SF _Compurer Aided Design (GTU) Geometric Transformations 4.1 COMPUTER GRAPHICS + Computer graphics deals with the_generation, transformation and _svodification “of a two mensional or 9 tree ciensional model sf an Sbjct sng a grafic sua or an application soltware or both, + Ina generation of a model, the process the data input and ends with the generation of a model. The UEC can generate a model either with the help of 3 programming or by using the user friendly application software (like : CATIA, PTC 760, SOLID works, ee). - +The latest trend in computer graphies is to use the specialized application software rather than using the programming, which is time consuming, 4.2 TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS > (Bee. 12, Doc. 19) modeling ace Tr. {Q: What's a goomatic transformations ? EER SPLTEE Ant © Geometric _ transform: orientation, size, eof the objects fn the database 2: well 3s onthe graphics image, as shown in Fig 221, This alter the coordinate descriptions of objects. ions change the ° Fig, 6.2.1: Geometr Transformation + Use of Geometric transformations: ‘The geometric transformations are used for the {following purposes : () ina construs (ii) in ed trans (ii) For obtaining orthographic, isometric and prospective views of the model, ‘zoom, mirror, array, ete; ferent positions; and Basle geometric transformations : The baste geometric transfor [ 3, Sealing 4, Reecton §. Shoar 6. Goneatonatod (Composit Translormation ‘The different basic geometric transformations are discussed! in subsequent sections. 4.2.1. Formulation : Any two dimensional graphic element (or abject) Is constructed out of points, Hence, transformation of any two dimensional graphic element essentially means the transformation of all the points of geometric entity. For the generation of a point ax well as transformation ofa point in the database and on the graphics image, it is necessary to represent the point in a matrix form, In.atwo dimensional space, the point P (x,y) shown in Fig 4.2.2, is represented In matrix form as, x = (42d (P= hy} (4.21) y Pen trenseores Pom) Pen {ongan Poy& Compact Adetbesgn (CU) “4 Geometries he valing cars In Hand he, 1901 pte Eament + Te shove Squats (4212) canbe wren la bron S ¢ g G s (7) [ee]G} aay i ne aay GS 6 € & Q Q a 2 @ ovotes maving he his rem one leaden eater. a8 [2 Jose herr FS, #55 the taking own a ieeatd sealog, Oy wlsg the diferent) ealng the cl canbe converted to lise and eewers 4.25 Reflection : (pee 1345919) fig 423; Tonlatn of Graph teen The above Equatens (123) can te rien In sataxore asCape ed Ds (TU 7 Areecon i De vanstormaon rer image ofthe graphs element soranysaserloe + Te ralecion of any pape ee recdoef ale pts of hat ce GecoetcTrlories compe idl Deven el 2 eteclon aout Yate T Ralecionsboa oar 2 Relerdnabou Vis Mian AG) ig 2b ecto aunts + contra ptt ited about he vis tae por (tf) dbshowsls Fi 426 geet } as |. elo Peer een iene tl in ot (Ph) = MD 44237) Gromer Tensonatins & Econo) eee bore Egtens (6227) can be ween la formas, Fig 4220: Ratan About ney += 42.6 shear: oy ven. tH] [8 be wits a sreeconnaiabaineysx 5 Ratetonbteyso 2 } Pot] I; ff | Fp A2s0 Then vey you ad Pyar =. , (©. Oven evant eaten titi) 20 tarsomoten: St (cru. a)BF _computer Aided Design (GTU) 47. Geometric Transformations + Fig, 42.11 shows X-direction shear of graphics ‘element. Consider a polntsP (x y) Is subjected to shear in Xedirection so as to occupy a new position Py) Then, X= neShey } andy By (42.30) where, Sh, = shear parameter ‘+The