Complementary feeding When breast milk is no longer enough to meet the nutritional needs of the infant, complementary foods

should be added to the diet of the child. The transition from exclusive breastfeeding to family foods, referred to as complementary feeding, typically covers the period from 6 to 18-24 months of age, and is a very vulnerable period. It is the time when malnutrition starts in many infants, contributing significantly to the high prevalence of malnutrition in children under five years of age world-wide. WHO estimates that 2 out of 5 children are stunted in low-income countries. Complementary feeding should be timely, meaning that all infants should start receiving foods in addition to breast milk from 6 months onwards. It should be adequate, meaning that the complementary foods should be given in amounts, frequency, consistency and using a variety of foods to cover the nutritional needs of the growing child while maintaining breastfeeding. Foods should be prepared and given in a safe manner, meaning that measures are taken to minimize the risk of contamination with pathogens. And they should be given in a way that is appropriate, meaning that foods are of appropriate texture for the age of the child and applying responsive feeding following the principles of psycho-social care. The adequacy of complementary feeding (adequacy in short for timely, adequate, safe and appropriate) not only depends on the availability of a variety of foods in the household, but also on the feeding practices of caregivers. Feeding young infants requires active care and stimulation, where the caregiver is responsive to the child clues for hunger and also encourages the child to eat. This is also referred to as active or responsive feeding. Introduction Breast milk alone is the ideal start to a childs life. This book deals with the period when a child continues to receive breast milk but also needs increasing amounts of additional foods, before eventually changing to family foods alone. The book shows that breast milk can continue to be an important source of nutrients until the child is at least two years old. It also shows how mixtures of family foods can meet the extra needs of young children during this vulnerable time. These foods, given in addition to breast milk, are called complementary foods. The process of feeding them is called compiementary feeding. To keep young children healthy during this period, complementary foods should be nutritious, clean and safe, and fed in adequate amounts. They may be specially prepared foods, or modified family meals. This book tells you when to start complementary feeding, what to give, how much, and how often. It also explains how to encourage young children to eat enough, how to keep their food clean and safe, and how to feed sick children. The book takes into account the results of recent studies on young child feeding, growth. and childhood illness including diarrhoea. Key recommendations I Breast milk is the natural rst food for babies and should be fed alone for at least 4 months and if possible 6 months. However, after this period additional foods (complementary foods) are needed. To make sure that young children grow well and stay healthy, it is important to know which foods to give, how much to give, and how often. Breast milk should be the main food throughout the baby's first year, and an important food during the second year. Breast milk continues to provide unique antiinfective factors that other foods cannot. The list below is to remind you of the main messages to consider when discussing complementary feeding with parents and others caring for young children, or when training health workers. \Vhy these recommendations are important is explained in the rest of the book. ' Give breast milk alone for at least 4 months, and until 6 months if possible. Breast milk contains all the energy and nutrients a baby needs for healthy growth as well as anti-infective factors, which protect against diarrhoea and other infections. ' Give a child complementary foods between 4 and 6 months only if he or she: => is not gaining weight adequately, despite appropriate breastfeeding :> receives frequent breastfeeds but appears hungry soon after. ' Breastfeed for two years or longer. ' When starting complementary foods, continue breastfeeding as often as before meaning as often as the child wants. Keep the length of each breastfeed the same as before. * Give complementary foods that are: rich in energy and nutrients clean and safe easy to prepare from family foods

locally available and affordable. * Give complementary foods three times daily to breastfed babies aged 6-? months, increasing to ve times daily by I2 months. Start with a few teaspoons and gradually increase the amount and variety. Actively encourage a child to eat at mealtimes and when having snacks. Make sure all utensils are clean. Spoon-feed complementary foods from a cup or bowl. Do not give from a feeding bottle. If complementary foods are not kept in a refrigerator, feed them within 2 hours of preparation. During and after illness, breastfeed more frequently than usual, and give extra meals. After illness, encourage a child to eat as much as possible at each meal. Continue this until the child regains any lost weight and is growing Well again. Keep a chart of a young childs weight. Monitoring growth is a useful way to know if a child is eating enough and is healthy

