Urkund Analysis Result: Sources Included in The Report

URKUND
Urkund Analysis Result

Analysed Document: thesis_Beacon_3rd_sem_pankaj.pdf (D40705098)
Submitted: 8/3/2018 9:34:00 AM
Submitted By: harish_cse@curaj.ac.in
Significance: 42 %
Sources included in the report:
https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/130882
http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/238004/238004.pdf
https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/204100806-What-are-the-default-settings-
of-Estimote-Beacons-How-to-edit-settings-
https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/216881838-Which-beacons-do-I-buy-for-my-
Proximity-use-case-
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/js/2017/9742170/
https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/201636913-What-are-Broadcasting-Power-
RSSI-and-other-characteristics-of-a-beacon-s-signal-
https://developer.apple.com/ibeacon/Getting-Started-with-iBeacon.pdf
https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/203821206-How-to-configure-Estimote-
Location-Beacons-for-Indoor-Location-
http://www.idt.mdh.se/utbildning/exjobb/files/TR1974.pdf
Instances where selected sources appear:
58
URKUND thesis_Beacon_3rd_sem_pankaj.pdf (D40705098)
Beacon In Education A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the
Degree of Master of Technology in Cyber Security by Pankaj Ramnani Enrollment Number (16/
CS/016) Under the Supervision of Mr. Vikas Sihag Assistant Professor (S.P.U.P, Jodhpur)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY OF
POLICE, SECURITY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE JODHPUR – 342304, INDIA July, 2018
UNDERTAKING I declare that the work presented in this thesis titled “Beacon In Ed- ucation”,
submitted to the Computer Science and Engineering De- partment, Sardar Patel University of
Police, Security and Criminal Justice, Jodhpur, for the award of the Master of Technology
degree in Cyber Security, is my original work. I have not plagiarized or submitted the same
work for the award of any other degree. In case this undertaking is found incorrect, I accept
that my degree may be unconditionally withdrawn. July, 2018 Jodhpur (Pankaj Ramnani) ii
CERTIFICATE Certified that the work contained in the thesis titled“Beacon In Ed- ucation”, by
Pankaj Ramnani, Enrollment Number 16/CS/016 has been carried out under my supervision
and that this work has not been submitted elsewhere for a degree. July, 2018 (Mr. Vikas Sihag)
Assistant Professor Dep. of Computer Science and Engineering S.P.U.P., Jodhpur iii
Acknowledgment I would like to take this opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude
to all who helped me directly or indirectly during this thesis work. I would like to thank my
supervisor, Mr. Vikas Sihag , for being a best mentor and adviser. I could ever have. His advise,
encouragement and critics are source of innovative ideas, inspiration and causes behind the
successful completion of this dissertation. The confidence shown on me by him was the
biggest source of inspiration for me. It has been a privilege working with him from last two
years. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Bhupendra Singh, Vice Chancellor, for
providing me all the facilities required for the completion of this thesis work. I would like to
express my sincere appreciation and gratitude towards faculty mem- bers at S.P.U.P., Jodhpur,
especially Mr. Arjun Choudhary , for their encouragement, consistent support and invaluable
suggestions. - Pankaj Ramnani iv
Biographical Sketch Pankaj Ramnani E-Mail : spu16cs16@policeuniversity.ac.in Father’s Name :

Mr.Kishan Ramnani Mother’s Name : Mrs. Gayatri Devi Education * Pursuing M.Tech in Cyber
Security from SPUP, Jodhpur with 7.0 SGPA . * B.Tech. in Information Technology from BMIT,
Jaipur with 68.00% in 2008. * Intermediate from RBSE, Ajmer with 50.00% in 2008. v
0: http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/238004/238004.pdf 100%
Modest doubt is called the beacon of the wise. ~ -William Shakespeare
vi
2
Abstract Problem:- Digital Transformation described as change in both a organisations

operating model and value proposition, include or enable by digital technologies, is a
concept that everyone talks about today.One of the digital transformation is digital
technology.Today Beacon have been used in retail sector.
Purpose: The Purpose of this thesis is to identify and evaluate opportunities for
Bea- con in Education to create and appropriate value from Bluetooth enable beacon technol-
ogy. Technology and Literature Review: The Technology describes how beacon technology
works and how Apples iBacon and Googles
Eddystone protocols are different and limitation of technology. The Beacon technology is
compared with technologies
Fur- thermore
the beacon technology is compared with other technologies for similar purpose, strength of
beacons, including low cost, high accuracy, ability to work indoors as well as outdoors and
compatibility with consumer devices.The literature review focuses on giving a theoretical
background to how value can be created and appropriated.
Method: The process of fulfilling the purpose was divided into three steps.First application
ideas which attempted to integrate a education and technology.
Second the application ideas evaluation matrix with some factor.
Third the application ideas with developed further in terms of purpose and technical setup.
vii
Results and Implications:
The application idea for beacons that shows the how technology can be used. Generally
application ideas can be broadly four groups user group (interal/external) and operating
mode (action/data).The iBeta-Teacher app take advantage of existing network, and its
3
software solution.At the starting point the application and and work closely together with the
right client and proof of concept.Right client means
who have a genuine interest in and realistic expectations on this new technology. Keywords:
beacons, Bluetooth, iBeacon, Eddystone, software platform, proximity, positioning, indoor
location, digital transformation, Internet of Things, business models, idea generation
viii
Contents Acknowledgment iv Biographical Sketch v Abstract vii 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Problem

Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Contributions of Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 5 1.3 Organization of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 Technology Review 7
2.1 Beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1.1 characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1.2
Comparison of Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.3 The Receiving End of Beacons . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Limitations of the Beacon Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3 Other
Technologies for Similar Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3
Context Awareness 15 ix
3.1 Use Case Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.2 Core Bluetooth Technology in

iBeacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.3 Terms and Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.4
Core Bluetooth Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.5 Building Location awareness with
iBeacon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.5.1 iBeacon Advertisement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.5.2
iBeacon Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.5.3 Region Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 19 3.6 Proximity beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.7 Proximity monitoring
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.7.1 proximity Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.7.2 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.7.3 Accuracy of Proximity . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 24 3.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4 Implementation
Architecture 26 4.1 Object around beacon level architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4.2 Who is
here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.3 Combination of Different Proximity Data
Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.4 Indoor Location With ARKit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.4.1
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.4.2 Limitation of ARkit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 30 4.5 Automapping with UWB Location Beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 4.6 Setting up an iOS
Aplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31 5 Implementation of Mobile Application 32 5.1 Implementation of iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 32 5.1.1 Setting up an iOS application project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.1.2 Configuring
beacons with Indoor Location app . . . . . . . . . . 32 5.1.3 Proximity Beacons default settings . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 33 5.1.4 Location Beacons default settings: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 x
4
5.2 Enable Estimote Monitoring in iOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.3 iStudent Digital Service . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 6 Conclusion and Future work 48 References 49 xi
List of Figures 2.1 iBeacon Signal Addressed Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2

Communication Direction Within a beacon System . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1 Core Bluetooth
Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.2 Core Blutooth Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 17 3.3 iBeacon Advertising Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.4 iBeacon Advertising
Packet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.5 iBeacon Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.6 RX Power and Distance Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.7 How it Works . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3.8 Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.9 Software
Defined Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3.10 Proximity Use case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 24 4.1 Object around beacon high level architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4.2
Architecture of for a
0: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/130882 95%
getting list of users nearby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.3 Architecture diagram of different proximity

