TABLE 1-1 Basi quantities inthe SI metric unit system. ‘TABLE 1-3 Prefixes for Slunits. ean ‘Stonit Osher metic mite Prix Staymbal Length Meer (a Milimcer (am) Giga o Tine Second s) Minate (min hour) Moga uw Forse Newton (N) gene Kilo E Mass Kilogram (1) Nstn Mili 2 TTemportere Kelvin (K) DegresCelius(°C) Micra Angle Radian (rad) Degree TAILES L-4 Proper metnoa of reporung computed quantiues. TARLE 1.2 Rasie quantities inthe U.S. Customary unit system, Computed result Reponed alt Qn US. Cisomary un OiierUS wits 000548 m 348 x10? morSafmm 12750N 1275s 10 Nor 1275 kN Length Foot i) Tach in Tine Second (8) ‘Minute (min, nour a) 470088 34310 hor 3.3 Me megssrans) Fee Pound ab) Sipe Mae Slog bei Temperature Degrees Fahrenhsit CP) Aagle Degree) Radin rad) 0p = 100015 The ame eer ow th te oped” ‘TABLA [3 Prefijos para unidades SI. TABLA IL-4 Método apropiado de reportar cantidades calculadas. Prefijo ‘Simbolo St ‘Resultado ealculado ‘Resultado reportado ee G 0.005 48 5.48 x 107 m, 0 5.48 mm sega M 12750N 12.75 x 10° N,o 1275 kN kilo xk 34 500kg 345 X 10° kg, 034.5 Mg (megagramos) nil m ‘micro # TABLE 2-1 Approximate values of Poisson’s ratio, v. Concrete 0.10-0.25 Glass 024 Duciile iron 027 Gray cast iron 021 Plastics 020-040 Carbon and alloy steel 0.29 Stainless steel (18-8) 030 ‘Titanium 030 TABLE Material and condition HB SAE 1020 annealed 121 SAE 1040 hot rolled 144 SAE 4140 annealed 197 SAE 4140 OQT 1000 ut SAE 4140 OQT 700 461 Aluminum (most alloys) Brass Copper Zinc Phosphor bronze Magnesium Lead Rubber, elastomers Note: Values are approximate and vary somewat with specific composition. Rubter and elastomers approach a limiting value of 0.50. Hardness HRB, 70 19 93 109 HRC B 37 29 0.33 0.33 0.33, 0.33 0.35 0.35 0.43 0.50 22 Comparison of hardness scales with tensile strength for steels. ‘Tensile strength ksi MPa 60 414 nR 496 95 655 168 1160 Bi 1590wim f © | cme fen] = |= zg ; * £ S| auminm | c | 4 caeizss | 60) Other | peach oDindate any ma amma ec vitesane | i wiseas ate [ieisosses | aro Ameria | t six | asm] — - E | stem = | ssocation | 1 = laxein | 4-710) - — ood I na | aa | - ‘Oither | apes MO aie sna oma amarante ape US mabe LIT Ey | Squad Be] sees [om fey een] nan fenmined z2 ier Pei satieegarnl agirabepashenODUDE sea fo ql Laaeun | A 20406 | A. — Sia) | Anal Ste) Other [peer cide cage aan age ‘tin Soh N10 Pre sm | OD | faa | 9 | metesro | 42° 300in ops 7mm OD 5.0 ound tabina o 0085) gaa | MMODx5D| na) FIGURE 1-22 Commercially available standard shapes.TABLE 2S Unified numbering system. Number series “Types of metals and alloys Nonferrous metals and alloys ‘A00001-499099 Aluminum and aluminum alloys {©00001-C99999 Copper and copper alloys [ED0001-£99909 Rare earth metals and alloys 1L00001-L99999 Low melting metals and alloys 'M0Q001-M99999 Miscellaneous nonferrous metals and alloys [NOQ001-N99999 Nickel and nickel alloys PO0001-P99999 Precious metals and alloys ROODO1-R99999 Reactive and refractory metals and alloys ‘ZOQ001-299999 Zine and zine alloys Ferrous metals and alloys ‘D00001-D99999 “Steels, mechanical properties specified [FOQOOI-F9999 Cast rons and cast steels (00001-49999 Carbon and alloy steels 00001-99099 He stels, specified hardenability Responsible organization peeye PEDEDEIE? 