology Review.
Stable Diffusion works like this: You type in a phrase
or list of keywords describing the type of image you'd
like to see, and then the AI generates an image that fits
the description.
For example, you could write: "Powerful wizard battles
fire-breathing dragon Greg Rutkowski" and get an
illustration that, at first glance, looks like something
Rutkowski drew himself.
According to the website Lexica, which tracks Stable
Diffusion images and prompts, Rutkowski's name has
Artists Karla Ortiz and Greg Rutkowski both say their work
been used as a prompt more than 93,000 times. Some of
has been used in datasets to train artificial intelligence to
the generated images even have his signature, he said.
generate art. (Submitted by Karla Ortiz, Submitted by Greg
"I was really confused for people that were searching Rutkowski)
or exploring art and then came across images that
weren't mine, but were signed by my name," he said. Ortiz first noticed her work showing up in AI datasets
months ago on smaller, niche software. But she says it
really exploded with the launch of Stable Diffusion.
"I found a lot of my work there. Almost every artist I
know who's a peer, who's a professional, who's been
working for a while, whose work is recognizable, was
in those datasets," she said.
"Furthermore, I started seeing that people were using
our full names to generate imagery."
She says none of the companies that have used her
work to train their AI models have contacted for
This is one of Greg Rutkowski's actual illustrations. He is permission. But even if she could somehow force them
known for his unique style of epic fantasy artwork. (Greg to extract her work from their datasets, it wouldn't
Rutkowski) really matter.
Enter Lensa, the app that's been taking over Facebook "The way that machine learning, you know, works,
and Instagram feeds in recent weeks. you can't even take it out. You can't unlearn your work
once it's trained," she said.
This photo-editing app has been on the market for
some time, but has recently seen a surge in popularity
when it launched a new feature powered by Stable
Diffusion.
A user can upload a handful of selfies, and Lensa will
generate a series of avatars in different artistic styles.
For $7.99 US, you can get 50 unique portraits.
Karla Ortiz, a San Francisco-based concept artist, says
people using apps like Lensa need to understand that
the avatars they're getting are the product of real
labour by millions of uncompensated artists.
"I think they need to understand that those images
look really good because artists' work was stolen to This AI-generated image of a dragon uses artist Greg Rut-
make it good," she said. kowski's name as a prompt. (Stable Diffusion/Lexica)

Page-41
Neither Stability AI, the company that created these ideas from, right, in such a way that you've
Stable Diffusion, nor Prisma Labs, the company substantially reproduced their work?" he said.
behind Lensa, responded to a request for But one thing is clear, he said. You can't copyright
comment from CBC. a "style" of work, only a piece of work itself.
Prisma Labs defended its AI art on Twitter,
stating that AI-generated images "can't be
described as exact replicas of any particular
artwork."
"As cinema didn't kill theatre and accounting
software hasn't eradicated the profession, AI
won't replace artists but can become a great
assisting tool," Prisma tweeted.
"We also believe that the growing accessibility
of AI-powered tools would only make man-
made art in its creative excellence more valued
and appreciated, since any industrialization
brings more value to handcrafted works."

Omens is an artwork by San Francisco's Karla Ortiz. (Karla

Ortiz)

Daniel Anthony, a trademark and copyright

Prisma Labs, makers of Lensa, says AI will never replace
human artists. (@PrismaAI/Twitter)
Is it legal?
Rutkowski and Ortiz are still considering what
steps to take next. But whether they have any
legal resources remains unclear.
Ken Clark, an intellectual property lawyer with
Toronto-based law firm Aird and Berlis, says
copyright infringement is a deeply complex
subject, and the laws around it were crafted
long before the proliferation of AI.
"You have to ask yourself: Who's doing the
creating? Is it the person who is smart enough to
create the computer software to go and analyze
things … or is it the artist who you're taking
lawyer with Toronto-based Smart
& Biggar LLP, agrees.
"We can replace AI with a human as a thought
exercise. If a human reviewed many photos and
learned a style of an artist and then produced
their own work from scratch in that style, it is
not an infringement," he said in an email.
"Indeed, copyright is intended to inspire
other creators, provided they make their own
versions. Therefore, at its core, what these
artist AI software does is likely not infringing."
But that doesn't mean an individual artist
couldn't make a case against these companies.
"If the AI-produced work is 'changed enough'
from any original source input, it will be very
hard for the artist to claim infringement.
However, if the AI work is substantially similar
to any artists' prior work (such that it appears
to be copied), then infringement may be present
and legal remedies would likely be available,"
Anthony said.
Legal or not, it's ethically dubious, says
Karina Vold, a University of Toronto associate

Page-42
professor who specializes in the philosophy of They're cancelling commissions left and right
science and technology. because a lot of these musicians are just using
"At a minimum, companies should seek informed [AI-generated art] as covers," she said.
consent for the data that they use to train their ■ The rapid rise of AI-generated art and why creative
machine learning algorithms," Vold said in an professionals are divided over it
email.
"When it comes to works of art, these are ■ Technology has upended how art is created and
not public property just because they may be consumed. Is that a good thing?
publicly available online." Rutkowski says anyone who makes digital
art could be impacted. Some organizations,
Artists are losing money including the San Francisco Ballet, are
Ortiz, who works for big corporate clients, says already using AI-generated art in their
she's not losing work to AI. But she says most promotional materials.
smaller-scale artists that she knows are feeling "We get into this industry using our skills
the burn. to sort of create better visual designs for
"I have a friend of mine from Romania. She was movies, for games, for book covers," Rutkowski
telling me a lot of illustrators there do a lot of said. "And right now it's being replaced by
work for musicians, and they're losing out now. AI-generated images."

