IELTS READINGCau héi trong phan Reading dugc chia lam hai dang: Dang 1: theo order (dap an clla cau héi sé di tr trén xuéng dudi theo thir ty): - Short answer questions: tra loi cau hdi ngan (kha dé, ban chi can doc cu hdi va tim théng tin tra Idi trong doan van la dug) - Matching sentence endings: két néi nira cu phan cau hdi voi nua cau phan cu tra Idi (tong d6i dé, chi can doc ky va tim ra nira phan cau hdi nam 6 dau trong doan van dé néi voi phan cau tra Idi) - Gap fill: didn tir vao ché tréng (kha d&, ban chi can tim dung tir vung trong doan van va di&n y chang tir d6 vao phan cau héi) - Multiple choice: Iyra chon dap an A,B,C hay D (khé hon phan Gap fill mét chit vi néi dung trong dap an A,B,C hay D déu xuat hién trong doan van nén ngudi doc phai doc ky d@ chon duge cau tra loi dung nhat) - True/False/Not Given: dang nay héi vé “facts” trong doan vain (kha kho va dé bj nham [dn gitva False va Not Given) - Yes/No/Not Given: dang nay héi v8 “opinions” trong doan van (kha kho va dé bi nham ln gifra No va Not Given) Dang 2: khéng theo order (dap an ciia cau hdi sé KHONG di tir trén xu6ng duréi theo thir ty ma CHAY LUNG TUNG trong doan van nén lam mat nhiéu thé! gian tim kiém) - Matching names: néi tén cla nhiéng ngudi xuat hién trong doan van voi nhtrng viéc ho lam hay néi. (mat nhigu thdi gian dé tim théng tin ngudi do néu khéng nam kg thuat tim tir khéa) - Matching paragraph information: tim théng cia mét y nao dé xem nd nam & doan van nao. (mat nhiéu thoi gian dé tim y 46 néu khéng nam ky thuat tim tlr khéa) - Matching paragraph headi va nén lam cudi cling) tim tiéu 48 cia mot doan van (khé nhatCach phan tich keywords va trinh ty lam bai Reading. I. Keywords trong cau hdi gdm cé 2 loai: Loai 1: keywords khéng bién déi dugc gdm co tén riéng (Albert Einstein, the Thames), con sé (800, 1000), s6 ndm (1998, 2008), thuat ngi khoa hoc (leukemia, malaria). Loai 2: keywords c6 thé bién déi dug bang cach ding tir déng nghia (big = large = huge = giant), thay doi dang cda ti (important => importance hoac generous => generosity). Il. Trinh tw lam bai Reading nhw sau: 4. Doe eau héi truréc. Phan tich cau héi, gach chan va phan loai cdc keywords loai 1, loai 2 cia cau héi. 2. Quay lai passage, da vao cdc keywords tir cau hdi d& tim, xde djnh vi tri cia thong tin cau tra Idi trong passage. + Tim cae keywords logi 1 truréc vi nhiing tir nay trong passage giéng het trong cau héi, rét d& tim. Vi dy “Paris” nam trong cau héi thi trong passage van Ia "Paris", hoc “wine” nam trong cau héi thi trong passage van la “wine”. + Khi da tim ra vj tri keywords loai 1 réi, lai tim tiép cdc keywords loai 26 xung quanh ché a6. Luu y: cdc keywords loai 2 nay da dug bién déi (paraphrase) & trong passage. Vi du “enhance” nam trong cau hoi thi trong passage c6 thé Ia “improvement”, hoac “beautiful” nam trong cau hoi thi trong passage cé thé Ia “gorgeous” hoac “good-looking”. + Cl ché nao trong passage co khodng 2 dén 3 cai keywords tré len giéng véi cla cau hdi thi dé chinh la ché chira théng tin cau tra loi. Vi du: Fill the gap using one word from the passage: Question: Pasteur is famous for process to make milk and wine safe for consumption. Passage: Loilis'Pastéul was a French chemist and microbiologist who is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in understanding and preventing diseases. He is Béstiknownh toithe'general/publi¢ for inventing affiethod to stop milk‘aiidwine from causing sickness. This method came to be called pasteurization.Cac ky thuat (techniques) lam bai doc - Uu tign chon nhéing dang cdu héi theo order dé lam truvéc, nhting dang khéng theo order lam cudi cling. - Dung ky thuat “keywords” 48 tim kiém nh@ng ter vyng trong doan van ma c6-cling ¥ nghia voi nhing tir vung trong cau héi. - Luén gach du6i keywords trong cau héi va trong doan van 8 gitp minh tim kim va so sanh dé dang. - Di ngay vao cau héi dau tién. Ban khong nén doc hét cd doan van hay tat ca cac cau héi trong doan van dau tién.Viée nay khién ban mat nhiéu thdi gian ma kh6ng mang lai higu qua ~ MOt vai cu héi rat dé tim kiém khi ching c6 chia nhting con 86 (1999), {én riéng (Newton) hay nhding tir vung aac trung (leukemia). - Cui cling, thdi gian lé vn a8 rét lon Kei ban lam bai gc.Vi vay, néu ban thay cau nao khé qua, hay bd qua né dé lam cu khac va quay tré lal am cau khé sau.IELTS Reading: how questions are made j “The people who write the questions for IELTS reading do something like this: | 1.They take a reading passage. 2.They read through the passage and stop when they find something interesting. f 3.They make a question about that part of the passage, usually by paraphrasing it. For example, if the phrase “staff salaries" is used in the passage, the question writer might create a question with the words "employees’ wages”. | | in other words, they use the "keyword technique" to write the questions, which is why you should use it to find the answers. For example: [Keywords:in.gi banana cultivation fropical fruit growing cattle farming agriculture... beef and dairy recreation programs firness courses elderly care aged support infant illness early childhood nursing beach protection coastal management fish farming marine industry oe a shared objective (they) understood his ambition and believed in it [conscious of their own limitations aware that they weren't the most intelligent strengthen commitment deepens engagement contributions are valued every recommendation is important remain in their jobs sull at the company avoid risk play it safe jtake chances {take more gambles ignore their duties opt out of responsibilities share their ideas interchange of ideasch lam dang bai Short answer questions (day la dang bai theo order va dép an sé di tir trén xuéng dur6i): (Understanding Humour) B1: Boc va gach duéi keywords cia cau hdi s6 1 Questions 1 and 2 Answer the following questions using ONE word from the passage above. 1. Which groupict:theories about humout describe it as being gootiforus? 2. What function did comedy have in the royal courts of the past? B2: Boe, tim va gach duréi nhiing keywords turong dong vi ¥ nghia cia keywords cia cu hai s6 1.c6 trong doan vin Many theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves. The prevailing typesiofstheria8 attempting to account for the existence of HilfnoUt include , the vast majority of which consider humour-induced behaviour to i618, which may, for instance, consider humour to be a rift and theories which consider humour to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a mystical experience. B3: So snh keywords tim duoc trong doan van v6i keywords trong cdu hoi sé 1.48 c6 Gap n ating, 84: Sau Khi trd li xong cdu hal s6 1, doc va gach duréi keywords cia cau hdi s6 2 Questions 1 and 2 Answer the following questions using ONE word from the passage above. 1. Which gfOUiprefitheories about humO"r describe it as being GoedifOr tis? 2. What funtion did comedy have in the Feyalicourts of the past? BS: Doc, tim va gach duéi nhi¢ng keywords tong du’ong vé y nghia ciia keywords ciia cau hdi sé 2 co trong doan van As with any art form, the acceptance of a particular style or incidence of humour depends on sociological factors and varies from person to person. FHfOLghOUNhistory, comedy has been uséd as aifotin of entertainment all over the world, whether iitittiexeutts of the \Wwestern kings or the villages of the Far East. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm. 6: So sdnh-keywords tim durgc trong doan van v6i keywords trong cu hai so 2 dé c6 dap an-ding.Understanding Humour Many theories exist about what humour is and what social function it serves. The prevailing types of theories attempting to account for the existence of humour include psychological theories, the vast majority of which consider humour-induced behaviour to be very healthy; spiritual theories, which may, for instance, consider humour to be a “gift from God", and theories which consider humour to be an unexplainable mystery, very much like a mystical experience. The benign-violation theory, endorsed by Peter McGraw, attempts to explain humour's existence. The theory says ‘humour only occurs when something seems wrong, unsettling, or threatening, but simultaneously seems okay, acceptable or safe’. Humour can be used as a method to easily engage in conversation by taking away that awkward, uncomfortable, or uneasy feeling of social interactions. Others olaim that humour cannot or should not be explained. Author E.B. White once said, "Humour can be dissected as a frog ‘can, but the thing dies in the process and the innards are discouraging to any but the pure scientific mind.” ‘As with any art form, the acceptance of a particular style or incidence of humour depends on sociological factors and varies from person to person. Throughout history, comedy has been used as a form of entertainment all over the world, whether in the courts of the ‘Western kings or the villages of the Far East. Both a social etiquette and a certain intelligence can be displayed through forms of wit and sarcasm. Questions 1 and 2 ‘Answer the following questions using ONE word from the passage above, 1. Which group of theories about humour describe it as being good for us? 2. What function did comedy have in the royal courts of the past?Answer the questions below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 4-8 on your answer sheet. 4 5 ‘What has been found in some Fancy Foods products? Where can you find the batch number on the jars? How much will you receive for an opened jar of contaminated Chicken Curry? Ifyou have eaten Chicken Curry from a jar with one of the batch numbers listed, whom should you contact? What is the maximum reward Fancy Foods is offering for information about who contaminated their product?The fattest animals ‘As the largest animal in the world, the blue whale also has the most fat. In a 1968 study involving 49 different species of mammal from across the US and Brazil, researchers deduced that the blue whale had the highest percentage of body fat ~ more than 35%. With the whales weighing in af up to 10 tonnes, that's easily a record-breaking amount of fat for one animal. But I we look at things proportionally, you might be surprised by some of the world's full-fat species. Well begin with blubber, the fat rch tissue belonging to marine mammals that has myriad benefits for streamlining, buoyancy, defence, insulation and energy storage. in waters further north live bowhead whales. To survive in these frosty, remote waters they have a layer of blubber almost half a metre thick. In his studies, Dr Craig George found blubber mass ranged from 43% to 80% of the body mass of yearling whales. Answer the questions with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS: 1, Which animal has the most fat? 2. How is called tissue of marine mammals that is rich with fat? 3. Which marine animals need a thick layer of fat to survive in cold waters?The History of Easter Eggs Easter eggs, also called Paschal eggs, are special eggs that are often given to celebrate Easter or springtime. The practice of decorating eggshell is ancient. Ostrich eggs with engraved decoration that are 60,000 years old have been found in Africa. In Europe, it was traditional to use dyed and painted chicken eggs at Easter, but a modem custom is to substitute chocolate eggs, or plastic eggs filled with confectionery such as jelly beans. Easter eggs are a widely popular symbol of new life in Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, Russia, Ukraine, and other Central European countries where they are concealed in the garden for children to find. Eggs, in general, were a traditional symbol of fertility and rebirth. Some magic rituals, these days, often use eggs to promote fertility and restore virility (of the body and mind); and to foresee the future. Questions 1-3: Answer the questions below. Choose no more than two words from the passage for each answer: 1. What is another name for Easter Eggs? 2. What types of eggs were formally used at Easter in Europe? 