300001199999 Cast tele (excep ool steels) K00001-K99999 Miscellaneous tele and ferrous alloys ASTM 'S00001-$99999 Heat and corrosion resistant (stainless) stels ASTM ‘TOOOOI-T99999 Tool sels SAE TABLE 2-6 Major alloying elements in stel alloys. StelSAE no. Alloyingclements | Sec! SAE no. Alloying elements TOXX Plain carbon 46XX——Molybdenum-nickel UIXx Sulfur (fee-cutting) 4IXX —— Molybdenum-aickel-chromium BX Manganese 48XX_—_Molybdenum-nickel Luxx Boron SXXX Chromium KX, Nicks! XXX Chromium -vanadium XXX, [Nicke!-chromium SXXX___Nickel-chromium-molybdenum AXXX, ‘Molytdeaum | 9XXX —_Nickel-chromium-molybdenam (except 2X20) 4IXX Molytdenum-chromium | 92XX _Slicon-manganese 4BXX Molytdeaum-chromium— ick! ‘TABLE 27 Common steel alloys and typical uses. ‘Steel SAE no. Typical uses 1020 ‘Siructral seal bars, plate 1010 Machinery pars, shafts 1050 Machinery parts 1095 ‘Tools, springs 137 Shafi, screw machine parts (ree-cutting alloy) ua ‘Shais, machined parts 4130 GGeneral-purpose, high-strength steel, shai, gears, pins 4140 Same as 4130 4150 Same as 4130 5160 High-srength gears, bolts 8160 ‘Tools, springs, chiselsTABLE2-8 Structural steel grades available for typical shapes, plates, and bars. Yield strength ‘Available steels for listed applications ASTM S.C.L Rectangular or designation Grade ksi MPa Wsshapes shapes Pipe square HSS_—Round HSS Plates and hars A36 360 OB Po — — P: up to 400 mm ASS 3 Ml — P = = = per) 2 20 A — — — — &:35-100 mm 4% 37 A - = A = &:20-35mm 530 MSO A A Acupto20mm A500 Bo 4 20 — = = = P = 4% SIT — Pp — c 6 47 - = = A = 3 MS — A — ASOL 3% UB - = A A = ASME 0 6 — — — A: 60-150 mm 100 690 = = = Atup to.60 mm ASTD a 42 wm A A = — — cup to 150 mm 30 MSN A = — —— Atup to 100 mm 355 A — — — Acup 1050. mm Oo m 414 A A = = Arup 035 mm 6 65 4A A — — — Acup 1035. mm A913 6 65 48 A A = = = A992 50 MSP Se — — — Notes: Adapted from Reference 2. Chapter |. Other materials, grades. and shapes available. preferred material specification; A, available (check with supplier: —, aot available. 10 Machine-graded lumber. TABLE 2-9 Cast aluminum alloy groups. = _—Eeaee_ermaevoraseeaee ‘Allowable stresses (parallel to grain Allowable stresses (Paralelo 0) sous of Group Major alloying elements Bending Tension Compressive _claticity IXXX 99% or greaicr aluminum Se _psi_MPs_psi_MPa_psi_MPs__psi_ GPa Machine-res ated lumber 2XKX 13590613E 1350 93 790 52 1600 110 13x10 90 3XXX 18006-1.6E 1800 124 1175 81 1750 121 16x10 110 AXXX 24006208 2400 165 1925 133 1975 136 20x10 138 SKXX 28S0EIIE 2850 197 2300 159 2150 148 23x10 159 Machine-valuaed lunber &XXX M10 1400 97 800 5.5 1600 1210 83 TXKX Mls 1800124 1000 69. 