above Equations (4.2.30) can be written in matrix form as, fF LTE) or = (PY = (SK) (P} 1s o1 (4.2.31) (42.32) X-irection shear matrix wneetsn=[ Yedlroction shear : {b) After Shear Fig, 6.2.12 : ¥-Direction Shear of Graphics Element (8) Before shoar + Fig, 42.12 shows Y-direction shear of graphics element. Consider a point P (x,y) is subjected t0 shear in Y-direction so as to eccupy @ new position P(x’). Then, xoex ¥ = ytShyer and (4238) where, Shy = shear parameter +5. The Equations (42.33) can be written In matrix formas, {Lach 239 or (P) = [Shy] (P) (2.38) 1 vherefsh,] =[ shy 9] = vatreeton shear matrix 4.2.7 Concatenated (or Composite) Transformations : © Acconcatenated (or composite) transformation is the combination of two or more transformations such as, : translation, rotatien, scaling and reflection. © A single transformation matrix, known as concatenated transformation matrix or composite transformation matrix, can be obtained for such combination of transformations. + The combination of transformations into a’ single composite transformation improves the perforinance of graphies package. +The use of concatenated transfo mations 1s quite 1g process when a graphic rote) isbeing developed. ©The concatenased sransformation of any graphies element (or object) is the transformation ofall the points of shat element + Cousidera point P (x.y) isto be reoriented toa new position P* (x,y) by fist rotating and then sealing. This concatenated transformation can be carried out as follows (Py = (S] ERI (PD or (P) = (CT}(P) where, [R] = rotation matric (4236) (8237) [IS]. = sealing matrix + The corresponding concatenated transformation matrix is given by, fer] = [S}{R] (4.238) $, 0] [cos@ -sin8 [Ss] [ite ate] a 8 -S,-sin€ or ery = [SE “S| saan Exomple 42.1 : A lioo PO with end oin's (2. 1) and (7,6) is to be moved by 3 units in Xeciaction and & uits in YYairection, Determine the coordinates o! tha end points for 8 transiatod ina, Solution : ho) a fart) Given: 1, 1. Translation matrix: on off aaa5 beat TTT eats Sebbebiccuvecesere: Fio.re2s 43, TWO-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS USING HOMOGENOUS COORDINATES ‘The omen eanstoraaton sein efecto, a sea rmiris ukpleaion whle anlaven Is sccamplited by aie addon, The males it 3a) sect «(fen wim $F _Compure aided Design (6) + ff} -erracntaeoe 00 «9500 | seston matic 37) 038) S00 wher 5] ©] 0-5, 0 |= scalngmatrc oot 43.4 Reflection: RotecionaboutXais: sa or (PY = [MCPD Gesne vie Tnsloraatons 4319) where (4) { 1A) i Wahine ny un oro). we 1 LE] >, eretecton maixsboutlingy#x (9 Reflection aboetiiggy ==22 LSE] om ae “00 somone [294] rad Saree (@ X-irection shear: sm os Ey to oo 1, ca RET E om 1. tevstaos st aa GE adel! [ss] =] Sy te oa DO Or rs) 2 OD BO2 B_Computer Aided Design (GTU) 416 __Seoritrc Transformations 0.402 1. Translation: _ 2 8696 ‘Translate the triangle such that the scaling point X | “) +9 (50, 40) coincides with the origin. Hence, the | 1 translation distances are: , =- 50 and t, = - 40. ane : 10% 10 -50 2, Rotatlon and Tronslation : ta -[s ie {2 1a] my (i) Composite transformation matrix: coi} loo 1 {CTs} = (TIER) 2, Scaling : Scale the triangle about the origin. 