data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.4
AR kit Implement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.1 Estimote Monitoring Enable . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 xiv
5.2 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.3 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . 36 5.4 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 5.5 iStudent . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 5.6 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.7
iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 5.8 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 40 5.9 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 5.10 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5.11 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5.12
iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 5.13 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 42 5.14 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.15 iStudent . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5.16 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5.17
iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5.18 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 45 5.19 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 5.20 iStudent . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5.21 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5.22
iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 xv
List to Abbreviations OSN - Online Social Networks
API Application Programming Interface BLE Bluetooth Low Energy EID Ephemeral Identity
eTLM Encrypted Telemetry GPS Global Positioning System IDE Integrated Development
Environment loT Internet of Things ISM Industrial Scientific and Medical devices LBS Location
Based Service OS Operating System (OS) REST Representational State Transfer RSSI Received
5
Signal Strength Indicator TLM Telemetry Ul User Interface UID Unique Identity URL Universal
Resourse Locator USB Universal Serial Bus UUID Universal Unique Identifier 1
Concepts and Definitions GPS gGPS technology where, as a first step, device determines
approximate position by cellular technology whereafter a scan for only the relevant GPS
satellites is carried out. Background service: A service on a mobile device that is run in the
background without displaying a user interface on the screen. Background services can be
app specific or system wide. While Android is allowing apps to run processes in the
background, iOS is much more regulated and app developers are often left with a set of
system services they are allowed to use. For example, iOS developers use the Core Location
API to subscribe to location-related updates for their apps, and this is then managed on a
system level, implying that developers have no control over when the system scans the
environment for beacons. Beacon positioning system: A Bluetooth beacon-based system that
uses triangulation to calculate the exact position of a user or object within a geographical
area. Compare with Beacon proximity system. Beacon proximity: system A Bluetooth beacon-
based system a geographical area into a set of zones allowing for the system to recognize a
user or object entering or leaving zones, and the approximate distance between a beacon
and a receiver. Compare with Beacon positioning system. Bluetooth: In this report
synonymous with Bluetooth LE, which is part of the Bluetooth 4.0 standard.
Digital Transformation: Changes in both campuss operating model and value proposition,
enabled by digital technologies. The result of new digital technologies deployed in ways that
not only enhance traditional methods but create new innovation. Westerman et al. (2014)
argue that order to digitally transform a company, it must excel in both digital capabilities
and leadership capabilities. Eddystone: Open source protocol for Bluetooth beacons created
by Google and released in 2015. This specifies how beacons identify themselves by
Eddystone-UIDs, but also how sensor data can be transferred. Further, the protocol allows
for advertising URLs to the vicinity, paving the way for the Physical Web. 2
iBeacon: Protocol for Bluetooth beacons created by Apple and released in 2013. This specifies
how beacons identify themselves by UUIDs, major and minor data fields. Indoor location: All
those services enable smartphones position themselves indoors, compare with GPS that is
used outdoors. Because of the complexity of getting accurate positioning indoors, these
solutions are often combining multiple data sources such as radio frequency signals from
cellular, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth with sensor data such as pedometer and air pressure data.
6
Internet of Things: A network of physical objects that through sensors and communication
capabilities are able to share information with each other.
Physical Web: A concept brought forward by Google that allows objects such as posters,
parking meters, vending machines to send URLs over the Eddystone protocol to smart-
phones or similar devices to open a communication channel to the object using the device’s
built-in web browser, need of downloading apps for one time use.
Push notification: A message pushed from a server to a device. This differs from what is
called pull or fetch in that the message is delivered immediately, instead of being delivered
the next time the device asks the server for updates.
Tactile Paving: Textured ground surface indicators used to help blind people and visually
impaired to navigate, for instance inside large buildings and at train stations or bus stops. 3
Chapter 1 Introduction The Internet of Things (or IoT for short) is a term for a range of
technologies that describe variety of various ways that attach physical things to the
internet.Any item will become smart and context-aware, providing customized experiences
and gathering data regarding whats happening within the world. In reality, the IoT is a pretty
easy concept. Every kind of items or things are wirelessly connected. For users, this could
mean heaps of exciting results: smart homes, smart offices, smart entire lives. Your wearable
talks to your spoon talks to your daily planner. Everything is automatic. And thats wherever
the term internet of Everything comes from. One key element here is that the power of
proximity. whether or not its push notifications, indoor navigation, or remaining by a smart
device, proximity gives a new world of opportunities. Proximity means that an IoT-enabled
object reacts according to your location. Lets look at a smart home for example. You can teach
your home to adjust the lighting based on your preferences and time, but wouldn’t it be better
if the lights switched on as you walk 4
into your apartment or change automatically as you go from room to room? By adding
another layer of contextual information to IoT-enabled objects, it gets them to serve you and
your needs at the right place and the right time. This technology already exists, so its up to
businesses and consumers to find the most important use cases. 1.1 Problem Statement *
Location Based Messaging- According to the Student profile deliver the message with entry
time,exit Time and case based messaging. * Navigating -Student can navigate in campus
easier then before.The ability to experience own campus in a new and interesting way as well
as making their lives. * Attendance-Beacons make it possible for academic students
automatically take attendance and allow students to automatically check in at events. *
Classroom Material-Beacons offer enhanced communication between students and faculty,
7
for example teachers can give their students specific classroom materials such as notes,
deadlines, and assignment schedules. 1.2 Contributions of Thesis We try to use of beacon an
indoor positioning system to province academic services: 1. Advantage of using beacon to
provide location based services in door environment. 2. Proposing new services using beacon
and improvement using beacon. 3. Search the limitation and difficulties using beacon The goal
is to design beacon based indoor positioning system using iBeacon and Ed- dystone protocol
help of Estimote beacon.To design and implement a back-end server 5
application which offer location based service to student.We will also produce an iOS ap-
plication to make indoor positioning to request from server.We built a mobile to provide
iBeacon-based services to the students. The application can make attendance taking an easy
task. Moreover, the application can allow a student to a book a room, that he is in, if it is
available. The student does not have to know the name of room. The application makes use of
iBeacon to detect the student current location, and request a service from a backend
server.Student Will be require to authenticate themselves before using the services which is
secure and convinent. 1.3 Organization of the Thesis This thesis is organized as follows.
Chapter 2,a technology review is carried out in order to create a better understanding of
technology,Chapter 3,Chapter 3 provides a literature review concerning the concepts
4,shows the Implementation Architecture Chapter 5, explains our implementation work and
results.Chapter 6 is about conclusion and future scope 6
Chapter 2
Technology Review The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the beacon technology and
how it compares with other technologies for similar applications. First, beacons are
introduced and discussed from the perspectives of a single beacon entity, different beacon
protocols, and the beacon system. Thereafter limitations of the technology are outlined
before a comparison with other technologies for similar purposes is presented 2.1 Beacons
Oxford American Dictionary defines a beacon as ”a light or other visible object serving as a
signal, warning, or guide,” and acknowledges that a beacon could also be ”a radio transmitter
whose signal helps to fix the position of object.”This transmitter could use different
frequencies and protocols.One of the most obvious examples of beacons today is GPS
satellites, that allow for devices to calculate their position and altitude relative to the earth.
While GPS is well-suited for foreground location services in outdoor environments, such as
navigation, it has its limitations in needing a clear view of the sky and energy usage.
Therefore, location services based solely on the GPS technology do not work well 7
in indoor environments and neither do they work well for running in the background since
they consume too much power. Beacons are defined as transmitters using a subset of the
Bluetooth 4.0 protocol called Bluetooth LE to emit signals that can be received by other
devices.
When we
8
configured, they emit Bluetooth LE signals with a preset transmit power and advertising
interval. The transmit power determines the range of the signal, which can be up to 50
meters, and the advertising interval affects the time it takes before a device can pick up the
signal. Beacons are very energy-efficient and can be powered by 1000 mAh coin cell batteries
for up to two years. At the receiving end, battery drain on both iPhone and Android should be
less than one percent. Further, beacons are priced at around $5-30 per unit and often sell at
volume discounts (Estimote, 2016a; Kontakt.io, 2016a). The fact that beacons are relatively
cheap and battery-powered makes beacons suitable in settings where they move, e.g. on a
bus or on equipment that is to be tracked.
So far, it has been established that beacons are transmitters that send out signals at regular
intervals. Important to mention is that most beacons operate in a transmit-only mode and
send out signals.
The following sections will address what types of information these signals convey and how
devices can benefit from picking up the signals. 2.1.1
characteristics Theres some useful terms
that will help better understand how beacons work.which helps to understand how beacons
communicate with mobile devices: Broadcasting Power and Beacons Range: Broadcasting
Power (or Transmit Power) is the power with which the beacon broadcasts its signal.In
Estimote Beacons, we can change it with the Estimote SDK, the Cloud interface, or the app.
The value ranges from -40 dBm
0: https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/201636913-What-are-Broadcasting-
Power-RSSI-and-other-characteristics-of-a-beacon-s-signal- 92%
to +4
dBm. Advertising Interval: Beacons do not broadcast constantly. They blink instead. Adver-
tising Interval describes the time between each blink. Just as with Broadcasting Power,
Advertising Interval on beacons can be adjusted with SDK, Cloud, and the app. The value
ranges between 100 ms and 2000 ms. The shorter the interval, the more stable the signal.
Keep in mind that adjusting 8
Advertising Interval significantly impacts the battery life.
9
Measured Power: Measured Power is a factory-calibrated, read-only constant which indicates