3. What did eggs represent on the whole?IELTS Reading: short answers Read the following passage about compound words and hyphens. A study of more than 10,000 compound words has found that four basic rules, regarding when to use a hyphen, will work 75 per cent of the time. If the compound word is a verb (like to blow-dry), or an adjective (ike world-famous), it probably needs a hyphen. For nouns with two syllables, like break-up and set-to, the tule is easy: use a hyphen only when the second word has two letters. If the second part of the word has more than two letters, it should be spelled as a single word, like coastline or bedroom. This explains why hotdog is not hyphenated. Finally, if the noun has three or more syllables, it is two separate words. Examples here include bathing suitand washing machine. Christina Sanchez-Stockhammer, who is a linguistics professor at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, produced the simple set of rules after examining thousands of English words. She worked alongside a programmer and a statistician to find the pattems in the English language. She said: “A whole range of factors can have an influence on how compound words are typically spelled. But on a general level, it all boils down to a few simple guidelines.” She has published exceptions to the rules, and additional guidelines for hyphens, in a book called ‘English Compounds and their Spelling’ Answer each question below with just ONE word. 1.How many different rules for the use of hyphens did the study identify? 2.Are these rules always correct? 3,00 compound adjectives usually need a hyphen? 4.Do we normally use a hyphen when a.compound noun has more than two syllables? 5.Did the linguistics professor carry out this research alone? 10Céch 1am dang bai Matching Sentence Ending (day la chi ding m@t fan duy nbét): (The Rorschach Test) ing bai theo order va mét dap dn cé trong hop B1: Doc va gach duéi keywords cita tat cd cdu hoi cé trong hép bén duvéi. 19c va gach duréi keywords eta cau héi so. Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct sentence endings from the box | | below. 1) TheiRorsoraenites Usediby pEyEtlogists to | | 2) The test is based on the belief that people will 3) Rorschach’s original aim was not to assess personality, but to Bi trong doan van } 19¢, tim va gach dui nhiing keywords turong durong v8 y nghia cla keywords cila cau hai s61.¢6 ‘The Rorschach test, also known as the Rorschach inkblot test, the Rorschach technique, ‘or simply the inkbiot test, is a psychological test in which subjects' perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analysed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or j | both. Some pSVeHelMlsts USE this:tést to 6XAnjINE a person's BEISOHalitVicharastatistics AinG, especially in cases where puitlefiS are Feluclant to deseribe ini processes openly. The test is named after its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach. | Ba: Ghép cau hdl s6 1.v6i fin lrgt dép dn A,8,C,0 va so sénh keywords tim durgc trong doan vin véi | keywords trong dép &n A,B,C,D a c6 d4p dn diing (Bap an ating sé o5 keywords twong dutong nhau). ! Luu ¥ n6u d3 chon dap én nao trong nhiing dép an A,B,C,0 ri thi s® gach bd di @ép dn &6 khOng sir dung tiép nita, ] BS: Sau khi tra ld xong cau hai s6 1, doc va gach duéi keywords cila cau hdl s62 Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct sentence endings from the box below. 1) The!Rorsohachitest is often Usetiby PSYEHOIODIETE to | 2) The tt is Hasedion the belief that people will ‘| 3) Rorschact’s original aim was not to assess personality, but to 1B6: Doc, tim va gach duréi nhirng keywords tuong duong vé y nghia cita keywords cia cdu hél sé 2.66 trong doan van Using interpretation of "ambiguous designs" to assess an individual's personality is an idea that goes back to Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli. Rorschach's test, however, was the first systematic approach of this kind. The subject, or person taking the lest, is shown a set of ded and interpreted by the psychologist. clags‘extemal:stimull based:on petson- B7: Ghép céu hai s6 2 véi fan Iugt dp An A,B,C,D va so sénh keywords tim durgc trong doan van vi keywords trong dap an A,B,C,D dé c6 dap n ding (dp dn ding sé cé keywords tuong duroing nhau). Luu j: néu da chon d4p én nao trong nhitng dap an A,8,C,D ri thi sé gach bd di dép an dé khéng sir dung tip nira, BB: Sau khi tra Idi xong cu héi s6 2, doc va gach du’di keywords ciia cau hal s6 3 Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct sentence endings from the box below. 1) The: Retschadhitest is often usediby: psychologists to 2) The tést is be Of the Hallét that people will 3) Rorschach’s 6rigifial:aim was notte asses: 9: Doc, tim va gach dui nhitng keywords trong durong vé ¥ nghfa clia keywords ciia cu hoi s6 3 6 trong doan vin In fact, Rorschach RBVétINTEAded the inkblots to be jisedias:aigerieral;personality'test, but developed them asiaitool 3 diaghOSIS'Of'Sehizophrenia. It was not until 1939 that the test was used as a projective test of personality, a use of which Rorschach had always been skeptical. B10: Ghép céu hai s6 3 véi fan lrgt dp én A\B,C,D va so sénh keywords tim durgc trong doan van voi keywords trong dp 4n A,B,C,D 4 cé dap an dting (d4p an ding sé c6 keywords tong dong nhau). Luu j: sé e6 mét dp an con du khéng sir dung. 12 =The Rorschach Test The Rorschach test, also known as the Rorschach inkblot test, the Rorschach technique, or simply the inkblot test, is a psychological test in which subjects’ perceptions of inkblots are recorded and then analysed using psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both. Some psychologists use this test to examine a person's personality characteristics and emotional functioning, especially in cases where patients are reluctant to describe their thinking processes openly. The test is named affer its creator, Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach. Example of a Rorschach inkbiot test Using interpretation of "ambiguous designs" to assess an individual's personality is an idea that goes back to Leonardo da Vinci and Botticelli. Rorschach’s test, however, was the first systematic approach of this kind. The subject, or person taking the test, is shown a set of inkblot images, and his or her responses are recorded and interpreted by the psychologist. The underlying assumption is that an individual will class external stimuli based on person- specific needs, motives and conflicts. Ithas been suggested that Rorschach's use of inkblots may have been inspired by German doctor Justinus Kemer who, in 1857, had published a popular book of poems, ‘each of which was inspired by an accidental inkblot. French psychologist Alfred Binet had also experimented with inkblots as a creativity test, and, after the tum of the ceritury, psychological experiments where inkblots were utilised'multiplied, with aims such as studying imagination and consciousness. Infact, Rorschach never intended the inkblots to be used as a general personality test, but developed them as a tool for the diagnosis of schizophrenia. It was not until 1939 that the test was used as a projective test of personality, a use of which Rorschach had always been skeptical. 13Use the passage on the previous page to complete the exercise below. Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct sentence endings from the box below. 1) The Rorschach test is often used by psychologists to 2) The test is based on the belief that people will 3) Rorschach’s original aim was not to assess personality, but to. A) test people's creativity. B) interpret ambiguous images according to their own specific perceptions of life. C) diagnose a mental disorder. D) assess subjects who are unwilling to express their thoughts. falont (a> ~ Parente oY Cm) = 14cae -catlng, 900 = focal pont Matching Sentence Endings Questions 1-4 Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F below. NB You may use any ending more than once. Walt Disney Concert Hall ‘THE LATEST ARCHITECTURAL MASTERPIECE BY FRANK GEHRY ADDS MUCH-NEEDED CIVIC PRIDETO LOS ANGELES ae ‘tvs only a matter of time before downtown Los Angeles got a facelift. One look atthe gleaming new building on the corner of First Street and Grand Avenue and it's clear why the area is experiencing such a ‘revival. The building in question isthe award-winning architect Frank Gehry’s latest masterpiece, the Walt Disney Concert Hall. Gehry, who used to live in Los Angeles, wanted the Hall to look like no other concert, hall builtin the last 20 years, ‘This unusual building is soon to become home tothe Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra. The steel exterior isin sharp contrast tothe warm, wooded interior of the main concert hall. The incredible 625, pipe organ i a dramatic focal point and resembles a collection of sticks in a bundle. fo ensure that the Scouates were abeluely ight, fifty models were built and preise test catied out before the design was finalised, ‘A sculpted fountain crested by Gehry is the centrepiece of the garden, Its made from 260 tay pleces of china ands in memory of Lillian Disney's love of Delft pottery and gardening, The piece adds a soft natural touch to the otherwise stark exterior ofthe building. a dleverly designed organ a new civic look i a member of the LA Philharmonic a sculpture designed by the architect a piece of Delft pottery 2 former resident of the city mmonw> 1 Los Angeles has recently received 2 Frank Gehry is 3 The most eye-catching part of the concert hall is 4 The focal point of the garden is 15Ga int 5 colln banal down, telex and icy ia ilk ty desigepd wo vo. tu st lusgaape-leariing in ilancy, someoie. tm though you are wasting. to. vedoploy iis resourees at puberty. But : A acquiing a | | formal atu wth at io opty ose beats he | ging You! ibing gets fee’ to imo “SF poainogal abla Atsring to Mi Tesh, people wth outgoing personalities do best at learning seca they hive Ui eh wo mae the / doistillc back.” "The proposition that inant prolonged. exposure to is tg only way aval “ retonaofsaceer or curios, wocommonly bul wrongly ‘aokleit pect eee ota at Tee keene Coen This task tosts your understanding of key ideas within a passage. You have to read the beginning of a sentence and then decide how it should be completed by choosing the correct ending fram a listin a box. The finished sentence will form a paraphrase of an idea in the passage. How to approach the task Use key words in the questions (part sentences) to locate the idea in the passage. Read the idea in the passage very carefully. Select the correct sentence ending. Ruee €Q Take eight minutes to answer questions 1-5. Bee ee ‘A toking a negative approach. E losing all sei of identity. fe Cee ias B demonstrating an unusual ability. FF producing errors in front of others. || Alen Seles © worrying about the views of others. & moving o another county. D bing ina classroom si vin wth other speakers ofthe language‘The Old Debate: Punish or Rehabilitate Debates over how to treat prisoners have gone.on since imprisonment began: should the prison system leave inmates to fester in cold cells, with punishment and deterrence as the goal of incarceration? Or should it let them wander from classroom to games room, preaching rehabilitation into society as its main aim? With over 83,000 prisoners currently locked away, England and Wales have a staggering imprisonment rate of 150 per 100,000 of the population. Our prisons have been officially overcrowded since 1994; nearly 14,000 current inmates are serving indeterminate sentences. If lowering the number of criminals is the reason behind imprisonment, recent figures point to a failing system: almost three quarters of under-18s are reconvicted within a year of release. As James Bell, an American lawyer and prison reform activist, said: “As it stands now, justice systems are extremely expensive, do not rehabilitate, but in fact make the people that experience them worse.” In response to worldwide alarm over the ineffectiveness of how we manage criminals, a growing number of prisons are embracing a new style of incarceration. By giving inmates more responsibility, comfort, and freedom within the prison walls, governors say they are offering prisoners the chance to change. As the Prison Radio Association spokespeople said: “Reducing re-offending is of benefit to everybody. Equipping prisoners with skills and confidence is crucial in fing rates.” bringing down fe-offen Complete the sentence by choosing the correct ending. 