100 2770066 -05 00 S90] fos 0 0 [s} =| 0 S,0]=| 0 050 (b) -| ©uo 8 05 0,866 0 0 oot 001 001-4 0 o 10 30023 translatl ogo dh 8 ot . averse translation : | 0866 -05 0 2 ‘Translate the triangle back to the original position my 0s 08660 3 with reference tothe scaling point. or (CTs = 10-4] [10 s0 o—o1 [nyt -[: 1-4 {i 1 “| -0 0 oo L oo 1 oo1 (Gi) Transformed point (P"}: 4. Composite transformation matrix: {P"} = (CT3] (P} ‘The composite transformation matrix is given by, 0866 -05 0 2 Tr [eT] = [TY'CS1 [Th] 05 0866 0 3 3 o y= 0 01 -4])-s : 3 2 1 o oo hh [23] [‘* 0 ‘| [2i78] =] 0 1:40 0 050 01-40 aane oo1 0 0 1. oo 21 6.098 ” 9 05 0 SO][1 0 -50 : =| 0 05 40 [10 1 -40 1 oo tdloo 1 3. Comment: : 05 0 25 The point (PD is diferent than e%, The | LCT =| 0 9s | Ans. wenated transformation depends upon the " . sequence of operations. Hence, the sequence of | 5. Vertices of scaled triangle: rations certainly affects the end result wwAns, Nowa’) = (CT]{A} Z 0S 0 25 30 40 or {A} =| 0 05 20] 420>=1 307 (a) ‘s 0 O11 1 1 (BY). = [Cr] (8) 3 0S 0 25) (90). [70 Solution: or (B'} =| 0 OS 20] 420¢=130}) _¢e) oo12 1 1 Given: S,=5,=05 + The composite transformation can be achieved as | 84 (C'} = (CT}(C} follows :B comper ded Desir) at) () [oO ue es is] (t).(6 oor e Sonate Tanlomstens Sealing facta, #042005 Teescaag mats ofS e}Te a [Tcl iA 8 } B= « o-{s} md (C) = a 6 : ft dl i { 08: Computed es |eae Tilermatons 4. Cansnted antomalon mata: he comets tnforation ats hen sehiiedrfalows: 4. Testor: Teste the engl bruh ac 2 lrg ad Y crecons respec. Hey, = #108 “Gample LAB A Wang ARG Pas vreas: A 2 184d 01.6, Fed Ua no cnr cl Be cs 20 it: 1. Maa abet ey x 2. Sead in pct pk A uly eo ac «2 sige postin ) 2 Rotaon trou 9 in ecetrctcinse coaon ‘shoei new patiently: 0 0Soluto Given: 5,25,=05 + The position of the square has to be same after scaling, Hence, scallng has co be carried owt about the center of square. +The composite transformation cam be achieved as follows: 1. Translation: Translate the square such that the scaling point P (2 2) coincides with the origin. itence, the translation distances arv:t, = = 2and t, =~ 2 DOK] Prone Mm=f ory |} 01-2] cay oo1) ood Scaling: Seale the square about the origin S00) 705 0 0 os, 0 |e] 0 os 0 ooisloars (J = 3. Inverse translation: ‘Translate the square back to the original position with reference to the scaling point 10 - rez) mrt =| 01-4 |-fo 1a (©) coo ijstloor) 4. Composite transformation matrix: ‘The composite transformation matrix is given by. (er) = (ays) m 1027.05 0 of 1 0-2 =] 012] 0 oso fl oa -2 corto oiflooi [Tarers or cr] =| 0 05 2 |) 01-2 Lo oidtoon os 01 =| 0 051 «) ooo4 5. Vertices of transformed square (8) = (cT}{A) 05 0 1 ‘ 1S ow WW) =] 0 O51 fated ag ooo4 J 1 (8) = tery (ny oS 0 17/3 25 oe} 0 os a fea bed a oooadle 1 (C) = (ery cy 05 0 17(3 25 o (Cp e} 0 051 [4 a ped as ooo adh 1 and (0) = {cr} qo) os oO 1dr a 15 oY =] 0 054 ]4 a bet 25 o orsla 1 + The coordinates of transformed square are : ALS, 15), B25, 1.5) C(25, 2) and (15, 25). This transformation is shown in Fig. P. 4.4.9. Ans, Onna! Squera + Teonstormaa Sauce Fig. P. 44.9 Example 4.4.10 : Triangle ABC has ils verlicas.at A (0, 0),B (0,4) and C (8,2), Zoom this angle 3 Uns at thon hang it consideting atts body Using hook =a Gilt MH-4 soidion: 4. Scaling of Trinngle : Scaling matrix, wf}vl tslangleare, cor sua SMe )-(8) crvanund ie }- la } wraniel SM} A 2 Hanging of Triangle using Hook Point © with Orin: anging of tangle using book at point € with origin consist af: “Translaionefiingie N) Rotation oftiangle ( Trasstationoftriangle: ‘ransate the tangle such Ust point C6) colncles with point, 0). Hence, = = 9 aed are roxy rio -9 nelory || orc cortloo a (0) Rotaionct triangle: Tatag tie wang by-20; ta cpintercocose rection Hence, 8296" w ‘| am ‘| wo mnt Computes ded Design (GTO) 13 won| 4 Coordination of ransiomes feng: (9 ection tough 30 in eokse econ atau poi ‘arson by 8 sie in Xeon ant 2 unis in su Geomate Tansomatons OTS fee ts [feat x E)G] mp elorg]fefa] se Maries 7 3 Concatnstdwanafomaton ric: ‘The coneatnated tranormaton mate (geen by, fen) = (08) 2 1 Lo2yeas 05 29 % [cr] «/012] -05 035s osie| poi oo 1. 