what’s the expected RSSI at a distance of 1 meter to the beacon. Combined with RSSI, it
allows you to estimate the distance between the device and the beacon. Proximity zones:
Monitoring allows you to establish your own proximity zones with a code and enable
interactions when a user enters or leaves each zone. Rather than adjusting the broadcasting
power or relying on the predefined zones that come with iBeacon, you can define the
unlimited numbers of zones per beacon at different distances to trigger different actions.
immediate (very close to the beacon) near (about 1-3 m from the beacon) far (further away or
the signal is fluctuating too much to make a better estimate) unknown. 2.1.2
Comparison of Protocols
Both Apple and Google have their own versions of beacon protocols. Apple’s iBeacon
protocol was released in 2013 and officially only supports iOS whereas Google’s
Ed- dystone protocol was released in 2015 and is platform independent.
The simplicity of the technology, no one common beacon protocol, meaning that companies
that want to utilize beacons might need to set up multiple beacon systems in parallel. The
difference between Apple iBeacon and Google Eddystone, as can be seen in below, is that
Eddystone
supports
sending URLs and small amounts of sensor data in addition to sending IDs. While sensor data
and IDs require that an app is installed for handling the information, URLs allow for users to
access content without having a certain app installed. Google calls this the Physical Web. 9
Figure 2.1: iBeacon Signal Addressed Component 2.1.3 The Receiving End of Beacons
10
The function of frequently scanning the environment for iBeacons is a system service in iOS
and installed applications can sign up for notifications on a set of beacon IDs. In Android,
beacon scanning can be implemented as a background service. If one of the sought-for
beacons shows up during the scan, the concerned app will be woken up to take actions.
Since beacons only send information and do not receive anything, users are free to opt in
and opt out of potential tracking. If there is no installed application on the phone that can
handle the information that a certain beacon has been discovered, nothing will happen.
here
is a huge amount of different beacon cloud platforms available on the market, and also
larger systems with beacon functionality implemented. 10
Figure 2.2: Communication Direction Within a beacon System 2.2
Limitations of the Beacon Technology The beacon technology has a number of interesting
features, problems and limitations that lack of standardization in the industry to the
maintenance need.
Vendors and Platforms: The technology and the current industry structure characterised by
many small vendors and proprietary platforms,t produces uncertainty among potential
customers.Beacons have been on the market for a relatively short period of time and have
consequently not been tested extensively. Since many of the beacon manufacturers and
platform developers moreover are small and immature companies, concerns have been
raised about scalability and long-term viability.
Beacons and beacon platforms have proprietary features or algorithms, which may not be
interchangeable with products from other manufacturers. Signal: One of the problems that
has been seen in tests is that the Bluetooth signal can be blocked or disturbed. The signal is
to varying extent affected by different materials in the beacons surroundings. Among the
worst materials is thick metal, but also human bodies have been shown to block signals
effectively. Since beacons share the frequency for the Bluetooth signal (2.4 GHz) with for ex-
ample microwave ovens, Wi-Fi networks and cordless telephones, the signal can also be
11
disturbed. To mitigate these problems, the signal strength can be increased, but that comes
with the price of a shorter battery life. 11
Power Supply
Spring is the time for rebirth and new beginnings. Here at Kontakt.io we have new products
and services blooming almost every week. Similar to plants in a well-kept garden they are
growing more powerful as time passes by. No, we are not using pesticides: only the natural
fertilizers that are your feedback and preferences. This is how our Smart Beacon Two came to
life. We listened carefully to your thoughts on how we could improve more the worlds most
reliable beacon. The conclusion was that we need to expand its potential while preserving
unaltered the same award winning hardware.
Privacy and Security Last but not least, there are some privacy and security issues linked to
beacons. Some users have a negative attitude towards beacons since they have concerns
that beacons interfere with their integrity, but here it is important to clarify that it is an opt-in
technology. Those who do not want to receive messages or get tracked, can choose to not
download apps or deny access to location services. One security issue that might be
challenging to handle is spoofing. Most beacons have a static ID that can easily be imitated,
something that opens up for the act of piggybacking, which is when an actor makes use of
another actor’s beacon infrastructure. For example, a large food chain could visit its
competitors, record their beacon IDs and then program its own app to listen for these,
making it possible to reach the competitors’ customers with an offer when they enter the
competitors’ stores. 2.3
Other Technologies for Similar Purposes IPS: IPShas various application include navigation
tacking and monitoring services.In large indoor areas like airports museums stadium or malls
so IPS provide navigation to user where the want to reach in the building or the given
area.Even IPS improve existing service or provide new one.When a user is walking in beacon
enabled area his smartphone display information related to it.tracking the valuable objects is
also is another services offered by IPS. IPS is technology that enable a number of location
based solution including * Real Time Location System. 12
* Wayfinding * First Responder Location System Purpose of IPS is to provide location service in
those places where satellite signals are par- tially blocked especially inside buildings.The
complexity of indoor location is its structure affect the satellite signals.For example a GPS
system tells us where is the current location of the object but can not determine where exactly
in building. IPS has various application include navigation tacking and monitoring services.In
large indoor areas like airports museums stadium or malls so IPS provide navigation to user
where the want to reach in the building or the given area.Even IPS improve existing service
or provide new one.When a user is walking in beacon enabled area his smart-phone display
information related to it.tracking the valuable objects is also is another services offered by IPS.
[2] The Proximity location information which is provided by iBeacon. IPS is only capable of
12
determine of object within the specific area and its only depend type of service we offered.
Some service required the proximity in order to operate correctly. IPS has some security and
privacy issues it is not limited to IPS but to all positioning system in general, which can detect
users position on given time. NFC:
Based on RFID is Near Field Communication, also known as NFC. This technology uses
electromagnetic induction between two loop antennae to transfer of small amounts of data
between two devices within a distance of less than 20 cm from each other (PC Advisor, 2015).
Since a couple of years back the technology has been implemented in smartphones, with the
intention to enable convenient payment and make credit cards redundant (M3, 2015). In
addition to this so-called card emulation mode, NFC devices support a reader/writer mode
and a P2P mode, whereby NFC devices can read and write information stored on NFC tags,
and automatically exchange information, such as
pic- tures
and contact details (Android Developers, 2016). Compared to beacons, NFC tags are cheaper
and use less energy, but beacons do on the other hand offer a much larger range and higher
speeds for data transfer (M3, 2015). Moreover, Apple currently restricts NFC in its devices to
only work with Apple Pay (Mobil, 2016). QR-code: QR-code, where QR is short for Quick
Response, is basically a barcode that can be read by a QR- scanner, which most smartphone
cameras can function as if paired 13
with an app. A QR-code can hold more than hundred times the information of conventional
barcodes while simultaneously needing less space. The type of information a QR-code can
hold is URLs, contact information, SMS and documents (QR code.com, 2016). QR-codes are
easy to generate and only require a general QR-code scanner,
un- like
beacons for which a specific app may be needed. However, scanning a QR-code requires a
bigger effort from the user and is thus more inconvenient than receiving the same
information from a beacon.
Summary In this chapter we discussed the introduction and classification and technology
review is carried out in order to create a better understanding of the technology.
13
Even detailed information about beacon and its characteristics and features and terminology
how beacon send and receive the signals.Beacons
limitations and other technologies that are used for similar purposes
and comparison of related technologies. 14
Chapter 3
Context Awareness During the last decade, many services introduced that attempting to
gives user to experience based on their location; such services are Location Based Services
(LBS.) The limitation with LBS is it does not provide a comprehensive context of users
surroundings and users need.Many people seen at airport,
shopping malls and hospitals universities and some events.Identifying
that a user at on these locations is not able to get a better user experience (UX) in digital
services,therefore context awareness needed for a meaningful applications Location
awareness is one side of the user but location awareness is extended to contextual
awareness,it opens a new class of applications.[3]
Some important aspects of context that are used in these systems are based on * Identity
(Who) * Activity(what) * Time(when) * Location (Where) 15
3.1 Use Case Search Industries that seek to improve customer experiences and maintain
strong relationships with their clients have started implement- ing beacons all over the
world.Beacons have been deployed and tested in many sectors especially
retail,entertainment,travel and tourism. Art and Museums The Guggenheim Museum utilizes
Estimote beacons throughout the structure to push proximate content to visitors.With the
Guggenheim app, youre free to wander the spiral ramps of the museum at your leisure,be it
from the bottom toward the top or from the top toward the bottom,as intended by the
architect himself. Retail Ever shop at a Tesco?If you live in Asia or Europe,its more than likely
youre familiar with it!After all, Tesco is the third largest retailer in the world:a major grocery
store chain with branches in 12 countries and guess what? Tesco Lotus stores all across
Thailand are fully outfitted with Estimote beacons. Events Auto in France events users and
visitors are sent informative videos, images, technical specs,and sound about the cars around
them,enhancing their interactions with the three brands.While the Mondial de lAuto is an
informative excursion already,this takes education about the fleet of vehicles involved to the
next level!Users can even like the cars they see in the app,flagging the cars that are important
14
to them and referring back to them later. 3.2 Core Bluetooth Technology in iBeacon The Core
Bluetooth is representation of Bluetooth LE(Low Energy) in iOS platform. The Framework
which we can say it talk to accessories and host peripheral Figure 3.1: Core Bluetooth
Architecture 16
3.3 Terms and Concepts A Central Device that supports central role scan and listen for
peripheral devices that are advertising information. Central role device is responsible for
initiating and establishing a connection. B. Peripheral - Device that supports the peripheral
role transmits advertising packets, which describe what services the peripheral has to offer. A
peripheral role device is responsible for accepting the establishment of connection. C. Service
- Service is a collection of data called characteristics that describes particular functions or
features of a peripherals service 3.4 Core Bluetooth Objects A device that supports the central
role uses the CBCentralManager object to scan for, discover, connect, and manage discovered
peripherals. The peripheral is represented by a CBPeripheral object to handle services and
characteristics. CBService and CBCharacter- istic objects represent a peripherals data. Figure
3.2: Core Blutooth Objects. 17
3.5 Building Location awareness with iBeacon There are several ways to bring proximity to a
solution.Geofencing, NFC, and QR codes have been adding proximity to solutions for
years.The moment you enter a space,your phone buzzes with a message.These methods,
however,arent always practical.NFC and QR are passive, meaning users can walk right by an
important message. Geofencing isnt capable of targeting a specific location, limiting the kinds
of messages that can be sent,but Bluetooth is now stepping up to the plate. 3.5.1 iBeacon
Advertisement A device that is configured to be an iBeacon transmitter provides information
via Blue- tooth LE. The information contains a unique user ID (UUID) that is specific to a de-
ployment use case and major and minor values, which provide identifying values for the
iBeacon. Figure 3.3: iBeacon Advertising Packet 18
The description of the fields in iBeacon advertisement data is summarized in Table Figure 3.4:
iBeacon Advertising Packet 3.5.2 iBeacon Accuracy When an iOS device detects an iBeacons
0: https://developer.apple.com/ibeacon/Getting-Started-with-iBeacon.pdf 65%
signal, it uses the RSSI (received signal strength indicator) to determine its proximity to the
beacon.
The signal strength increases as the receiver moves closer to the beacon. The calibrated
transmission power of a device is its known measured signal strength in RSSI at 1 meter. The
distance provided by iOS is in meters and is an estimate based on the ratio of the beacons
signal strength over the transmission power. 3.5.3 Region Monitoring An application can be
notified when a user enters or exits a region that is defined by a beacon. A beacon region is an
area defined by a devices proximity to a Bluetooth LE beacon, not geographical coordinates.
In iOS, registered regions persist between launches of an app, so regions associated with an
application are monitored at all times, even when the app is in a suspended state or not
running. Regions are a shared application resource, and the number of regions available
15
system-wide is limited. Therefore, a single application is limited to 20 regions that can be