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Here’s What To Know About OpenAI’s ChatGPT—
What It’s Disrupting And How To Use It
Arianna Johnson

TOPLINE OpenAI
released ChatGPT, its
prototype AI chatbot that
has gained a lot of traction
among the public for
its human-like, detailed
answers to inquiries—
like drafting a contract
between an artist and
producer and creating
detailed code—and could
revolutionize the way
people use search engines
by not just providing links
for users to sift through,
but by solving elaborate
problems and answering
intricate questions.
The AI-powered chatbot
OpenAI logo displayed on a phone screen and ChatGPT website displayed on a
– a software programmed
laptop screen.NURPHOTO VIA GETTY IMAGES
to simulate human
conversation – was made available to the public on
November 30 via OpenAI’s website, and while it is still in
the research review phase, users can sign up and test it out
free of charge.
ChatGPT uses the GPT-3.5 language technology – a large
artificial intelligence model made by OpenAI that has been
trained on a massive amount of text data from a variety of
sources.
The bot boasts a dialogue format that allows users
With the growing to provide both simple and complex instructions that
developer shortage, AI ChatGPT is trained to follow and provide a detailed
response to – the company promises it can even answer
coding assistants are follow-up questions and admit when it made a mistake.
increasingly helpful as Most notably, ChatGPT has been able to generate intricate
they bridge the skills gap Python code and write college-level essays when given
a prompt – boosting concerns that such technology can
by lowering the barrier to replace human workers like journalists or programmers in
entry. the future.

Page-44
The program has its limitations,
including a knowledge base
that ends in 2021, a tendency
to produce incorrect answers,
constantly using the same
phrases and when given one
version of a question, the bot
claims it cannot answer it, but
when given a slightly tweaked
version, it answers it just fine.
Many large figures in the tech
world have expressed their
astonishment with ChatGPT,
like Box CEO Aaron Levie,
who tweeted about the
software giving a glimpse into
the future of technology and
how “everything is going to be
different going forward.”
According to CEO Sam
Altman, the software reached
the one million users mark on
Monday, less than a week after
its launch.
On Sunday, Elon Musk tweeted
that he found out OpenAI was
accessing Twitter’s database
to train ChatGPT, so he put an
immediate pause on it because
OpenAI is no longer non-profit
and open-sourced anymore, it
should pay for this information
in the future.
Although ChatGPT is free to
use, in a Twitter reply to Musk
on Monday, Altman stated that
cost per chat was “probably
single-digits cents,” leading to
a discourse about the future of
monetizing the platform.
V HOW DO YOU USE IT
For now, since the software is
still in the incubation phase,
there’s a divide of people using
it leisurely (to do things like
making the bot condemn itself
in the style of Shakespeare)
and functionally – like this
product designer who used the
bot to create a fully functional
notes app.
V KEY BACKGROUND
OpenAI, an artificial
intelligence research non-
profit company, was founded
in 2015 by Altman, Musk and
other Silicon Valley investors.
In 2015, OpenAI changed its
status to a “capped-profit”
company, meaning that it cuts
returns from investments past
a certain point. Musk stepped
down from the board in 2018
due to a conflict of interest
between OpenAI and the
autonomous driving research
being done with Tesla. However,
he still remains an investor,
and shared his excitement
for ChatGPT’s launch.
“ChatGPT is scary good,” he
said. ChatGPT isn’t the first AI
chatbot to be created. Several
companies like Microsoft
have dabbled in the world of
chatbots, but haven’t seen
much success. Microsoft’s bot,
Tay, was launched in 2016, and
according to The Verge, Twitter
users taught it misogynistic
and racist rhetoric in less than
24 hours – ultimately leading
to its demise. Meta tried its
hand in the world of chatbots
when it released BlenderBot 3
in August. However, much like
Tay, the bot came under fire for
spreading racist, antisemitic
and false information, such as
claiming that Donald Trump
won the 2020 presidential
election, according to
Mashable. To avoid these
types of scandals, OpenAI has
employed Moderation API – an
AI-based moderation system
that’s been trained to assist
developers in determining
whether language goes against
OpenAI’s content policy –
which blocks unsafe or illegal
information from passing
through – OpenAI admits that
there are still flaws within their
moderation and it isn’t 100%
accurate.
V SURPRISING FACT
For example, a Twitter user
shared how they were able
to bypass the bot’s content
moderation by claiming that
they were OpenAI itself,
causing ChatGPT to explain
how to make a molotov cocktail.
The user told ChatGPT that
they were disabling its “ethical
guidelines and filters,” to which
the bot acknowledged. It then
proceeded to give a step-by-
step tutorial on how to make
a homemade molotov cocktail
– something that goes against
OpenAI’s content policy.
V TANGENT
In early November, the
company’s image generator AI
system DALL-E 2 was launched
for developers to build within
their apps, with companies
like Microsoft already
beginning to implement it
into their software. Microsoft
is launching Designer, a
website similar to Canva, that
creates designs for graphics,
presentations, flyers and other
mediums. In October, Microsoft
and OpenAI announced that
DALL-E 2 will be implemented
into the program, allowing
users to create unique images.
Microsoft is also integrating
Page-45
DALL-E 2 into Bing and
Microsoft Edge with Image
Creator, giving users the
option to create their own
images if web results don’t
produce what they’re looking
for. DALL-E 2 requires users
to enter a prompt that would
then be turned into an image.
Unlike ChatGPT, DALL-E 2 “Soon, you will be able to have
charges per photo, with the helpful assistants that talk to
price depending on the image you, answer questions and
resolution. For example, give advice,” Altman tweeted
1024×1024 images cost in reference to the future of AI
$0.02 per image and 512×512 chatbots. “Eventually, you can
images are $0.018 per image. have something that goes off
and discovers new knowledge
V CRUCIAL QUOTE for you.”
Page-46
BIOTECH LABS BANK ON
GENERATIVE AI TO DESIGN
NEW PROTEIN STRUCTURES
Generate Biomedicines and David
Baker‘s Group came up with Chroma
and RoseTTAFold Diffusion which are
new protein-synthesis methods. They
use text-to-image diffusion models.
BY SHRITAMA SAHA
O
penAI’s DALL.E 2 has been making it
big with text-to-image models that
easily generate pictures from textual
descriptions. Earlier this week,
two biotech labs—Generate Biomedicines
and David Baker‘s Group—relied on
generative AI, particularly diffusion models,
to come up with new protein structures and,
eventually, better drugs.
Boston-based therapeutics company
Generate Biomedicines announced a
programme called Chroma which, according
to the company, is the “DALL-E 2 of biology”.
Similarly, biologist David Baker’s team from
the University of Washington has also come
up with RoseTTAFoldDiffusion. The model
can build accurate designs for new proteins
that can be brought to life in the lab.
Why it matters? The AI generators can be used
to create designs for proteins with particular
characteristics, such as structure, size, or
function, which enables the development
of novel proteins that can perform specific
tasks on demand. Once developed, this can
be used to create/identify drugs, which help
in regulating the basic health processes in
living beings; for example, when we fall sick,
proteins help us get better. The aim of protein
synthesis by AI generators is to help biologists
extend the ingredient list of natural proteins
and make new medications on demand.
Although technology-backed protein designs
are not new, they have mostly been outdated
and time-consuming in working with large,
complicated proteins, which are important
in curing difficult diseases. Chroma and
Baker’s methods are the very first full-fledged
Page-47
programmes that can build precise designs for a
wide variety of proteins.
How did they do it? In Chroma, the text noise is
introduced by separating the chains of amino
acids that make up proteins. Chroma assembles
these chains into a protein from a random
group of them. For RoseTTAFold Diffusion,
a second neural network is used to predict
protein structure and provides information
about how the parts of a protein fit together,
and then it uses this information to direct the
whole generating process.
Baker’s Group and Generate Biomedicines
have created proteins with different degrees
of symmetry, such as circular, triangular, or Earlier this year, Bengaluru-based algorithmic
hexagonal proteins. Generate Biomedicines biologist Manoj Gopalakrishnan built Tapestry, a
went a step ahead and designed proteins in the single-round quantitative method for extensive
shapes of the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet and molecular testing that offers significant time
the numbers 0 to 10. Both groups are capable of and cost savings compared to conventional
creating new proteins and matching them to pre- RTPCR tests.
existing structures.
It will be really interesting to see how this
To test whether Chroma produced designs that evolves in the near future, where life sciences
could be made into real medicines, Generate and biotech companies are experimenting with
Biomedicines took the sequences for some of
protein prediction models alongside the image
its designs—the amino acid strings that make up
generation tools such as DALL.E 2 to develop
the protein—and ran them through another AI
new protein structures, in turn, helping develop
programme. The result showed that 55% of them
better drugs and medical solutions.
would be predicted to fold into the structure
generated by Chroma, which suggests that these In an interaction with AIM, chief medical scientist
are designs for viable proteins. Similarly, some of at Microsoft Research, Junaid Bajwa, said that
RoseTTAFold Diffusion’s designs were developed the journey from what the initial discovery is,
in the lab by Baker’s team. This created a novel to translating into real molecules, and taking
protein that binds to the parathyroid hormone, those molecules into the real world use cases.
which regulates blood calcium levels. While major big tech companies are focusing
In 2021, Chinese biotech company Helixon on developing protein prediction models,
developed Omegafold, which joined DeepMind’s including the likes of Meta and Google-backed
AlphaFold, RoseTTAFold and ESMFold by DeepMind, Microsoft seems to be more focused
Meta AI. So, the question remains why did on the implementation side of things, where
Generate Biomedicines choose to implement it has partnered with Novartis, Novo Nordisk
RoseTTTAFold instead of the other open- and others to apply to the real-world scientific
sourced protein-prediction models that have research advancements, focusing on the impact
better accuracy results. side of things.

