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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    15 views754 pages

    Untitled

    Uploaded by

    Assemay Rakhim

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 754
    MM.Tocmuuxos AHAJMTHYECKAS TEOMETPHA M: 1973 KHAYKA», Paapiias penarnns dprako-maremarHeckoil mirreparypbt COJEPKAHHE TIpenucnose Taga 1, Bextopnoe ucaucnenae Tlonstwe nextopa 1. Tlpeqpaputerbioe onpestesenne Bextopa 2. Oruomienua oKBHBasIeHTHOCTH 3. OkonvarestbHoe onpentenenne nexropa 4, Bexropsi Ha npsmoii, Ha mockocTu u B mpoctpancrae § 2*. Bextopsi Ha mpamoii 1. Opwentanan npsmoii 2. JIsmma n nema Rextopa Ha npsMoit 3. Omuouienue BexTopos Ha npsMoli 4, Coxerme Bekropos na mpsMoii. Jemma Ilana 5. AnreGpantieckue caolicrea nunelitnsix onepanii 6. Teopema 06 usomopibusme § 3*. JImneiinete onepanun Haz BeKTOpaMH Ha THIOCKOCTH HB MpocTpaHcTRE 1, Onpenenenme amelie onepansii 2. Anre6panueckne crojicrra sHHeHinbIX onepannit 3. JInnefinas sanucumocr 4, Teomerpueckuii cmica suuelinolt sapHcHMocTH 5, Basiicet 4 koopaMnaret 6. Hipoexnn 4 Koopamsaret 7. Tipeo6pasonanme Koopaunat mp samene Gasnica Tlonoanenve. Teopema o parire MarpHnst § 4%. Opwenranun mpsmoii, nmockoctu u mpoctpancTaa 1. Tlonsrie opnenrann# 2. Tpansie H siepbie opmerrranan 3. Tipomsneytenua openrannnt 4. Cropousi npsMoli 1a mocKocTH H mulocKocrM B mpocrpaxicrBe 5. Jletbopmanum 6a3ucos u opuerranyn 6. Pesiome Jlonosmenne. O nonstun yraa § 5*. Merpateckas Teopus BexTopor 1, Jima nexropa u yron Mexuly BexTopaMit 2. CxanspHioe mponsBesieHHe BEKTOpOB 3. Tipumentenme ckanspHoro yMHOMeHHs K JOKasaTembcTBy TeomerpH¥eckux TeopeM 4, Burpaxenue ckanspHoro mpowsneseHHs B KOOpAMHaTaX 5. Oprouopmuponannsie GasHcer 6. OptoronanHBre MarpHnst § 6. Tlomunextopst n i iT B 15 19 21 21 25 26 29 30 32 34 34 37 38 42 46 50 54 58 63 63 67 68 70 B 9 80 82 82 86 88 90 94 98 105 1, Bupextopst 2. JImneiinnte onepanwn Hay 6uBeKTopaMn 3. JImmeiinas teopua Gusexropos 4. Metpuueckas Teopis Gunextopon 5. Tpunexropst 6. Bextopiioe # cmetanHoe mpousnenenna § 7. JIunelinsie oneparopst 1. Oro6paxenus 1 npeo6pazosanus 2. Koasiio smHnelinssx onepatopon 3. Onucanme ammelinsrx onmeparopon 4, O6parumite aHeiiEIe oniepatopst 5. Oneparopni, elicray:oume no panencray KoopaMHat 6. OGparmasie aHnelintste onepatopst n opHerTaTHH 7. Vaomerpustisie oneparopst 8. Cnolicraa nsomerpususix oneparopos Taasa 2, Meron Koopaanat § 1*. Koopauuarsr ua mpswoii, » niockocta u 8 mpocrpaucrae 1. Addunusie koopannarsr 2. Samena ahdunmerx Kooprunar 3. Jlenenie oTpeska B 7aHHOM OTHOMIEHHH 4, TIpamoyronbunie KoopaMHaTsr 5. Hoaspunte, cipeputeckie 1 1MaMHApHsIecKHe KOOpAMHATS 6. OmHopoauste KoopaMHaTEt § 2. Ypasnienma anni 1 nonepxnocteit 1. 3aqanme muni 1 noRepxHocteii ypasnennamn 2. AnreGpanueckwe sTHHHH 3, Tlapamerpuueckne ypasnenus MMi H HoBepxHOcTeli § 3. Koopausario-axcHomatH4eckoe rlocrpoesHe reoMerpHit 1, Ochonunie nosioxenus akcHoMaTH¥eckoro MeTOa 2. AKcHOMaTHKa eRKsHOROi TeoMeTpHH 3. Axcuomaruxa adppunHoli reometpHn 4, Adbunmas reomerpaa Hal os1eM KOMTUIeKCHEIX HCE 5, Bemectaenno-KommmexcHas reoMeTpHa Tonosmenve. Axcuomaruxa TuisGepra Taaea 3. Jiunwn w nonepxnocta neprore nopayKa § 1*. TIpamas a nockocra 1, TIpamas xax MuHa nepBoro TlopamKa 2, Tlapaerpweckne m KaHORMIccKHe ypaRHeHHa MpaMoit 3. Baaumuioe pacnonoxene mpsaMpIx Ha mockocTH 4, TlonyniockoctH, Ha KoTOpEIe MpsMas pasOuBacT TIOCKOCTS. 5, IIpamas na enxtanonoii iocKocrn § 2*, Tltockoets & mpocrpancrse 1, Thnockocts Kak NonepxHocTs mepporo MopanKa 2. Tlapamerpueckue ypastienms mockocr 105 110 116 121 126 133 135 135 138 140 145 149 151 155 157 164 164 164 169 172 173, 175 77 184 184 187 191 195 195 198 208 217 221 226 239 239 239 242 247 251 253 258 258 260 3. Baaumnioe pacrionoxente miocxocteli B mpoctpacrse 4, Tlozynpocrpartcrsa, Ha KoTopste rinocKocTs pasOwmBaeT MpocrpanrcrBo 5. Tlnockocts 8 eskiH0BOM MIpoctpancTBe Tipawas 6 npoctpanctne 1, TIpsmas 8 addbunniom npoctpancrse 2. Baaumuioe pacrionoxenne mpaMBIx H miocKocreli 3. Tipamas epic1H08OM npoctpancrBe 4, Pacctosnue Mexjy 7BYMs TIpsMBIMH B TIpOcTpaHcTRe Taasa 4, Teomerpust npameix, nrocKocreli u oxpyanocreit § 1. Teomerpas npamprx Ha riockoc™n 1*, Tyaxe mpanerx 2. Pacumpentias nuiocKocrs 3. Tlommota « HenporHpopetmocts akcHOM reoMerpHH pacmiMpenHolt naioeKoctH 4, Koopamuarsi Ha pacummpentoli nuiockocrH 5, TIpockrapwas m10cKocTs 6. Virrepnperanm mpoexruauoii reomerpuu # ux npumenenus 7. Kondurypannonnas reomerpa Tonoanenve. Tpammneiinsie Kooprmnarst § 2. Teometpus mocxocteii s npocrpaucrse 1*, Tlysxu miockocreit 2*, Casaxu naockocreli 3. Pacumpentoe mpocrpaicrao 4, TIpoexruprioe npoctparicrro Jlonoaenne. O reomerpuu npsmerx B npoctpaxcTae § 3. Teometpus oxpyxcocreli na miocKocrn 1, Creniens TOuKH OTHOCHTETBHO OKPYAHOCTH 2. Caasku oxpyxnoctelt 3. Tlysku oxpyxxnocreli 4, Tlyaxu kak nepecesennsa cas30K 5. Tipamaie kar oxpyrxnocra 6. OxpyxxHiocTH Ha BemlecTREHHO-KOMIUTeKCHOHi TITOCKOCTH Jlonoanenne. Teomerpun napaSormeckoii 1 rumep6ommIccKoit cBA30K Tnasa 5, Inemenrapnas Teopust Amnuii 1 HoBepxsocteli Broporo nopsKa § 14, JMumm sroporo nopsaKka 1, TapaGomt 2. Saamunest 3. Panep6omst 4. Ypasnenns sana, napaGons a runepGomst 8 noaapHErX Koopaunarax § 2. Hexoropsie tonommurexbubte cBoficrRa THHHH BTOpOTO TOpaTKA 1, Onaune, napaGos1a u ranepGoma KaK KOHHYECKHe ceNeHHA 2. Baanmnioe pacrionoxenve KOHHYECKHX ceNenHii H MpAMBIX 3. Tpamaie, kacarommeca KOHMYeCKHX ceueHtii 263 266 268 211 271 275 278 282 290 290 290 294 298 302 307 316 322 326 331 332 333 337 341 346 349 349 353 362 370 377 386 396 398 398 398 401 4iL 423 426 426 430 436 4. Cemelicrea copoxycHinx siumantcon M rHnepGor 5. [Inamerpst konmuecknx covert 6. Teopemt Anons0Hua Tlonepxnocra nroporo nopaka 1, Qatuncomast 2. [Isynonocrasie runepSonoHst 3. Onnonosiocrumie rAnepGonoMAb 4, IIpsmoamneiisie o6pasyiomue oqHononocrHoro runepSor0H7a 5. PunepGomuyeckse napaGonoHsst 6, OmmamrHseckHe napaSononssr 7. Konycst stoporo nopanKka 8. [lusmqpst Broporo nopanKa Taaea 6. O6mas teopust sanHii Broporo HopsKA § 1*. Kracemuxanus stunt sroporo nopazia 1, JIuMH BToporo nlopsiKa Ha eBKAIK{OBOK muI0cKOCTH 2. Mipapnanrsr ypasnennii mmnnit sroporo noparKa 3. Onpenemene Bia auH4H BToporo Mopa{Ka ro HABapHalrTaM ee ypasnenns 4, Jum Btoporo nopagka na adypannoii mocKocTH. Teopema eaMHicTBeHHOCTH 5, Hentpst sani sroporo nopsrKa 6. Acummrors u qWaMeTpst sHHHii BTOporo MopanKa 7. Tipuneyenne ypasiennit aunuit stoporo nopazyka x mpocrelitmemy Bay 8. [nasnsie nanpaanenma w qMamerpst muni BToporo nopanKa Tlonosmenve. Knaccndaxanya nonepxnocreli Broporo niopsyiKka § 2. IIpoekrusnas Teopas aMHHii BToporo HopsaKa 1, Jun BToporo nopsaKa Ha adbunHo-npoextaBHoli K npoexTHBHOl mu1ocKoCTaX 2. Tlepeceuenne npamoii w mun Broporo nopanKa 3. Toaspst w nomocet Tonomnenve, Tonspst ® npocrpanicrae 