monitored simultaneously. 19
Figure 3.5: iBeacon Zone Figure 3.6: RX Power and Distance Graph 20
3.6 Proximity beacons
0: https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/216881838-Which-beacons-do-I-buy-
for-my-Proximity-use-case- 92%
The Proximity approach involves tagging certain areas (a hotel lobby, a restaurant table, an
airport gate, etc.) with a markera beaconrecognizable by smartphones.Using Estimote
Monitoring, app can simply detect when it is in the proximity zone, figure out which beacon it
is, and act accordingly. For instance: youve placed a beacon at an airports ticketing desk.
When your app- equipped smartphone comes within the designated range of the desk, your
phone knows where you are and will open up the check-in portion of the app. From here, you
can choose your seat, tell the airline how many bags you have to check, and maybe even pick
your meal preference for the flight.
Figure 3.7: How it Works 21
3.7 Proximity monitoring A proximity monitoring algorhitm that registers enter and exit
events to a defined area.It’s the core data protocol Proximity SDK runs on, enabling the app to
fire accurate enter and exit events. It can be used with no monitoring limits and managed
through software- defined parameters. There’s no limit to how many beacon regions your app
can monitor for, and you can edit this region remotely, in the app code. Figure 3.8: Monitoring
3.7.1 proximity Use Cases Presence detection: know when a user enters,wells in, or exits a
certain area Contextual content: send a user more info about the place/object/area Zone- or
room-based navigation: find each other or your way in large, complex venues 22
Presence authentication: automatically check-in or log in once you are in the room or area
3.7.2 Advantages Noregion limits:No longer you need to limit the proximity monitoring by 20
regions and group the beacons accordingly. Software-defined range No need to configure a
beacon every time you want to adjust the distance of where the event is reported/notification
is triggered. Simply update the relevant line of code and the change is propagated
immediately Tweaking the physical range only gives you a limited set of options. For example,
-40 dBm = 0.5 m range, -20 dBm = 5 m range. If you wanted your enter event to trigger at 2
meters, that meant building your own RSSI filters. Figure 3.9: Software Defined Range 23
3.7.3 Accuracy of Proximity Proximity SDK allows you to specify the range directly in the code
(e.g at. 3 meters away from a beacon). This way, you can trigger the events the moment users
enter or leave this range. According to our research, these software-defined ranges are pretty
accurate and you can build some great use cases on top of them. The thing is, though, that
Bluetooth transmits data through radio waves, and they are very susceptible to a multitude of
external factors they are prone to multipath propagation, diffraction, absorption or
interference. Phones and beacons antenna orientation and beacons settings also have an
16
impact. Figure 3.10: Proximity Use case Because of that, the signal strength will fluctuate
constantly and can be up to 20-30% off of the actual distance. In general, the closer you are to
a beacon the more accurate the reported distance. When deploying beacons, consider placing
the beacons quite close to the place where you want the enter/exit events to take place. 24
3.8 Summary In this chapter we have discussed about how beacon transfer the content and
what is the terms are use int this scenario like Context Awareness and iBeacon terminology
and how iBeacon connect with Hardware and Use cases of bacon.With this we understand
abiut Bluetooth services details information about iBeacon iBeacon Advertisement,iBeacon
Accuracy,Region Monitoring,Proximity monitoring,Proximity use cases accuracy of beacon
range of beacon and how it works within advertisement protocols. 25
Chapter 4 Implementation Architecture
The aim of the project was to build a proof of concept mobile application that was capable of
demonstrating the context awareness using Bluetooth LE beacons. There are different
possibilities of context-aware services when using beacons. Contextual data can have
multiple forms, which can be used individually or in combination with different forms of
contextual information. It is important to understand the different between proximity and
location to evaluate what this experiment application is all about. 4.1
Object around beacon level architecture In context awareness ”What is here ” proximity data
to provide fully selg guided eperi- ence,where proximity data triggers the mobile application
to display the information.
A mobile the device that is scanning for beacons can parse a transmitted data into UUID A,
major number B and minor number C. 26
Figure 4.1: Object around beacon high level architecture 4.2
Who is here Users in a certain proximity can find each other with who is here kind of services,
this requires having a backend web service which can serve the users with a list of people
around. A simple architecture of such a system is shown in figure below. 27
Figure 4.2: Architecture of for a getting list of users nearby 4.3
17
Combination of Different Proximity Data Types The Combination of different proximity data
the contextual information for
mobile applications.
A digital service using such components can provide real time information about your friends
and other people around you. Moreover, users can navigate towards each other
they have visited. 28
Figure 4.3: Architecture diagram of different proximity data 4.4 Indoor Location With ARKit
Integrate iOS device camera and motion features to produce augmented reality experiences
in your app or game. 4.4.1 Overview Augmented reality (AR) describes user experiences that
add 2D or 3D elements to the live view from a device’s camera in a way that makes those
elements appear to inhabit the real world. ARKit combines device motion tracking, camera
scene capture, advanced scene processing, and display conveniences to simplify the task of
building an AR experience. 29
4.4.2 Limitation of ARkit When developing for augmented reality, you could encounter a few
problems.Smarphone doesnt really know where it is. Is it a conference room or a lobby in your
office? It doesnt even know if this is the same place you last ran the app. Because of that, its
hard for ARKit to place objects in the same spot every time you run the app, or show the same
object in the same place for two different users. Figure 4.4: AR kit Implement 4.5 Automapping
with UWB Location Beacons Automapping is possible to built-in Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radio.
The process is automatic as Beacons are chatting with each other to determine their
positions. The process is called a time-of-flight two-way ranging. We check how long it takes
for a message to travel from one beacon to another and back. After, we use this time to
measure the distances between with inch-level precision. How do I map a room? 30
Pick the room Run Estimote Indoor app (available on iOS for now) Place 4 beacons in the
corners at your chest level Walk around the room Let us do the heavy-lifting as we measure
the room shape 4.6
Setting up an iOS Aplication To build the application X-code integrated development

environment (IDE) was used. Xcode is developed and managed by Apple Inc. Xcode is based
on Cocovatouch Frame- work. The IDE provide a simple setup a project wizard to setup a new
application. Con- figurations used to setup iStudent project is listed below. Platform: iPhone
and iPad Minimum SDK:
Xcode and iOS 7.0 Boilerplate: A blank activity and black layout resource file 4.7 Summary In
this chapter we have go to implement section and what is the architecture of beacon with
respect to the beacon and how beacon co relate with objects and it shows that how to identify
18
the user and how user and app define proximity and how can we use ARKit in the application
and setting of iOS application and its platform and infrastructure of the application. 31
Chapter 5 Implementation of Mobile Application 5.1 Implementation of iStudent The iPhone

implementation has been smoother and faster due to using iPhone IDE. [13] In the server
application implementation, no IDE was used. Hence managing and organising files added
extra time. The protocol requires use of unique device identifier that is always consistent.
However, Apple has deprecated the method, that returns the iPhone unique identifier. 5.1.1
Setting up an iOS application project Configurations used to setup iStudent project is listed
below. 5.1.2 Configuring beacons with Indoor Location app
0: https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/203821206-How-to-configure-
Estimote-Location-Beacons-for-Indoor-Location- 95%
Estimote Location packet: enabled 32
Location packet’s Broadcasting Power: 4 dBm Location packet’s Advertising Interval: 200 ms
(or less for better results) Smart Power Mode enabled. Its optional, but Indoor Location
settings are quite power- hungry, so it will help conserve the battery life. 5.1.3
0: https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/204100806-What-are-the-default-
settings-of-Estimote-Beacons-How-to-edit-settings- 96%
Proximity Beacons default settings Broadcasting Scheme: Estimote Location Advertising

Interval: 200 ms Broadcasting Power: - 4 dBm Estimote Telemetry Advertising Interval: 2750
ms Shake to Connect: ON 5.1.4 Location Beacons default settings: Broadcasting Scheme: 33
Estimote Location Advertising Interval: 200 ms Broadcasting Power: + 4 dBm Estimote

Telemetry Advertising Interval: 2750 ms Shake to Connect: ON 5.2
Enable Estimote Monitoring in iOS Get the Estimote App. Select Configuration and log in. Tap
on a beacon you want to work with. In Broadcasting tab select Estimote Monitoring and
enable it. You are ready to go! Figure 5.1: Estimote Monitoring Enable 34
5.3 iStudent Digital Service iStudent
is a simple mobile application that was built during this project to demonstrate a context-
aware digital service using Bluetooth LE beacons. The use case is Who is here? kind of
proximity data briefly explained.Users of the application can login to the service with their
accounts and scan for beacons around them. iStudent application will only look for one
predefined iBeacon UUID. All the users in the proximity of the same beacons are displayed in
a list as shown in the figure below. Figure 5.2:
iStudent 35
19
Figure 5.3: iStudent 36
Figure 5.6: iStudent Figure 5.7: iStudent 39
Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future work Large organizations like University Campus,shopping
mall,football playground and museums sometimes it could be hard to find a particular
locations even for a person who works at the Campus.The implementation of the Application
has quite impact on the campus environment,it is given that the system allows visitors
navigate in indoor,search for a place of interest,view availability of a person of interest with
complete ease.Therefore,by using our system not only students bust also visitor can easily
navigate through a complex to their destination and once they are travelling on an intended
route and discover the prospective use of iBeacon facility as an indoor positioning system in
University Campus. 48
References [1] David Schneider. ”New Indoor Navigation Technologies Work Where GPS Cant”.
November 2013. [2] Kiran Thapa and Steven Case. ”An Indoor Positioning Service for
Bluetooth Ad Hoc Networks” Technical report, Department of Computer Information Sciences,
Minnesota State University, Mankato, 2003 [3] Chilit, B., Theimer, M. Disseminating ”Active
Map Information to Mobile Hosts”. I IEEE Network, 8(5) (1994) 22-32 [4]
0: http://www.idt.mdh.se/utbildning/exjobb/files/TR1974.pdf 88%
P. Kriz, F. Maly, T. Koze ”Improving Indoor Localization Using Bluetooth Low Energy Beacons”
Mobile Information Systems, Article ID 2083094,
March 2016 [5] A.I.Kyritsis,P.Kostopoulos,M.Deriaz, D.Konstantas, ”BLE Based Probabilis- tic