1. Since prisons were established, it has been considered whether or not .. 2. Putting criminals behind bars to reduce the crime rate js clearly not working. 3, The new approach to dealing with punishment is ....« 4, One of the most effective ways to reduce crime figures is to... Choose the letter (2-8) a) because many under 18's are criminals. ) the aim of imprisonment should be to put people off committing crime or to rehabilitate them. ) in answer to the lack of success with the way criminals are currently dealt with. d) provide equipment to prisoners. €) the goal should be to provide warmer cells. f) help offenders develop useful skills. e) according to the current crime numbers 7 |‘Céch tam dang bai Gap Fill (@ay 1a dang bai theo order va dap én sé i tir trén xung dur Plant). Cé ba dang bai Gap Fill gm: Diagram, Summary va Table. (A Useful Bi: Doc va gach duréi nhimng keywords cita cau hdi sé 1 dén 4 cia dang bai Diagram. Parts of the moss plant 2: Sau dé tim nhirng keywords dé trong doan van dé tim cau tra loi va dién vao 6 tréng. Mosses are small flowerless plants that usually grow in dense green clumps, in damp and shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple, ‘one-cell thie’ I68V6S, covering a thin stem that supports them. At certain times they produce thin Stalks topped with Gapsules:containing spores. They are typically 1-10 Sitall, though some species are much larger, like Dawsonia, the tallest moss in the world, which can grow to 60 cri in height. 18 -B3: Doc va gach du’éi nhirng keywords cla cau héi s6 5 dn 9 cila dang bai Summary. Luu y: & dang nay, minh sé ding tir vitng cho sn trong hép bén duréi dé dién vao céu hdi 5-9, Mét s6 tir trong hop 8 c6 trong doan vn nhung mét sé khac sé xudt hign & dang tir déng nghia. I9Eat1008 on rocks, sol, wood or in bogs. When has Spééial (8)___, and itis often Sedias'a (9) dense species weeds aesthetic moist sense qualities age carpet parasites B4: Sau dé tim nhiing keywords dé trong doan vin dé tim cau tra ldi va din vao 6 tréng. S888 are small flowerless plants that usually f@iWilli dense green clumps, in damp and Shady/I6eatioHs. The individual plants are usually composed of simple, one-cell thick leaves, covering a thin stem that supports them. At certain times they produce thin stalks topped with capsules containing spores. They are typically 1-10 ‘centimetres tall, though some species are much larger, like Dawsonia, the tallest moss in the world, which can grow to 50 cm in height. Species of moss can be classed as growing on: rocks, exposed mineral soil, disturbed soils, acid soil, calcareous soil, cliff seeps and waterfall spray areas, stream sides, shaded humusy soil, downed logs, burnt stumps, tree trunk bases, upper tree trunks, and tree branches or in bogs. While iij@SS@8 often growioniireds as epiphytes, they are F&VéiiplarASilig on the tree. Moss is offeficorisidiered alweachiniGtassilaiins, but is deliberately encouraged to grow under aesthetic principles exemplified by Japanese gardening. In old temple gardens, for example, MOSSiCariNSIAdASENOTGARPEL a forest scene, as ifisithiouahit to addrarsenseroticalm ager IIf@SS. Moss is also used in bonsai to cover the soil and enhance the impression of age. 19BS: Boc va gach dué'i nhiing keywords cia céu héi sé 10 dén 13 cia dang bai Table The Uses of Moss ‘Type of moss Uses Wild, must be Floristitraide and homé (10). ‘decoration As a component of peat for: - fuel Some Sphagnumispecies | To AFESS (13).. during the First World War B6: Sau dé tim nhiing keywords dé trong doan van dé tim cdu tra la’ va dién vao 6 tréng. There is a substantial market in mosses gathered from the jjild. The uses for intact moss are principally in the flofisttvade and for homie if. Dssaying moss in the genus Sphagnum is also the major component of peat, which is "mined" for use as a fuel, as a HOFticaltUtal soil additive, and in smoking malt in the"piaduiction of Scotch whisky. Some Sphagnum mosses can absorb up to 20 times their own weight in water. In SSINGSIGH soldiers’ wounds, as th mosses were said to absorb liquids three times faster than cotton, to retain liquids better, and to distribute liquids uniformly throughout themselves, as well as being cooler, softer and less irritating than cotton. It was also claimed that they have mild antibacterial properties. 20A Useful Plant Mosses are small flowerless plants that usually grow in dense green clumps, in damp and shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple, one-cell thick leaves, covering a thin stem that supports them. At certain times they produce thin stalks topped with capsules containing spores. They are typically 1-10 centimetres tall, though some species are much larger, like Dawsonia, the tallest moss in the world, which can grow to 50 cm in height. ‘Species of moss can be classed as growing on: rocks, exposed mineral soil, disturbed soils, acid soil, calcareous soil, cliff seeps and waterfall spray areas, stream sides, shaded humusy soil, downed logs, burnt stumps, tree trunk bases, Upper tree trunks, and tree branches or in bogs. While mosses often grow on trees as epiphytes, they are never parasitic on the tree. Moss is often considered a weed in grass lawns, but Is deliberately encouraged to grow under aesthetic principles exemplified by Japanese gardening. In old temple gardens, for example, moss can be added to carpet a forest scene, as it is thought to add a sense of calm, age and stillness. Moss is also used in bonsai to cover the soil and enhance the impression of age. There is a substantial market in mosses gathered from the wild. The uses for intact moss are principally in the florist trade and for home decoration. Decaying moss in the genus Sphagnum is also the major component of peat, which is “mined” for use as a fuel, as a horticultural soil additive, and in smoking malt in the production of Scotch whisky, ‘Some Sphagnum mosses can absorb up to 20 times their own weight in water. In World War I, Sphagnum mosses were used as first-aid dressings on soldiers’ wounds, as these mosses were said to absorb liquids three times faster than cotton, to retain liquids better, and to distribute liquids uniformly throughout themselves, as well as being cooler, softer and less irritating than cotton. It was. also claimed that they have mild antibacterial properties. 21Questions 1 to 4 Complete each label on the diagram below with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage. Parts of the moss plant (3)... insidelcapsulel (2) soseseeees Stall (4) normally between and . (1) .......+.4 thickfleaves i Questions 5 to 9 Complete the following summary using words from the box below. Mosses grow in (5)____, shaded locations on rocks, soil, wood or in bogs. When mosses grow on trees, they are not classed as (6). , but when they grow on lawns, they are typically seen as (7)____. Japanese gardeners believe that moss has special (8), and itis often used as a (9)___in temple gardens. dense species weeds aesthetic moist sense qualities age carpet parasites 22Questions 10 to 13 Complete the table below using NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage to fill each gap. The Uses of Moss Type of moss Uses Wild, must be (10). Decaying Sphagnum Some Sphagnum species Florist trade and home decoration ‘As a. component of peat for: fuel = horticultural (11).....s000 = (W2)ecsesseen production To dress (13)........0 during the First World War 23IELTS Reading: gap-fill and keywords Collecting as a hobby Many collectors collect to develop their social life, attending meetings of a group of collectors and exchanging information on items. This is a variant on joining a bridge club or gym, and similarly brings them into contact with like-minded people. Another motive for collecting is the desire to find something special, or a particular ‘example of a collected item, such as a rare early recording by a particular singer. Some may spend their whole lives in a hunt for this. Psychologically, this can give a purpose toa life that otherwise feels aimless. Complete each sentence below with ONE word from the passage. 1.Collectors’ clubs provide opportunities to share .. 2.Collectors clubs offer... wth people who have similar interests. 3.Collecting sometimes involves allife-long].......... for a special item. 4.Searching for something particular may prevent people from feeling their life is completely .. 24IELTS Reading: gap-fill from words in the box Read the passage and complete the summary using words from the box below it. NB You will not need to use all of the words. Bilinguals and Personality Many people believe that bilinguals have two different personalities, one for each of the languages they speak, and that switching between languages makes bilinguals act differently. Although this may seem unbelievable to some, research actually supports this idea. According to various studies, bilinguals who are also bicultural and are actively involved in both of their cultures, interpret situations differently depending on which language they speak in. Although everyone, monolinguals and bilinguals alike, is able to change the way they feel and interpret events (a phenomenon known as frame-shifting), biculturals do this without realising when switching between languages. The changes are not only ling As an English-Spanish bicultural myself | do find | act, differently depending on which culture I'm immersed in at the time. I'm often aware of the fact that when | speak to other Spanish speakers my voice is slightly louder and | gesticulate more than when | talk to English speakers. Could we then say that bilinguals have two different personalities? Summary There is some __ to show that people who are bilingual exhibit a different depending on which language they are speaking. Some bilinguals also have two cultural identities, meaning that they are able to their behaviour effortlessly according to their cultural__. This may involve changes i of speech or in the use of, language, noise evidence persona characteristics distinct. surroundings facts adapt 25IELTS Reading: fill the gaps Read the following excerpt from a newspaper article about the effects of humans on wild animals. Humans are driving mammals including deer, tigers and bears to hide under the cover of darkness, jeopardising the health of the creatures that are only supposed to be active by day, new research has found. The presence of people can instil strong feelings of fear in animals and as human activities now cover 75 per cent of the land, we are becoming increasingly harder to avoid. Unable to escape during the day, mammals are forced to emerge during the night. A team led by Kaitlyn Gaynor at the University of California, Berkeley arrived at this conclusion after analysing nearly 80 studies from six continents that monitored the activity of various mammals using GPS trackers and motion-activated cameras. The scientists used this data to assess the night time antics of the animals during periods of low and high human disturbance. ‘Such disturbances ranged from relatively harmless activities like hiking to.overtly destructive ones like hunting, as well as larger scale problems like farming and road construction. Overall, the researchers concluded that from beavers to lions, there was an increase in nocturnal behaviour when humans were in the vicinity. Fill the gaps in the summary using words from the list below it. A recent study has shown that many mammals are being forced to become due to the presence of humans. Scientists reached these findings by and analysing the movements of mammals in areas with different levels of They showed that human activities, ranging from hiking to. to road building, made it more likely that mammals would ___at night. 