4, Teopema Besy Tonoanenve. Judbepenumanso-reomerpueckoe HeTomKoBaHHe kparitocta To"KH rlepeceveHHs § 3. Teomerpus smut stoporo riopaaKa 1, Tyaxu atmunit stoporo nopamia 2. Onmcanne nyaxor zaHnii BToporo nopaqKa Tonoanenne. Ene pas o nysxax oxpyxnocteit 3. JImnmn Broporo nopsstka, NpoxoAAMe Hepes NATH TONCK Tonosnenne. Tonepxnocta stoporo nopaka, mpoxonsmte Hepes TeBaTe TOHeK 4. Teopema IITrypma 5. Teopema Mackaas 443 447 455 460 460 463 466 469 480 488 490 496 499 499 499 509 513 519 527 533 540 544 548, 554 554 558 563 568 569 577 579 579 583 593 594 596 598 601 6. Knanpatwansie nyskH mpaMErx 7. Moxyest ami BTOpOTO opaTKA Tnasa 7. Teomerpusecxue mpeo6pazonanns: § 1. Addunmste, npoexruanste # oproronanbisie npeoGpasonannst 1. Adebunnste npeoSpasonanns 2. Junelinsiii onepatop, uaayuMponaHHssi addunHEiM mpeoGpasonannem 3. O6mnit aug adpunnErx npeobpasonannit 4, TIpoexruauisie mpeoGpasonanns 5. Oproronansiste npeoGpasonanist § 2. Pasnoxenme aipiparmarx 1 optoronambisrx mpeobpasonannit B KOMMOSHUMIO Gortee npocTEIx 1. Adounnsie # optoronasbnste mpeoOpasonanns mpamoii 2. Pastoxenne aihbunnsix npeoSpaxonannii niocKocrH M mpoctpaicrsa 3. PasioxenHe oproroHaitbHbix mpeoSpasonaHuil ru10cKOCTH 4, PasioxcHme oprorowamsHaix mpeobpazorannit mpoctpancrra 5. Tpercranaenue jewxenuii npocrparicraa ¢ NOMOU,bI0 KBaTepHHOHOR §3. Kontopmnsie npeoSpasonanns 1. Hirpepena orHocutenbHo oKpyxkHocTH 2. TonomHentas miocKocrs 3. Cnolicrna xoncbopmmsrx mpeo6pasonarinii 4, Koudopamsie npeoSpasonanns u opuerranan 5. Konbopmuaa reomerpis § 4. [pynnst w reomerpan 1. Peomerpuu cannoli rpynmoii asromopdusmos 2. Tipocretinme reoerpan adpunnoro Tana 3. Teomerpuu Tanuates # Tyanco 4. Teomerpus Muuxoncxoro 5. Kommuiexcuas esks1Hjona reometpHa 6. Yunrapnas reomerpusa 7. Teomerpus Tlyanxape — JloGavenckoro 603 612 617 617 617 621 628 633 637 647 652 658 665 677 677 679 686 694 704 707 707 mM 118 RI 134. 738 740 NPEQUCHOBHE Sta Kura oTANVaeTeR OT TPARHUHOHHBX yueOuNKoS anaaHrHt- Neckoit reometpiit no xpaitwefl Mepe 8 aByx OTHoWeHHAX. Bo-nep- BOX, 8 Heft cenaHa noMLITKA NHBecTR HaAOXeHHe anaztiTiyecKOlL TeoMerpiH 1a yposeHs crporocTH wu dopmanusaunn, tai yxKe RocTurayriti 6 YueOHHKAX aareGpit H axteau3a. Bo-BTopux, nome Mo O6uleoOnaaTeabHBIX, CTaNaapTHEX Bemel, B Hel uS10KEHO 20- BoabHo MHOTO MaTepHaaa aNGO HHXOrMa panee 8 yueOHHKA He BKMOXapWeTOCH, AHOO ABO U3 YueONUKOS UcK.AONEHHOTO. B conpemensioh marematuxe npoextupkan reomerpia, 112 KoTO pyio, coGcrsenHo rosopa, m opHenTuponax TpaRHuWonit KYpC anaaHTHYecKOH reoMeTpIM, NoTepada Yoxe cBoe BeAyUIce sHaveHT. Tlostomy pon» Ke OpranusauHonNECe opMst (4A TaOTCH cryaenry. Stn ormenti (ormeveHHbIe B OrAaBAeHun sneszO¥KAMtH) Hsaoxeii4 NO BOSMOIKHOCTH SaeMeHTApHO H CO nceMH M1OApOGHO- cram, Oraeawi, MoceMMcHHMe GaxyabraTHBRLM BONpOcAN, Hani cauti Gone cxXaTO H MpeabABamOT K uHTaTeMO GéabuIMe (Xora H BioaHe noctababie) TpeGosaunn. Hanboaee saxknste aGcrpaxtiwe noNATHA DBORATCR 8 KelIre Nocrenesiio, WacTO cHa¥ata Ges HasBaHNIA K ToABKO MoCRe Toro, Kak MoapoGHo m-c paaaHyubix ToveK spenn paccMorpen coor bererayiowie KoKKpeTinte mpamepsl. Tpamoriice naaoxeume anaamruieckoli reomenpai nyaKxaerca 8 npocteiiwem asreGpanueckom annapare: Teopum onpeneanteaeh Npasnaax seictsua wax marpiuamy. Mpeanoaaraetcs, 10 31H BeMUH wHrTaTemIo aHaKoMe! (KX HaLOKEMHe Obi40 Ow HANpacHbIM 2y6~ aupoBantiem Kypea a.treGpsi). K KoHUy KHHTH MlocTeneHHO Henods- Syiorem OcHoBAie NoHsTuA TeopiH rpynn. [pexsapHremnoro aa KoMcTsa c rpyninamn oT wirareas SopMaasHo He npeanonaraetca, HO, KOHENHO, OHO No MeHDiMIel Mepe OveMtD wKeAaTeABHO. (SaMeTHO, 4TO Bee, 4TO Ham HY?KHO HS TeOPHH rpynn, OGHIIHO ¢ HB6HTKOM H3.Ka~ Taerea Ha Mepsow Cemectpe yuusepcHtera B Kypce aareOpH.) Kax yoke Owialo cKaaatio, UcOG0e BHHMAHMe B KHTe YzeeHO 0- puulentio ypoBHA eTporocrh mM dopmannsanuu. Koxewio, Haya HATH Kype, CKaXKeM, C AKCHOM, a TeOpHio KPHBLIX BTOporo TlopAaKA ¢ caMOrO Hatlaa CTpOHTS B KOMNAeKCHOM MaocKOCTH GeO Gut He yaectao. OnHaKo HAOKHTS p CBOeM MECTe AKCHOMATHRY # Rath %erkoe OnpeneseHHe KOMNAEKCHOM NaockocTH HpencrasaseTea ne- oGxoanMEIN, B xuiire wewoabayerea meakuh uipuipr Apyx Buzoe: 8 saemen- tapnsix (B OCHODHO HavaqbABIx) raaBaX KUNTH ONWH HI HX ynO- rpeGaneten Aaa BuiAeAeHHR Gone TpyaHOrO MaTepuata, apyrol nenoabayerea c ncnoMorateabnbiMn wesiam (ympankitenis HT. 1). Texct conponoxnaercd (npentiasnasenniMn e- kmoullreabHo LTA CaMOKONTPONA YUTaTeAR) —M Gosiee TpyauINH aympaxkuenusaiis (peuenne KoTopsix He oGasarembHO). OcosenxocrHo KAHTH sBARETCA 9KOONHOS HcTOAESOBAHNE Yep- rexkeit: OWN HoMeMLeHM, Kak Mpasiiso, TOABKO B HaHGonee TPYAHSIX MecTax HB TeKCTE KHIITH Ha MX ccBiAOK Her. Tpeatostaraeres, #70 oe Ocraasuble NepTeIKH WiTATEAS JOMKEH AOLCTANOPIITE CaMOCTOS- Tempio (4TO, p YacTHOCTH, MOXKET Cay AUTS xopoHm cpencTBos caoxontpoms) Tlopaaox nanoxemia » xinure ue eaemyer aeKtuiontomy. Mnorne Bonpocki WenecooSpasHo HsAaraT Ha aeKHIAX suauMTeABHO pau: le, Nem 9To caeaano B KHUITe (a Apyrie, HaoGopoT, HeckamBKO mosiKe). Conepakanne xunra sco H3 oraanaenna, Opatim ace xe BHI manwe va § 6 ra. 1, noceameniih OnpextopaM u xpupexropam. OGusHo oTH HouRTHA UsyYaIOTeA B 3anyaanpoBaHOH dopme nox BIJOM BeXTOPHOFO H calewaHHOTO NpoHSREReHH BeKTOpOS, TO, B MactHocTH, MomuocTsN0 eMasuiBacT Hx adduuueit xapaxrep. He- OGXOAMMOCTS B HX sBHOM BAeLeHHH YK AABHO waspeda n cHena: Hach HacTORTeABITON NOCHE TOTO, KaK B TO- s6uAvIch noaHBextopsi. Bes mpeapapuremvHoro anaKoNeTBa ¢ Gu BexTOpaMH M TPHOEKTOPANH B TpexMepHoM mpocrpancrse o6uce NOWATHE HoauBeKTOPE BbISBIBAeT, KAK Mpannao, ConbUKe Tpys- nocrit, Hetopua nostopaetca: tenepemsee conpornazenie npene- Hilo 8 Kype AfaaNTHYecKOH reoMeTpHH GuBeKTOPOB NOAHOCTHIO azta- JOTHIHO TOMY, KaK MATHAeCAT eT HasaR.conpoTHBARATICH BEET ouatus sextopa. Bon. 4,5 § 3 ra, 2 Tmarexsuo mpoawaausnponano nonatic Kommaexcno® naockocta (6 adbunniom it eBKANAOBOM BapualtTax), ror matepnaa —onnnt 13 saknefunx 8 kuure. B TOR HAH WHO! opme on OGazareabHo nomKeH GrTb BKOeH B ACKLUONHEIi KypC Cymecrnesitin RoBttectaoM sBAReTeA MoApOOTIOe paceMorpe- nue B § 3 ra. 4 reomerpuu oxpyxnocrel na maockocrH (ny¥KH H eassKH oxpyrxuocrefi). Xora cana 27a reoMetpiia MOET Ostrs He OWeH’ wHTepecta, Ona caY:KWT XopouliM mpumepom AA wamtocrpaitin oGulero TprmMa HoOMopdusMa (ona HoMOpna reoMerpnu ToveK mpoctpanictea, exKaNMHX Be HeKoTOpoTo Napabo- Houaa panienna), a TaOKe OGAaKaeT HaBecTHON Noy’MITeABKOCTHIO BAMAY MaabHeltulero pasBHTHA HeKOTOpHIX HI €e HAC B paMKax aareOpanieckofl reowerpuit, a B reopu xpianix toporo mopsaka Ha npoeKtuBHiOR naocKocrH (6§ 2,3 fa. 6) nonutecrson maanercn nanonceme Teopu nepecese- Huh i TeopaH NY4KOB KPHB'KX Broporo nopanKa. Saemenrix svux ‘eopuih BXOuHAN OORSaTeABHOM COcTABHOA WacrsiO B KYpcH anann- Tuyecxoh reomerpitn aer copoK Hasan. B consit c OOuLNM BOapOX- AeuNeM B