1750 Lele 17 8XXKX M2i 2300 159 1400 9.71950 19e1% 131 OXXX (Other elements ‘2700186 1800 124 2100 19x10 131 ‘Source? Forest oducts Soci, Peachtree Comes, GATABLE 2-11 Modulus of elasticity for conerete. Rated strenzth, Modulus of elasticity, Psi ‘MPa Psi GPa 2000 138 27x 10 186 3000 207 33x 10 na 4000 76 3.8 x 106 62 5000 MS 43% 0 296 6000 4La 324 7000 483 352 TABLE 2-12 Applications of plastic materials. ‘Applications Desired properties Suitable plastics Housings, containers, High impact strength, stiffness, low ABS, polystyrene, ducts cost, formability, environmental polypropylene, polyethylene, resistance, dimensional stability cellulose acctate, acrylics Low-friction Low coefficient of friction; resistance TPE Aluorocarbons, nylon, bearings, slides to abrasion, heat, corrosion acetiis High-strength High tensile and impact strength, Nyloa, phenolics, TFE-filled components, gears, stability at high temperatures, acetiis cams, rollers machinable Chemical and thermal Chemical and thermal resistance, good Fluorocarbons, polypropylene, equipment strength, low moisture absorption polyethylene, epoxies, polyesters, phenolics Electrostructural parts Electrical resistance, heat resistance, _Allyls, alkyds, aminos, epoxies, high impact strength, dimeasional phenolics, polyesters, silicones Light-transmission Good light transmission in transparent Acrylics, polystyrene, cellulose components. and translucent colors, formability, acetate, vinyls shatter resistance TABLE 2-14 Examples of the effect of laminate construction on strength and stiffness. ‘Tensile strength Modulus of elasticity Longitudinal Transverse Longitudinal Transverse Laminate type ksi MPa ksi MPa I psi GPa (psi GPa Unidirectional =200 «1380 «5 MOOS Quasi-isotropic 80 53280 552 BSH 35‘TABLE 2-13 Comparison of specific strength and specific modulus for selected material. ‘Tensile strength, Specific weight, Specific Specific Material S.. MPs Nm strength, m modulus, m Steel (E = 207 x 10? Pa SAE 1020 HR 379 T6816 494210 2.60 x 10F SAE 5160 OQT 700 1813 76816 236 «10 269% 108 Aluminum (E = 69 x 10" Pa) 6061-76 310 26 601 LIT 10 2.59 10 7075-76 57 mals 200x108 251 x 10 ‘Titanium (E = 114 x 10? Pad Ti-6AL-AV quenched and aged at 1000°F 1103 48.430 2SHx 108-261 x 106 Glasslepoxy composite (E = 28 x10? Pa) 786 16558 ATS x1 1.68 x 10 ‘Mf fiber content Aramid/epoxy composite (E = 76 x 10" Pa) 1379 13572 1O2x 1 5.59 x 10 (60% fiber content Boronfepoxy composite (E=207 x 10° Pa) 1862 20358 B14x 10% LOL x 10" (60% fiber content Graphitelepoxy composite (E = 1536 x 10" Pa) 1917 15472 1M 18 876 x Oe 62% fiber content Graphitelepoxy composite (E = 331 x 10° Pa) 1103 15743 TOL x1 210% 10" ultrahigh modulus TABLE 2-15 Example properties of matrix and reinforcement materials. Tensile strength Tensile modulus ksi MPa 10®psi_ GPa Matrix materials Polyester nn eC Epoxy 18 124 (056 3.86 OOH 127 Aluminum 45 310 10.0 oo 0.100 71 