Room-Level Localization Method” Information Science Institute, Uni.Of Geneva,Jun.2016 [6]
20
S. Subedi, G.-R. Kwon, S. Shin, S.-S. Hwang, J.-Y. Pyun, ”Beacon Based Indoor Positioning
System Using Weighted Centroid Localization Approach”
Dept. Of In- formation and Communication engineering, Chosun Uni., Aug. 2016 49
[7] S. Aparicio, J. Prez, A. M. Bernardos, and J. R. Casar, ”A Fusion Method Based on Bluetooth
and WLAN Technologies for Indoor Location” IEEE International Con- ference on Multisensor
Fusion and Integration for Intelligent Systems, Seoul, Korea, Aug 2016 [8] A. Somkuwar, A.
Naidu, N. Motghare, ”Review on Data Analysis Broadcasting Us- ing iBeacon Technology”
International Research Journal of Engineering and
Tech- nology (IRJET), vol. 3, issue 3 March 2016 [9] M. Golestanian, C Poellabauer, ”Indoor
Localization using Multi-Range Beacon- ing: Poster MobiHoc” International Symposium on
Mobile Ad Hoc Networking and Computing,
p. 397-398, Jul 2016 [10] Y. Wang, Q. Yang, G. Zhang, P.
Zhang, ”Indoor Positioning System Using Euclidian Distance Correction Algorithm with
Bluetooth Low Energy Beacon” International Conference on Internet of Things and
Applications (IOTA),
p. 243-247, 2016 [11]
P. C. Deepesh, Rashmita Rath, Akshay Tiwary, Vikram N. Rao, and N. Kanakalata ”Experiences
with using iBeacons for Indoor Positioning” 9th India Software Engi- neering Conference
(ISEC). 2016. [12]
K. Bouchard, R Ramezani, Arjun, A. Naeim, ”Evaluation of Bluetooth beacons behaviour” IEEE

7th Annual Ubiquitious Computing, Electronics Mobile Commu- nication Conference
(UEMCON), 2016 [13]
0: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/js/2017/9742170/ 82%
R. Faragher, R. Harle, ”Location Fingerprinting With Bluetooth Low Energy Bea- cons” IEEE
Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 33,
issue 11, Nov 2015 [14]
K.
21
Piwowarczyk, P. Korbel, T. Kacprzak, ”Analysis of the influence of radio beacon placement on

the accuracy of indoor positioning system” Federated Conference on Computer Science and
Information Systems, p.2013 50
22
Hit and source - focused comparison, Side by Side:
Left side: As student entered the text in the submitted document.

Right side: As the text appears in the source.
Instances from: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/130882
9: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/130882 95% 9: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/130882 95%
getting list of users nearby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.3 Architecture getting list of users nearby 13 Figure 9 Architecture diagram of
diagram of different proximity data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 4.4 different proximity data 14
API Application Programming Interface BLE Bluetooth Low API Application Programming Interface BLE Bluetooth Low
Energy EID Ephemeral Identity eTLM Encrypted Telemetry GPS Energy EID Ephemeral Identity eTLM Encrypted Telemetry GPS
Global Positioning System IDE Integrated Development Global Positioning System IDE Integrated Development
Environment loT Internet of Things ISM Industrial Scientific and Environment IoT Internet of Things ISM Industrial Scientific and
Medical devices LBS Location Based Service OS Operating Medical devices LBS Location Based Service OS Operating
System (OS) REST Representational State Transfer RSSI Received System (OS) PARC Xerox Palo Alto Research Center REST
Signal Strength Indicator TLM Telemetry Ul User Interface UID Representational State Transfer RSSI Received Signal Strength
Unique Identity URL Universal Resourse Locator USB Universal Indicator SIG Bluetooth Special Interest Group TLM Telemetry
Serial Bus UUID Universal Unique Identifier 1 UC Ubiquitous Computing UI User Interface UID Unique Identity
URL Universal Resourse Locator USB Universal Serial Bus UUID
Universal Unique Identifier
23
Context Awareness During the last decade, many services Context Awareness During the last decade, many services were
introduced that attempting to gives user to experience based introduced that are attempting to give users an experience
on their location; such services are Location Based Services(LBS.) based on their location; such services are called Location Based
The limitation with LBS is it does not provide a comprehensive Services (LBS). The limitations with LBS is that it does not provide
context of users surroundings and users need.Many people seen a comprehensive context of the user’s surroundings and needs.
at airport, Many people are seen at the airport,
that a user at on these locations is not able to get a better user that a user is at the airport is not enough to provide a better
experience (UX) in digital services,therefore context awareness user experience (UX) in digital services; therefore, context
needed for a meaningful applications Location awareness is one awareness is needed for meaningful applications. Location
side of the user but location awareness is extended to contextual information is just one part of the user’s context. When location
awareness,it opens a new class of applications.[3] awareness is extended to contextual awareness, it opens a new
class of applications [4].
The aim of the project was to build a proof of concept mobile The aim of the project was to build a proof of concept mobile
application that was capable of demonstrating the context application that was capable of demonstrating the context
awareness using Bluetooth LE beacons. There are different awareness using Bluetooth Le beacons. There are different
possibilities of context-aware services when using beacons. possibilities of context-aware services when using beacons.
Contextual data can have multiple forms, which can be used Contextual data can have multiple forms, which can be used
individually or in combination with different forms of contextual individually or in combination with different forms of contextual
24
information. It is important to understand the different between information. It is important to understand the different between
proximity and location to evaluate what this experiment proximity and location to evaluate what this experiment
application is all about. 4.1 application is all about. 4.1
A mobile the device that is scanning for beacons can parse a A mobile the device that is scanning for beacons can parse a
transmitted data into UUID A, major number B and minor transmitted data into UUID “A”, major number “B” and minor
number C. 26 number “C”.
Who is here Users in a certain proximity can find each other with Who is here Users in a certain proximity can find each other with
who is here kind of services, this requires having a backend web “who is here” kind of services, this requires having a backend
service which can serve the users with a list of people around. A web service which can serve the users with a list of people
simple architecture of such a system is shown in figure below. 27 around. A simple architecture of such a system is shown in figure
below. Figure 8 Simple architecture of for a getting list of users
Figure 4.2: Architecture of for a getting list of users nearby 4.3 nearby
Combination of Different Proximity Data Types The Combination Combination of Different Proximity Data Types The Combination
of different proximity data the contextual information for of different proximity data enriches the contextual information
for
25
A digital service using such components can provide real time A digital service using such components can provide real time
information about your friends and other people around you. information about your friends and other people around you.
Moreover, users can navigate towards each other Moreover, users can navigate towards each other
Setting up an iOS Aplication To build the application X-code Setting up an Android application project To build the
integrated development environment (IDE) was used. Xcode is application Android Studio integrated development environment
developed and managed by Apple Inc. Xcode is based on (IDE) was used. Android studio is developed and managed by
Cocovatouch Frame- work. The IDE provide a simple setup a Google Inc. in corporation with Jet- Brains. Android studio is
project wizard to setup a new application. Con- figurations used based on IntelliJ IDE developed by JetBrains. The IDE provide a
to setup iStudent project is listed below. Platform: iPhone and simple setup a project wizard to setup a new application.
iPad Minimum SDK: Configurations used to setup LetMeKnow project is listed below.
• Platform: Phone and Tablet • Minimum SDK:
is a simple mobile application that was built during this project is a simple mobile application that was built during this project
to demonstrate a context-aware digital service using Bluetooth to demonstrate a context-aware digital service using Bluetooth
LE beacons. The use case is Who is here? kind of proximity data LE beacons. The use case is “Who is here?” kind of proximity data
briefly explained.Users of the application can login to the service briefly explained in section 4.2.4. Users of the application can
with their accounts and scan for beacons around them. iStudent login to the service with their Google accounts and scan for
application will only look for one predefined iBeacon UUID. All beacons around them. LetMeKnow application will only look for
26
the users in the proximity of the same beacons are displayed in a one predefined iBeacon UUID. All the users in the proximity of
list as shown in the figure below. Figure 5.2: the same beacons are displayed in a list as shown in the figure
below. Figure 10
27
Instances from: http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/238004/238004.pdf
0: http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/ 0: http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/
fulltext/238004/238004.pdf 100% fulltext/238004/238004.pdf 100%
Modest doubt is called the beacon of the wise. ~ -William Modest doubt is called the beacon of the wise. - William
Shakespeare Shakespeare
Abstract Problem:- Digital Transformation described as change Abstract Problem: Digital transformation, which may be
in both a organisations operating model and value proposition, described as changes in both a company’s operating model and
include or enable by digital technologies, is a concept that value proposition, induced or enabled by digital technologies, is
everyone talks about today.One of the digital transformation is a concept that everyone talks about today. One of many
digital technology.Today Beacon have been used in retail sector. technologies that can be part of the digital transformation is the
beacon technology. Until today beacons have predominantly
been used in the retail sector.
Purpose: The Purpose of this thesis is to identify and evaluate Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to identify and evaluate
opportunities for opportunities for
28
Eddystone protocols are different and limitation of technology. Eddystone protocols are different, and outlines important
The Beacon technology is compared with technologies limitations of the technology. Furthermore,
the beacon technology is compared with other technologies
the beacon technology is compared with other technologies for the beacon technology is compared with other technologies
similar purpose, strength of beacons, including low cost, high
accuracy, ability to work indoors as well as outdoors and for similar purposes, which reveals important strengths of
compatibility with consumer devices.The literature review beacons, including low cost, high accuracy, ability to work
focuses on giving a theoretical background to how value can be indoors as well as outdoors and compatibility with consumer
created and appropriated. devices. The literature review focuses on giving a theoretical
background to how value can be created and appropriated.
Method: The process of fulfilling the purpose was divided into Method: The process of fulfilling the purpose was divided into
three steps.First application ideas which attempted to integrate three steps. First, application ideas were generated. It was
a education and technology. attempted to integrate a market and technology
29
Third the application ideas with developed further in terms of Third, the application ideas with the highest scores in the
purpose and technical setup. vii previous step were developed further in terms of purpose,
functionality and technical setup. Results and Implications:
Results and Implications:
who have a genuine interest in and realistic expectations on this who have a genuine interest in and realistic expectations on this
new technology. Keywords: beacons, Bluetooth, iBeacon, new technology. Keywords: beacons, Bluetooth, iBeacon,
Eddystone, software platform, proximity, positioning, indoor Eddystone, software platform, proximity, positioning, indoor
location, digital transformation, Internet of Things, business location, digital transformation, Internet of Things, business
models, idea generation models, idea generation
Comparison of Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.3 The Comparison of Protocols