hocaeaNee BpenA MHTepeca x aarebpanieckoit reoMeTpHH BoccranoseHie sTOFO MaTeplata B Kypce allaauTuxecKOh reoMeT- pi npexerasasercn onpanaaHuin. ‘Teopita nosepxtocrel roporo Hlopaaka orpanivena n Kure, no cymlectay, ToADKO HecnexoBanHeNt nx dopmnl. Hs Teopwn np: BexeHN ypaBNeNUh HOBepXHOCTeM K KaHOHHYeCKOMY Bnay npuBe- REND Ges JoKasaTeabeTs aM hopMyanpoBKH TeopeM. TloaposHoe uaaoxKenue 9Toh TeopHH GaiA0 Go UIAMUINUN nyOANpOBARHEM Kyp- ca amnelwoh eare6pui, 8 pamKax Kotoporo stor MatepHas ana Taetes cpasy aan mpoctpaticrs s06ofi pasmepHoctu. Pyxomich KHNTH Obiza jbaxKAN BHHMATeRbHO mpownrana VW. M. Sirsomowt, cxenasmm Sombmoe wncno samenanuh H mpex- JlowKHBUIMM cme Goabimee uHeRO yeoBepureHcrAORANM. | npHOMY Hi. M. SIraowy cso cepaeaiyio GaarogapHocts (xora Hu He acerna enenoaan ero coserant). SA wcpene Gaaronapen taxxe peaskvopy srof xtra ©. Hi. Knanep 3a Gommyio padory, eto nporenantiyi, a TawKe 3a puinoamenme eex ueprexceit. M. M. Mocrnuxoa 27 oxtaopa 1972 F, Taaeal BEKTOPHOE HC4HCJEHHE § 1. NOHSTHE BEKTOPA B wxoabion Kypee saTeNarinin nowsTHe RexTopa. RBOANITEA HanaaAMBM, He cxpormn v6pasow, B ston aBomOM waparpade wu oBcyaNN eRO.TNOes Ope renee nexropa n nonuraewes cezays ero uo RoaMonoeTH export 1, Mpeasapnreasuoe onpenesenne sextopa Tlycrs Aw B—ape roux (noxa pasawuane). Sti Town on- peaesiaion oTpesoK BMecTe ¢ HANpaBMeHHeM Ha eM (a HMeIHO, hanpanaenuen or A x B), 7. €. Kanpasaennoid orpesoK c Hawaaos A wronyos B, Stor nanpasactneil OTpesoK Min Oyem o6osHayaT crmsoaow AB. Hanpassennse orpesk HasmBaioten TaKxKe GexTopasu. O Bex- rope AB rosopat, uro om orsoxceH or TouKH A (aK npuaomeH x soft TouKe) Bexropst AB u A,B, wasitnaiores pasa, ecam oni 43 Hx Moxker ObiTs Tloay¥ew #3 Apyroro Mapaaaeasatim MepenocoM, 7. €. ADInKeNHeM, Np Koropom Bextop AB nepememaeren napaaacnoHo camomy cee Tak, 10 TouKa A apwxercn mo orpesKy AA,, a TouKa B —no orpesxy BB, Stu oupenerenus Bnoane Haraaguis, HOC ACrHMecKoh TOUKIL Speuint Maslo YAOBAETHOPUTeALALL, NOCKOADKY ON HeMOARyOT HO- HATHE «ABHDKeHIIA>, OTHOCAULeeeR CKOPee K MeXAHMKKe, EM K Teo Metpuu. Koxeuxo, Sto noustHe MoxHO onpeseauTs 1 wucro reo MeTpH¥eckH (470 Mil B RasbHeluIEM M cReAaeK), HO MPH 3TOM OKa- auiBaeTes, YTO cTPoroe ONpeRereHHe OCHOBLIRAeTCA Ha Noustan wextopa, TlostoMy xeaaTeabHo Xats oupesenenie paver cTBa BeKTOPOB, He HenOALSyIONIee «eXANHYECKHX> NOHATHEL Hen to » puay, samerast, sto eean panuie nextops AB w ALB, pacnoaoxentt wa pasauiasix apamerx, ro npn oniteauuos Bui me, xswxenmn nextop AB sameraer napannerorpama ABA,B,, 0 xoropom exropss AB u AB, avanoren nporusononoxnunn cro pouawut. Taxi o6pasom, sexrops AB u A\Bs, xe acscauyue na 00- Hod npasiod, paaxe, ecau uersiperyeoavnus ABA\B, noaaerca na- paaaencepannon. Dro onpeneaeHe yxe BhoaNe yaonaeTBOpHTeAbHO, Ho, K CO- akaaeHmo, ONO HeNpHMeHKMO K BeKTOpaM, AexauLiM Ha OAHO! nps- Mol, Tostomy paseseTso TaKiIx HexTopon HYAKaaeTeA A OTAeADHOM onueawt Takoe Onicaline Xerko 2aTb: HanpHMep, sexropeL, acacaryue Ka dno npanoii, passe, ecau ux Dauner OuNaKoaD: ti OM Rarpud- Aenot @ odxy cropoxy. Oawaxo Toraa Mui MoayHN, To paneltcrso Bextopon Gyzer Mo-paskoMy OnPemeMATKCA B caty'ae, Koraa STH BeKTOPH seat Ha PASHBIX NpAMBLK, HB CAY'Ae, KOTAA OWN NeKAT na omuoh m Toi KE MpAMoR, Ito Ne o¥eHs yRoOKO, noTOMy 47O 3-32 9TOTO BO BCex AOKaSaTemEcrBax MpuneTeR paccmatpHpare nuoro 4acTHMX CAYTAE B SABHICHMOCTH OT BOSMOrKHOTO pactono- 2KeUHA cooTBeTcTHyIOuIX veKTOpOB. TlosTOMy xOTesOCe Obi HMeT ‘Onno o6mee onpesenente, MpHroatoe BO BCeX cayUasx BIAHNHOTO pacnoworkewin aaunisx BeKTopos. YroGm ath TaKOe onpeeteHie, samen, To NeTHpexyronD- AUK TOrda H TOABKO TOFAa sAeTeR napedterorpamMoM, Korma ero awaronaam Reaaren_p wx TOsKe mepecevenna MonosaM. Cxe- aopatenpio, Bextopit AB n AyBy, pacnonoxentie na pasans- HBIX MpAMBIX, TOra M ToABKO Tora Pasi, KOrAa cepesMIt orpesxon AB; u AiB cosnagawr. C apyroi cropoust, cio, sro 3TO AepHo We AIA BEXTOPOB, PACHOAOKeHHAX Ha OsHOH npAMofi (np A = By cepernnon Mu GYAeM OKA MOHANATD aMUI B cMBcTE ‘roxaecrBentioro copnazeiis. Osuee nonaTHe panericrea TecKo cBRaaKo c noxATHeN ro 13: oe THpowe acero cimrars ef0 OMAN Ha OCHOBHUK, Me ONPexEARENE, NOHTTH wa rewatuan, OxviaKo ¢ WeKOropoi TOUKH apeHAR eF0 NCE ME OHIO cBECTH K O- avio amoxectna (na, Towtee, ToAMHOReCTa) Tiyern X—npowanozisioe xwomectwo # nyers P—wexoropoe ewoiereo ere saewerros. Torta 8 wuoxecrae X onpexeaeto noswionecrBo Xp, cocromutee a ncex sAewettoD sroro mmosecras, oBzasawouute eaoiieraos P. Hea cnoiicraa # w@ naaunapren pocnootvesnoise, com Xy—Xey, 7. €. CN SAMEHT MHO- xecra X tora m rossKo rorna o6aaaser cvoficrso. #, Korua on oGaaaaet cevovtcron @. JLan neex npaxtineckix ueael pannoo6ientice cnoiiersa oRHO ne paamiiars, Tlostony © warewavaxe npnieto currars 1x coanaxa‘wNn (romacersenitasn). B city 9T0FO corsauienws, enofierea szeneHroR smoxe- crea X saxoaaren 8 ectectaaiiion GuexrHaKox !) cooTReTerBIMt ¢ eF0 GOAMIO- 2xeerHann (MEN, cRoileMBy F coorsereTayer omMMOmEcTHO Xp, a noAxH- wectay YX —epofiergo «upianaexart Yo) Coryaer, Kora mexoTopue O6veRTis OxKOM mpuposu waxoanteR a” ecre- ereuton Guekrnation coorsetcrasM ¢ WeKoropunee oGvexraim xpyron npMpOA, ‘ecoma NaCTO DOOIMKAET D MATENATHKE (uM Ne GYAEN SMech O6cyxKaaTb HEA pusararenuuoro aazzeren sKaNBareHTHOeTHD, TIpH STOM com ommercrayioutie Kxacew SkaMBaneHTHOeTH copnaAanT ¢ BneneaiKM BuIe NOR muuoxecraaiik Pe OSpaTo, aerKo BiAeTS, HTO AH z0Goro OTHOUIENNA SKBHBS aeuTvocrn cyuiectayer TaKoe ceMefcrpo cooflers B, wo suewenTu Toraa H TomiKo TOrka sKEMBAReHTHLL, KOPAA OLN paBHs nO OTHOUIENIIO « cBOfcTAaN ce elieraa B. Taknw ceweliersom soanerea, Hanpuwep, coxelicrs cooicrs Pay atiynepomanuiex saenenranct aionectaa XM obpeaenestisix Yenoouen, ero ae: eur B@X tOFNa H TOKO TOrKa OBnaAaeT caoiicTBoM Pa, KorAa 6 ~ a (9a erin, «70 cpofctgo Pe, paccuatpupaewoe KaK momnwoxecrsa smoxecrsa X, BaseTem we ven mnt, RAK waccOM 9KDYBaAeHTHOCTH {a} aHeNetTa a). Tagine o6pas0u, KaxkAOe OTHOMIENNE skBuRAKeUTHCETH Ha wHomeeTHe X cao urea x TONY, 80 MUL GIKCHPYeM BHNMANNE ZHI Wa NeKOTOpLX cBoNcTORX newton womecrea X H uruopupyent ace apyrue nx caolicraa, Samerust, wro passe cevieherea enofcra woryt Onpexeant» ome B 70 ike orHoweinte skBiazettiocTy, Taxwe «pantioaGuewtites ceMelicrsa MOxHO be pagmvarb, 8. Oxowyatenbiioe onpenerenne neKTopa Tipu onpexeaeunm pasencrsa sexropos sn. | wb npeHedperan neKOTOpUB cHolieTBANM WANpaBReHREX oTpesKos (Hampirmep, coolictBoM user Ha¥ano B LaHHOh TOK, NOCKOMbKY BeKTOPHE MO- Tyt GUTS paBHM H HMeTS HavanO B pam TOUKAX). STO osma- waer, TO Ha caMom gene Mol HMeeM 3Recb eNO c paweHicTBOM 10 oTHoMentHO K HeKOTOPOMY ceMefierBY cBORCTB, T. e. ¢ NeKOTOPUM oriomentiem sxnnazeutiocrn. YroOm we myTats sro orHoMenne © cHacroamuM> (ToxnecTBeHHEM) paneHerBOM, we OyneM HaaK- BaTb Teneps eTo «. TaKHM O6Pasom, Mi MprH- Maen