4.-hunt 2.tracking 3.emerge 4.construction 5.nocturnal 6.agriculture 7.monitor 8.disturbance 9.active 26IELTS Reading: gap-fill with letters A Work of Genius By the beginning of the 15th century, after a hundred years of construction, Florence Cathedral was still missing its dome. The building required an octagonal dome which would be higher and wider than any that had ever been built, with no external buttresses to keep it from spreading and falling under its own weight. The building of such a masonry dome posed many technical problems. Filippo Brunelleschi, who is now seen as a key figure in architecture and perhaps the first modem engineer, looked to the great dome of the Pantheon in Rome for solutions. The dome of the Pantheon is a single shell of concrete, the formula for which had long since been forgotten. Soil filled with silver coins had held the Pantheon dome aloft while its conerete set. This could not be the solution in the case of the Florence Cathedral dome, due to its size. Another possible solution, the use of scaffolding, was also impractical because there was not enough timber in the whole of the region of Tuscany. Brunelleschi would have to build the dome out of brick, due to its light weight compared to stone and being easier to form, and with nothing under it during construction, His eventual success can be aitributed, in no small degree, to his technical and mathematical genius. Brunelleschi used more than four million bricks to create what is still the largest masonry dome in the world, Fill each gap in the summary with a letter A - I. Due to the 1) and 2), of the required structure, the construction of a dome for the cathedral in Florence had challenged architects for many years. A method employed by the Romans, using 3), to support a dome while it was being built, was not suitable, and an insufficient supply of 4) meant that scaffolding could not be used either. The architect Brunelleschi finally 5) in building the largest 6), dome in the world. A brick B width © materials D earth E wood —F succeeded G concrete H height | achieved 27IELTS Reading: gap-fill Part of the passage about ‘gifted children’: A very close positive relationship was found when children's IQ scores were compared with their home educational provision (Freeman, 2010). The higher the children’s 1Q scores, especially over IQ 130, the better the quality of their educational backup, measured in terms of reported verbal interactions with parents, number of books and activities in their home etc. ' To be at their most effective in their self-regulation, all children can be helped to identify | their own ways of learning - metacognition - which will include strategies of planning, monitoring, evaluation, and choice of what to lean. Emotional awareness is also part of metacognition, so children should be helped to be aware of their feelings around the area to be learned, feelings of curiosity or confidence, for example. Fill the gaps below with no more than TWO words from the passage. 4.One study found a strong connection between children’s 1Q and the availability of .. and ........., at home. | 2.Metacognition involves children understanding their own learning strategies, as well as developing | 28AAtfirst, von Frisch thought the bees were responding only to the scent of the food. But what did the third dance mean? And if bees were responding only to the scent, how could they also ‘sniff down’ food hundreds of metres away from the hive*, food which was sometimes downwind? On a hunch, he started gradually moving the feeding dish further and further away and noticed as he did so that the dances of the returning scout bees also started changing. If he placed the feeding dish over nine metres away, the second type of dance, the sickle version, came into play. But once he moved it past 36 metres, the scouts would then start dancing the third, quite different, waggle dance. ‘The measurement of the actual distance too, he concluded, was precise. For example, a feeding dish 300 metres away was indicated by 15 complete runs through the pattern in 30 seconds. When the dish was moved to 60 metres away, the number dropped to eleven. Von Frisch noted something further. When the scout bees came home to tell their sisters about the food source, sometimes they would dance outside on the horizontal entrance platform of the hive, and sometimes on the vertical wall inside. And, depending on where they danced, the straight portion of the waggle dance would Point in different directions. The outside dance was fairly easy to decode: the straight Portion of the dance pointed directly to the food source, so the bees would merely have to decode the distance message and fly off in that direction to find their food. But by studying the dance on the inner wall of the hive, von Frisch discovered a remarkable method which thé dancer used to tell her sisters the direction of the food in relation to the sun. When inside the hive, the dancer cannot use the sun, so she uses gravity instead. The direction of the sun is represented by the top of the hive wall. If she runs straight up, this means that the feeding place is in the same direction as the sun. However, if, for example, the feeding place is 40° to the left of the sun, then the dancer would run 40° to the left of the vertical line. This was to be the first of von Frisch's remarkable discoveries. Soon he would also discover a number of other remarkable facts about how bees communicate and, in doirig so, revolutionise the study of animal behaviour generally. “ Hive ~ a ‘house’ for bees; the place where they build a nest and five 29Questions 38 ~ 40 Complete the sentences below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet. ) 38 Von Frisch discovered the difference between dance types by changing the position of the... 39 The dance outside the hive points in the direction of the ..... 40 The angle of the dance from the vertical shows the angle of the food from the { 30Introducing dung! beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately 1,500 beetles are released, a handful at a time, into fresh cow pats? in the cow pasture, The beetles immediately disappear beneath the pats digging and tunnelling and, if they successfully adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self-sustaining part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three or fout years the benefits to the pasture are obvious. Dung beetles work from the inside of the pat so they are sheltered from predators such as birds and foxes. Most species burrow into the soil and bury dung in tunnels directly underneath the pats, which are hollowed out from within{ Some large species originating from France excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat. ‘These beetles make sausage-shaped brood chambers along the tunnels The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries dung in chambers that hang like fruit from the branches of a pear tree)Bouth African beetles dig narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the surface of the pat. Some surface-dwelling beetles, including a South African species, cut perfectly.shaped balls from the pat, which are rolled away and attached to the bases of pos For maximum dung burial in spring, summer and autumn, farmers tequite a variety of species with overlapping periods of activity. In the cooler environments of the state of Victoria, the largd French species (2.5 cms long), is matched with smaller (half this size), temperate-climate Spanish species. The former are slow to recover from the winiter cold and ptoduce only one ot two generations of offspring from late spring until autumn. ‘The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations annually, ‘The South African ball-tolling species, being a sub-tropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunneling species. In warmer climates, many species are active for longer periods of the year. Tedung: the droppings or excreta of animals 2. cow pats: droppings of cows 31Question 9-13 Complete the table below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet. Number of species | size | Preferred | Complementary | Start of active seneratons | French 250m cool Spanish late spring 1-2 : | ‘Spanish 4.250m| 9 10 AA oscsse ince Ben | 1B. | | conylemuilary ¢ Sebi dade 32ROBOTS AT WORK A ‘The newspaper production process has come a long, ‘way from the old days when the paper was written, edited, typeset and ultimately printed in one building ‘with the journalists working on the upper floors and the printing presses going on the ground floor. These days the editor, subeditors and journalists who put the paper together are likely to find themselves in & totaly different building or maybe even in a different city. This isthe situation which now prevails in Sydney. The daily paper is compiled atthe editorial headquarters, known as the prepress centre, inthe heart of the city, but printed far away in the suburbs at the printing centre, Here human beings are in the minority as much of the work is done by automated machines controlled by computers. B ‘Once the finished newspaper has been created forthe next morning's edition, al the pages are trans electronically from the prepress centre to the printing centre, The system of transmission is an update on the sophisticated page facsimile system already in use on many other newspapers. An imagesetter atthe printing centre delivers the pages as film. Each page takes less than @ minute to produce, although for colour pages four versions, once each for black, eyan, ‘magenta and yellow are sent. The pages ae then processed into photographie negatives and the fi used to produce aluminium printing plates ready for the presses c A procession of automated vehicles is busy at the new printing centre where the Sydney Morning Herald is printed each day. With lights flashing and warning hhoms honking, the robots (to give them their correct name, the LGVs or laser guided vehicles) look forall ‘the world like enthusiastic machines from a science fiction movie, as they follow their own random paths around the plant busily getting on with their jobs. ‘Automation of this kind is now standard in all modem. newspaper plants. The robots can detect unauthorised personnel and alert security staff immediately if they find an “intruder”; not surprisingly, tall tales are already being told about the machines starting to take ‘on personalities oftheir own, D ‘The robots” principal job, however, isto shift the newsprint (the printing paper) that arrives at the plant in huge reels and emerges at the other end some time later as newspapers. Once the size of the 33 day's paper and the publishing order are determined at head offic, the information is punched into the computer and the LGVs are programmed to go about their work. The LGVs collect the appropriate size paper reels and take them where they have to go. ‘When the press needs another reel its computer alerts the LGV system, The Sydney LVs move busily around the pressroom fulfling thei two key functions to collect reels of newsprint either from the reel stripping stations, or from the racked supplies in the newsprint storage area, At the stripping station the tough wrapping that helps to protect a reel of paper from rough handling is removed. Any damaged paper is peeled off and the reel is then weighed. E ‘Then one of the four paster robots moves in, Specifically designed for the job, it trims the paper neatly and prepares the reel for the press. Ire the reel can be loaded directly onto the press; ifnot needed immediately, an LGV takes itto the storage area. When the press computer cals fora reel, an LGV takes itt the ree loading area of the presses. It lifts the reel into the loading position and places it in the correct spot with complete accuracy. As each ree! is used up, the press drops the heavy cardboard core into a waste bin. When the bin is fll, another LGV collects it and deposits the cores into a shredder for recycling, F The LGVs move at walking speed. Should anyone step infront of one or get too close, sensors stop the vehicle until the path is clear. The company has chosen a laserguide function system forthe vehicles ‘because, asthe project development manager says “The beauty ofits that if you want to change the routes, you can work out a new route on yo computer and lay it down for them to follow”. When an LGV's batteries run low, it wll take itself off line and go tothe nearest battery maintenance point for replacement batteries. And allthis is achieved absolute minimum human input and a much reduced risk of injury to pebple working in the printing centres. s ‘The question newspaper workers must now ask, however is, “how long will tbe before the robots are ‘writing the newspapers as well as runni printing centre, churning out the latest edi morning?”