Receiving End of Beacons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Limitations ......................................................................................................... 3
of the Beacon Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.3 Other 2.1.2 The Receiving End of Beacons
Technologies for Similar Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 3 ............................................................................................... 5 2.1.3
Limitations of the Beacon Technology
.................................................................................. 5 2.2 Other
Technologies for Similar Purposes
..................................................................................... 6 3.
30

Concepts and Definitions GPS gGPS technology where, as a first Concepts and Definitions aGPS An extension of the GPS
step, device determines approximate position by cellular technology where, as a first step, the device determines an
technology whereafter a scan for only the relevant GPS satellites approximate position by cellular technology whereafter a scan
is carried out. Background service: A service on a mobile device for only the relevant GPS satellites is carried out. Background
that is run in the background without displaying a user interface service A service on a (in the context of this report) mobile device
on the screen. Background services can be app specific or that is run in the background without displaying a user interface
system wide. While Android is allowing apps to run processes in on the screen. Background services can be app specific or
the background, iOS is much more regulated and app system wide. While Android is allowing apps to run processes in
developers are often left with a set of system services they are the background, iOS is much more regulated and app
allowed to use. For example, iOS developers use the Core developers are often left with a set of system services they are
Location API to subscribe to location-related updates for their allowed to use. For example, iOS developers use the Core
apps, and this is then managed on a system level, implying that Location API to subscribe to location-related updates for their
developers have no control over when the system scans the apps, and this is then managed on a system level, implying that
environment for beacons. Beacon positioning system: A developers have no control over when the system scans the
Bluetooth beacon-based system that uses triangulation to environment for beacons. Beacon positioning system A
calculate the exact position of a user or object within a Bluetooth beacon-based system that uses triangulation to
geographical area. Compare with Beacon proximity system. calculate the exact position of a user or object within a
Beacon proximity: system A Bluetooth beacon-based system a geographical area. Compare with Beacon proximity system.
geographical area into a set of zones allowing for the system to Beacon proximity system A Bluetooth beacon-based system that
recognize a user or object entering or leaving zones, and the delimits a geographical area into a set of zones allowing for the
approximate distance between a beacon and a receiver. system to recognize a user or object entering or leaving zones,
Compare with Beacon positioning system. Bluetooth: In this and the approximate distance between a beacon and a receiver.
report synonymous with Bluetooth LE, which is part of the Compare with Beacon positioning system. Bluetooth In this
Bluetooth 4.0 standard. report synonymous with Bluetooth LE, which is part of the
Bluetooth 4.0 standard.
31

Digital Transformation: Changes in both campuss operating Digital Transformation Changes in both a company’s operating
model and value proposition, enabled by digital technologies. model and value proposition, induced or enabled by digital
The result of new digital technologies deployed in ways that not technologies. The result of new digital technologies deployed in
only enhance traditional methods but create new innovation. ways that not only enhance traditional methods but create new
Westerman et al. (2014) argue that order to digitally transform a innovative products and offerings. Westerman et al. (2014) argue
company, it must excel in both digital capabilities and leadership that in order to digitally transform a company, it must excel in
capabilities. Eddystone: Open source protocol for Bluetooth both digital capabilities and leadership capabilities. Eddystone
beacons created by Google and released in 2015. This specifies Open source protocol for Bluetooth beacons created by Google
how beacons identify themselves by Eddystone-UIDs, but also and released in 2015. This specifies how beacons identify
how sensor data can be transferred. Further, the protocol allows themselves by Eddystone-UIDs, but also how sensor data can be
for advertising URLs to the vicinity, paving the way for the transferred. Further, the protocol allows for advertising URLs to
Physical Web. 2 the vicinity, paving the way for the Physical Web.

iBeacon: Protocol for Bluetooth beacons created by Apple and iBeacon Protocol for Bluetooth beacons created by Apple and
released in 2013. This specifies how beacons identify themselves released in 2013. This specifies how beacons identify themselves
by UUIDs, major and minor data fields. Indoor location: All those by UUIDs, major and minor data fields. Indoor location All those
services enable smartphones position themselves indoors, services that enable smartphones or similar devices to position
compare with GPS that is used outdoors. Because of the themselves indoors, compare with GPS that is used outdoors.
complexity of getting accurate positioning indoors, these Because of the complexity of getting accurate positioning
solutions are often combining multiple data sources such as indoors, these solutions are often combining multiple data
32
radio frequency signals from cellular, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth with sources such as radio frequency signals from cellular, Wi-Fi, and
sensor data such as pedometer and air pressure data. Bluetooth with sensor data such as pedometer and air pressure
data.

Internet of Things: A network of physical objects that through Internet of Things A network of physical objects that through
sensors and communication capabilities are able to share sensors and communication capabilities are able to share
information with each other. information with each other.

Physical Web: A concept brought forward by Google that allows Physical Web A concept brought forward by Google that allows
objects such as posters, parking meters, vending machines to objects such as posters, parking meters, vending machines
send URLs over the Eddystone protocol to smartphones or etcetera to send URLs over the Eddystone protocol to
similar devices to open a communication channel to the object smartphones or similar devices to swiftly open a communication
using the device’s built-in web browser, need of downloading channel to the object using the device's built-in web browser,
apps for one time use. hence neglecting the need of downloading apps for one- time
use.

33
Push notification: A message pushed from a server to a device. Push notification A message pushed from a server to a device.
This differs from what is called pull or fetch in that the message This differs from what is called pull or fetch in that the message
is delivered immediately, instead of being delivered the next is delivered immediately, instead of being delivered the next
time the device asks the server for updates. time the device asks the server for updates.

Tactile Paving: Textured ground surface indicators used to help Tactile Paving Textured ground surface indicators used to help
blind people and visually impaired to navigate, for instance blind people and visually impaired to navigate, for instance
inside large buildings and at train stations or bus stops. 3 inside large buildings and at train stations or bus stops.

Technology Review The purpose of this chapter is to introduce Technology Review The purpose of this chapter is to introduce
the beacon technology and how it compares with other the beacon technology and how it compares with other
technologies for similar applications. First, beacons are technologies for similar applications. First, beacons are
introduced and discussed from the perspectives of a single introduced and discussed from the perspectives of a single
beacon entity, different beacon protocols, and the beacon beacon entity, different beacon protocols, and the beacon
system. Thereafter limitations of the technology are outlined system. Thereafter limitations of the technology are outlined
before a comparison with other technologies for similar before a comparison with other technologies for similar
purposes is presented 2.1 Beacons Oxford American Dictionary purposes is presented. 2.1 Beacons New Oxford American
defines a beacon as ”a light or other visible object serving as a Dictionary defines a beacon as "a light or other visible object
signal, warning, or guide,” and acknowledges that a beacon serving as a signal, warning, or guide, especially at sea or on an
34
could also be ”a radio transmitter whose signal helps to fix the airfield" and acknowledges that a beacon could also be "a radio
position of object.”This transmitter could use different transmitter whose signal helps to fix the position of a ship,
frequencies and protocols.One of the most obvious examples of aircraft, or spacecraft". This transmitter could use different
beacons today is GPS satellites, that allow for devices to calculate frequencies and protocols. One of the most obvious examples of
their position and altitude relative to the earth. While GPS is well- beacons today is GPS satellites, that allow for devices to calculate
suited for foreground location services in outdoor environments, their position and altitude relative to the earth. While GPS is well-
such as navigation, it has its limitations in needing a clear view of suited for foreground location services in outdoor environments,
the sky and energy usage. Therefore, location services based such as navigation, it has its limitations in needing a clear view of
solely on the GPS technology do not work well 7 the sky and energy usage. Therefore, location services based
solely on the GPS technology do not work well in indoor
in indoor environments and neither do they work well for environments and neither do they work well for running in the
running in the background since they consume too much power. background since they consume too much power. In the context
Beacons are defined as transmitters using a subset of the of this report, beacons are defined as transmitters using a
Bluetooth 4.0 protocol called Bluetooth LE to emit signals that subset of the Bluetooth 4.0 protocol called Bluetooth LE to emit
can be received by other devices. signals that can be received by other devices

configured, they emit Bluetooth LE signals with a preset transmit configured, they emit Bluetooth LE signals with a preset transmit
power and advertising interval. The transmit power determines power and advertising interval. The transmit power determines
the range of the signal, which can be up to 50 meters, and the the range of the signal, which can be up to 50 meters under
advertising interval affects the time it takes before a device can favorable conditions, and the advertising interval affects the
pick up the signal. Beacons are very energy-efficient and can be time it takes before a device can pick up the signal. Beacons are
powered by 1000 mAh coin cell batteries for up to two years. At very energy-efficient and can be powered by 1000 mAh coin cell
the receiving end, battery drain on both iPhone and Android batteries for up to two years (ibid). At the receiving end, battery
should be less than one percent. Further, beacons are priced at drain on both iPhone and Android should be less than one
35
around $5-30 per unit and often sell at volume discounts percent. Further, beacons are priced at around $5-30 per unit
(Estimote, 2016a; Kontakt.io, 2016a). The fact that beacons are and often sell at volume discounts (Estimote, 2016a; Kontakt.io,
relatively cheap and battery-powered makes beacons suitable in 2016a). The fact that they are small, relatively cheap and battery-
settings where they move, e.g. on a bus or on equipment that is powered makes beacons suitable in settings where they move,
to be tracked. e.g. on a bus or on equipment that is to be tracked.

