GRANULAR MECHANICS

OF THE SEISMIC LATERAL

EARTH PRESSURE ON
RIGID RETAINING WALLS
Prof. Calixtro Yanqui
San Agustin National University of
Arequipa, Peru
1. Lo Grasso et al.: T mode
Friction Friction
1. Lo Grasso et al.: T mode
No friction
1. Lo Grasso et al. : RT mode
Friction No friction
1. Lo Grasso et al.: RT mode
Friction No friction
2. Sherif and Fang: RT mode, friction
2. Sherif and Fang: RT mode, friction
3. Discontinuum Mechanics
- The mean value principle:
2 f 2 f 2 f
m xx 2  2m xz  m zz 2  0
x xz z

- Components of the fabric metric tensor:

N /2
2
m jk 
N
a
i 1
ji a ki

- Two dimensional pseudo-static stress components:

2 2
1 g mU mn
 jk 
U

m 1 n 1 u mn
u jn u kn z n
4. Granular Mechanics

Force chains: Behringer

Linear force chains

5. Contact forces in a granular medium

f2 q2 q1 f1
s z2

R0 W0(1-av)
z1 q1 q2 F2
w F1

(x , z )

W0ah

 (1  a v ) S1 z1 sin( 2  s)  (1  a v ) S 2 z 2 sin(1  s)
F1  F2 
cos s sin(1   2 ) cos s sin(1   2 )
6. Lateral earth pressure on retaining walls
 (1  a v ) z sin(1  s) sin( 2  w) cos(w  i)
I 
cos s cos w cos( 2  i) cos(1  w  )
 (1  a v )( H  z ) sin(1  s) sin( 2  w) cos( f  w)
 II 
cos s cos w cos( 2   f ) cos(1  w  )

M
i

q2

Zone I qf
HI
w smax

D w +d

Zone II
HII

T
7. Rotation about the base (RB)
Vertical indentation of grains

M´ 
1   2   f
O ´

O´

qf qf f f

O i

qf 
a) Rankine´s
w
active state
T
f f H
P

A
 P

T
8. Rotation about the base (RB)
Rotation of the upper grains

O
 o
1   0  2   fp
O´

q0 qf

0 f

O i

qf 
(RB): Rotation
T
 w
about the base f
P
H

 P

T
9. Horizontal translation (T)
Vertical indentation of grains
M

1   2   0
M´
´ 
O

O´
M
q0 q0 0 0

O i f

qf w

H
T´ T (T) Translation o o
P  P II
D

T
10. Rotation about the top
Rotation of the lower grains
M

M´
1   0  2   fp

O ´

M
0 fp
q0
qfP
O f
i

w
qf  o
D
(RT): Rotation
 H
T about the top
T´ P II

fp  P

T
11. Kinematics of the retaining walls
Further rotation of the lower grains
M

M´ 1   f  2   fp
O ´  o

M
qf o 0 fp
qfP
O f
i

I
f
qf  w
(RT): Rotation D
T about the top o H
T´ II
P
fp  P

T
12.- Lateral earth force on retaining walls

H 2 (1  a v ) sin(1  s) sin( f  w) cos(w  i)

Pa 
2 cos w cos cos( f  i) cos(1  w   )
2

13.- Point of application

H  sin( f  w) cos( 2  i) 
Ha  1  
3  sin( 2  w) cos( f  i) 
Evaluation of results:
Lo Grasso, Maugeri and Motta
Lateral pressure (kPa) Lateral pressure (kPa)

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
0.0 0.0
Lo Grasso et al. (2004) Lo Grasso et al. (2004)
Granular Mechanics (T) Granular Mechanics (T)
Mononobe-Okabe Mononobe-Okabe
0.2 0.2
φ = 37.0°
 = 37.0° φ = 37.0°
a h= 0.28  = 37.0°
0.4 f = 31.8° 0.4 a h= 0.11
0 = 37.8°
z/H

z/H
0.6
0.6

0.8
0.8

1.0
1.0
Evaluation of results:
Lo Grasso, Maugeri and Motta
Lateral pressure (kPa) Lateral pressure (kPa)

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
0.0 0.0
Lo Grasso et al. (2004) Lo Grasso et al. (2004)
Granular Mechanics (T) Granular Mechanics (RT)
Mononobe-Okabe Mononobe-Okabe
0.2 0.2
φ = 37.0°
 = 0.0°
0.4 a h= 0.11
0.4
0 = 37.8°
z/H

z/H
φ = 37.0°
 = 37.0°
0.6 0.6 a h= 0.37
f = 35.0°

0.8 0.8

1.0 1.0
Evaluation of results:
Lo Grasso, Maugeri and Motta
Lateral pressure (kPa) Lateral pressure (kPa)