| Questions 33 - 40 Complete the flow-chart below. t Choose NO MORE THAN. THREE WORDS from the text for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 33-40 on your answer sheet. The Production Process i ‘The newspaper is compiled at the editorial headquarters by the {lh journalists. | eee The final version of the text is 33 .. .. to the printing centre. ve } The pages arrive by facsimile. v Ih The pages are converted into 34 .. . {|i 36... ‘are made for use in the printing presses. ' The LGVs are 36 ....... by computer. ! v } The LGVs collect the reels of paper. ee | ‘The LGVs remove the 37 «1.1... from the reel. | | EG | UW The reel is 38 ...... ao | ‘The reel is trimmed and prepared by the 389 ... t The reel is taken to the press. _| The reelis taken to the / 40... | 34Introducing dung! beetles into a pasture is a simple process: approximately 1,500 beetles are released, a handfal at a time, into fresh cow pats? in the cow pasture, The beetles immediately disappear bencath the pats digging and tunnelling and, if they successfully adapt to their new environment, soon become a permanent, self-sustaining part of the local ecology. In time they multiply and within three ot fout yeats the benefits to the pasture ate obvious. Dung beetles work from the inside of the pat so they are sheltered from predators such, as birds and foxes. Most species burrow into the soil and bury dung in tunnels directly underneath the pats, which ate hollowed out from within, Some large species originating from France excavate tunnels to a depth of approximately 30 cm below the dung pat ‘These beetles make sausage-shaped brood chambers along the tunnels. The shallowest tunnels belong to a much smaller Spanish species that buries dung in chambers that hang. like frait from the branches of a pear tree. South African beetles dig narrow tunnels of approximately 20 cm below the susface of the pat. Some surface-dwelling beetles, including a South African species, cut perfectly-shaped balls from the pat, which are rolled away and attached to the bases of plants. ‘For maximum dung burial in spring, summer and autumn, farmers require a variety of species with overlapping periods of activity. In.the cooler environments of the state of Victoria, the large French species (2.5 cms long), is matched with smaller (half this size), temperate-climate Spanish species. ‘The former are slow to recover from the winter cold and produce only one of two generations of offspring from late spring until autumn. ‘The latter, which multiply rapidly in early spring, produce two to five generations annually. “The South African ball-rolling species, being a sub-tropical beetle, prefers the climate of northern and coastal New South Wales where it commonly works with the South African tunneling species. In watmer climates, many species are active for longer periods of the year. dung: —_the droppings or excreta of animals 2. cow pats: droppings of cows 35} Questions 6-8 Label the tunnels on the diagram below using words from the box. Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet. cowpat (dung) Approximate depth in cms below surface 0 10 20 30 Dung Beetle Types French Spanish Mediterranean South African Australian native South African ball roller 38IELTS Reading: gap-fill Read the following text about pedestrian zones in cities. large number of European towns and cities have made part of their centres car-free since the early 1960s. These are often accompanied by car parks on the edge of the pedestrianised zone, and, in the larger cases, park and ride schemes. Central Copenhagen is one of the largest and oldest examples: the auto-free zone is centred on Straget, a pedestrian shopping street, which is in fact-not a single street but a series of interconnected avenues which create a very large auto-free zone, although it is crossed in places by streets with vehicular traffic. Most of these zones allow delivery trucks to service the businesses located there during the early morning, and street-cleaning vehicles will usually go through these streets after most shops have closed for the night. In North America, where a more commonly used term is pedestrian mall, such areas are stil in their infancy. Few cities have pedestrian zones, but some have pedestrianised single streets. Many pedestrian streets are surfaced with cobblestones, or pavement bricks, which discourage any kind of wheeled traffic, including wheelchairs. They are rarely completely free of motor vehicles. Fill the gaps below with NO MORE THAN 3 WORDS from the text. ‘.In some cases, people are encouraged to park of the town or city centre 2. The only vehicles permitted in most pedestrian zones are those used for, or cleaning, 3. Certain types of road surface can be used to traffic. 37 AlIELTS Reading: fill the gaps The Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur, were two American brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who were credited with inventing and building the world's first successful airplane and making the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight, on December 17, 1903. In the two years afterward, the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft. ‘The brothers’ fundamental breakthrough was their invention of thres-axis control, which enabled the pilot to steer the aircraft effectively and to maintain its equilibrium. This method became standard and remains standard on fixed-wing aircraft of all kinds. From the beginning of their aeronautical work, the Wright brothers focused on developing a reliable method of pilot control as the key to solving "the flying problem". This approach differed significantly from other experimenters of the time who put more emphasis on developing powerful engines. Using a small homebuilt wind tunnel, the Wrights also collected more accurate data than anyone had before, enabling them to design and build wings and propellers that were more efficient than rival models. They gained the mechanical skills essential for their success by working for years in their shop with printing presses, bicycles, motors, and other machinery. Their work with bicycles in particular influenced their belief that an unstable vehicle like a flying machine could be controlled and balanced with practice. Fill each gap in the summary below with a maximum of 2 words. In 1903, the Wright brothers completed development of the first airplane that was capable of sustaining controlled . The key to their success was a system that gave the pilot the means to control and the airplane. This set them apart from other inventors who had focused on building . The brothers had previous experience with a wide variety of , but it was their work with that had the greatest influence on their ideas. 38IELTS Reading: gap-fill summary Read the following passage about the discovery of penicillin. The discovery of penicillin is attributed to Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming, Fleming recounted that the date of his breakthrough was on the morning of September 28, 1928. It was a lucky accident: in his laboratory in the basement of St. Mary's Hospital in London, Fleming noticed a petri dish containing Staphylococcus culture that he had mistakenly left open. The culture had become contaminated by blue-green mould, and there was a halo of inhibited bacterial growth around the mould. Fleming concluded that the mould was releasing a substance that was repressing the growth of the bacteria. He grew a pure culture and discovered that it was a Penicillium mould, now known to be Penicillium notatum. Fleming coined the term "penicilin’ to describe the filtrate of a broth culture of the Penicillium mould. Fill the gaps in the summary below using words from the passage. ‘Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin by on September 28, 1928. He found that the growth of bacteria on a petri dish was by a blue-green mould that had contaminated the culture. He realised that the mould was producing a substance that was responsible for bacterial growth. IELTS Reading: gap-fill Read the following passage about creative writing. New research, prompted by the relatively high number of literary families, shows that there may be an inherited element to writing good fiction. Researchers from Yale in the US and Moscow State University in Russia launched the study to see whether there was a scientific reason why well-known writers have produced other writers. The study analysed the creative writing of 511 children aged eight to 17 and 489 of their mothers and 326 fathers. All the participants wrote stories on particular themes. The stories were then scored and rated for originality and novelty, plot development and quality, and sophistication and creative use of prior knowledge. The researchers also carried out detailed intelligence tests and analysed how families functioned in the Russian households. Taking into account intelligence and family background, the researchers then calculated the inherited and the environmental elements of creative writing. They found what they describe as a modest heritability element to creative writing. Fill each gap in the summary below using a maximum of 2 words. Creative writing ability may be from parents, according to a new study. Researchers compared written by children and their parents, looking at elements such as originality and use of After conducting intelligence tests and allowing for they concluded that there is a link between genetics and creative writing 39IELTS Reading: Read the following text about universities. Religion was central to the curriculum of early European universities. However, its role became less significant during the 19th century, and by the end of the 1800s, the German university model, based on more liberal values, had spread around the world. Universities concentrated on science in the 18th and 20th centuries, and became increasingly accessible to the masses. In Britain, the move from industrial revolution to modernity saw the arrival of new civic universities with an emphasis on science and engineering The funding and organisation of universities vary widely between different countries around the world. In some countries, universities are predominantly funded by the state, while in others, funding may come from donors or from fees which students attending the university must pay. Complete the sentences below with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage. 4. The German university model, which became popular in the 19th century, promoted 2. Over the last 200 years, a university education has become the general public. 