caeayioune onpeneaerts: Onpedeaenue 1.Hanpanaenuse orpeaxn AB u A,B, waauparoren skeunoaaenTHoimu, ecan cepennitt orpeskon AB; n A:B conaxavor. Onpedeaenue 2, Kaace sxsinoaaentisix HanpapneHuux oTpes- Kon ftasuisaeter aexropox. B wacthocti, xysecod aexrop—9r0 Krace, conepxauli Be BBIpOKAEMHELe OTPEIKH Taxus oOpasom, 8 Tenepemtie yrowNeHHOM NowANaHHH TepALTADA pekrop> H OTHOcATCA K Pa3aHUHBM Matewanimecku nouaruam. Tlostomy, erporo roBopr, ais Yaxe He Soren oGosHavat» sekTopu TeatH ae cuMBoaann AB, sro 1 wanpa- BacHie orpeaxt, B coorpercrminn © ou oGosHasennaan nm. 2 Bekrop, conepxcauuit Hanpanaeninsit orpesox AB, cxeayer oGosua- warp cunoaom (4B). Paseucrao sextopon (4B) = {4\B)) (nonn- MaeMoe ciibicae ToXAecTSeHHOTO coMMaAEHUR) PABHOCKABHO SKBH- RoaaentHocr anpasaenmax orpesxos AB u AB. 15 Bnpowem, oxasusaered ygoGubiM ynpocruTs oGosuavenuin wt YiorpeGants san Bexropa {AB} npexuuti cuusoa AB, Ho upu stow opuyaa AB = AB) cratiouuren anyemscaensoit: ona 460. ostta- waer paneuicrao (cosnagenmte) Hanpanacuuuix orpesxon AB u A.B, (r. e tor daxr, so A= A; 4 B= By), ao panencro coorser- CTYIOMUX BeKTOPOR (9KBIMOIAEHTHOCT HanpanzeHUBIX oTpeaKoB AB A,B). B xonvexcre xaxsatill pas cH, 8 KaKow cMsicae 9a opuya roumMaerca, Tak ¥TO 974 ABYCMbICMeHHOCTH K HeLOpasyme- Hinaw He npnposur. Koneaio, ecat rakoe Heuopasymenie BOsMO:KUO, HeoGXoauMO cxedaTs COOTBETCTAYIOULe OTOBODKH HAH HCHOABIONATS Goaee neaautiunoe oGosnauenne {AB} = (A,B). B coraacmit ¢ stti coxpameniiim o6oaHaveniew Tepaais BHOBL MOO YnOTpeGaNTs KaK cutowa. Taxuat oOpasov, wit cHiosa BosBpamaencn x oGosHavenunw (i repaimonorin) usm. 1, 40 y2Ke «Ha sbicweM yposiie>. Mu SHaeM, TO OM Ha caMOM ere OSHAYAIOT, H MOKeM KaxABIh p23, Kora’ 910 HeOOxoAHMO, BepuyTecR K Gone HeTKHM H HemByCMDIC- sewilsit (popwyaupoakaN. OGostiavats nekropnr Mik Oyaem TaKKe AHEM cTpoNHEsNE Gykeanu aatiiesoro anpasura: a, b, x, ... Bansaremsauil wnrareas RomKeH KE saMeTHTe, WTO HSTOKEHHOS (aexaT B OMIOR MAOCKOCTH Hie thfeior OOWIK TON), 60 COnnagair. Sta MoANpUKAM TepwIMIOAOTHN oKsSuBAeTER ONeHE. YAOGHOR, MO” ‘Koay roaiko apa Taxon osnuann Tepwnia. a’ MexAy MuOxECTRON Vectii(2) n HexoTopim noanwoxecraom muorxectaa Vect(3). To- stomy (@ cuay o6ulero Mpmamuna oToxAecTHAeMMA; cw. Mt, 2) MBL MOM BeKTOPM a H a’ OTOAACCTRAATS H TEM caMIIM sHORCeCTaO Vecti(2) curare nodsnoocecteon xnosecroa Vect(3). Anaaorus- Ho, aan moGoh npaMof a amtoxecrso Vect,(I) Mo‘HO CuKTaTe NOM: aworkectsom Muroxkecrsa Vect(3), a TaKKe i HoaMHoxectBOM nuorectaa Vectn (2) (B caytae, Koraa npAMaR a mpHKaaaexuT tuockoctu []). 31H Baorkewin, ovesuAHO, coLAdcoBaNDE B TOM CMEC ae, to ecm BeKTOp @E Vecty(1) paccMaTpHBaT Kak BeKTOP 13 Veetn(2), a notom Kax Bexrop 3 Vect(3), To noaynnrea ToT 2Ke ca- bili aaement mnoxKectna Vect(3), Kax ecm seKTOp a ¢ caMoro Ha- saa paccmarpusat® Kax pexTop ite Vect(3). Onpedexenue 1. Hanpasaenutit oxpesox AB xaswwacres na- paaacdonoist nigocKoctt II, ecau npavan, wa KOTOpOl o pacnozo- eli, Hapanaeabua sTOR naocKocTH. Buipoxaenmeiit Hanpanensesi oTpeso%, to onpedereniio, napaaaener ni0Goh naocKocri. Acuo, x0 cea Hanpasnenmue oxpesxn AB u A,B, sxannoa- anentus: « otpesox AB napannesen naockoer HI, 10 orpesok A,B, Tara napasaeneH sro naocKocru). ZIpyriMit caoBaMH, saA sH0- *) Odparuu suuwane, #10 970 nepuo TomLKO Np OGoGueNHOM noHNNaN ‘repania «apanaenaua, — eM. enocwy Ha cTp. 17 2 Goro seKropa a (8 mpocrpanctee) aNGo BCE HanpasmenHute oTpes- xu, cocTaBAsioMlNe 9TOT BeKTOp, Napaaserbiis naocKoctH TT, Au6o 1M ORM HO HHX He Napaazeaen sto! usocKocrH. Kora uneer Mecto epsuil caywal, Mut Oysem ronbpHTs, ro ReKTOp @ napaatenen naockoert II, ‘OueitaHo, uro BeKtop d Toea u ToAKo Toea napasaeaen naocKocru II, Koe- da, oraoxue e20 OF npouss0aoKod TouKW naockocru TI, su noAy- Wim nanpasacnnoill OTPESOK, pachoacoKennvitl STO NAOCKOCTH, ‘Sto noxasssaer, TO “‘nowecTao acex eekTopos 8 NpOcTpaxcrse, napaaaearnulx NAcc ocru II, cosnadaer ¢ ssedennois aoiue nodstnorcecreos Vectr (2) snomectea Vect (3). Auanoruuno onpenesneren mousTHe peKTopa (% socKocTH um 8 npocrpaucrne), napaaaeannozo daxHod npasot a. Muo%e- ero AceX TaKHX pexTOpos CosMamaeT ¢ wuoxKecTHON Vecl. (1) (pacemarpuBaeMiin KK MogoHKeCTBO cooTHETCTAeHO MUOKECTE Veet (2) ua Vect (3)). Toamuoxectaa Vectn (2) u Vectr(2) mioxectsa Vect (3), o1- aevaioumte ABYM pasausiin MaocKocTs II x II’, BooGue rovops, pasmisnnt (OHH copnaza¥oT Toraa H TOADKO Torna, KOTKa MIOCKO- crm Hw IT’ napaazeassss). Hx nepecesennem (npa nenapaaaenounix nacexoerax II IT’) aBasetes muoxectao Vect, (I), re %—mps- Man nepeceyenns naockocrelt II n II’. Auasorusno, noawHonectea Vect,(1) Veet, (1), orsevaiomne ABYM NAMBIN aH @’, TOrAa HM TOABKO TOrAA coBlIaLaiOT, KorAa nps- Ble ex H a” Mapadaeaneti. B npotieiiom cayuae 9TH HoAMHOKecTBA epecexaiorca auius no ny;nenowy BeKtopy 0. § 2. BEKTOPBI HA MPAMOH Hawet cexostoi uenbio saaseves ueenesonaiine voKropon sta naocKoc% wz apoctparte, Onto onaunges, of Sofo seo Toys Npeanapriressiio nextopu. wa npauon. Srouy wsyuennio i GyAer MOcemIeN as roam naparpad, Pesyaurara svoro wayvelins nocayxat NaM TARE OOpAIUON [Mis oGoGuienns na eaysall naockocrn w upoerpadcréa, Bo nee’ atom maparpabe au GyaeN cilltare uicapoaawon weKorop¥o payin am ace nocTpoewtin Gyaess omWoeHTs ToavKO K STOR upswOA. Kora aw npuseres pacewarpusare apyrie ipaiwe, 310 Gyzer ciiewiaabio OFo- open. 1, Opwenraumn npamoi Ha npaniof mw oxen nepememarsen 8 oauiom 9 aByx mpo- Twsonoaoxkinux anpasenit, BixOop oxsioro ua. stHx ttanpanzenait wit 6yaem Haauibarh opuesrayued pmol, a npauyio ¢ 2aiatiton Ha neh openramieh mu Gyaem HaguinaTh Opuenruposannod npa- Hott nan oor. aL _ Saecu mul omer nomiayenen waraRastum, HO He exporm (noxa) nonATHEN -awmoxens, Urobst pnecrt ToHRTHe OpHHTAKiIN BnOMHe CIpOrHM OGpasoM, waw owagoGiiren o6uewaTeMarHNecKoe NOURTHE 0 (1 mpw e 0) vextope e ae on- Honwennst, a np a <0— paskonmensu. Omerim, 810 aaa ao6oro Bextopa a Oa=0, la Bextop (—I)e oGoswavaeres raivKe cHMponoM —e H nasi BaeTea PEKTOPOM, npoTUsoNOLOAHUL BeKTOPy € ONEDHAHO, TO Bu, 10 —e = Budo Banewanue 1. Onpenenexne nexropa —e xax nexropa BoAy HMeeT eMbICa HAN BeKTOPOB Ha NaocKocTH HH B MpocrpaxcrBe *), Torna Kak nexrop (—I)e onpexeaen y Hac MOKa anu as Bexto: Pos ua upamol. Onpedeaenue 3. Koopduxaroi vexropa a » Gasice e nasunaer- ca ordomenue a:e. Ipyruun caovaMy, KoopauHara BeKTopa a v Oa- Siice @— 970 TaKOe YNCKO a, NTO a= ae, IIH, MO-NpyrOMy, KOOP Rimata pextopa a B Gaze ¢—9T0 peawunna (a) BekTopa a mpH Yeaooun, uro OpHeNrallia H 9TaNON AAMELL Ha MPAMOM BUGpadst Tax, ato’ (e) = 1 Conoctapaente nextopy a ero Koopanuars a = a:e onpene- Aner GiteKTHBHOe cooTHETCTOHe Mexity MiOxecTHOM Vect(I) veK- Topos ua npaMoh m nose R setecTBenHnx yncer. Sto coorser- CtBHe saBNCHT OT BeKTOpa € H NOTOMY He ABAReTCA ectecrseHHDN. *) Konewo, siech caeayer_apovepits oppentuocty, r. € Tor Gaxt, s10 fan uanpapnenuize orpesun Ae, om AB, sxaunosscurns, 10 uanpansenise Orpeaxn Body w Bai raKme sxsnnoanerTiu; Ho 9To ovesHaKO. cca € a ‘Ouo no cymectsy cosnanaer ¢ cooTHeTCToeM, onHeaHHimm B aaMe- vain 2 n. 2, nocKonbKy sananue Bextopa e = AyBy pasnocuapno fee orenorfanemet AcBetefopaesenratapeucdie i aiencet prentawin, © Koropek wexTop ABs nonoxutensuo oprenti- posai Jlerso suger, 470 Gag anobox Tpex sexropos a0, BO ue umeer secro pasencreo (26) (6:4). Hencranteapso, no onpeaerennio, ¢ eo: n 6: a=(6): (a). Hostomy cial =.) 