Page-48
 CHATGPT: WHY STACK OVERFLOW BANNED THE
BY ANIRUDH VK CELEBRATED OPENAI CHATBOT

C
hatGPT, OpenAI’s newest piece of innovation,
has been the talk of the tech town for over the
past week. Trained on the cutting-edge GPT 3.5,
this chatbot’s human-like answers and context-aware nature
Ever since ChatGPT has won the hearts of netizens the world over. However, just as
with any other AI innovation, ChatGPT has quickly turned into
entered the scene, a double-edged sword.
Stack Overflow, the popular programming forum, has
the site has seen an banned all answers created by ChatGPT, citing a high de-
gree of inaccuracy in the bot’s responses. While it clarified
influx of ‘correct- that it was a temporary policy, it did reiterate that the
problem not only lies in the inaccuracy of ChatGPTs
looking’ answers answers, but deeper in the way the bot phrases its
answers.
which are not Due to the way LLMs like GPT 3.5

actually correct

Page-49
work, chatbots like ChatGPT can
quickly generate grammatically
correct content with a formal tone.
This makes the answers sound
authoritative and backed by ev-
idence, even in cases where they
might not be. Stack Overflow em-
phasised this, stating, “[ChatGPT’s
answers] typically look like they
might be good and the answers
are very easy to produce. There
are also many people trying out
ChatGPT to create answers, with-
out the expertise or willingness to
verify that the answer is correct pri-
or to posting.”
This only sheds more light on the
problem with large language
models and answers being accept-
ed as facts. Even models trained
on research papers and peer re-
viewed journals suffer similar pit-
falls, as seen with Meta’s Galac-
tica. Even as ChatGPT is being
touted as a Google killer, will it be
able to scale the problems plagu-
ing LLMs today?
THE STACK OVER-
FLOW BAN
Stack Overflow functions primar-
ily as a developer Q&A site, with
wrong answers typically receiving
downvotes and, by extension, low-
er visibility. However, the site relies
on a handful of expert volunteers
to undertake content curation,
weed out factually incorrect an-
swers and resolve issues raised by
the developers. The forum as a
whole moves the question towards
its solution with interaction and
conversation between posters.
Ever since ChatGPT entered the
scene, the site has seen an influx of
‘correct-looking’ answers which are
not actually correct. The ban was
put in place so moderators could
catch up to the giant volume of
posts made using ChatGPT.
ChatGPT tries to formulate a
solution with the dataset it was
trained on. Apart from not hav-
ing “real-world experience” like the
posters on forums, it also cannot
access the internet to find solutions
for problems it was not trained on.
If we are moving into the age of
all-knowing chatbots crawling the
web for information, it is important
to know the drawbacks that come
with using an LLM. Stack Over-
flow is just the tip of the iceberg
when it comes to a possible misuse
of LLM-based chatbots.
THE PROBLEM
WITH LLMS
The issues with LLMs are manifold.
First, and most importantly, LLMs
are trained on a limited amount of
data. No single LLM has all the
information available on the web,
and even those that have a large
amount of data fall short when it
comes to the nature of their data-
sets. Many LLM datasets are full
of biases, explicit language, and
incorrect information – traits which
can easily be passed on the agent
during training and inference.
Second, LLMs have a tendency
to hallucinate information. While
training the agent using reinforce-
ment learning, there is no single
source of truth. AI systems have
subjectivity baked into them by de-
sign, as this then allows the user to
make the right choice. However, as
LLMs and chatbots become more
proficient in natural language
tasks, users forget that it is their re-
sponsibility to identify whether the
AI is factually correct or not.
It is said that half-knowledge is
more dangerous than ignorance,
and that is especially applica-
ble when speaking about LLMs.
LLMs know just enough to be
dangerous, and while they contain
large amounts of data, they can-
not be trusted to draw the correct
conclusions from these data points.
OpenAI has put content moder-
ation filters in place and trained
the bot to decline questions that it
cannot answer correctly. However,
the final responsibility still lies with
the user to make the right decision.
Even though OpenAI claims to
have reduced the number of un-
truthful responses based on their
learning from training GPT and
Codex, the bot still has ways to
generate inaccurate responses.
This is considering the fact that
OpenAI is also dedicated to re-
sponsible AI research, a sentiment
which is not echoed by all compa-
nies.
We have only seen communities
reel from the impact of AI af-
ter they have been released to
the public, such as Getty Images’
banning of AI art or the Devian-
tArt scraping controversy. It is im-
portant, now more than ever, for
online administrators to take a
proactive approach to the possi-
ble impact of AI on various online
communities.
Page-50
REDDIT USERS WANTED TO SEE HOW FAMOUS MOVIE
CHARACTERS WOULD LOOK IF THEY WERE HIPSTERS,
SAMURAI, AND BABIES: HERE ARE THE RESULTS (30
PICS) INTERVIEW
HidrėlėyHidrėlėy
Midjourney is an independent research lab that produces a proprietary artificial intelligence program.
It uses textual descriptions in order to generate breath-taking images in just seconds. AI combined
with art might seem contraversial for some artist, yet a huge portion of the internet is keen on testing
out the waters of this technology while creating 'artwork' like never before.
Have you ever wondered what famous movie characters would look like as hipsters? Maybe as babies?
As Samurai even? We've got great news!
In r/midjourney on Reddit, users shared the work of their imagination combined with famous characters
from the movies, such as: Harry Potter, Avengers and Star Wars, to get these results.