0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
0.0 0.0
Lo Grasso et al. (2004) Lo Grasso et al. (2004)
Granular Mechanics (RT) Granular Mechanics (RT)
Mononobe-Okabe Mononobe-Okabe
0.2 0.2

0.4 0.4
φ = 37.0°
z/H

z/H
 = 37.0°
a h= 0.28
0.6 f = 31.8° 0.6 φ = 37.0°
 = 0.0°
a h= 0.26
f = 31.1°
0.8 0.8

1.0 1.0
Evaluation of results: Sherif and Fang
Horizontal lateral pressure (kPa) Horizontal lateral pressure (kPa)

0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0.0 0.0

0.2 0.2

0.4 0.4

Depth (z)
Depth (z)

φ = 40.1°
φ = 40.1°
 = 20.0°
0.6 0.6  = 20.0°
a h= 0.0
a h= 0.26
0 = 32.7°
f = 29.6°

0.8 Sherif & Fang (1982) 0.8 Sherif & Fang (1982)
Granular Mechanics (RT) Granular Mechanics (RT)
Mononobe-Okabe Mononobe-Okabe

1.0 1.0
Evaluation of results: Sherif and Fang
Horizontal lateral pressure (kPa) Horizontal lateral pressure (kPa)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
0.0 0.0

0.2 0.2

Sherif & Fang (1982)

0.4 0.4 Granular Mechanics (RT)

Depth (z)
Depth (z)

Mononobe-Okabe

φ = 40.1°
0.6  = 20.0° 0.6 φ = 40.1°
a h= 0.40  = 20.0°
f = 34.7° a h= 0.52
0.8 f = 39.6°
0.8 Sherif & Fang (1982)
Granular Mechanics (RT)
Mononobe-Okabe

1.0 1.0
Evaluation of results: Ishibashi and Fang
Horizontal lateral pressure (kPa) Horizontal lateral pressure (kPa)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0.0 0.0
Ishibashi & Fang (1987) Ishibashi & Fang (1987)
Granular Mechanics (RB) Granular Mechanics (RB)
Mononobe-Okabe Mononobe-Okabe
0.2 0.2
φ = 40.1° φ = 40.1°
 = 26.7°  = 40.1°
a h= 0.204 a h= 0.215
0.4 0.4
0 = 39.6° 0 = 40.1°
Depth (z)

Depth (z)
0.6 0.6

0.8 0.8

1.0 1.0
 Evaluation of results: Ishibashi and Fang
Horizontal lateral pressure (kPa) Horizontal lateral pressure (kPa)

0 2 4 6
0.0
Ishibashi & Fang (1987)
Granular Mechanics (RT)
Mononobe-Okabe
8 0 2 4 6 8
0.0
Ishibashi & Fang (1987)
Granular Mechanics (RT)
Mononobe-Okabe

0.2 0.2

0.4 0.4

Depth (z)
φ = 40.1°
 = 26.7°
0.6 0.6 a h= 0.37
φ = 40.1°
fa = 33.6°
 = 26.7°
a h= 0.204
0 = 39.6° 0.8
0.8

1.0
1.0
Evaluation of results: Ichihara and Matsuzawa

1.2
Granular Mechanics (RB)
1.0 Mononobe-Okabe
Ichihara & Matsuzawa (1973)
0.8
Kae cos

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Horizontal seismic coefficient, a h
Evaluation of results: Ishibashi and Fang
1.2
Granular Mechanics (RB)
1.0 Mononobe-Okabe
Ishibashi & Fang (1987)
0.8
Kae cos

0.6

0.4

0.2 1.2
Granular Mechanics (RB)
0.0 1.0 Mononobe-Okabe
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Ishibashi & Fang (1987)
ah
Horizontal seismic coefficient,0.8
Ha/H

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
Evaluation of results: Ishibashi and Fang
1.2
Granular Mechanics (RT)
1.0 Mononobe-Okabe
Ishibashi & Fang (1987)
0.8
Kae cos

0.6

0.4
1.2
0.2 Granular Mechanics (RT)
1.0 Mononobe-Okabe
0.0 Ishibashi & Fang (1987)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.8 0.6

Horizontal seismic coefficient, a h
Ha/H
0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Horizontal seismic coefficient, a h
Evaluation of results:Sherif, Ishibashi and Lee
1.2
Granular Mechanics (T)
1.0 Mononobe-Okabe
Sherif, Ishibashi & Lee (1982)
0.8
Kae cos

0.6

0.4

0.2
1.2
0.0
Granular Mechanics (T)
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 1.0 0.6 Mononobe-Okabe
Horizontal seismic coefficient, a h Sherif, Ishibashi & Lee (1982)
0.8
Ha/H

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Horizontal seismic coefficient, a h
Thank you!!