6: 6)-(6:4), ay (8) : Tiyers e:b6=k u 6ia=1, 7. & nyets c= kb bla, Torna no noxasanHomy ¢:a—ki, 7. ¢. e—=(kl)a. B stoi hopwe panes- ero (I) octaeten, ovenitgHo, BepHAM KaK np a@==0, Tax ut pi b = 0. Taku o6pazox, dax aoGoe0 wexropa du aobex wcea ku Lumeer necro pasencrso (ki) a= k (la) @) Tlyctb, p vacruoctu, @ ecrs Gaanc €. OGoaiaran wextop 6 (oc- noGoAuBulEMeR Tenepb) cuINBOAOM aH 3aMevaR, "TO HilcAO LB aiseres He ‘eM WitIN, Kak KOOPamtaTon a BeKTOPA a B CaaHCce e, ‘a weno kl — KoopauaaToh wexropa ¢= ka, Mei Moay'aes, TaKit o6pasom, «70 ecau 2 6asuce e aeKrop a usteer Koopdunary a, 70 Aaa 4106020 sucaa k sexton ka Gyder umere Koopdunary ka. ‘TApyrano exopane, pu ysnomenuu eeKropa na wucao 20 KoopdunaTa yxHo- neaereA Ha 970 He uCAD. opmyay (2) (ust, exopee, opryay (I)) MoxHo npouwtars 4H no-iioMy, HpHHAB 34 6 HeKoTOpHill asic €, a 3a a —ueKoTo- put apyrofi Gaanc e', O6o3nataa BeKtop € CHMBOAOM x, MBL MODKEM renepa nepeniicat» Gopmyay (I) (mepectasun kHoxHTeai) B one ayiowen Bitze: aie alere) (xia. Ho wicao x: e" svagerca Koopaimatoh x’ nextopa x » Gasnce e', a aieno :e— ero KoopauHato x B Gaaice e. Taxmm O6pas0\, npu saxene Oasuca e Gasucon e xoopdunara x npousdoxenoe 20 sexTopa x 2amenseTes Koopdunarod x", ceneaKNod © Koopdunas Toil x Gopayaoi 28 ede c= e:6'—xoopOunara «ctapoco» Gasuca e 8 eHosou» 6a- sce O6parum simmamte a To, ¥TO Bee MOCMeRHME yrBepaREHKA 5B- amloTea npocTo TpHsHaabHBIMK nepeopMy.aupoBKAMH o;HOrO oro 2Ke reomerpreckoro ‘paxra 4, Caoxenne nextopos Ha npamoii. Jemma lass Tycts a= AB x 6 = A’B’ —nponsvoasuvie vexropsi. Ors0- 2x18 Bextop 6 OT ToxKH B, 7. e. MOCTPOHD HaNpaBAeHHBIT oTpesoK BC, aksunoxseutnut orpesy 4’B’, mix noaysuw HeKoropyo rouky C. es Onpedeaenue 1. Bexrop AC wasunaeren cysstod nekropon a= AB » 6 = BC u oGosxataeren cumnorom a+ 6. ‘Dro onperesenite HY%kAAeTeA KONeIHO, B MpoREpKe KoppeKr- HocTH, 7. €. b KoKasaTeabcTHe Toro *pakTa, TO neKTOp a+b He 30 Bricut ot MMefoueroea 8 3TOM onpexeneRHN nponsBo%a (cocTomue ro B apGope TouKH A). JIpyrmcs enonasH, HAM HyRKHO OKA3aTH eneayioutee Mpedaomenue 1. Ecau nanpasaennuil orpesox AB axeunoa- acuren Hanpasaennoxy orpesy A.B, a nanpasaennodt orpesoK BC oxeunoaaenter nanpasaennony orpesxy ByCy, 10 Hanpanaen- nut orpesox AC sxounoaaenten nanpasaennony orpeary AC. Hoxasateaserso, Ilycrs P“t Q—cepeauun oxperxon AC, « AWC. Mut aomxust noKa~ 3aTb, yTO. Q. Aaa store mat “aoctomsyenea TeMmof 19 131 Tlyets M—o6mas cepeattna onpeskos AB, n AiB, a N~06-__ man ceperia orpesxos BC; B,C. Kpome toro, nycrs R— cepe sua orpeska AA. IIprmenus yrasaunyio aewmy x rowan A, By, As, Mol Hemegenno HonysHM,, #70 cepeaHus orpesKos MQ 11 YR cosnaaawr. Axanorusuo, mpunexus sty aewmy K TouKas A, Cy, B, Ay Mut moayuum, 170 copmagaior cepeamuti orpeakon MP u NR. Caexonarerbio, ceperutts otpesxos MQ u MP tawxe cosnanavr. Vien ocuyio cepeamy n o6uyi0 KoneByIO TouKY, 9TH OTpeRKH coonanaior. Hostomy P = Q. Banewanue 1. JLanioe Haws onpenercuie cywatsl Bextopo3 NPHTORHO He TOKO AAA BeKTOPOS Ha MpAMO!, HOH ANA BeKTOPOR 3 mocxoctu m8 mpocrpancrse. To xe caMoe cnpavenaHso, KOHEN- fo, no orHouleHio K xoKasaTerueTay ero. KoppeKTuoeTH. ey Tloxaxen, ro aaa cymats Bextopos (Ha npawofi) umeer mecro caenyomee cpofcTBo AncTpHOYTHBHOCTH ax ao6ux Tpex eexTopos d, Bue 0 chpasedaudo pasen- e700 (+6): ay pyran cxosamn, ‘Koopdunara cynsbs aeKropos (@ npoussoasnom Gaauce e) pas- na cysime Koopdunar caacaenuux (@ 10x a0 Gasuce) Seno, «70 Ax AOKasaTeaeTBa STOTO cooTHOUIENHA AocTaTONKO goKazatb, To (a+ b)=(a) + (6), 1. e. uTo vemuuHHa cyMME AByx BeKTOpoB paBHa cymame BemHuItH caaraemmx (KowesHo, 8 MpenioaoxeNHH, WTO MpAMaN @ OpHeHTH- Ponana m Ha Heit BUOpaK Stason AaMH; sameTHM, 4TO dopmyaa (1) » 970m npeanonoxenmm we uyxkaanact). Tiycts a= AB u b= BG, vax uto a+ 6= AG, Tora nocaes- Hee paveHicrso Moxer GuiTs nepenucavo 8 cenyioliten Buize: (AC) = (AB) + (BC). @ Taxus o6pason, Ham Hy?KHO MOKA3aTb, #TO daa a1o6ux rpex rowex A, Bu C npaxoi @ uaeer mecro pasen- e700 (2). B stot dpopme csolictso aucrpuGyrussiocrt wanectHo KaK ae M- Ma Maas. Ecati xora 6s abe 1s Tosex A, Bu C conmanaior, To emma aaa ovesiaua (ona cuonnten au6o x roxaectey (AB) = (AB), auGo x ye usvectuomy am paveucrsy (AB) -+ (BA) Tlycrs ace town A, B, C nonapHo pasar. Slcno, sro 6e3 orpa: mien OOmuOCTH MEI MoxXeM MpentionaraTs, wIO A cnollets amiefinerx onepamitit Hax Bextopani HX crandapraouu ceoiicreasu, ‘Muoxkecraa, 8 KOTOpHX onpenenews onepauNH cnorKeHHA HW ynuorsenus na’ vemecrsenmse «Hea, oGaanaioMe cranaaprinsst csoficroaun 1—8, acto netpevatorca » MarematuKe. Oni 1a3bs naloTen auneiinvitu npocrpancreastu nan, KOpOHe, auneaaastu. B stofi Tepwusionorin aoKasawnaa TeopeMa yrpepxnaer, To anoxcecrao Vect (I) ecex sextopos na npaxod xaaneTca auneaaon. Sadanue, ovate, vo v a1OG0N aniieane 2A8 AOGX @ HK UNGIOT We cero pavetioraa a= 0, 20'—= 0. Vapaxnenue. Joxaxuve, so esolicra0 2 sumetx onepaui sstexacr us ocrammiary coat crauaaprau cnotiers ~ 6. Teopema 06 wsomopdusme Tpeanoaaras, s70 na apaMof a ssiGpat GasHe e, sepuencs K GuexTHBHOMY cooTReTETAKIO MexAy MuoxKecTHOM Vect(I) Bcex BeKTopos Ha npAMOH a H Monem R BewecTHEHHEX wNCeA, NOAyYaIO- ueMyea mpu conocrasmenim Kaxnomy extopy a Vect(I) ero xoopaunats! a= a:e & Gaauce e (cat. n. 3), Cornacio pesyavra- ‘ax mn. 3 4 pM YMHOrXxeNIH BeKTOpa Ha YHCAO ero KoopAMiaTa YMHOMaeTeA Ha TO KE WHCHO, a Np! cAoKeHKM BeKTOPOB HX KOOP~ qunaTsr cknanuBaores. UroGs onteat» sty cHTyaMIHO 5 OGULIX ‘Tepmuiiax, yA0uo BnecTu MoKATHe «HsoMophUsia>. Tlowstie waowoppiama meanercn optim Wa aaAvehutx oGwenaTenarese ‘ourx nowsrii. Tpy6o rovopa, xoa smoxectaa, exeaesiie HeKOTOPM waTeMa- THiecKine cTPOtHes, HASKRATCR WeOMOpGNOLML, CI MERAY HAM MORHO Fy yeraxonirrs Guextusitoe coorBeTerme, coxpanmoutee sto erpoemne (usoHop- ‘Gu2u), Uro6H npusaro stouy onpesesenmo Toul exiea, HeoOxoRNNO, KOMeL- tio, mpeanapureabio onpexcaitrs, TO Takoe eMaTeMaTHUeckoe cTpoese> STO noitmnaeven non oroSpaceitien, «coxpausounins crpoeies. Mu ue Oye sTOrO ReATE, HOCKOALKY Y Hac cetlsac HET HH MECTA, LIK BpeMeN, aTOGs! STII 3 avuen, Buecro sroro ual opeanoireN 8 KUxAOR KONKperKo! eHTyANNH KAMAL aa satiouo onpeaersr» coorsererpyioutee noitmTie HsonoppitsNa Hanpumep, 29a muoxecrna Xu Y, nA KoToptx onpenenertet onepauuiit cao‘eHKa