0866 05 4 =| -05 oes 2556] ans, Doo 8 4 Vetess af anforned tng: (y= pera) ( ? * (e) = [er)(cy [E dbl(} ; f * + men ttt et Urge ar: & (2, 4268) B (3356, 4.654) and (6) Tis ransom letows aig PAA, 7 ¥ LO An cy- Figs. 4.613 _Computer Aided Design (TU) 0.7235 0.6085 30 or {R} =] 06805 -07235 3.4471 |t 50 0 0 1 1 84.75 (R) = 4-12.08 (hy 1 The coordinates of the vertices for a relfected trlangle are : P (16.188, - 0.5204), Q' (37.09, 20.135) and R’ (54.75, ~ 12.08). This transformation is shown in Fig. P. 44.18, roles y Solution : Slope oflineis, m= + The concatenated transformation can be achieved as follows 4, Rotation : Rotate the line and triangle about the origin until the line coincides with X-axis, The rotation angle is given by, 0 = tan" (m)= tan“(8) =~ 78.69" [Angle 0 is negative because the rotation is in clockwise direction} €0s0 sind 0 R) =| sin0 cos 0 ee 4 Geometele Transfon cos(-7069) sin(-70.69) 0 =| sin (-78.69) co: (-76.69) 0 0 0 VJ 0.196 0.98 0 or [R] =| -098 0.196 0 fa) ooo 2. Reflection about X-axis: Reflect the triangle about Karis [* o ‘| My) 2/0 -10 wb) (4) =]f Ay (b) 3. Inverse rotation : Rotate the line and triangle in Feverse direction through am angle given in step 1 Henee,, c0s(-0) ~sin(=0) 07 (RT! =| sin(-0) cos(-8) 0 0 0 1 cos (78,69) - sin (78.69) 0 =| sin (78.69) cos (78.69) 0 Lo oa] 0196 -os0 0 or (RP! =] 098 0.196 0 (0) o 04 4 Concatenated transformation matrix : The concatenated transformation matrixis given by, Cer} = (RP (My) RD 4 3 2 0.196 -0980771 007 0196 090 =| 098 01960 |] 0-10] -098 0196 oo islo oso 4 0.196 -098 07/0196 098 0 =| 099 -0.196 0/|-098 0.196 0 o 0 aJho 0 4 -0922 0.384 0 or fet] =| 0384 0.922 0 0 01 Solutlon : The concatenated transformation can be achieved as follows 1, Translation: ‘Translate the line and polygon such that the tine passes through the origin, The Y-inte:cept of the Tine is 1. Hence, the translation distances are t= 0 ands, == 1 wvW_Corrputer Aided Design (GTU) 06 08 -08 =| 08 -06 16 {c) = I 08 -08 -06 16 o 4 o 0 1 | 32 | 1 Hence, the coordinates ofthe vertices for a reflected Polygon are : A’ (- 2, 0), B’ (~ 1.6, 2.2), (04, 32) and ' (0, 1.0). This transformation is shown in Fig, P, 4.4.20, Y iT 3 or (i) Il of) 06 og 0 and (0) {cr} (0) or (D} = ‘Solution Given : Forline: P(xy.y3) # P (25,20) QGxys) = Q(20,30) ‘The equation of ine, Gey) _&-%) va-y) * Gm) Geomnetric Transformations (y ~ 20) (x- 25) (30-20) “ (10-25) (y=20) _ (x-25) 10 * -45~ -3(y-20) =3y+60 -3y = 2x-110 2, 110 y =o 3xett oF . y == 0.6667 x+ 36.6667 ‘The concatenated transformation can be achieved ” as follows: 1, Translation: ‘Translate the line and rectangle such that the line passes through the origin, The Y-intercept of the line is 36.6667, Hence, the translation distances are t= Oandt, =~ 36.667 10%] [10.0 [nh] =]o1y -[i Ese] ~(a) oo1l Loo 1 2, Rotation: Rotate the line and rectangle about the origin until the line coincides with X-axis, The rotation angle is siven by, © = tar (m) = ~tan“'(- 0.6667) = 33.69° cos® -sin8 0 [R] =| sind cos6 0 0 al cos (33,69) ~sin (33.69) 0 = | sin(33.69) cos (33.69) ‘| 0 0 1 0832-05547 ‘| 05547 0832 0 0 o 1 or [R} | 0) 3, Reflection about X-axis : Reflect the rectangle about X-axis, : ° ‘| My] =] 0-10 Md = fo 01 Inverse rotation: 0 4 Rotate the line and rectangle in reverse direction throughan angle glven in step 2, Hence, sin(-6) cos (-0) 0. 