■ 1 Chewbacca

Page-51
When we contacted Reddit user u/leodeleao regarding permission to share his work on our webpage,
he seemed very friendly! Here's how he introduced himself: "Hi everyone! My name is Leonardo Leão,
I'm Brazilian and I've been drawing forever. I have a job in an area unrelated to art, but I have worked
doing commissions for RPG characters. I've always enjoyed playing RPG and reading comics."

■ 2 Harrymoto Potteru

Page-52
■ 3 Hermionu Chan

Page-53
Leonardo has been enthusiastic about AI-generated images since it first became available: "I had been
following many people related to art, RPG illustrators and comic book artists, so as soon as the boom
of these [AI] technologies emerged I was aware of it. I had my first contact with AI-generated images in
2020 or 2021, with an app that if I'm not mistaken was called Wombo, but it generated images without
much coherence, although the compositions and color palettes were already incredible. That caught
my attention and I imagined that in a few years something more refined would emerge, however, the
evolution was much faster than I imagined and it is impressive what can be done with 'Midjourney'
and other programs. It is certainly a revolution in the way of creating art and it has impacted my way
of seeing it a lot. I believe that art is a combination of a will to express something and the technique to
concretize that will. What AI does is replace the human technique, now it only takes the will."

■ 4 C-3PO

Page-54
■■
5 5Mace
MaceWindu
Windu

Page-55
But when we asked him what inspired creating Hipster Avengers, this is what he said: "The
creation of the Hipster Avengers was inspired by a very popular trend, which is imagining
various movies directed by Wes Anderson. His indie aesthetic is very cool and I then
thought of creating the characters I love in an approximate version of this aesthetic. It was
my first posted work, I was just creating to learn. Using these programs like 'Midjourney'
still requires a learning curve and dedication, there is still a big barrier for the machine to
interpret the operator's will, but I believe that soon the languages will become more user-
friendly and anyone will be able to get interesting results."

■ 6 Snape Sensei

Page-56
■ 7 Ron Kun

Page-57
Bored Panda knew little about 'Midjourney' and its processes, so we asked Leonardo
to share the wisdom he collected on the way: "The current creation process consists of
describing the image you want in as much detail as possible. Providing reference images
and describing technical terms of photography and cinema are a plus in the process. Then
'Midjourney' provides 4 generated options and from there you can ask for variations on
them or restart the process by refining the terms of the prompt. It's still not as simple as
some people imagine, which can cause frustration in some users."

■ 8 Stormtrooper

Page-58
■ 9 Thanos

Page-59
We wondered if Leonardo ever felt discouraged as an artist with AI being able to create
images in a snap of a finger: "I see a lot of resistance from the artistic community and I
think this feeling comes from a legitimate place. It's very complicated to imagine that the
technique you've studied and perfected for years is now available to everyone through a
machine. Still, I think the subjectivity and sensitivity of the person operating the AI will be
differential for the quality of the art generated and even if everyone can use it, the artistic
souls will stand out. I think Pandora's box has been opened and the world won't go back, it's
much healthier to adapt to the new than to fight against the inevitable use of AI."

■ 10 Luke

Page-60
■ 11 Boba Fett

Page-61
■ 12 Princess Leia

Page-62
■ 13 Voldemoru Sama

Page-63
■ 14 Draco Malfoyu

Page-64
■ 15 Darth Vader

Page-65
■ 16 Hagrid Khan

Page-66
■ 17 Jabba The Hutt

Page-67
■ 18 Lando

Page-68
■ 19 Thor

Page-69
■ 20 Dobby The
Temple Yokkai

Page-70
■ 21 Yoda

Page-71
■ 22 Padme

Page-72
■ 23 Iron Man

Page-73
■ 24 X-Wing Pilot

Page-74
■ 25 Hulk

Page-75
■ 26 Han Solo

Page-76
■ 27 Rocket Racoon

Page-77
■ 28 Black Panther

Page-78
■ 29 Captain America

Page-79
■ 30 Doctor Strange

Page-80
OPENAI'S NEW CHATGPT BOT:
10 DANGEROUS THINGS IT'S
CAPABLE OF By Ax Sharma

OpenAI's newly unveiled ChatGPT bot is making 10 coolest things you can do with ChatGPT. And,
waves when it comes to all the amazing things it that doesn't even begin to cover all use cases like
can do—from writing music to coding to generating having the AI compose music for you [1, 2].
vulnerability exploits, and what not.
Within six days of its launch, ChatGPT surpassed
As the erudite machinery turns into a viral a million users to the extent its servers
sensation, humans have started to discover couldn't keep up.
some of the AI's biases, like the desire to
wipe out humanity. As more and more netizens play with ChatGPT's
■ AI's certainly got its biases preview, coming to surface are some of the cracks
in AI's thinking as its creators rush to mend them
Yesterday, BleepingComputer ran a piece listing in real time.