Titanium 70 117016514 Reinforcement materials S-glass 600 41400 «125 HD (Carbon PAN 470 360 0335231 0064 174 Carbon-PAN (high strength) 820 5650 40 276 «= 0.065. IT.7 Carbon (high modulus} 325 2200100, 607212 Aramid 500450190 005214TABLE 3-1 Size effect for SAE 4140 GOT 1100 steel. Specimen size Tensile strength Yield strength = Percent clongation in. mm ksi MPa ksi MPa % in Zin. 0.50 127 158 1089 149 1027 1.00 24 140 965 135 931 2.00 508 128 883 103 710 400 1016 Te 807 a7 600 SBEea TABLE 3-2 Design stress gui ines: Direct normal stresses. Manner of loading Ductile material Brittle material Static o,=5,2 c)= 5/6 Repeated o,= 38 y= 5/10 Impact oF shock o=s/12 a= 3/15 TABLE 3-3 Design stress from selected codes: Direct normal stresses—Static loads on building-like structures. Structural steel (AISC): ASD oj=s/1.67=0.60s, or o,=5/2.00=0.50s, whichever is lower Aluminum (AA): g=s/l.65=06ls, of o,=3/1.95=05ls, whichever is lowerTABLE 34 Coefficients of thermal expansion, a, for some metals, plate glass, wood, and concrete. Material “FI “ct Steel, SAE 1020 65x 11.7 x 10 1040 63% 11.3 x 10 4140 62x 11.2% 10+ Structural steel 65x 10+ 117 x 10+ Gray cast iron 6.0 10+ 10.8 x 10+ Stainless steel SAE 301 94x 14 16.9 x 10+ SAE 430 58x 10.4 x 10+ SAE S501 6.2 104 112% 10+ Aluminum alloys 2014 12.8 10+ 230 x 6061 13.0 10+ B4Ax le 1075 12.9 10+ 2.2 « Me Brass, C36000 4x 104 20.5 x 104 Bronze, C2200 10.2% 10+ 184% 10+ Copper, C4500 99x 104 178 x 10+ Magnesium, ASTM AZ63 A-T6 14.0 104 25.2% 10+ Titanium, Ti-6Al-V 53x 104 95x 10% Plate glass 50x MH 9.0% 10 Wood (pine) 30x 10* 54x 10S Concrete: 6.0% 10+ 10.8 « 10+Material ABS resin ABS/gtass, Acetal resin Acctal/glass Nylon 66 resin Nylon 66/glaxs. Polycarbonate resin Polycarbonate/ glass Polyester resin Polyester/glass. Polystyrene resin Polystyrene/slass oe 33x 10" 16x 10+ 45 x 10% 22x10 45x 1 13 x 10* 37x 10+ 13 x 10 33x10 12x10 36 x 10 19 10 BLE 3$ Coefficients of thermal expansion, a, for selected plastics. ot 95.4% 104 28.8 x 104 BLO 104 39.6 x 104 BLOx 104 Bax 10+ 66 x 104 24x 104 95.4 x 104 21.6 x 104 648 x 104 M2104 TABLE 3-6 Coefficients of thermal expansion, a, for selected composites. ‘Longitudinal ‘Transverse Material ot oct ia °c E-glassepoxy unidirectional = 35x10 = 630x104 110x104 = 19.8 x 10* Aramidlepoxy unidirectional «LI x 10 198x104 380x104 684 x 104 Carbowepoxy unidirectional «= O.0Sx 10 009x104 9.0K 10 162. 10+ Carbonfepoxy quasi-isotropic 16x10 288x104 16x 10% 2.88 x 10+ TABL for use in this book. Material Sandstone and limestone Brick in cement mortar Solid hard rock Shale or medium rock Soft rock Hard clay or compact gravel Soft elay of loose sand Concrete Psi 400 250 350, 140 ci 35 15 Ke-(0aJai&)& (bamasimamon —0687) 3.7 Allowable bearing stresses on masonry and soils Allowable bearing stress, tig MPa) 276 172 241 0.96 048 038 0.10 ‘where fis the rated strength of concrete, isthe bearing area, and A, isthe full area of the support,