3. Depending on the country, universities may be funded by the state, by donors, or by fee- paying 40IELTS Reading: gap-fill with words from the box The Major Oak is a large English oak tree in Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire. According to local folklore, Robin Hood and his Merry Men used the Major Oak as their hideout. The size of the tree and its mythical status have led it o become a popular tourist attraction. The Major Oak weighs an estimated 23 tons, has a girth of 10 metres, a canopy of 28 metres, and is about 800 to 1000 years old. Ina 2002 survey, it was voted ‘Britain's favourite tree’, and in 2014 it was voted ‘England's Tree of the Year‘ in a public poll by the Woodland Trust. There are several theories concerning why the Major Oak became so huge and oddly shaped. One theory is that the Major Oak may be several trees that fused together as saplings. An alternative explanation is that the tree may have been pollarded. Pollarding is a pruning system that can cause a tree's trunk and branches to grow large and thick. Due to their size and weight, the tree's massive limbs require the partial support of an elaborate system of scaffolding, which was first put in place during the Victorian era. Interestingly, in 2002, someone attempted to illegally sell acorns from the Major Oak on an internet-based auction website. Fill the gaps using words from the box. 1.Legend has it that the Major Oak was Robin Hood's : 2.The of the tree's trunk is 10 metres. 3.The tree may actually be more than one tree that together. 4,Some of the tree's have to be held up by props. 5.Acomns from the oak were once __ for auction on the Internet. weight height circumference branches putin joined den put up were myth atIELTS Reading: gap-fill summary Large migrations are some of nature's greatest spectacles. Wildebeest and zebra chase the rains through the Mara ecosystem every year, monarch butterflies trace a path from Mexico to Canada and back, and tiny songbirds fly nonstop for days at a time. And now scientists are starting to figure out how they know where to go, and when. ‘Some of thesé animals, they've found, have their migration pathways written into their genes. A songbird hatched in a laboratory, having seen nothing of the natural world, still attempts to begin migration at the right time of year and in the right cardinal direction. But large mammals like bighorn sheep and moose are a different story. Wildlife researchers have long suspected that they require experience to migrate effectively, that their annual journeys are the result of leaming from one another, not of genetic inheritance. A new study, published Thursday in the journal Science, suggests that those hunches may be correct—some animals must learn how to migrate. The existence of collective information and knowledge, that can be passed from older animals to younger ones, is a form of “culture,” researchers explain. And when animals Jeam as a result of social interaction and the transfer of this information, that’s a type of cultural exchange—as opposed to genetic. Fill each gap in the summary below with ONE word from the passage. Scientists believe that are responsible for some animal migrations. Songbirds, for example, do not need to learn when and in which to migrate. On the other hand, bighorn sheep appear to migration habits from the herd. They, and other mammals, seem to have a that is passed from one generation to the next through interaction and exchange of 42IELTS Reading: true/false or yesino? Is there a difference between "true, false, not given" questions and "yes, no, not given" questions? Yes, there is a small difference. When the questions are about facts in the passage, you'll be asked to decide whether the information is "true, false or not given". When the passage is about opinions rather than facts, you will be asked whether each statement agrees with the views given by the writer, and you'll have to answer "yes, no or not given". Note: In terms of exam technique, this small difference doesn't really matter. | approach both question types in the same way. | look for keywords, and decide whether the information in the question is correct, incorrect or not given. 43‘Su khac nhau gita dang True/False/Not given va Yes/No/Not Given True/False/Not Given: day la dang ban can dua vao facts cé san trong bai. Yes/No/Not Given: day la dang ban cn suy luan opinion cia tac gia. Trong m6i trudng hyp, ban cn phai quyét dinh xem théng tin (cdu hdl “T/F/NG”) trong van ban d®ng ¥ véi cdc théng tin trong cdu héi. Ban nén luu ¥ rang trong cau hdl “Y/N/NG”, ban thutdng dude yéu cau tim kiém ¥ kién cia ngudi viét chir kh6ng phai [a sy that d3 dugc dua ra trong bai. Cach quyét dinh cdc statement ld True/ False hay Not given hodc Yes/No hay Not given 1) Cae dap an nao [a True / Yes Ban sé chon dp én True khi théng tin trong cdu hdi hoan toan dung véi théng tin dugc cung c4p trong bai doc. Thuéng nhiing cau héi sé dugc paraphrase bang céc tir, cum tir déng nghia dé Ganh dé thi sinh khi am bai. Vidu 1 Bai doc: People succeed because of their hard work, knowledge and effort. Cau hdi: Success come to those out of their assiduity, know-how and attempt. ap 4n la True vi hoan todn nhiing tir déng nghia va cdch paraphrase mdi duge dua vao because of = out of, hard work = assiduity, knowledge = know-how, effort = attempt Vidu 2: Bai_doc: Marie was appointed to the professorship that had been left vacant on her husband's death. CGu hdi: Marie took over the teaching position her husband had held. ap an [a True vi hoan todn nhfing cdch paraphrase “appointed to the professorship, left vacant, husband's death” = “took aver,teaching position, husband held” 44;i oc: The older civilisation may pass on the benefits of their experience in dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution, and other threats we haven't yet discovered. Cou. Alien civilisations may help the human race to overcome serious problems. ap n [a Yes vi hoan todn nhiing céch paraphrase “The older civilisation, pass on the benefits of their experience, dealing with threats to survival such as nuclear war and global pollution” = “Alien civilisations, help, overcome serious problems” Vidu 4: Bai doc: In the city of Toronto in Canada, 58% of kindergarten pupils come from homes where English is not the usual lanquage of communication. Cau héi: Less than half of the children who attend kindergarten in Toronto have English as their mother tongue. Dap dn [a Yes vi ho’n toan nhitng céich paraphrase “58% of kindergarten pupils come from homes, English is not the usual language of communication” = “Less than half of the children, attend kindergarten, have English as their mother tongue”. lt ra 2) Céc dp an nao Ia False / No (vend nat buat Wadi? v Au tra Idi a False khi théng tin trong c4u hai phai hoan toan tréi nguge v6i théng tin trong bai doc. Théng tin trai nguge & day co thé la thai gian, dja diém, myc dich, nguyén nhAn, d6i tugng, s6 ligu.... Vidu 12) Bai doc: Chiles originate in Souths Arner -a and have been eaten for at least 9,500 years. Cau héi: People began eating | Chiles in the last few centuries, Bai doc néi “at least 9,500 years” tiic Id chiles 4 duoc dn cho it nhdt Ia 9,5 thé kT trong khi cdu hdi ding “in the last few centuries” tic la chiles mdf duge dn trong khodng 1-2 thé ki tru théi. Céu héi bj sai vé tha va dép Gn False. Vid 2: Pint tases Bai doc: The steps in photosynthesis are still not completely understood. Céu hat: People now fully understand the process of photosynthesis. 45 a 3 a s ai dgc ndi “not completely understood” titc !& khéng higu hoan toan, trong khi cau hdi ding “fully understand” titc la hiéu hét. Cau hdi trai nguioc ndi dung vdi bai doc va dap an [a False. Gl Bai doc: In New Zealand, the emission of carbon dioxide only accounts for 0.5% of the world’s total, which has the governm standard. | Céu hdi: New Zealand/must) cut carbon dioxide emission if they want f0 solve the problem che. a -— ; rare : y Te ACO 2 = of global warming. Ls Cy ben & Wah chet Wainy [tg ie ACO. =? mea | Bai doc ndi “the emission of carbon dioxide, accounts for 0.5% of the world’s total, met the bye y governmental standard” tite la khéng nghiém trong, trong khi céu hdi ding “cut carbon ke 0 | dioxide emission, solve the problem of global warming”. Cau a ndi dung vdi bai lone a docva dép nla No. => Cots hor 4a Bait bucx,” | Plaga”? Beet = FAL > 5 ivy ve ley Clu’ cin Chiderty ith Ul Loease Gin to <0 Ch Tait Bai_doc: A written letter of appreciation sometimes generates more motivation than a thousand dollar check, which can serve as the invisible power to boost_business engagement. Increasing pay can lead to the high work motivation. Bai doc néi “A written letter of appreciation, generates more motivation than a thousand | dollar check, serve as the invisible power to boost business engagement” titc Ia Id thu cdm on sé tao déng lye lam viéc, trong khi cu hai dung “Increasing pay, high work motivation”. Cu hai trél ngurgc n6i dung véi bai doc va dép én la No. =7 Lok y = Wea‘ Oh True! ele X,, oe ea ie a Ae Ui (a etng 3) Cac dap n nao [8 Not given cai ty lot Given’ khong cé nghia la khdng c6 théng tin. Thudng théng tin cla mot cau ‘Not Given’ sé xudt hién trong bai doc, nhung théng tin dé khéng ding dé tra lai cau hdi ma dé bai dura ra hoc céu hai cé chita théng tin thém vao khién cho dap an la Not given._| /¢ Vidu 1: Bai doc: This law has an effect on the whole system. Céu héi: The whole system undergoes a slight effect from this law. Vidu 2: Bai doc: 1¢ umbrella is one of the biggest items recorded in our history. Cau hi: This umbrella is the biggest item in our history. | 46Véi vi du.1, tudng tring dap an sé 18 True mét cach rat 13 rang. Nhung bai doc chi né la “has an effect” — didu luat nay cé anh hudng trén toan hé th6ng trong khi cau hdi khang dinh anh hudng dé Ia “slight” - théng tin mdi dugc thém vao. Dap an la Not given Vi vi du 2, cling rét dénh lita ban doc. Bai doc néi la mét trong nhGing cdi 6 Ién nhit, te ia nd co thé ding & vi tri s6 1, s6 2 hodc s6 3...trong khi cu hdi khang dinh né la & vj trf s6 1, do dé théng tin nay 6 thé duing hoac sai. ap an [a Not given. +** Luu y: Tim nhiing tir m4u chét mang tinh chét danh Ita ngudi doc nhu “only”, “all”, “most”, “almost”, “never”, “some”, “every’, “little”, “the best”, “more”,"less”, “Adjective + Noun”. Vi dy, néu trong céu statement sit dung tir “someone” va doan text ding tir “all”, chi m6t tir nhé cling lam cu statement sal. Thubng véi nhting cau cé cdc tirtrén, dp én \v6i kha nding cao han roi vao Not Given hoc False/No. Vidu 1: Baidoc: Video games have developed into a distinct mass form of media. Céu hdi; Videos games are the newest mass media platform. (Not Given) Vidu 2: Bai you. Ince you're sitting for more than 6 to 8 hours a day, that’s not likely to be good for Céu hdi: Less than 6 hours a day is a safe amount: of sitting. (Not Given) Vidu 3: ‘Bai doc: At noon, John ceased work for the day and spent half an hour playing the guitar. Céu héi: John dedicated all day to his work. (False) ‘Bai doc: John was willing to deviate from his routine in order to receive visitors. (Céu hoi: John never allowed anything to interrupt his daily routine. (False) Vidu 5: ‘Bai doc: In order to learn a language, children need a significant amount of instruction. Céw héi: Children achieve competence in whatever language is spoken around them, with apparently little need for explicit conscious instruction. (False) 47du 6: 1 doc: Samuel B. Fay’s paper clip was originally intended primarily for attaching tickets to {fabric although the patent recognized that it could be used to attach papers together. Céu hdt: Samuel B. Fay’s paper clip was only patented for one specific use. (False) Vidu 7: Bai doc: Humans can cause extinction of a species. iu hdi: Human activity is the principal cause of the extinction of species. (Not Given) Short bursts of physical activity -10 minutes or less — increased pupil's attention in the classroom. Céu héi: The optimal amount of physical activity for children is 10 minutes. (Not Given) Vidu 9: Bai_doc: Linguists assume that the ability to acquire and use language is an innate, biologically-based potential of human beings. Cu hdi: Research has shown that humans have an inbuilt capacity for language learning. (Not Given) Vidu 10: Bai doc: Scientists analysed how long each child resisted the temptation of eating the cakes, and whether or not doing so had an effect on their future success. Céu héi: Scientists found a correlation between resisting temptation and future success. (Not Given) 48IELTS Reading: True, False, Not Given Question statements: Passage: Don't makeranyinoise be kepton ailead. night will be 20 in the morning. Dogs must b through the IELTS Reading: Yes, No, Not Given Read the following passage about ‘habits’, “All our life, so far asi ithas definite form; is but a mass of habits,” William James wrote 8 SEich'Way, may feel like ti broducts:of feel ititisy{te!N6t. They're habits. And though each habit means relatively litle on its own, over time, the meals we order, what we say to our kids each night, whether we save or spend, how often we exercise, and the way we organize joughts and work routines have enormous impacts on our health, productivity, and happiness. One paper published iby a Duke University researcher in 2006 found that 4OrpErsenit actudlidecisionabuttiabi Do the statements below agree with the ideas expressed by the author? Write YES, NO or NOT GIVEN. 