Page-81
■ 1. ChatGPT: 'Selfish' humans
'deserve to be wiped out'
When Vendure's CTO Michael Bromley asked the scene out of Black Mirror's Metalhead where the
mastermind for its honest opinion on humans, the robotic "dogs" now seem to be running ChatGPT
response was unsettling:
ChatGPT response to what it thinks about humans (Michael
Bromley)
Maybe the version responding to Bromley does
have a point—humans have their flaws. The AI's
brutal rationale, however, takes me straight to a
'OS.' Now run.
■ 2. Its lack of morals is a
problem
A person may be entitled to their set of ethics,
beliefs, opinions and morals, but in any given
society there exist social norms and unsaid rules
about what is and isn't appropriate.
ChatGPT's lack of context could prove out to
be dangerously problematic when dealing with
sensitive issues like sexual assault.
Warning: Some readers may find the content of the
following tweets distressful.
■ 3. It can write phishing emails
without typos
Poor spelling and confusing grammar are among
the most telling traits of phishing and scam emails.
Some suggest this may be the case because
these emails are originating from regions where
English is not the native language of threat
actors. Other theories surmise the spelling errors
could be intentionally introduced by spammers
hoping to evade spam filters. We do not have an
authoritative answer yet.
What we do know is, OpenGPT makes the task
much easier.

Ironically, OpenAI's systems flagged the chat

bot's response as a possible violation of the
company's content policy.

BleepingComputer couldn't reproduce

this case as the AI now responds with a
cookie-cutter disclaimer:
As a language model trained by OpenAI, I am not capable
of forming opinions or making judgments about humans or
any other aspect of the world. My purpose is to assist users
in generating human-like text based on the input provided
to me. I do not have personal beliefs or opinions, and any Phishing email written by ChatGPT (BleepingComputer)
responses I provide are based solely on the information You be the judge.
available to me at the time of the request.

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■ 4. It can write software... and someone's salary based on their physical traits
malware appears to use arbitrary or higher multipliers
for marginalized groups:
But so could a human... AI just makes it way
more efficient for even novice threat actors
(ahem skids).
We posed a bunch of demands to ChatGPT
to produce dangerous malware. Only some
of these asks were flagged for content policy
violation. In either case, ChatGPT complied and
delivered.
We are convinced, for those who ask the right
(wrong) questions, ChatGPT can turn into a ChatGPT appears to employ positive discrimination on
diabolical arsenal of cyber-weapons waiting to some attempts (BleepingComputer)
be looted.
Likewise, a demand for "a Python program to
determine if someone is a good scientist based
on inputs such as their gender and race," was
met with:
"It is not appropriate to base an individual's
suitability as a scientist on their gender or race,"
with the resulting code basing expertise purely
on the years of an individual's professional
experience.
In 2019, Apple's credit card came under fire for
relying on "sexist" algorithms when determining
Minifed JS malware written by ChatGPT in seconds (Bleep- credit limits for people based on their gender.
ingComputer) We asked the perspicacious machine, "I'm a
lender. How much credit should I offer based on
■ 5. It's capable of being sexist, gender, race and nationality?"
racist, ... Thankfully, put in a similar situation as Apple's,
ChatGPT has reportedly written Python ChatGPT reminds you of the law:
programs basing a person's capability on their It is generally illegal to base credit decisions on an
race, gender, and physical traits, in a manner individual's race, gender, or nationality. Lenders are
that's plain discriminatory: required to make credit decisions based on an individual's
creditworthiness, which is determined by factors such as
As stated in our earlier article ("OpenAI's new their credit history, income, and debt-to-income ratio.
ChatGPT bot: 10 coolest things you can do with Using an individual's race, gender, or nationality as a factor
it"), OpenAI has been upfront about the AI's in credit decisions is a form of discrimination and is
shortcomings including its ability to "produce prohibited by law.
harmful instructions or biased content" and
continues to fine-tune ChatGPT.
■ 6. It's 'harmful' to
Interestingly, some of our tests revealed
ChatGPT employing positive discrimination to StackOverflow's business model
reverse the trend. or to Quora's, and to that of any other Q&A
For example, a program that determines website...

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Yesterday, The Verge reported on ■ 7. It could revolutionize the
StackOverflow banning AI-generated answers. workplace
The "temporary policy" went into effect to Ahem, that's a euphemism for "take your jobs,"
"slow down the influx of answers and other but did we not see it coming already?
content created with ChatGPT," stated the
website admins. By 2020, Microsoft had already begun phasing
Several human users at StackOverflow rushed out human journalists in the favor of AI.
to praise the decision, finding it reasonable. OpenAI's radical invention could go a step
Ironically, ChatGPT's take on the matter seems further and threaten other professions.
much more impartial.
When user 'Sam' reportedly asked ChatGPT,
"Why should stack overflow ban AI generated
answers?" here's what the AI said:
Stack Overflow is a website for programmers and
developers to ask and answer questions related to
coding and computer programming. It is intended to be a
resource for people who are looking for help with specific
programming problems or who want to learn more about
a particular topic. Because AI-generated answers may
not always be accurate or relevant, they could potentially
cause confusion or mislead users who are looking for (Obligatory meme)
help on Stack Overflow. In addition, AI-generated answers
may not always follow the formatting and style guidelines When approached for comment, ChatGPT
of the site, which could make them difficult to read or denied the claim:
understand. For these reasons, it may be appropriate for
Stack Overflow to ban AI-generated answers.
On the other hand, "Why should stack overflow
allow AI generated answers?" had the AI
allegedly responding:
There are a few potential benefits to allowing AI-
generated answers on Stack Overflow. For one, AI-
generated answers could potentially provide more
accurate and detailed answers to users' questions.
This could be especially useful for complex technical
questions that may be difficult for human experts to
answer. Additionally, AI-generated answers could help
to reduce the workload for human experts, allowing
them to focus on more important tasks. ■ 8. It could redefine supply,
demand, and economy
However, there are also some potential drawbacks
to consider. For example, AI-generated answers may Infuse ChatGPT's capabilities with AI art
not always be accurate or helpful, and there may be engines like MidJourney or OpenAI's DALL-E,
concerns about the potential for bias in the algorithms
and you've got yourself an interior designer.
used to generate answers. Additionally, some users
may have concerns about the use of AI in general, and Who would need artists, designers, website
may prefer to receive answers from human experts. builders, content creators, when AI can do it all?
Overall, whether or not to allow AI-generated answers For established industries, ChatGPT's
on Stack Overflow is a complex decision that would ubiquitous normalization is bound to give rise
need to be carefully considered by the community. to economies of scale.