sateNeHTOD H yMHOXeHA saenteHTOS Ha Helle crnennbe sicaa, Miu OyeM wastiBaTs usoxtopdxviau, ecaM cyutect- ByeT Takoe OHekTHBHOe oToGpaxeume g: X—>Y miowectsa X wa sicorkectso Y (usowoppussr), 110 (+ d= (4) + 9a) plex) = ke (x) Aa AOOKX sneMeHTOD x}, x MHoxKecTBa X x soGoro BeutecTBeH- koro stteaa &. K muoxecream, aaa Koropux onpereaenss onepauna caoxenna saemeHTon H otlepaltia HX ywnO‘eHuA Ha neutecTBeHNEe yycma, Mpiwaqnexar, # YaciHoeTH, MHoxecTBO BeKTopo Vect(I) H noe nemectnenitix steer R. Tostowy nbickasninaiite 06 x H30mopé- HOCTH Mant HeHJOMoph>HOCTH uMeeT emBICA. C apyroi eToponss, ect Moi oGosHaMtIst KOopAMaTy BeKTOpa x B GasHce e emno.i0M (x), 10 TOT Gaxr, To KOOPAWHATA CYMNBL BEKTOPOB sOANCTER cyxMOR Koopaitnar caaraesrux, sanureren B bitte popmy.e (x, + 2) = OCH) + Ol), a Tor aks, WTO Mp YMHoXeWM neKTOpa Ha YHCAD ero KOOpANHa- Ta yMiloxKaeTeR Ha TO %Ke WCAO, SaruMeTeA B Bue Sopuy.tEL p (kx) = kp (x). Stn hopmyaw osuasaior, wro Guexruswoe oToGpaxeune | s0- amercn Ws0Mopdusviom. Tem cambio wast LoKaaia caeayioutan Teopema 00 n30Mophusme Teopena 1. Muoxecrso Vect(1) sekropos Ka npasoit us0- optno noao R sewecracnnorx «cer (no oTHOWeHtO K onepa- Wuak caonenun u ysnomenua na seuecTeeAHee WCad), Coorder- creyowut usonoppusn onpedeanerca evi6apox neKoTopOce Gagu- ca @ (u sasucur or 97020 eo1Gopa) Vaomopdusm Vect(1) +R, onpenerenmbii Gaancom e, xix 6y- Jen Hasbisats Koopdunarnors usoMoppussos. Buayenne nownTum wsovophuIMa cocToNT 8 ToM, WTO ace cood- crea usomopdnorx swoacecTs odunaKoeel (KOMEAHO, HiMeNOTCA B BiTLy tuum, ceoiieTsa, oTHocmueen K paccMarpuvaeNoMy waTeMaTiCie- ‘Kom eTpoeHiHO, HampuMep, K OMepAMUAK CAOMEHU H yEHOrKeNHA 2 MM. Mocruuson a Ha peurecrsennbie uucaa). Taxum o6pasom, ecam HexoTopue caoh- cra yxe ZOKasaHll uA ORHOTO WS HZOMOPHHEX MHOAECTH, TO MBL MOXKEM GtiTb YBepeHB, 470 OK HAIMOMMENE! H Aa Apyroro, B yacrHoct, sce cBolicrsa 1—8, nepewucaenubie p teopeme | n. 5 (xcraumapraue cpoficrsa»), Kak HaBeCTHO, BHNOAMeHE Aan pemectseHMbIx vice. Tlostomy ON BHnomHeHBI HM ysA onepaunit Nag sexTopasti. Takum O6pasom, Teopewa I n. 5 Ananetea nenocpen- CTseHABIM cHegcTBNIEM TeopeNm O us0Moppusde. Mb ace 2Ke Hpeanouan 2a7» eft NpaNoe AoKaIaTeAbCTHO, HTOOK YeTHE BuIACHHTH FeoMerpuueckyio cyTb Xena (snpoueM, mpu joKasaTemscrBe CBO crea 7 Mul Ha caMOM jee BocromDsOBaMuch KOOPAUNATHLIM H30- Mopipusuomt) Tloniepstien, To xoTA w30Moppumte mHOmeCTBa HW OGraRaior omunaxosiiMt CsoiieTBAMI, OTOXKACCTBASTS HX WeTeCooGpasiio TomBKO TOMA, Korda Mexay KUNU cymecTBYeT eaHHcTBeHIti (ectectsennsif) usoMopgusy, B wacrHoctit, Kak MM yiKe HeORHO- Kato Hoawepkusanu, OTOXecTBAeKHe BeKTOPOS Ha MpsMofi C¢ Be lectaenmsinit scaamit HenpavomepHo. § 5. MHERHBIE ONEPAUMH HA BEKTOPAMH HA TLIOCKOCTH Ht B POCTPAHCTBE B orom naparpae wu onpeaenne x vayuaen sitefine onepaun (cao ene yanomente Ha lena) aR BeRTOpOR Ha MADCRDCTH HAM B TpOCTpANCTEE. 1. Onpeaeaenue anneiines onepaunit Onepauuin caoxenus pexropoa Ha nxocKocTH H 8 npocrpawerBe Y wac daxtuveckH yxke Onpenesteta, MocKoALXY Bee cKasanHoe a 1, 4§ 2 mpuronvo Ges seaxitx 1aMeHewHA A0A BeKTOpOR Ha ml0c~ xoctit #8 mpgcrpaticrne. Taxum o6pasom, cyason a B nByX Bex: topos a= AB w 6 = BC nastinaerea wextop AC, w sto onpene- saente koppextHo. B eaydae, Kor.ta Bextopsi a 8 He napasaenbit oanioi upsutoll, Hanpasnenubih orpesox AC npexcrasaser cook Auarowadb ekoToporo napasaenorpanwa. Tlostowy onicanioe hpapnato cxoxKeaus seKtopoa HassaeTeA “acto «mpaBuaoM Mapa Sleaorpanenca», C onepanneh_ymnoxenun na suen0 nen0 OGeroNF cxoxHee. Tycts a= AB—npousvorsusii wextop’ (wa naockocra nam 8 npocrpasicrae), a &—npouspoaviioe sewlectseutioe sneao. Tipit @ =0 mis, mo onperenenmio, toaorsit 0 =0. Tycrs teneps @ % 0. Toraa onpexezenia npauan a —= AB (160 AFB), 1 veKTop @ MB MOXKEM paccMaTpHEATS KAK BeKTOP STOF mpawoit’ (a & Vect,(1)). [ostomy coraacko ckasauHomy 8 mpe- a auaywien nynxte onpeneren sexrop ka = Vect,(1). Stor wextop, paccMatpHaaemuih Kak nekTop Ha MaocKocTH (HumHl, CooTBeTeTBeHt HO, B MpocTpaiicrbe), Mb H MpHMem Sa MpousBeAenWe ka BexTopa a na uneao &. Fpyrisi caosant, it mpaumeaen cenyrouee Onpedeaenue 1. Mpoussedenuen ka wexropa a= AB, a0, na ancno & uassipaeten sextop CD, yaosnetoopmoumtit caenyio- muna apy st yenonmet: a) Toukit Cu D nptuaanexar npawoh a= AB; 6) ormomenue CD :AB (oxo onpezenetio, nockonsxy vanpas- aenusie ospeaxn CD x AB apunazaexar oanolt npaok AB 7 0) panno &: a Sto onperestenne nyxnaetea, Konesno (np a 7% 0), B nponep- Ke KOPpeKTHocTH, T. €. B AOKasaTemBcTBe HesanucHMocTH Bextopa ka or puGopa wanpassenuoro orpeska AB. Tlockoawxy np k = 0 9To OWeBHIAHO, HaMt CHeAyeT MpH STOM paccMoTper’ HUI cay¥ai, xoraa 70" (wa 0). [pyrumn cxosanin, Hy%xHo ZoKasaTh ene nyiomee Mpedaowenue 1. Hycre AB u AyBy—sxounoaseurnve neow- poxdennwe nanpasaennule orpesxu u nycro CD u CiDi—raxue HesuipordenNole Hanpasaenniole OTPESKU, XO 1) orpesox CB pacnosoxen na rod xe npasoit, wo u orpe- sox AB (7. e. npaxwe AB u CD cosnadawr; stu npamvie onpede- Aenei, nocKoasky Az Bu CD), a orpeso CD, pacnosoxen na roi ae npason, wo uw orpeson AsBy; 2) useer secro wucaosoe pagencrad €\B,: AB, =CD : AB. Toeda otpesxu CD u CiDy axaunoaaenrnes. Hoxasateavervo. Myer a—npauan AB x a; —npanan ‘A,B, Tlocxoasny orpesxn AB 1 A,B, axsunonaewtass, npanne a 1 q% napanaeasuet. Ecan ond coonaaaior, To name npexioxentie CRONHTES K y2Ke NIBECTHOMY HaM YTBepiKreHiNO oO KOppeKTHOCTH YMHoKenns Ha WHCIO BeKTOPOD AaxNOl mpsNoit. TlostoMy Mot Mo- 2kem npeaoaarars, wT0 @ F a (if, 8 YactuocTH, A % Ay). Kpowe Toro, mel Ges orpakinenus o6uinoctH woxes cuntatb, wo A= C HA = Ce Tlocxorsxy nanpasreniue orpesxn AB u A,B, oxpnnonnentist (u pacnonoxenst Ha pasauuniix mpaasix),” sersipexyroneuiK x 35 ABA.B, guaseten napanacnorpanmom. Crezosateasio, mpaxuie ‘AA; » BB; napasaenbust. Ham #920 zoKasars, sro WanpaBmennbe orpeskn CD = AD n C\Dy = AyD, sxpunosaentues, T. euro ue Tupexyroabink ADA\D, Taxoxe sBaserea napadaenorpaMson. SlcHo, 80 Lax st0ro nocTaTONHO AOKAsaTD, WTO Mpanas DD; na- Paaaensia npanoit AA), Paccnorpiat ¢ stoi nenbI0 npoekTuposanue O npaMoi a na npaMyio a, Hapazaersio apavolt B= AA}, Tio onpereaenmo,- 370 mpoextiiposaite nepesoanT mpossoabayw TorKy M opaMofi a a Touky M’, no Koropoh npamas a nepecekaeren © npastoil, nepaa- aeasHol upsatol BH mpoxoaiue sepes touKy M. B wactuocri, (A) =A; 0 0(B) = By Sanetint, To mpoekTupowaxue O onpereneno M xaa nenapaa- OAD MPAMBX a Hay (HYAHO AMM, TOK opsMas B He Obie napasaeapia si apaMoh a, HK npaMol c:) ‘Mul GyaeM nombaonarbea caeayiouuiMHl HaBecTHLIMN cnojicTBaMH napanseasiioro npoexTuposaxua (cnpaseammobinn HAMA Henapan- sreaprruix mpawerx a 1): TIL. Ecaw rowa M acocur na npawod a sewdy TowKaxu Pu Q, ro Towa M' = 0(M) aeacur na npamod a sexkdy TouKasn Pi = 6(P) u Q (Q). T12. Las aodux wervipex roses P,Q, Mu No M npanoit a uaeer secro pasexcrao Po Hs ceofters TH i T12 nemeatenno putexaer, 110’ pW napaasesohon npoekTuposaHus OTHOWEKUE HAanpasaeKnLe orpeaxoa unsapuantio, T. e. daa aoduix uetwpex rover P,Q, Mu N-# M npanot a useer ecto pasencreo PG! AN = PQ HN, ede P’ = 0(P), Q = 0(Q), M’=0(M), N= O(N) Aeiicronreasno, caoictso-T2 oGecnemsaer coxpanentte a6co- ‘Moto bentunats oTHOMeNHR, a 13 coofiersa TIT creayer, ro ero BHaK TaIOKe ocTaeTCs NpeRiiN. M‘N’| =| PQ]: [MN]. Bepnenen teneps K xoKasaremeray mpeatoxenns 1, Tlycrs 0(D). To ToxbKo ro cxasannomy AD’: AB, = AD: A Ho no yeaonmo ADy: AB, = AD: AB (wanowmint, sro A= Cw A; = C)). Cxenosarenuo, A\D:A\By = Aby:AiBy 0 norony AbY = AyD, Taxnm o6pasom, D’ = Dy n, cnenonatensno, npawan DD, napaa- aeabia mpanofi B= AA, Tem cambin KoppeKTHocTs onpeseacitit veKTopa ka noaKocTHIO aoxaszna. 