So far, it has been established that beacons are transmitters that So far, it has been established that beacons are transmitters that
send out signals at regular intervals. Important to mention is send out signals at regular intervals. Important to mention is
that most beacons operate in a transmit-only mode and send that most beacons operate in a transmit-only mode and send
out signals. out signals

The following sections will address what types of information The following sections will address what types of information
these signals convey and how devices can benefit from picking these signals convey and how devices can benefit from picking
up the signals. 2.1.1 up the signals. 2.1.1

36
Both Apple and Google have their own versions of beacon Both Apple and Google have their own versions of beacon
protocols. Apple’s iBeacon protocol was released in 2013 and protocols. Apple's iBeacon protocol was released in 2013 and
officially only supports iOS whereas Google’s
- 4 - officially only supports iOS whereas Google's

The simplicity of the technology, no one common beacon the simplicity of the technology, there is not one common
protocol, meaning that companies that want to utilize beacons beacon protocol, meaning that companies that want to utilize
might need to set up multiple beacon systems in parallel. The beacons might need to set up multiple beacon systems in
difference between Apple iBeacon and Google Eddystone, as can parallel, or decide on one of the protocols. The difference
be seen in below, is that Eddystone between Apple iBeacon and Google Eddystone, as can be seen in
Table 1 below, is that Eddystone

sending URLs and small amounts of sensor data in addition to sending URLs and small amounts of sensor data in addition to
sending IDs. While sensor data and IDs require that an app is sending IDs. While sensor data and IDs require that an app is
installed for handling the information, URLs allow for users to installed for handling the information, URLs allow for users to
access content without having a certain app installed. Google access content without having a certain app installed. Google
calls this the Physical Web. 9 calls this the Physical Web,

37
The function of frequently scanning the environment for The function of frequently scanning the environment for
iBeacons is a system service in iOS and installed applications can iBeacons is a system service in iOS and installed applications can
sign up for notifications on a set of beacon IDs. In Android, sign up for notifications on a set of beacon IDs. In Android,
beacon scanning can be implemented as a background service. beacon scanning can be implemented as a background service.
If one of the sought-for beacons shows up during the scan, the If one of the sought-for beacons shows up during the scan, the
concerned app will be woken up to take actions. concerned app will be woken up to take actions.

Since beacons only send information and do not receive Since beacons only send information and do not receive
anything, users are free to opt in and opt out of potential anything, users are free to opt in and opt out of potential
tracking. If there is no installed application on the phone that tracking. If there is no installed application on the phone that
can handle the information that a certain beacon has been can handle the information that a certain beacon has been
discovered, nothing will happen. discovered, nothing will happen.

is a huge amount of different beacon cloud platforms available is a huge amount of different beacon cloud platforms available
on the market, and also larger systems with beacon functionality on the market, and also larger systems with beacon functionality
implemented. 10 implemented.

38
Limitations of the Beacon Technology The beacon technology Limitations of the Beacon Technology Although the beacon
has a number of interesting features, problems and limitations technology has a number of interesting features, problems and
that lack of standardization in the industry to the maintenance limitations that might hinder adoption exist - from lack of
need. standardization in the industry to the maintenance need.

Vendors and Platforms: The technology and the current industry Vendors and Platforms The immaturity of the technology and
structure characterised by many small vendors and proprietary the current industry structure, characterized by many small
platforms,t produces uncertainty among potential vendors and proprietary platforms, inhibit adoption as it
customers.Beacons have been on the market for a relatively produces uncertainty among potential customers. Beacons have
short period of time and have consequently not been tested been on the market for a relatively short period of time and have
extensively. Since many of the beacon manufacturers and consequently not been tested extensively. Since many of the
platform developers moreover are small and immature beacon manufacturers and platform developers moreover are
companies, concerns have been raised about scalability and small and immature companies, concerns have been raised
long-term viability. about
- 6 - scalability and long-term viability (

Beacons and beacon platforms have proprietary features or beacons and beacon platforms have proprietary features or
algorithms, which may not be interchangeable with products algorithms, which may not be interchangeable with products
from other manufacturers. Signal: One of the problems that has from other manufacturers (ibid). Investments in beacons may
been seen in tests is that the Bluetooth signal can be blocked or therefore be put on hold. Signal One of the problems that has
39
disturbed. The signal is to varying extent affected by different been seen in tests is that the Bluetooth signal can be blocked or
materials in the beacons surroundings. Among the worst disturbed. The signal is to varying extent affected by different
materials is thick metal, but also human bodies have been materials in the beacons’ surroundings. Among the worst
shown to block signals effectively. Since beacons share the materials is thick metal, but also human bodies have been
frequency for the Bluetooth signal (2.4 GHz) with for example shown to block signals effectively. Since beacons share the
microwave ovens, Wi-Fi networks and cordless telephones, the frequency for the Bluetooth signal (2.4 GHz) with for example
signal can also be disturbed. To mitigate these problems, the microwave ovens, Wi-Fi networks and cordless telephones, the
signal strength can be increased, but that comes with the price signal can also be disturbed. To mitigate these problems, the
of a shorter battery life. 11 signal strength can be increased, but that comes with the price
of a shorter battery life. Power Supply
Power Supply

Privacy and Security Last but not least, there are some privacy Privacy and Security Last but not least, there are some privacy
and security issues linked to beacons. Some users have a and security issues linked to beacons. Some users have a
negative attitude towards beacons since they have concerns that negative attitude towards beacons since they have concerns that
beacons interfere with their integrity, but here it is important to beacons interfere with their integrity, but here it is important to
clarify that it is an opt-in technology. Those who do not want to clarify that it is an opt-in technology. Those who do not want to
receive messages or get tracked, can choose to not download receive messages or get tracked, can choose to not download
apps or deny access to location services. One security issue that apps or deny access to location services. One security issue that
might be challenging to handle is spoofing. Most beacons have a might be challenging to handle is spoofing. Most beacons have a
static ID that can easily be imitated, something that opens up for static ID that can easily be imitated, something that opens up for
the act of piggybacking, which is when an actor makes use of the act of piggybacking, which is when an actor makes use of
another actor’s beacon infrastructure. For example, a large food another actor's beacon infrastructure. For example, a large food
chain could visit its competitors, record their beacon IDs and chain could visit its competitors, record their beacon IDs and
40
then program its own app to listen for these, making it possible then program its own app to listen for these, making it possible
to reach the competitors’ customers with an offer when they to reach the competitors' customers with an offer when they
enter the competitors’ stores. 2.3 enter the competitors' stores.

Based on RFID is Near Field Communication, also known as NFC. Based on RFID is Near Field Communication, also known as NFC.
This technology uses electromagnetic induction between two This technology uses electromagnetic induction between two
loop antennae to transfer of small amounts of data between two loop antennae to transfer of small amounts of data between two
devices within a distance of less than 20 cm from each other (PC devices within a distance of less than 20 cm from each other (PC
Advisor, 2015). Since a couple of years back the technology has Advisor, 2015). Since a couple of years back the technology has
been implemented in smartphones, with the intention to enable been implemented in smartphones, with the intention to enable
convenient payment and make credit cards redundant (M3, convenient payment and make credit cards redundant (M3,
2015). In addition to this so-called card emulation mode, NFC 2015). In addition to this so-called card emulation mode, NFC
devices support a reader/writer mode and a P2P mode, whereby devices support a reader/writer mode and a P2P mode, whereby
NFC devices can read and write information stored on NFC tags, NFC devices can read and write information stored on NFC tags,
and automatically exchange information, such as and automatically exchange information, such as

and contact details (Android Developers, 2016). Compared to and contact details (Android Developers, 2016). Compared to
beacons, NFC tags are cheaper and use less energy, but beacons beacons, NFC tags are cheaper and use less energy, but beacons
do on the other hand offer a much larger range and higher do on the other hand offer a much larger range and higher
speeds for data transfer (M3, 2015). Moreover, Apple currently speeds for data transfer (M3, 2015). Moreover, Apple currently
41
restricts NFC in its devices to only work with Apple Pay (Mobil, restricts NFC in its devices to only work with Apple Pay (Mobil,
2016). QR-code: QR-code, where QR is short for Quick Response, 2016). A QR-code, where QR is short for Quick Response, is
is basically a barcode that can be read by a QR- scanner, which basically a barcode that can be read by a QR- scanner, which
most smartphone cameras can function as if paired 13 most smartphone cameras can function as if paired with an app.
A QR-code can hold more than hundred times the information of
with an app. A QR-code can hold more than hundred times the conventional barcodes while simultaneously needing less space.
information of conventional barcodes while simultaneously The type of information a QR-code can hold is URLs, contact
needing less space. The type of information a QR-code can hold information, SMS and documents (QR code.com, 2016). QR-
is URLs, contact information, SMS and documents (QR code.com, codes are easy to generate and only require a general QR-code
2016). QR-codes are easy to generate and only require a general scanner,
QR-code scanner,

beacons for which a specific app may be needed. However, beacons for which a specific app may be needed. However,
scanning a QR-code requires a bigger effort from the user and is scanning a QR-code requires a bigger effort from the user and is
thus more inconvenient than receiving the same information thus more inconvenient than receiving the same information
from a beacon. from a beacon.
-9-

review is carried out in order to create a better understanding of review is carried out in order to create a better understanding of
the technology. the technology,
42

limitations and other technologies that are used for similar limitations and other technologies that are used for similar
purposes purposes.
43
Instances from: https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/204100806-What-are-the-default-settings-of-Estimote-Beacons-How-to-

edit-settings-
51: https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/ 51: https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/

articles/204100806-What-are-the-default-settings-of-Estimote- articles/204100806-What-are-the-default-settings-of-Estimote-
Beacons-How-to-edit-settings- 96% Beacons-How-to-edit-settings- 96%
Proximity Beacons default settings Broadcasting Scheme: Proximity Beacons default settings: Broadcasting Scheme: •
Estimote Location Advertising Interval: 200 ms Broadcasting Estimote Monitoring • Estimote Location Advertising Interval:
Power: - 4 dBm Estimote Telemetry Advertising Interval: 2750 ms 200 ms Broadcasting Power: - 4 dBm • Estimote Telemetry
Shake to Connect: ON 5.1.4 Location Beacons default settings: Advertising Interval: 2750 ms Shake to Connect: ON Estimote
Broadcasting Scheme: 33 Location Beacons default settings: Broadcasting Scheme: •
Estimote Location Advertising Interval: 200 ms Broadcasting
Estimote Location Advertising Interval: 200 ms Broadcasting Power: + 4 dBm • Estimote Telemetry Advertising Interval: 2750
Power: + 4 dBm Estimote Telemetry Advertising Interval: 2750 ms Shake to Connect: ON
ms Shake to Connect: ON 5.2
44
Instances from: https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/216881838-Which-beacons-do-I-buy-for-my-Proximity-use-case-