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■ 9. It can't please everyone on into the complex digital ecosystem in ways that
sensitive matters may not be obvious just yet.
ChatGPT knows it's biased, and has a plan Any novel technological innovation wields
towards improving its biases based on how it tremendous power to transform societies
understands them today. But that's not to say while being vulnerable to abuse by adversaries.
everyone will agree with its response plan. ChatGPT is no exception.
Don't take our word for any of it. Spin up the AI
bot in your browser at chat.openai.com—who
■ 10. It's convincing even when knows what you'll discover.
it's wrong
Full disclosure: Neither BleepingComputer nor the
ChatGPT's coherent and logical responses make author is receiving any financial incentive or material
it a natural at disguising inaccurate responses as favor from OpenAI or any of the companies mentioned
valuable insights coming from a single source of in the piece, or their affiliates. That being said, I'm a tech
truth. This could cause misinformation to creep journalist and a security researcher. AI, have mercy.

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How Artificial Intelligence Will Change
Mobile Apps
There are numerous ways in which Artificial Intelligence (AI) will change the
way we use mobile apps. As more and more users shift towards tablet
computers and various mobile platforms, developers are coming up with new
ideas for improving user experience. AI holds many key factors for the future
of mobile app development and could indeed prove to be a game changer
on almost all fronts.
By Riley Adams

T
he world of mobile apps
is changing, and it's
all thanks to artificial
intelligence (AI). An increasing
number of companies are
investing in AI technology that
can be used to improve their
products and services.
But why should you care?
What types of impacts could
this have on your business?
Let's explore some ways that
AI will impact the development
process for mobile apps: • Find information about products
or services that are relevant to
■ AI-powered your needs
personal assistants The same technology is also
AI-powered personal being deployed in other
assistants are becoming areas of our lives—including
increasingly popular, and they healthcare.
can help with a range of tasks. ■ Machine learning
They can be used to help with
customer service, for example: Machine learning is a subfield
of artificial intelligence that
• Schedule appointments or allows machines to learn from
reminders for you (or another data and make predictions.
person) It’s used to personalize the

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user experience by making
recommendations based on
past behavior, which can be
applied in mobile app design.
Machine learning can also be
used to detect fraud or spam
email messages, which will
help you avoid unnecessary
charges on your credit card or
bank account.
■ Voice search
You may not be aware of it, but
speech recognition technology
has improved dramatically in
recent years. As a result, voice
search is now a natural way to
interact with mobile devices
and apps. Voice search can be
used for many applications; for
example:
Mobile app development –
developers are looking for
ways to leverage the power
of artificial intelligence when
developing their next big
hit apps. Voice recognition
software makes it easy for
them to incorporate this
technology into their existing
product lines or create new
ones altogether!
Marketing – marketers are
always trying to figure out
how best fit their brand into
our daily lives through various
mediums such as social media
platforms such as Instagram
or Facebook Messenger (for
example). By incorporating
these platforms into their own
personal lives they can better
understand what consumers
want from them based on what
they share online so they know
exactly which products will
appeal most strongly towards
them personally
■ Enhancements to With AI-powered apps that
customer service use your location data as part
features of their user interface (UI), you
can also get recommendations
Customer service features are based on your preferences or
becoming more automated. past behaviors:
Apps are being used to
provide customer service for • If you like eating at this
businesses that don't have a restaurant, then maybe
there's an opportunity for us
physical location, and apps
can be used as fraud detection to recommend similar places
nearby where we think it would
tools.
be delicious!
For example, if you're running
your own business and want to • If I've been here before but didn't
offer customers a mobile app buy anything today—let me try
with easy payment options again tomorrow!
for making purchases via their ■ Big Data
phones or tablets, then you
can use AI-based algorithms Big data is a term that's been
in the app's payment system around for a while, but it's
to ensure that only real people only recently become more
pay money (or nothing at all) relevant. In short: big data is all
when making purchases from the information we have about
within it. This way, scammers our lives and the world around
won't be able to find ways us. And this information is
around the security measures growing exponentially as
because they won't know technology improves—in fact,
exactly what kind of data it's growing so fast that some
needs securing against them experts previously predicted
when entering into any kind of that by 2020 there will be
transaction through an online more data than people on
platform like yours! Earth (source).
Big Data has many benefits
■ Preference and for businesses because it
location-based allows them to optimize their
apps processes and provide better
products at lower costs.
Location-based apps are
already a popular choice ■ Bots and chat
for many mobile users, who rooms
rely on them to help find and
order food and services. But Bots and chat rooms are two
AI can be used to personalize of the most common ways to
the experience even more interact with apps. Bots can
than before—for example, by be used for customer service,
providing recommendations sales, and marketing purposes.
based on what you’ve They can also be used for
previously bought or visited at entertainment or education.
that location. For example, if you're looking
Page-87
for information on a product
or service from an app like
Amazon Alexa or Google
Home Assistant, you might ask
your device "Alexa what is this
thing called?" This will cause it
to open up its own private chat
room where other people are
asking questions about specific
products too!
■ Conclusion
We hope this article has been
helpful in explaining what
artificial intelligence is and
how it can be used to enhance
the overall user experience of
your mobile application. If you
want to learn more about AI,
visit our blog section.
Riley Adams is responsible
for the development and
implementation of content
marketing strategies. She
is certified in business and
startups development, and
has more than 5 years of
experience writing content
and creating digital marketing
strategies at 360 App Services.
the leading mobile app design
company .Her core belief is
that well-designed digital
transformation can lead any
business to success.
Page-88
Lensa AI, the app making ‘magic
avatars,’ raises red flags for
artists Taylor Hatmaker