What is complementary feeding? C ornplernerirarjveeding means giving other foods in addition to breast milk. These other foods are called compierrierttarjvjioods. During the period of complementaly feeding, a baby gradually becomes accustomed to eating family foods. At the end of this period (usually at around the age of 2 years), breast milk is entirely replaced by family foods, although a child may still sometimes suckle for comfort. There are two kinds of complementary foods: * speciall_v prepared foods and * usurrl:iniiiyJoas that are modied to make them easy to eat and provide enough nutrients. For example, a mother may specially prepare porridge for her baby while the rest of the family eat cassava and groundnut stew. When the child is a little older, the mother will give the cassava mashed in the stew. Mashing ntodifies the consistency of the family food, making it easier for the child to eat. Family meals can also be modified by adding something extra, for example adding a piece of mango to give extra vitamin A, or liver for extra iron, and oil or margarine for extra energy. Why are complementary foods needed? As a baby grows and becomes more active, an age is reached when breast milk alone is not sufficient to meet the childs nutritional needs. So complementary foods are then needed to ll rite gap between the total nutritional needs of the child and the amounts provided by breast milk Figure I shows how the energy needed by a child (the red line) increases as the child becomes older, bigger and more active. It also shows how much of this energy is supplied by breast milk if a mother breastfeeds frequently (the area shaded yellow). Note that from 6 months onwards there is a gap between the total energy needs and the energy provided by breast milk. This gap gets bigger as the child gets older. This means: ~ complementary foods are needed to fill the energy gap ' the quantity of food needed increases as the child becomes older ' if the gap is not filled, the child will stop growing, or grow Slowly

When should complementary foods be started? Complementary foods should be started when the baby can no longer get enough energy and nutrients from breast milk alone. For most babies this is between 4 and 6 months of age. This is also the age when nerves and muscles in the mouth develop suiciently to let the baby munch, bite and chew. Before 4 months, babies push food out of their mouths because they cannot fully control the movement of their tongues. At 4-6 months of age it becomes easier to feed thick porridges, purees and mashed foods because children: - can control their tongues better - start to make up-and-clown munching movements

' start to get teeth ' like to put things in their mouths ' are interested in new tastes. This is also the age when their digestive system is mature enough to digest a range of foods. Starting complementary feeding too early or starting it too late are both undesirable. Signs that a child is ready to start complementary foods are that the child: ' is at least 4 months old and ' receives frequent breastfeeds but appears hungry soon after or ' is not gaining weight adequately. A child should be fed only breast milk for at least 4 months, and until 6 months if possible. Breast milk provides all the energy and nutrients needed for healthy growth. It contains antiinfective substances which protect the child from diarrhoea and other illnesses. Giving complementary foods too soon is dangerous because: ~ a child does not need these foods yet, and they may displace breast milk. If foods are given, the child takes less breast milk, and the mother produces less, so later, it may be more difcult to meet the childs nutritional needs

a child receives less of the protective factors in breast milk, so the risk of illness increases the risk of diarrhoea also increases because complementary foods may not be as clean as breast milk - the foods given instead of breast milk are often thin, watery porridges or soups because these are easy for babies to eat. These foods ll the stomach but provide fewer nutrients than breast milk, and so the childs needs are not met ~ mothers are at greater risk of becoming pregnant if they breastfeed less frequently. Starting complementary feeding too tare is also dangerous because: 1' a child does not get the extra food needed to ll the energy and nutrient gaps ~ a child stops growing, or grows slowly ' the risk of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies increases