articles/216881838-Which-beacons-do-I-buy-for-my-Proximity- articles/216881838-Which-beacons-do-I-buy-for-my-Proximity-
use-case- 92% use-case- 92%
The Proximity approach involves tagging certain areas (a hotel The Proximity approach involves “tagging” certain areas (a hotel
lobby, a restaurant table, an airport gate, etc.) with a markera lobby, a restaurant table, an airport gate, etc.) with a “marker”
beaconrecognizable by smartphones.Using Estimote Monitoring, —a beacon—recognizable by smartphones. Using Estimote
app can simply detect when it is in the proximity zone, figure out Monitoring, your app can simply detect when it is in the
which beacon it is, and act accordingly. For instance: youve proximity zone, figure out which beacon it is, and act
placed a beacon at an airports ticketing desk. When your app- accordingly. For instance: you’ve placed a beacon at an airport’s
equipped smartphone comes within the designated range of the ticketing desk. When your app-equipped smartphone comes
desk, your phone knows where you are and will open up the within the designated range of the desk, your phone knows
check-in portion of the app. From here, you can choose your where you are and will open up the check-in portion of the app.
seat, tell the airline how many bags you have to check, and From here, you can choose your seat, tell the airline how many
maybe even pick your meal preference for the flight. bags you have to check, and maybe even pick your meal
preference for the flight.
45
Instances from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/js/2017/9742170/
56: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/js/2017/9742170/ 82% 56: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/js/2017/9742170/ 82%
R. Faragher, R. Harle, ”Location Fingerprinting With Bluetooth R. Faragher and R. Harle, “Location fingerprinting with Bluetooth
Low Energy Bea- cons” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in low energy beacons,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in
Communications, vol. 33, Communications, vol. 33,
46
Instances from: https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/201636913-What-are-Broadcasting-Power-RSSI-and-other-

characteristics-of-a-beacon-s-signal-

articles/201636913-What-are-Broadcasting-Power-RSSI-and- articles/201636913-What-are-Broadcasting-Power-RSSI-and-
other-characteristics-of-a-beacon-s-signal- 92% other-characteristics-of-a-beacon-s-signal- 92%
to +4 to 15 m. Advertising Interval Beacons do not broadcast

constantly. They ‘blink’ instead. Advertising Interval describes the
dBm. Advertising Interval: Beacons do not broadcast constantly. time between each blink. Just as with Broadcasting Power,
They blink instead. Adver- tising Interval describes the time Advertising Interval on beacons can be adjusted with Estimote
between each blink. Just as with Broadcasting Power, Advertising SDK, Cloud, and the app. The value ranges between 100 ms and
Interval on beacons can be adjusted with SDK, Cloud, and the 2000 ms. The shorter the interval, the more stable the signal.
app. The value ranges between 100 ms and 2000 ms. The shorter Keep in mind that adjusting Advertising Interval significantly
the interval, the more stable the signal. Keep in mind that impacts the battery life.
adjusting 8
Advertising Interval significantly impacts the battery life.

Measured Power: Measured Power is a factory-calibrated, read- Measured Power Measured Power is a factory-calibrated, read-
only constant which indicates what’s the expected RSSI at a only constant which indicates what's the expected RSSI at a
distance of 1 meter to the beacon. Combined with RSSI, it allows distance of 1 meter to the beacon. Combined with RSSI, it allows
you to estimate the distance between the device and the beacon. you to estimate the distance between the device and the beacon.
Proximity zones: Monitoring allows you to establish your own Proximity zones Estimote Monitoring allows you to establish
47
proximity zones with a code and enable interactions when a user your own proximity zones with a code and enable interactions
enters or leaves each zone. Rather than adjusting the when a user enters or leaves each zone. Rather than adjusting
broadcasting power or relying on the predefined zones that the broadcasting power or relying on the pre-defined zones that
come with iBeacon, you can define the unlimited numbers of come with iBeacon, you can define the unlimited numbers of
zones per beacon at different distances to trigger different zones per beacon at different distances to trigger different
actions. actions.

immediate (very close to the beacon) near (about 1-3 m from the immediate (very close to the beacon) • near (about 1-3 m from
beacon) far (further away or the signal is fluctuating too much to the beacon) • far (further away or the signal is fluctuating too
make a better estimate) unknown. 2.1.2 much to make a better estimate) • unknown.
48
Instances from: https://developer.apple.com/ibeacon/Getting-Started-with-iBeacon.pdf
42: https://developer.apple.com/ibeacon/Getting-Started-with- 42: https://developer.apple.com/ibeacon/Getting-Started-with-

iBeacon.pdf 65% iBeacon.pdf 65%
signal, it uses the RSSI (received signal strength indicator) to signal, it uses the strength of the signal (RSSI, or Received Signal
determine its proximity to the beacon. Strength Indication) to determine both proximity to the beacon,
49
Instances from: https://community.estimote.com/hc/en-us/articles/203821206-How-to-configure-Estimote-Location-Beacons-for-Indoor-

Location-

articles/203821206-How-to-configure-Estimote-Location-Beacons- articles/203821206-How-to-configure-Estimote-Location-Beacons-
for-Indoor-Location- 95% for-Indoor-Location- 95%
Estimote Location packet: enabled 32 Estimote Location packet: enabled • Location packet's
Broadcasting Power: 4 dBm • Location packet's Advertising
Location packet’s Broadcasting Power: 4 dBm Location packet’s Interval: 200 ms (or less for better results) • Smart Power Mode
Advertising Interval: 200 ms (or less for better results) Smart enabled. It’s optional, but Indoor Location settings are quite
Power Mode enabled. Its optional, but Indoor Location settings power-hungry, so it will help conserve the battery life.
are quite power- hungry, so it will help conserve the battery life.
5.1.3
50
Instances from: http://www.idt.mdh.se/utbildning/exjobb/files/TR1974.pdf
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53

Urkund Analysis Result: Sources Included in The Report

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URKUND

Urkund Analysis Result

Sources included in the report:

Instances where selected sources appear:

Biographical Sketch Pankaj Ramnani E-Mail : spu16cs16@policeuniversity.ac.in Father’s Name :

Modest doubt is called the beacon of the wise. ~ -William Shakespeare

Abstract Problem:- Digital Transformation described as change in both a organisations

Results and Implications:

Contents Acknowledgment iv Biographical Sketch v Abstract vii 1 Introduction 4 1.1 Problem

Comparison of Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.1.3 The Receiving End of Beacons . . . . .

3.1 Use Case Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3.2 Core Bluetooth Technology in

5.2 Enable Estimote Monitoring in iOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 5.3 iStudent Digital Service . . .

List of Figures 2.1 iBeacon Signal Addressed Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2

getting list of users nearby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.3 Architecture diagram of different proximity

AR kit Implement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5.1 Estimote Monitoring Enable . . . . . . .

5.2 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 5.3 iStudent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List to Abbreviations OSN - Online Social Networks

characteristics Theres some useful terms

Advertising Interval significantly impacts the battery life.

Measured Power: Measured Power is a factory-calibrated, read-only constant which indicates

Ed- dystone protocol was released in 2015 and is platform independent.

Figure 2.2: Communication Direction Within a beacon System 2.2

review is carried out in order to create a better understanding of the technology.

and comparison of related technologies. 14

shopping malls and hospitals universities and some events.Identifying

system-wide is limited. Therefore, a single application is limited to 20 regions that can be

3.6 Proximity beacons

Figure 3.7: How it Works 21

Chapter 4 Implementation Architecture

Figure 4.1: Object around beacon high level architecture 4.2

Figure 4.2: Architecture of for a getting list of users nearby 4.3

mobile appli- cations.

they have visited. 28

Setting up an iOS Aplication To build the application X-code integrated development

Chapter 5 Implementation of Mobile Application 5.1 Implementation of iStudent The iPhone

Estimote Location packet: enabled 32

Proximity Beacons default settings Broadcasting Scheme: Estimote Location Advertising

Estimote Location Advertising Interval: 200 ms Broadcasting Power: + 4 dBm Estimote

5.3 iStudent Digital Service iStudent

Figure 5.3: iStudent 36

Figure 5.4: iStudent 37

Figure 5.5: iStudent 38

Figure 5.6: iStudent Figure 5.7: iStudent 39

Figure 5.8: iStudent Figure 5.9: iStudent 40

Figure 5.10: iStudent Figure 5.11: iStudent 41

Figure 5.12: iStudent Figure 5.13: iStudent 42

Figure 5.14: iStudent Figure 5.15: iStudent 43

Figure 5.16: iStudent Figure 5.17: iStudent 44

Figure 5.18: iStudent Figure 5.19: iStudent 45

Figure 5.20: iStudent Figure 5.21: iStudent 46

Figure 5.22: iStudent 47

March 2016 [5] A.I.Kyritsis,P.Kostopoulos,M.Deriaz, D.Konstantas, ”BLE Based Probabilis- tic

p. 397-398, Jul 2016 [10] Y. Wang, Q. Yang, G. Zhang, P.

p. 243-247, 2016 [11]

K. Bouchard, R Ramezani, Arjun, A. Naeim, ”Evaluation of Bluetooth beacons behaviour” IEEE

issue 11, Nov 2015 [14]

Piwowarczyk, P. Korbel, T. Kacprzak, ”Analysis of the influence of radio beacon placement on

Hit and source - focused comparison, Side by Side:

Left side: As student entered the text in the submitted document.

Instances from: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/130882

9: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/130882 95% 9: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/130882 95%

10: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/130882 85% 10: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/130882 85%

40: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/130882 65% 40: https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/130882 65%