49female Read the following passage about the. ‘Beaufort scale’. ‘The Beaufort scale is an empirical measure that relates wind speed to observed conditions at sea of on land. Its full name is the Beaufort wind force scale, although it is a measure of wind speed and not of force in the scientific sense. ‘The scale was devised in 1805 by Francis Beaufort, an Irish Royal Navy officer. In the early 419th century, naval officers made regular weather observations, but there was no standard scale and so they could be very subjective. The initial scale of thirteen classes (zero to twelve) did not reference wind speed numbers but related qualitative wind conditions to effects on the sails of a frigate, then the main ship of the Royal Navy. In 1916, to accommodate the growth of steam power, the descriptions were changed to how the ‘sea, not the sails, behaved. The Beaufort scale was extended in 1946, when forces 13 to 17 were added. Today, hurricane force winds are sometimes described as Beaufort scale 12 to 16. Are the following statements true, false or not given? 1. The Beaufort scale is a scientific measure of wind force. 2.In the early 1800s, naval officers demanded a more accurate way to measure weather conditions. 3. The original scale measured the effect of wind on a ship's sails. 4.Today, the Beaufort scale is still the predominant scale for wind description. Read the following text about ‘collocation’: Collocation is defined as a sequence of words or terms which co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. Collocation comprises the restrictions on how words can be used together, for example which prepositions are used with particular verbs, or which verbs and nouns are used together. An example of this (from Michael Halliday) is the collocation strong tea. While the same meaning could be conveyed through the roughly equivalent powerful tea, the fact is that English prefers to speak of tea in terms of being strong rather than in terms of being powerful. A similar observation holds for powerful computers which is preferred over strong computers. If the expression is heard often, the words become ‘glued’ together in our minds. 'Crystal clear’, ‘middle management, ‘nuclear family’, and ‘cosmetic surgery’ are examples of collocated pairs of words. Some words are often found together because they make up a compound noun, for example ‘text message’ or 'motor cyclist’ Are the statements below true, false or not givén in the text? 1.ltis possible, but not normal, to say ‘powerful tea’. 2.Itis equally acceptable in English to say ‘powerful computers’ or ‘strong computers’. 3. Our brains remember some pairs of words better than others. 50The Medicine + This medicine must be taken os directed, + afore using, shake the bottle. + Dose: 60m to be taken twice daily eter the midday and ‘evening meals. Instructionis: + Do not take this medicine on an empty stomach or immediately before lying down. + itany of the following occur, discontinue taking the ‘medicine and contact your doctor: dizziness, voriting, blurred vision. + This medicine Is not available without a prescription and isnot suitable for children under 5 years. + Once you have begun to taka this medicine you must ‘continue to take it unl the battle is empty, unless advised ‘otherwise by your doctor. + Only one couree ofthis madicine should be taken in a period of sixmonths. + Expiry date: 16 February, 2004 Do the following statements agree with the information above? Write YES, NO or NOT GIVEN. 4.You should lie down after you have taken the medicine. 2.You must stop taking the medicine if your eyesight is affected. 3.You must stop taking the medicine when you feel better. 4.The medicine is suitable for a person of any age. 51Read the following passage about ‘uni-tasking’ and ‘multi-tasking’. ‘The human brain evolved to focus on one thing at a time. This enabled our ancestors to hunt animals, to create tools, and to protect their clan from predators or invading neighbours. In parallel, an attentional filter evolved to help us to stay on task, letting through only information that was important enough to deserve disrupting our train of thought. But a funny thing happened on the way to the twenty-first century: The plethora of information and the technologies that serve our brain changed the way we use it. Increasingly, we demand that our attentional system try to focus on several things at once. Uni-tasking is getting harder and harder to do. The information age now buries us in data coming at us from every which way. We are bombarded with more information than at any time in history - the equivalent of 1175 newspapers a day, five times as much information as we took in thirty years ago. If we want to be more productive and creative, and to have more energy, the science suggests that we should tame the multi-tasking and immerse ourselves in a single task for sustained periods, say 30 to 50 minutes. According to the author, are the following statements correct? Answer YES, NO or NOT GIVEN. 41) The human brain is set up to perform many tasks at once. 2) The information age is characterised by our exposure to an abundance of data. 3) Multitasking may reduce human performance, Read the following passage and answer the questions below. ‘Biometrics’ refers to the identification of humans by their characteristics or traits. Biometric identifiers are often categorised as physiological versus behavioural characteristics. Physiological characteristics are related to the shape of the body. Examples include fingerprint, face recognition, DNA, Palm print, hand geometry and iris recognition. Behavioural characteristics are related to the behaviour of a person, including typing rhythm, gait, and voice. More traditional means of identification include token-based systems, such as a driver's license or passport, and knowledge-based systems, such as a password or personal identification number. Since biometric identifiers are unique to individuals, they are more reliable in verifying identity than token and knowledge-based methods; however, the collection of biometric identifiers raises privacy concerns about the ultimate use of this information. Are the following statements true, false or not given? 1. There are two main types of biometric identifier. 2. Fingerprinting is the best known biometric identification system. 3. The use of a password is another example of biometric identification. 4. Some people may worry about how biometric data is used. 52MEO LAM READING Cau hoi: A> B (trén phurong dién C). True/False/Not Given? Treen hop. cau tron passaze 1 ‘A> B hodcB Ké tir gid sau khi da biét cdc "manh" nay ri, cac ban sé c6 thé trénh “sap bay" cla ngudi ra 8. Hay thiv lam cc cu luyén tap sau xem sao nhé, Nhé la phai phan tich ré ra dau la A, dau 1a B va dau la phurong dién C truéc khi dua ra cau tra loi. PRACTICE: 4. Cau hoi: In experiment, rats who ate what they wanted led shorter lives than rats on a low-calorie diet. Passage: Scientists first recognized the value of the practice more than 60 years ago, when they found that rats fed a low-calorie diet lived longer on average than free-feeding rats and also had a reduced incidence of conditions that become increasingly common in old age. 2. Cau he Private schools in Japan are more modern and spacious than state-run lower secondary schools. Passage: Lower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to the ninth grade (age 16). Virtually all pupils at this stage attend state schools: only 3 per cent are in the private sector. Schools are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside, hoi International trade is increasing at a greater rate than the world economy. Passage: International trade is growing at a startling pace. While the global economy has been expanding ata bit over 3% a year, the volume of trade has been rising at a compound annual rate of about twice that. 544. Cau h in 1970s, illiterate women had approximately the same levels of infant mortality as those who had learnt to read in primary school. Passage: In the late 1970s, the infant mortality rate for the children of illiterate mothers was around 110 deaths per thousand live births. At this point in their lives, those mothers who later went on to leam to read had a similar level of child mortality (105/100). For women educated in primary school, however, the infant mortality rate was significantly lower, at 80 per thousand. 5. CAu hol: It is easier to manage a small business than a large business. Passage: For example, ifthe job is running a small business or an autonomous unit within a larger business, high achievers should be sought. However, if the job to be filled is a managerial post ina large bureaucratic organisation, a-candidate who has a high need for power and a low need {or affiliation should be selected 6. Cau hdiz Problems in Nordic countries were excluded because they are outside the European Economic Community. Passage: ‘Their initial task was to decide which of the many forest problems of concern to Europe involved the largest number of countries and might be subject to joint action. Those confined to particular geographical areas, such as countries bordering the Mediterranean or the Nordic countries therefore had to be discarded. 7. Cau héi: Tourism contributes over six per cent of the Australian gross national product. Passage: This industry (tourism) is the world's leading industrial contributor, producing over 6 per cent of the world's gross national product. 8. Cau héi: Phase | of MIRTP consisted of a survey of household expenditure on transport. Passage: Phase | focused on research. The socio-economic survey of more than 400 households in the district indicated that a household in Makete spent, on average, seven hours a day on transporting themselves and their goods. Interesting facts regarding transport were found: 95% ‘was on foot; 80% was within the locality; and 70% was related to the collection of water and firewood and travelling to grinding mills. Having determined the main transport needs, possible solutions were identified. 