The staple Every community has a staple food. It is the main food eaten. Examples are cereals (such as rice, wheat, maize, millet), roots (such as cassava, yam, potato) and starchy fruits (such as plantain and breaduit). in rural areas, families often spend much of their time growing, harvesting, storing and processing the staple food. In urban areas the staple is often bought, and the choice depends partly on cost. Cooked staples can usually be mashed (for example rice, noodles, cassava. potato), or softened in a small amount of liquid (for example bread and chapati). Staples are often milled to a flour and cooked to make a porridge (for example maize, millet). Staples provide energy (mostly from starch). Cereals also provide protein, but cassava, sweet potato, banana, plantain and breadfruit contain very little protein. Yam and potato have more protein than other roots, but not as much as cereals. Staple foods are poor sources of iron, zinc and calcium. Cereals contain phytates which may interfere with the absorption of iron, zinc and calcium contained in the cereal and in other foods in the meal. Fresh roots (such as cassava, potato) provide vitamin C, but ours made from staples have none. Only the yellow varieties of maize, sweet potato and plantain are sources of vitamin A. This means: ' the staple must be eaten with other foods for a child to get enough nutrients We talked earlier that as a baby grows and becomes more active, an age is reached when

breastmilk alone is not sufficient to meet the childs needs. This is when complementary foods are needed. In the previous session, we saw this graph of the energy needed by the growing child and how much is provided by effective breastfeeding As the young child gets older, breastmilk continues to provide energy; however, the childs energy needs have increased as the child grows. If these gaps are not filled, the child will stop growing or grow only at a slow rate. The child who is not growing well may also be more likely to become ill or to recover less quickly from an illness. As health workers, you have an important role to help families use appropriate complementary foods and feeding techniques to fill the gaps Foods that can fill the energy gap Think of the childs bowl or plate. The first food we may think to put in the bowl is the family staple. Every community has at least one staple or main food. The staple may be: Cereals, such as rice, wheat, maize/corn, or oats. Starchy roots such as potato. Starchy fruits such as banana. All foods provide some energy. However, people generally eat large amounts of these staples, and they provide much of the energy needed. Staples also provide some protein and other nutrients, but they cannot provide all the nutrients needed on their own. The staple must be eaten with other foods for a child to get enough nutrients. Staples generally need preparation before eating. They may just need to be cleaned and boiled or they may be milled into flour or grated and then cooked to make bread or porridge. Sometimes staple foods are specially prepared for young children. For example, wheat may be the staple and bread dipped in soup is the way it is used for young children. It is important that you know what the main staples are that families eat in your area. Then you can help them to use these foods for feeding their young children.

Using a thick consistency of food We have the staple in the childs bowl. Let us say this child will have (for example, potato, rice ). The food may be thin and runny or it may be thick and stay on the spoon. Often families are afraid that thick foods will be difficult to swallow, get stuck in the babys throat, or give the baby constipation. Therefore, they add extra liquid to the foods to make it easier for the young child to eat. Sometimes extra liquid is added so that it will take less time to feed the baby. It is important for you to help families understand the importance of using a thick consistency in foods for young children Fermented porridge Fermented porridge can be made in two waysthe grain can be mixed with water and set to ferment overnight or longer before cooking, or the grain and water can be cooked into porridge and then fermented. Sometimes, some of a previous batch of the fermented porridge (starter) is added to speed up the process of fermentation. Porridge made from germinated grain can also be fermented The advantages of using fermented porridge are: It is less thick than plain porridge, so more grain/flour can be used with the same amount of water. This means each cupful of porridge contains more energy and nutrients than plain (unfermented) porridge. Children may prefer the taste of sour porridge and so eat more. The absorption of iron and some other minerals is better from the soured porridge. It is more difficult for harmful bacteria to grow in soured porridge, so it can be kept for a day or two. Grain is also fermented to make alcohol. However, the short fermentation talked about here to make fermented porridge will not make alcohol or make the child drunk! Germinated or sprouted flour Cereal or legume seeds are soaked in water and then left to sprout. The grains are then dried (sometimes toasted) and ground into flour. A family can do this at home, but it is more common to buy flour already germinated. Mixed flours that include germinated (or malted) flour in addition to the main flour may be available in the store. If families in your area use germinated grain, the following ways can be used to make a thicker and more nutritious porridge: Use this germinated flour to make porridge. This type of flour does not thicken much during cooking so less water can be used. Add a pinch of the germinated flour to cooked thick porridge that has cooled a little bit. The porridge should be boiled again for a few minutes after adding the germinated flour. This addition will make the porridge softer and easier for the child to eat. Germination also helps more iron to be absorbed.