2. AareGpauieckne coofictea aunehwux onepaunti Teopena 1. Teopena | n. 5 § 2 cnpasedausa u daa sextopos Ha NAocKoctu WAU @ npoctpancrée, 7. e. nepewucrennue # 9TOM reopeste aocenb crandapruwx ceoilcra caowenua u ysnooeHua na Wic20 WMeIT MecTO u OAR BeKTOPOB KA NAOCKOCTU WAU B NpO- crpaxcree, Toxasareascrao. Uanoxenmme nn. 5 § 2 noxasareascrea colicrs 1—4 coxpaumorea Ges Kaxitx-1160 usmenennh, C apyroft croponl, we arypupyiomne B csoiicreax 5—6 (a Take B Tp pitanbiiom cBofterse 8) nekrops napaanenbis oaNOn x Toh IKE MpAMoi, H MoroMy, ecan aTH coolicTsa DepHN ANH REKTOPOB Ha MpA- Moil, TO OHM DepHtA H AAA BeKTOPOH Ha MaocKOCTH MAK B Mpocrpal- crpe, Takum o6pasoM, 6 noKagaTemberBe Hy;KAaeTeR AMI CBOA- creo 7 (i ToabKO naa caysas, Koraa vexTops @ HB He Napanaenb- net onHof mpsatof, a k ¥ 0) Tycts a = AB, 6 = BC u, caerosarenbuo, a+ 6 = AC. Ma- nee, myers ka = AB, (acto, 70 Ges orpanuuenns oOmnocr# oi MOrkeM CaHTaTS BeKTOpH a H ka OTMOMEHHLIMH OT OLHOK TOKE), fe = BG, u ka+s)= AC. Han wyxwo aoKasars, «To a aac. Pacchorpiat ¢ TO ueabio npoeKtuponasiie @ npaMoll x = AB Ha upayi a; = AC napassersio npsmoh B= BC (nockoasxy Bekropst a 6 wb mpeanonaraem ne Napasaenousinn oxHolt Mps- Moll, npamute a, 1 HB onpereaens m npsvan B He napanteabua Apambim c # ci). TIpH stow npoextuposanun Towa A nepexomuT cana 8 ce6a, a TouKa B nepexoaut 9 TouKy C. Tastee, TpyrombuitKH ABC u ABC; moro6uet (1x yraut npr vepumnax Bn By oxmmaKoset H ott MeIOT NO Tape MPonopuHoHaabULEx cTopoH), W noTOMy Ux yea opi sepunie A passes, Tlocxoay npawan AB cosnanaer c Bpastoh AB), 9TH 2oKazaH0, NTO MocaeaHHe yrs 460 conmaxaion, 41NG0 awanioren nepritkanbubinn yraanit. B oGOMx caysanx TouKa Cy npiwaaaemur npawoh AC. Tockoapky, no nocrpoenino, npaman BC; napaaieasia npawol B, sto oskauaer, ur0 O(B,) = Ch Tlostomy, corsiacio ckasaltHoMy B mpeabiaymest nyskré, AG, AC = By: AB=k. Ho, no onpexenento, AG: Amb, a CaegonateasHo, AC = ac’, 1. @ C=C, Tent camtin« Hata Teopema nosHoctbio 2oKasaxa. B repunosoriut, overennof » Kouue n. 5 § 2, reopema I os:ta- waer, "10 sinoscecroa Vect(2) w Vect(3) sexropos wa naockocra u @ npo- crpancrae saaworea auneaaas. Bamevanue 1. O6patim pinwanHe Ha ToT saxHEIi daxt, HO onacaniie pm. 4 § 1 aaoneenua Vect, (I) < Vectn (2) & Veei(3) Coeaaconant: ¢ AUNedNOLAU OMepayuas, 7. &. peayasraT npHncte- is auueliasex onepawti, cxarkest, K pexropamt us Vectn(2) He o2- BiCHT OT Toro, paccMaTPHBAIOTeH an STH NeKTOPSL KK BeKTOpHL Ha MAocKocTH iu Ka BeKTOpH B MpocrpasicTne. Jan cxorkenus STOr tbakT BHITeKaeT MS Toro, TO OKO onpexeameTCA eaHAWA O6- pasom Kak JAX BeKTOPOB Ha, tipaMOfl, TAK H [1H BeKTOPOB Ha NA0C~ KOCTH HNIC 8 NPOCTPANeTHe, a AAA YMKOIKeHIIA Ha aMesIO — 13 Toro, 570, No onpemeneHtio, OHO CBOAHTCA K YMHOKEHILO Ha HAO BeKTO- pos’ ia mpamof. Vuawe stor dbaxt MoxkHo Béipaaiita, ckasae, wFo HoANHoxecTea Vect, (1) Veetr (2) muoxeersa Vect(3) (a TaKxe nonnonectna Vects (1) muomectaa Vect(2)) sanxnyroe otdocireabHo auuelnHx onepaumh, xeficray:outix p sMHoxectae Vect(3) (coorsereraeno, 8 MHoxecrse Vect(2)), 7. e ecau cexropo. @ u'b us Vect(3) (us Vect(2)) npunadacacar, cxaxces, nodsnoncecrey Vect, (1) 70 ux cya a+ 6 w npousee- denue Ra seKropa @ Ha npous6orvNoe ucao & TakKe npunadze- car nodanoxecray Veet, (1) Ee Hate, whi woncel cKasarb, To ectecraennoe OueKTuenoe OTOGpameNue, cKarcest, nHomecroa Vectn (2) @ stnomecrso Vect(3) aeanerca wsomoppusaton (no or- noweniuo K auneitHeist Onepayusit) snodcectea Vectu (2) Ka nod- anomecrao smoncecraa Vect(3), cocroawee us aeKTOpoa, napaa- ‘aeawneix naockocru TL 3. SInueiinas saencumocts Onpedeaenue 1, Cemefictso {a}, ..., ax} sextopos (nponsso.v- nor auHeana) waswpaeTem Auxedno’ saoucusin, ecan cyte crpylot raxne ncaa hi, ..., ky, HE BCE PABHME HYAW, TO bidy + oss + yy =O. Tonyckas onpenerennyi sombtocTs pen, acto B stof curyaunit Tonopat, ur0 aunefino sasucuME BeKTOPH d., ..., Gy. (Boab 38 HOCTL 32€Cb COCTOHT B TOM, STO Ha caMoM exe aMHelyO saBucH- Mut He BEKTOPH!, @ qTHHeMIHO 3aBIICHMO Hx ceMelicTBO, paccsaTpHBae- Moe Kak eauubih warematieckiit oOBeKr.) Bupaxenue kay +...+ yay wasupaerca auweiinoil wos6u- aye weKTopon a, ..., ax C Kosppuyuentanu hy, ..., ky. Eqn fy =...== ky ==0, 10 auneinas KoMOnnauns Wasbinaetes rpusudapnoil, 8 NpoTHBHOM cayYae— Kerpuouaronod. Taxux O6pa- 20M, BEKTOPH @, ..., @y AHEM saBMcuMEL, ecaM cyulecTByeT He: ‘TpibuaabHaR auneliHad KONOMMatKA STHX HexTOpOS, papas Hy=t0. Ecai nexrop @ pave Hexoropoil amuefiuoit KoMOuHauun BeKTo- OB i, «.., Gy, TO TOBOPAT, TO ON AUHeKINO eeiparkaeTeR Hepes 3TH BeKTOPh, @ TAK'E TO OM AUMeMNO JaeUCUT OT ITHX BEKTOPOS. B wactuocti, wyaenoi wextop 0 samuel BiMparaerca wepes m0- 6oe ceMelicTuo HekTOpoR, HOCKOABKY OM paBeH TpHOMaAsHON aMKeH- Holl KOMGKNAUM STHX BeKTOpOS. Onesitano, 170 eCAU eKTOP @ AUHetiNO euIparcaeTcA WEpeS BERTOPD diy...» A 4 Kandel us ITU deKTOPOS aUHeKINO BupAxaeTcA Yeped seKTOD by, ..., Bx, TO GeKTOP a AUNellNO sLipaxaeTcA Hepes seKTOpD: Bi an bv ficeworps wa coor rpueHanstiocrs, 310 cnolicrso orwomenta -eminieliio Biipaxaetes> irpaeT oveH Baxtiyo por. Oxo Haske Bacrea CuoicTBOM TpanskTHDNOCTH. Bo u3Gexanne usmiuinKx orosopox, ya0GHo eBecr#t 8 pacemor- peune Take NYcToe ceweicTBO peKTopon. Tlo onpedenenmo, ‘or nycroro cemelicrea nekropoR .tHHeliNo saniIckT ToABKo HYaenoil nexrop. Hycroe ceneitcrso aunettuo nesasucwso. elieranteabio, cevteliera0 nekropon {a} amieio wesanxcin, ecai mpu Skea, 0 ne cymectayer raKoro wiaeKca 4, 470 h, 70. leno, 70 9ra opuysnponka coxpauaer cmbicn (it Bepia) ¥ Torka, KorRa sKo- wecrBo mixeKcoD é nycto. Tlerso pitners, ro LuoG0e ceneticrao {ay, ..., ay), codeprauee auneiino saeucu- Hoe nodceneticrso {a,,.