55Read the following passage about the daily life of a philosopher. For 27 years the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer followed an identical routine. He rose every moming at seven and had a bath but no breakfast; he drank a cup of strong coffee before sitting down at his desk and writing until noon. At noon he ceased work for the day and spent half an hour practicing the flute, on which he became quite a skilled performer. Then he went out for lunch at his favourite restaurant. After lunch he returned home and read until four, when he left for his daily walk; he walked for two hours no matter what the weather. At six o'clock he visited the reading room of the library and read The Times. In the evening he attended the theatre or a concert, after which he had dinner at a hotel or restaurant. He got back home between nine and ten and went early to bed. He was willing to deviate from this routine in order to receive visitors. Are the following statements true, false or not given in the passage? 4. Schopenhauer got up at the same time every day. 2, He dedicated the whole day to his work. 3. He ate the same meal every evening. 4, Schopenhauer allowed nothing to interrupt his daily routine. Réad the following passage about the extinction of species. ‘There are a variety of factors that can contribute directly or indirectly to the extinction of a species. Extinction may come suddenly when an otherwise healthy species is wiped out completely, such as when toxic pollution renders its entire habitat unlivable, or it may occur gradually over thousands or millions of years, such as when a species gradually loses out in competition for food to better adapted competitors. Extinction may occur a long time after the events that set it in motion, a phenomenon known as extinction debt. Currently, environmental groups and some governments are concemed with the extinction of species caused by humanity, and they try to prevent further extinctions through a variety of conservation programmes. Humans can cause extinction of a species through over-harvesting, pollution, habitat destruction, introduction of invasive species (such as new predators and food competitors), and over-hunting, Are the following statements true, false, or not given? 1.In most cases of extinction, the species slowly dies out over a period of many years. 2.'Extinetion debt’ refers to cases of species dying out long after the initial event that triggered the extinction took place. 3.Human activity is the principal cause of the extinction of species. 56 ——IELTS Reading: ‘true, false, not given’ ‘AWork of Genius By the beginning of the 15th century, after a hundred years of construction, Florence Cathedral was still missing its dome. The building required an octagonal dome which ‘would be higher and wider than any that had ever been built, with no external buttresses to keep it from spreading and falling under its own weight. The building of such a masonry dome posed many technical problems. Filippo Brunelleschi, who is now seen as a key figure in architecture and perhaps the first modern engineer, looked to the great dome of the Pantheon in Rome for solutions. The dome of the Pantheon is a single shell of concrete, the formula for which had long since been forgotten. Soil filled with silver coins had held the Pantheon dome aloft while its concrete set. This could not be the solution in the case of the Florence Cathedral dome, due to its size. Another possible solution, the use of scaffolding, was also impractical because thefe was not enough timber in the whole of the region of Tuscany. Brunelleschi would have to build the dome out of brick, due to its light weight compared to stone and being easier to form, and with nothing under it during construction. His eventual sucess can be attributed, in no small degree, to his technical and mathematical genius. Brunelleschi used more than four million bricks to create what is stil the largest masonry dome in the world. Are the following statements true, false or not given? 1.For many years, people had believed that construction of such a huge dome would be impossible. 2.The architect Brunelleschi employed a building method that had previously been used by the Romans. 3,Brunelleschi was not able to use wooden scaffolding when building the dome. 4.The Cathedral's dome is still the biggest of its kind. 57uanegenedl = amowmoud ee - convoy. IELTS Reading: true, false, not given Read the following excerpt from a passage about animal behaviour. Thousands of experiments have been performed to study the preferences of hungry and thirsty animals. The results are universal: all animals are highly sensitive to subtle differences in amount of food or water. Consider experiments using hungry pigeons. A pigeon is trained to peck at an illuminated button on the wall of its cage, and the experimenter follows each peck with delivery to the pigeon of a small amount of mixed grain. The pigeon soon learns to peck the button. Then the experimenter puts two illuminated buttons, a red one and a green ‘one, side by side on the wall. if the pigeon pecks the red button, it gets 2 ounces of it pecks the green button, it gets 1 ounce of food. Almost all pigeons soon learn to peck the red one and ignore the green one However, the results are completely different when a time delay is introduced after the red button is pecked. Virtually all pigeons strongly prefer 1 ounce of food delivered immediately to 2 ounces delayed by only 4 seconds, Are the statements below true, false or not given? 1.Experiments using hungry and thirsty animals give inconsistent results. 2.Pigeons can be taught to do simple actions in order to get a reward. 3.Hungry pigeons choose the larger reward, regardless of whether they have to wait for it. 58IELTS Reading: true, false, not given Passage: Redevelopment of the library's main reading room is planned for the first week of November, and itis anticipated that the necessary building work will be completed uring that time. All other areas of the library will remain open to the public as normal, but the main help desk will be temporarily located in the entrance hall. Members of staff will be on hand to direct you to books, journals or other materials that have been moved while the reading room is being refurbished. Question statements (true, false or not given?): 1. The project to redevelop the reading room should take just one week. 2. Access to the rest of the library will be limited due to the building work. 3, Library employees will still be able to enter the reading room to find materials. IELTS Reading: true, false or not given? Read the following passage about "mass media”. In the late 20th century, mass media could be classified into eight mass media industries: books, the Internet, magazines, movies, newspapers, radio, recordings, and television. The explosion of digital communication technology in the late 20th and early 21st centuries gave rise to the question: what forms of media should be classified as "mass media"? For example, it is controversial whether to include cell phones and video games in the definition. Each mass medium has its own content types, creative artists, technicians, and business models. For example, the Internet includes blogs, podcasts, web sites, and various other technologies built atop the general distribution network. Internet and mobile phones are often referred to collectively as digital media, and radio and TV as broadcast media. Some argue that video games have developed into a distinct mass form of media, in the sense that they provide a common experience to millions of people across the globe and convey the same messages and ideologies to all their users. Are the statements below true, false or not given? 4.In the 21st century, it is widely accepted that there are now more than eight mass media industries. 2.Digital media can be subdivided into various content types. 3.Video games are the newest mass media platform. 59IELTS Reading: yes, no, not given Read the following passage and answer the questions below it. “The evidence is crystal clear: Physical activity is great for children. Researchers around the world agree that young people who are active have better brain function, higher self- esteem, more motivation and better school performance. During the school day, children do not need to exercise for long periods of time. A review of studies published in 2011 found that short bursts of physical activity - 10 minutes or less-- increased pupils’ attention in the classroom. Children who took short breaks for physical activity also performed better in school and displayed lower stress levels and better moods. What about linking physical activity with teaching? A review published in 2015 found that when children learn while moving their bodies, they perform significantly better on standardised tests, There are all sorts of examples of how to make this happen, such as doing jumping jacks while spelling words, Do the statements below agree with the views expressed in the passage? Answer YES, NO or NOT GIVEN. 4.Physical exercise can make children feel better about themselves. 2.The optimal amount of physical activity for children is 10 minutes. 3.Children can benefit when tasks provide both mental and physical stimulation 60Read the following passaye about a study into ‘sitting’. ‘The ease of our modern workday could come at the expense of our longevity. A new study of older women in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine finds that sitting for long stretches of time increases the odds of an untimely death. The more hours women in the study spent sitting at work, driving, lying on the couch watching TV, or engaged in other leisurely pursuits, the greater their odds of dying early from all causes, including heart disease and cancer. Even women who exercised regularly risked shortening their lifespan if most of their daily hours were sedentary ones. “Even if you are doing the recommended amount of moderate to vigorous - exercise, you will stil have a higher risk of mortality if you're spending too many hours sitting,” says Dr. JoAnn Manson, one of the study's authors. How much sitting can you safely do in a day? In the study, women who were inactive for 11 or more hours a day fared the worst, facing a 12% increase in premature death, but even lesser ‘amounts of inactive time can cause problems. "Onoe you're sitting for more than 6 to 8 hours a day, that's not likely to be good for you," Dr. Manson says. You want to avoid prolonged sitting and increase the amount of moderate or vigorous exercise you do each day, she adds. Are the following statements true, false or not given? 4, The study looked at the effects of sitting on elderly women only. 2. Alink was found between hours spent sitting and serious health problems. 3. The warnings about sitting do not apply to people who exercise regularly. 4. Less than 6 hours a day is a safe amount of sitting. Read the following paragraph about ‘minority languages’ Minority languages are occasionally marginalised within nations for a number of reasons. These include the small number of speakers, the decline in the number of speakers, and their occasional consideration as uncultured, primitive, or simple dialects when compared to the dominant language. Support for minority languages is sometimes viewed as supporting separatism. Immigrant minority languages are often also seen as a threat and as indicative of the non-integration of these communities. Both of these perceived threats are based on the notion of the exclusion of the majority language speakers. Often this is added to by political systems which do not provide support (such as education and policing) in these languages. Are the following statements true, false or not given? 1. Minority languages sometimes disappear. 2. Minority languages are simpler to learn than majority languages. 3. Minority languages are sometimes considered to be harmful. 61