Wing design

Beyond this section, the principle is to design the aeroplane

wing layout. In a high-wing layout, the stall speed is higher. The
landing and take-off fields are both quite long. The lift-to-drag
ratio will be high at its maximum. In turbulence, the aircraft's
ride quality is excellent. The wing is light in weight. In the high
wing configuration, interference drag is poor. The passenger
appears to have adequate visibility. The landing gear is situated
under the carriage on the fuselage. The key benefit of the
amphibious loading and unloading operation is that it is faster
and easier to set up.

The wing sweep of the aircraft wing is assumed to be zero. As

a result, the lift to curve slope will be high. The variance in pitch
altitude is greater at ground level. With a decreased wing
weight, the compressibility drag ratio will be high. Strutted
wings have a benefit of up to 30% more wing weight than other
wings.

The wing design involves choosing the following parameters.

1. Air foil selection

2. Aspect ratio
3. Sweep
4. Taper ratio
5. Twist
6. Incidence
7. Dihedral
8. Vertical location

Calculation:
MTOW (W) = 53523.8997
AR = 9.25
S = 452.006 m2

W = 53523.8997
S 452.006

= 118.414 kg/m2

Span(b)= √ AR . S
= √ 9.25 × 452.006
= 64.66 m

Induced drag is low for taper ratio below 0.3 – 0.5

Taper ratio ( λ ¿= 0.45

Croot = 2s
b (1+ λ )

= 2 × 452.006
b (1+ λ )

= 9.642 m

Ctip = λ × Croot
= 0.45 x 9.642
= 4.3389 m

M.A.C (c) = 2 x Croot x (1+ λ + λ 2)

3 1+ λ
= 0.6 x 9.642 x 1.139
= 6.70 m

Wing twist is typically 0 to -5o. High wing gives negative dihedral,

anhedral to balance b/w lateral stability and roll control

High wing = 0 -1o

Root airfoil = NACA 412
Tip airfoil = NACA (SC) 061
Selection of Airfoil

CLmax, CDmin, CLopt, Cmac, and stall pattern are all influenced by the
airfoil form. Stall speed, cruising fuel consumption, turning performance,
and aeroplane weight are also affected by these factors.

Based on CLmax and thickness to chord ratio, NACA 63-412 airfoil is been
selected.

Design lift coefficient

The CLopt of an airfoil is the lift coefficient at which the drag coefficient is
minimum. For passenger airplanes, the airfoil is chosen in such a way
that CLopt equals Lcruise C .
concept design of amphibious aircraft