0 oo1 [ime 8) -sin(-6) 0 wisasa ossi7 ] or (Ry =| -05507 osm 0 ao) b D8 4. 5. verse transition recange such ht he en Merce, ow sory coe (6. Coneteaated wesiorton mar Tee enced uanstrnson es 0852 08517 0 =| -osser saz 26667 ooo 4 osser apse -3051 ooo 4 | (S54) | asser ogre -a05 oo 4 oa -055¢7 | ° on -st n | or iy =| - a ‘come TWasenaoe 030) a0 eno sees -0m ° war 3193 oe ay ety tthe Grom Trnformnons‘Tease th ine and wing such hath le passes rough ean Te Yes thetransaton stances are:t,2Oandt,-2 (a) [ 10%) ory oot iH 10 0 O17 oo 3 ] te erigh ans The ea ae is [2 84 (Pa [ (ea Ths tratorwe Computer Aided Design (GTU) 4-43 (iipn \S () Some of the three-dimensional yeometric transformations are as follows lation — 2. Rot Reflection Computer Aided Design (GTU) 4-50 Geometric Transformations ‘soltlon 4.5.1. Translation : ‘The translation of a point from position P (x, y, 2) to new position 1 (x, y, 2 ) can be represented in \ hhoinogenous coordinate formas, | | yi. ¢ J . 1 or (PY) = {7} oh where, [T] = z Hsrtemad 3 oe le is “4 5 = Gitte = translation distances in X,Y, and 4 “ an ‘E-directions respectively. | 4.5.2. Rotation : 5 In a three-dimensional space, the rotation of eraphies element (or object) can be about X-axis, Y-axis, aes tor Zeaxis, It is important to. note that, by convention, Positive rotation angles produce counterclockwise rotations about a coordinate axis, when looking towards the origin from the positive coordlinate position on the respective axis (Fig. 45.1). 4.5 THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRIC TRANSFORMATIONS The methods for two-dimensional geometric transformations can be extended to three-dimensions by including considerations forthe i-coordinate. 0 oy we Fig. 4.5.1 : RotationGece Talons, out Ned es patna enteral ass) si9 *| 0 omar oar 0 oo of | 2, RtadonabourZanis: egret Ie = 658) 4538) ay ‘The mneatnnted tanfornace nazis is ven by, m= RM 0886 -05 0 0 05 0855 0 0 “loo 40 0 boon 10 0 oyrrocs Hoo 0) 0 o7o7 -o707 0 |] 0106 0 oor a7 0 |] ov 20 enn ay oo 0 adlooorGreneicTrasforens & congue seg 2 Retatonateut Vai ue 9 48 (45) 0 sin(t5) 0 mf ee ot 8 0 IM) go ts eas “| satis) 0 est45) 0 0 any om 0 oo 8 a 3 065 03595 0s 061-0622 sore (en Ans ramps £52 The eased tsiomaon a (apiereiraneretc ee sonny oars Thoratin tag or ast; (The tanatn ough 1 0 wits ang X and ‘elec eer and Tw roainatrogh at etou Xen Wine re negio.s wnsomatn mie Poe porsion and rwip Be creat ‘alee cponionse cna nave Wie equteepetos ates eee sole socoyrisoua oso . cose’ oon 7 Don 05 0 po ot : 20, 0 sing, 0 wef 288 WI) a0, © eso, oooilosor nts ot oo oF me] z 0 4 Rataon tbogh 120" abeutZ a 22 Translation throgh 10 and ~ 20 units along x snd vtec respecte 05-0586 0 “\ a one 05 © 1. Tasitin 190K TPLoOo Ss | = na) 2 Reantivegaratontents: ores |foro-s | a 30 M™) org [looZon me D707, 06123 03586 0 a ~o7or1 06123 ooo on a) p24 as|_} -om an (7) -4956 a 1 ma 707: 06128 03535 0 © as 0966 0 07071 asi2s 03536 0 ooo 4 i 333,16708) (945, ~ 482, 15309) and (84068,- hts, 455, (Taute esc eration yer hide Desa CTY, $36 Generate ee coer strents, “4.6 NAPPING OF GEOMETRIC ait comparienaeweenGeometie [475 Geometie Mapig of Graphix Maping ww apping: Fy Tecopaonbnner peneretsiasen | seu ene yeen Play) encteseat eins eirdnaenren tt PW.) «content patie + en anesofhano enre ns (opal = ‘a ae) at pre ea Ge map let rauastionmaplag (i 422) |_| cern sen 