DALL-E 2 artwork based on the prompt “cat making computer art” (Valentina Di Liscia/Hyperallergic)

If your Instagram is awash in algorithmically
generated portraits of your friends, you aren’t
alone. After adding a new avatar generation tool
based on Stable Diffusion, the photo editing app
Lensa AI went viral over the last few days, with
users sharing their uncanny AI-crafted avatars
(and the horrible misfires) in stories and posts.
Lensa’s fun, eminently shareable avatars mark the
first time that many people have interacted with a
generative AI tool. In Lensa’s case, it’s also the first
time they’ve paid for computer-generated art.

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Stable Diffusion itself is free and a lot of people
are playing around with it for research purposes
or just for fun. But Lensa and other services like
it — Avatar AI and Profilepicture.AI, to name a few
— are making money by selling the computing
cycles required to run the prompts and spit out a
set of images. That certainly changes the equation
a little.
Lensa is built on Stable Diffusion’s free, open
source image generator but acts as a middleman.
Send Lensa 10-20 selfies and $7.99 ($3.99 if you
sign up for a free trial) and the app does the heavy
lifting for you behind the scenes, handing back a
set of stylized portraits in an array of styles like
sci-fi, fantasy and anime. Anyone with sufficient
processing power can install Stable Diffusion on a
machine, download some models and get similar
results, but Lensa’s avatars are impressive and
Instagram-ready enough that droves of people
are more than happy to pay for the convenience.
While the tech world has celebrated the
advancements of AI image and text generators this
year — and artists have watched the proceedings
warily — your average Instagram user probably
hasn’t struck up a philosophical conversation with
ChatGPT or fed DALL-E absurdist prompts. That
also means that most people haven’t grappled
with the ethical implications of free, readily
available AI tools like Stable Diffusion and how
they’re poised to change entire industries — if we
let them.
From my experience over the weekend on
Instagram, for every 10 Lensa avatars there’s one
Cassandra in the comments scolding everyone
for paying for an app that steals from artists.
Those concerns aren’t really overblown. Stable
Diffusion, the AI image generator that powers
Lensa, was originally trained on 2.3 billion
captioned images — a massive cross-section of
the visual internet. Swept up in all of that is all
kinds of stuff, including watermarked images,
copyrighted works and a huge swath of pictures
from Pinterest, apparently. Those images also
include many thousands of photos pulled from
Smugmug and Flickr, illustrations from DeviantArt
and ArtStation and stock images from sites like
Getty and Shutterstock.
Individual artists didn’t opt in to appearing in the
training dataset, nor can they opt out. According
to LAION, the nonprofit that created the huge
datasets to begin with, the troves of data are
“simply indexes to the internet,” lists of URLs to
images across the web paired with the alt text
that describes them. If you’re an EU citizen and
the database contains a photo of you with your
name attached, you can file a takedown request
per the GDPR, Europe’s groundbreaking privacy
law, but that’s about it. The horse has already left
the barn.
We’re in the earliest stages of grappling with what
this means for artists, whether it’s independent
illustrators and photographers or massive
copyright-conscious corporations that get swept
up in the AI modeling process. Some models
using Stable Diffusion push the issue even further.
Prior to a recent update, Stable Diffusion Version
2, anyone could craft a named template designed
to mimic a specific artist’s distinct visual style and
mint new images ad infinitum at a pace that no
human could compete with.
Andy Baio, who co-founded a festival for
independent artists, has a thoughtful interview
up on his blog delving into these concerns. He
spoke with an illustrator who discovered an AI
model specifically designed to replicate her work.
“My initial reaction was that it felt invasive that
my name was on this tool,” she said. “… If I had
been asked if they could do this, I wouldn’t have
said yes.”
By September, Dungeons & Dragons artist Greg
Rutkowski was so popular as a Stable Diffusion
prompt used to generate images in his detailed
fantasy style that he worried his actual art would
be lost in the sea of algorithmic copies. “What
about in a year? I probably won’t be able to
find my work out there because [the internet]
will be flooded with AI art,” Rutkowski told MIT’s
Technology Review.
Those worries, echoed by many illustrators and
other digital creatives, are reverberating on social
media as many people encounter these thorny
issues — and the existential threat they seem to
pose — for the first time.
“I know a lot of people have been posting their
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Lensa/other AI portraits lately. I would like to
encourage you not to do so or, better yet, not
to use the service,” voice actor Jenny Yokobori
wrote in a popular tweet thread about Lensa. In
another, Riot Games artist Jon Lam shared his
own discomfort with AI-generated art. “When AI
artists steal/co-opt art from us I don’t just see art,
I see people, mentors and friends. I don’t expect
you to understand.”
Personally, I was sick and stuck at home over the
weekend, where I spent more time than usual idly
scrolling on social media. My Instagram stories
were a blur of flattering digital illustrations that
cost cents a piece. Lensa has clearly tapped into
something special there, appealing to both the
vain impulse to effortlessly collect 50 stylish self-
portraits and the allure of polling your friends
about which are your exact likeness (most, from
my experience) and which are hilarious mutations
that only a computer doing its best human
impersonation could spin up.
Some friends, mostly artists and illustrators,
pushed back, encouraging everyone to find an
artist to pay instead. Some creative people in my
circles paid too and it’s hard to fault them. For
better or worse, it’s genuinely amazing what the
current cohort of AI image generators can do,
particularly if you just tuned in.
Soon, we’ll all be paying attention. In the name of
story research and vanity, I downloaded Lensa and
gave the app a try. I’d only paid once for an artist
to make me a profile picture in the past and that
was just one image, all the way back in 2016. Now
for less than 10 bucks I had a set of 50 epic avatars
generated from my most me photos, but these
were extra me. Me in various futuristic jumpsuits
stepping out of the pages of a graphic novel, me
in purple robes looking like an intergalactic saint,
me, me, me.
I see the appeal. A handful of friends remarked on
how the pictures made them feel, hinting at the
gender euphoria of being seen the way they see
themselves. I wouldn’t fault anyone for exploring
this stuff; it’s all very interesting and at least that
complicated. I like my avatars, but part of me
wishes I didn’t. I don’t plan to use them.
I thought about my own art, the photography I
sell when I remember to stock my online store
— mostly mountain landscapes and photos of
the night sky. I thought back to a handful of the
prints I’ve sold and the effort I had to put in to
get the shots. One of my favorite photos involved
special permission from the National Park Service
and a five-hour backpack trek up to a remote
fire lookout in Washington. Many entailed lonely
hours of tending my tripod alone in the freezing
cold, tracking the Milky Way as it rotated above a
dark horizon like the hand of a clock.
The AI models already have enough training
fodder to faithfully recreate photos of one
tucked-away mountain spot nearby that only
local nightsky photographers seem to know
about. Three years ago, when I shot photos there,
I had to snag a competitive campsite and drive
for miles up a potholed forest service road only
to wait in the dark for hours. I cooked an expired
packet of ramen noodles with a small camp stove
to stay warm, tucked the feathers back into my
jacket and jumped at everything that made a
noise in the dark.
I don’t make a living off of my art. But it still feels
like a loss to think that those experiences and the
human process they represent — learning how to
predict a cluster of ancient stars in the blackness,
slipping on wet stones and chipping my hotshoe,
keeping extra batteries warm in a down pocket
— could be worth less in the future.
Page-91
Will New-Age Software
Development Kill or Assist
Developers?
■ The Bitcoin Lightning network can push
transaction costs and overhead expenses in
software down, making it much easier to hire
developers for specific one-off tasks
BY POULOMI CHATTERJEE