--, @i,], CaKo AunetiNo saaucuso. Ueiicraurersno, no yenosiio, cyutecreyer pantian Hy.0 AMHel- Han KONOWHaUHA BexTOpoB odceMeficTBa, He nce xosMppumneHTHL Koropoii panxss xyan0, [lo6asun x stoi auneminok KonOuwaLi SctaspHbIe BeXTOpH ceNielicToa ¢ HYMeBLIMH KOSpDUNEHTARH, Mb, ‘oresyano, uM MoayNIM pasayio HY. HerpHOamsNyIO AMNeMHyIO KouGuitaino DeKTOPOB ai, ..., aw. C xpyroft eropon, sicko, #70. ceueilereo, cocroaiqee us OdKOO GeKTopa a, Tea W TéADKO Tozda aunetino saeucuno, Koeda s7Or BeKTOp pasen Ayato, 30 Cregonateanno, 8 4actocri, an06ce ceneticTeo, codepwatyee Kysesol eexrop, auneiino sa- eucuso, Blastee, aerxo sugers, s10 Gexropei ay, ..., a3) TO2da u ToAvKO Tozda suNetiNo sasucusDL, roeda oun ua KUx auneliHo evipaxaerca vepes ocTaAbHvie. Teliersurenuo, ecan kya,+ ... eS mM, cKarKeN, hy 0, To «, Ts vt (—4¢)ay. Ooparno, cau ons ly, 70 (1) yf hee boos lyy =O, new 1-40 Baxusin yrouenvem nocaemwero yrepazenita anasercn cae ayiomee Mpednomenue 1. Bexropu ai, ..., ax 7oeda u roaeKO Toedu sue netino sasucuaes, Koza COUN U9 Hix aunetiNO soipaxaeTcA vepes GexTope ¢ weHoWus KOepaNt. Hoxasateaverso, Ecat a0, to stor sekrop autuelino Buipaaetea sepes mycTOe wilO%eCTRO BekTOpOB ¢ MeMbuMIMH KO- Mepamu, TlostoMy 5 3Tom cayuae mperroxenne enpasesanno. Tlycrs a0. Ecan nextopoi a, ..., ay amuelivo sapnenstet (4 a; 0), to cymecroyer Takee "sicao n> I, 970 nexTOpEt 4, ...5 dy amHeHHO SapueMMEA, a UeKTOpHL ai, -..5 Guat YE Ate Helio He3anucuats.. Tlyctb ky, +... ka—Taxne wea, He Boe pap Ble Hy, TO yay toe tht, =0, Tlockoabky BeKtopat @:, ..., @y-1 Mnteiiio HesaBitcHsL, HCHO hy AOMAHO GuiTb OAH OF Uys, CaeAoDaTebIO, bi ay =(— Pat. +(~AE) aa, Tak NTO BeKTOP dy aeiicTHTeASKO soAKeTeH siMeRHOH KOMOMHA- uuueh BeKTOPOS @, s.., @-1 C MEKBIMNNH HoMepantt Ospatuoe yrseprxienne ovennatio. Caedcroue. BexTopu ai, ..., ay TO2da W ToAvKO Toeda su neto saoucus, Koza” 1460 “runetno gasucuno sexropoL 1, ..-, @y-1 260 GeRTOP dy AUHeHo BuiparaeTcA vepes BeK- TOPOL diy vevy an Mpedaowenue 2. Bexropes a, ..., ay Tozda w roavso rozda Auneiino nesaeucumbs, KO20a 410004 BexTOp a, AunetNO oupaxar- iquiiea wepes stu sexropeL, suipaxaercn wepes nux eduncreeHnoLe o6pasou. Tokasateascrao. Ecam Bextopt ai, ..., @y aiieliio sa- BuCIMMBI, TO, cKarKeM, HYsIeBOR BeKTOP xByMH padHEIMK cnOcobaNit AimHeINO BLIpAAAeTCH Neped 9TH BeKTOPHL: b BIC TPUBHA.IBUCH U HeTpuBllanbHoh aunelusx KoMOHaui, 40 * Osparo, ecm ann HeKoroporo neKTopa @ mMeioT MecTO pa: peneTsa Ady bose thy ty, cet lyay, rae xota Gs AAR omMoro MuAeKca 1 KosdpituneHT ky oTANUeH OF Kosdpumnenta 1), To (ty hay + 2 + (by = yay =O H, caeRopaTeADIO, BeKTOPH dy, ..., Gy AMINO sABNCHNEL, Hoxaxem B sakmowene caeayiomyio Tpyanyw, Ho BaxHyo reopeuy o sanncumocrit Teopena 1, Iycto Kamu sexrop ceaelictea My vee y (ty auneio ebipascacren uepes sexTopel Bis vey Ba @ Tocda, ecau N>M, ro sexropet ay, ..., ax Aunetino sasucuxes. Woxasatenscrso, Mpexne vem AoKasbivar» sty teopeny, Mot ROKaxKeM caenyiomtyio BenoMoraTembHyIo TeNMy: Tenma, Ecau yciosus reopesiot | suinoanenct « cemeitcreo (1) aunetino nesasucuso, 70 dan s1060e0 $= 0, .... M cyme- crayer cemeticreo sexropos ef woes CD, (@) o6aadaowee credyionusu ceoiicraanu: a) waatdotd sextop ceaeiictea (1) aunetino etpancaerca we- pes aextopes (3); 6) nepasie S'aextopos cesefcrea (3) cosnadaor ¢ nepsrinu $ eexropanu cesteiicrea (1): ee Ay vay ay Mu goKaxew aty seuMy wmayktel no sieay s. Tp s=0 ona oveaiana (3a cemeiicrs0 (3) moxHo mpunsts cemelictso (2)) Tlyers ona yxxe soKasana ana vuena s, Pacemotpum cemelictso Gg OP oes of. CO Sto cemelicrno sumelivo sanucnMo, 60 DeKTOP dees aMHeho nb Daxaeten uepes Bextopu c\%,..., ef). Tostomy cornacko mpea- Foren 1 oguK H3 BeKTopos ceweitctna (4) amelino suxpa- 2aeTen Hepes MperAyuUe. STM DeKTOPOM He MOXET GtTb BeK- TOP ax1, 160 OH TO YenoBIHO oTAHNEH OT HYAR (CeMelicTBO (1) antieftio' nesapucnMo). Hat we MOXeT GMT H NM ORI ts BeKTO- Pos ef, ..., ¢!%, Go sto cHosa MpoTHsopesnt aitnefiof mesa~ Bieumocru Bextopos (I) (eM- yenoBue 6)). CaenouarerHo, We- a Kotoptifl nexrop el", ¢> 5, aMNeliHo BuiparKaercs Hepes DeKTOpHR 2,,,, Of, ..., ¢(f,. Yaaanm Teneps ss cemeficrsa (4) nexrop Tloayuextoe cemeicrs0 o6xanaet, ovepnaKo, Tem cRolicteoM, uT0 epes Hero anHeii4o BlIparkaeTcn «OG0A weKtop cemelicrpa’ (3), a CnenoBaTenHo, 8 Chay CBoicTBa TpaxiaMTHBHOCTH, 1 «NOD! Bex: Top ceseiicrsa (1). Apyrumi ciosamu, noaysenioe cemeferso (cocronuee 19M sexropos) o6nanaet ceoficraom a). Kpone Toro, o#0 conepauT nepsite s+ weKTopos cemeficrpa (1) (160 i>5), 1. € no orHowleno K sNcay $+ 1 OHO oGnagaet uM cHoficrBom 6) (nocae, KoneMNO, cooTneTcTByIoMel! nepecraronKn ero waeHon). Tem caMeist no HHAYKUNIH seMa —MoAHOCTHIO 10- kasama, Flepefiaem Teneph Henocpercraenno K noKasaTeADeTEY Teopemst I. Mpexnoaoxin, 10 9ta Teopena HesepHa, 7. €. "70 ceNelicTBO (i) amxeiivo Hesaeteumo. Toraa K stomy cemelictpy Oyzet ap Meni AoKasanKaa aeasra, Ho npa s=M sta emma xaer, ¥70 Kaxkani BekTop ceMeiicta (I) x, B ¥actHocTH, BeKTOp dy au Hello Bupaxkaerca vepes BeKTOPH ay, ..., ax HockouKy N > M, sto osnauaer, To cnerema (1) anneiio sasnenma, [oayxenioe Mpormbopesne noKasuBaer Teopemy. Baxexanue I. Bo Beem stOM NYHKTE wi ombsoBaste® sath Bocenbio cTannapTHMMn cBoficTaaxit annedmeix onepaunil. [ostomy nee MoayueHMe sec pesyamraTH CHpaBeAANBN LIA S1eMeHTOB awoGoro suseaza, 4, Teomerpuyeckiit cmnica auneiinoit sasucumocta Onpedenenue 1. Bexrops wa naockocn nan B mpocrpaxere HaSHBAIOTER KOAdUMeapHELML, ecaH ON MapaatenduBT (CM. T. 4 § 1) onwoh w Toi xe npamo#, Bee Sexrops a MpaNoa Kozan heapnst 10 onpeneneHmo. Mpedaoxenue 1. Isa sexropa a u b (Ka npamow, Ka nao- cxocTu wit 6 npocrpancroe) Toeda u ToAvKo Toeda KoAAUaNeapHeL, oeda ont aunetino sasucuses. TlokasateabeTBo. B cayyae veKtopos wa mpAMoi nam t0- 6ux BeKtopos a0 n 6 onpesereno nx oTHoWeNHe 6:a—h, Tlostoxy 6 = ka 4, cnegosarensio, Bexropa a nb anielino 3a- pucuwet, Ecan a= 0, 10 Bextops aH 6 amieilHo saBHeHmD m0 o6u01m coospaxenuak. Taxi oGpasom, ao6we 29a BeKTopa Ha npANof amen sanncumsi. C ApYrOH cropontl, suoGHe n8a BER ‘Topa wa Npsmof, no-onpererenano, KoaanucapHLt. TaKHN O6pas0x, RAM BeKTOPOR Ha MpsMO! Haute npeRTOxcHHe enpasensHEO. Pacemorpinmt retieps catywafi naockoctn Han mpoctpanerna. Ecait BekTopsi a 1 6 mapadsessi HeKoTOpO npaMoh, 0, Kak Mal 3HAeM, IIX MOXHO OTOKAecTBHTH ¢ BeKTOPaMit Ha ITO! MpAMOT. Caenosareasio, 10 noKasanHomy, 9TH BexTopD ANHeiHO saBicHL Gia mpasoh, a noromy, » Ha MHocKocTH wn, cooTseTCTBEHHO, B 2 npocrpancrse). Opario, ecan sextops a 1 6 amHefixo sapncnmns, 10 ON 119 WAX (CKaxKem, BeXTop 6) BEpaAaeten vepes apyrolt nektop (sextop a), 7. e. cyutectsyer taKoe unen0 k, vo b= ka Tlyers a —rakan npaman, sro a& Vect,(1). Torna, no onpenene- ww, ka Vecta(1), 1. e, be Vect,(1). Taxam o6pas0m, Bekropur 16 napasseauin ontiof H TOA 2%e npAMOl a. Coraacto Guim pesyararam n. 3 AoKasanKoe npeasomenne MoxeT Onits cihopMyapoBano Takae B caeayIOULeM Brite: Bexrope: a u 6 To0cda w Toako Toeda KoxasuneapHer, Koeda cyigectoyer Taxoe wucao k, 410 auGo 6 = ka, au6o a= kb, B wacrioert, mi BHAHM, TO Ha npAMOf oTHOMVeHHe sHeMHOm BaBNCHMOCTH

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