7 . (5 ceonene cee forbade and wo coordinate 7 7 l tose = a7 MENSIONAL GEOMETRIC * MAPPINGS Ley d= dance ofthe orga ofrgia coordina sptem(0) rom eer of eee sst (0) aos Xererton 4 = dane oft ong of og cordate sytem (0) fromthe orig ne cerinate system (O) along Yeirerson RR RR ARN AR RR RRR TANComputer aided Design (TU) 62 Geometrl Transformatons In this method of projection, the principal axes of the MCS of the model are Inclined to the projection plane. ‘Therefore axonometric projection shows several faces of the model at one glance. 4+ The most commonly used axonoinetric projection isan isometric projection (Fig 4.10.3), 4,10.3 Isometric Projection In isometric projection, shown in Fig, 4.193, the projection plane intersects the the objectat the same distance from the origin, yy ch principal axis of the MCS of x Fig. 4.20.3 : Isometric Projection 4,11 TRANSFORMATIONS FOR ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS u ‘Question’ sae 4 . Dorive the orthographic projection matices for tha Ten | | | | Mw Way 17, be. 18, nay 9) . ‘The orthographic views of a geometric model means 2D-views ofthe model.{ = epee (TU, 18 insenttenode Fg A212 ft View Md ines + Theceeeae cary pont P onthe sd malin NeS.tawnia gL aregeny, “i vane rinsonmoeet fans) eames astro wes) ig ALLA: gh Side View of Molin WS 4 © @ me uy yaclarehseview where (P= cura + transformatea maricfor ghtside Mew 4.12 WINDOW AND VIEWPORT ‘Thea be fected by wlodow ad ewport Vaan DV AD ADB Boe ONE OR Rm 9 1at 86 Geometric Teansormatlon BH Computer Aide Design (GT) s CeomenieTransermatons + Wewport isan area on scree, in UCS where the contems of the window are dsplyed | (42220) | + Viewpurisgaina reanlenssandod poston, | with the edges of 2 rectangle paral co the cncrinate mes of User Coordinate System, + Wile the window defines whats foe views, the viewport defines where sto be diplced onthe + "The contents of the window can be enlarged, | cerrado etedinavewport + Byseectng 3 umber ef windows 2 geometric roel, maluple vtewpons can be placed on the sereen Fr example top way ont vw, right de stew an smetc view ofan object a be placed fa four viewportssimataeausy on screen as showin Fig 4122 Definition + The mapping or ronfirmation of o peorrie model from th wove ode Coordinate ‘Shen ta the leon (User Cerna Sie) is tolled 21 teindoetoinuport tranrformation or dowing transformation. Cansider the vlewing trnelormacon of 2 point QR Yam window wth MES 10 viewport with UES ae shown ny 4331 ‘The ernsformation Is implemented such that leans the elt pan of the ej with respet te we epae For eample if oat PCY) Isatthe cere ofthe wow, hen he transformed print (iy) mus bea ee cent fhe vlewport co “fg. 4an2 Mabie Viewpors ‘The mapping ef promeie ede fom a Mal Coordinate Sytem a2 User Corde Sate I refered 25 vienng transformation or window toxtewpor transformation 4.13 WINDOW-TO-VIEWPORT | ‘TRANSFORMATION py-20 ty 19,0881) ao vewsen Yo pes), wer. 1 = + The viewing tranafrmacan can be scheved with thehelp following wo transformations: 1. Seallngs Sealing ofthe window using a fied position of Tame left corral he wind. han Ya) 2 Transat ‘Tranliton of scaled window to the position af vwport Let POLY). Poston of pot in window with MCS (ay) = Pontianetpoincinvlewpor with UCS (aaa) # Lower comer ofthe window (haw Ton) = Uppersighteorne ofthe mine (eae Ye) # Lower corer ofthe viewport (baum) * Upright carer ofthe viewport S, + Seletnxalireton wale) t-te hse (sy im al ye, tannic oof £] sten Fig 432.2 Viewing Tesaermation aaa Fi