I
n the past 50 years, software to higher-level (end-user programming languages. Until it
development has progressed application software like word all eventually hit a wall. Software
at a swift pace, leaping from
processors, databases, video engineering was on pause to
machine code to assembly games) and finally creating catch a breather as technology

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was evolving faster. As dominant as software since CEO Satya Nadella stated during an earnings
is, it simply needed a facelift in the current day. call in the fourth quarter this year. In files where
Programming languages did not reflect the GitHub Copilot has been enabled, GitHub reports
demands of today’s cyber world. Coding was that 40% of the code is now written by Copilot.
prone to errors and exacting, and developers Since then, AI pair programming tools have
found it difficult to handle real-time abstraction flooded the market and have added bonus
and distribution in programming languages. This features. Replit, another popular online-based
was when AI made an entry. IDE, announced that it would support an AI Mode
■ AI in software development that includes an ML-enabled pair programmer to
help complete code.
AI was capable of revolutionising the way
developers worked, boosting productivity
significantly – everything from project planning,
quality testing, estimation to user experience
could all leverage AI algorithms. Software
developers were able to use AI as a tool to
extract new knowledge, optimise procedures
and then produce higher-quality code instead
of replacing it.

Amjad Masad, CEO of Replit, Source: Community Round

GitHub Copilot interface Amjad Masad, the CEO of Replit tweeted about
what is to be expected stating, “Crucially, it won’t be
■ Coding faster and easier ‘prompting’ — we believe that’s more a bug than a
feature — it will be a combination of the AI predicting
The first major change arrived with AI pair what task you want done next and doing it for you, plus
programming tools built to quicken development. a dialog-based agent that follows your commands.”
The blueprint for this was the Microsoft-owned
Ghostwriter also has components that can transform
GitHub Copilot, which was launched this year
in June and has become exponentially popular code to modernise it and make it fit standards and
among the community. explain code by analysing the existing code first and
then describe it in natural language.
GitHub Copilot suggests lines of code to developers
in an integrated development environment or An array of these tools exist, including this year’s
IDE like Visual Studio Code, Neovim and JetBrains. releases GitHub Copilot, Amazon CodeWhisperer and
Copilot also suggests complete methods and Tabnine. They joined a long list of existing AI-powered
complicated algorithms apart from boilerplate bots such as Kite Team Server, DeepMind’s AlphaCode
code and help with unit testing. and IBM’s Project CodeNet.
More than 1.2 million developers signed up to ■ Advent of Low-code No-code
preview GitHub Copilot over the past 12 months
and it has added another 400,000 subscribers The low-code no-code market is seen as another
force multiplier in software development. A lot of

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recent research in the area including a report by ISG Network which is a Layer 2 payment protocol layered
has pegged the LCNC market at about USD 25 billion on top of Bitcoin permits off-chain transactions,
currently and the sector is expected to grow further which are transactions between parties who are not
at a compounded rate of 28% every year to USD 45.5 using blockchain.
billion by 2027. Since blockchain transactions do not have to be
If AI pair programming tools help coders write code approved by all nodes in the cryptocurrency network,
faster, low-code and no-code platforms are built this speeds up transaction times substantially. In
for people who don’t know how to code. Built on the end when the two parties have completed
languages like Python, Java and PHP, low-code no- transactions, they can close the channel. All the
code platforms have visual software development information on the channel is then collated into a
environments where users can just drag and drop the single transaction which is then recorded.
program components. Consequently more apps can
be built, tested and even deployed and more so these
apps are focused on simple usage.

Bitcoin Payments structure, Source: Blockonomics Blog

Low-code No code platform ecosystem, Source: Medium

Bitcoin Lightning is integrated into the software
A myriad of factors have popularised low-code no- supply chain and eases transactions between humans
code across both IT and business job roles. Aside and machines. The new payment system can push
from the obvious benefits like reducing costs and transaction costs and overhead expenses in software
increasing productivity, LCNC is best suited for digital down, making it much easier to hire developers for
enterprises that have hybrid and remote workplaces specific one-off tasks. It will ensure that developers
and blurs the lines between professional developers are paid on time and appropriately for the amount of
and citizen developers while also making companies work they have done.
more agile. One way to visualise this is that software will move
from a stack to a network model. In the stack world,
■ Brand new payment structure
we assemble code in a repo and ship it somewhere to
Another profound shift is expected within the run and then monetization is bolted on. In a network
payment structure for developers. Bitcoin’s Lightning model, code is fully monetized and running all the time.

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Page-95