x- the Precess of prt a _ pan ‘ Pretein J yotheot cea in duc steps w- Trancesiphion wy Trandation ~ Tw eukaryotes and Prckanfles the preest of protern Amnthess is di vai, becauce \ Aifpont cell ‘chuck m alls a ae — Exkoryotic cal is a cemablex cell because nucleus ard othey ce ant pent = Peokeiyetic eel is a cioblede cell because nucleas and other ex ley are absent: — Tn prokangtes the BNA Present in civealay foe inside the cell, eshile i eunycter DNA present ion Tincar orm jncide the rucleas Eaten cot = Tn cakavystes, the trencenipt comeout 4 Prot: ocuy in di - Tn prekonyeler, pe ated Se SethLyanscviption in avyotess + The process im which RNA is sunthesized ucing DNA at a Aevmplate ig Known as Transcription — The proces of transcription ave pey med by RNA Pelymevace - = nae s ne DNA f ua ae ee because tis eniyme wake RNA acceding fo DAA sephted, thats al tis dependent on DNA : The coquenee ot Hoe RNA transcript is censplemertony to the tyangeri bee (teupate) Dah ckamd amd ig same as the (ating hand 5! AT GOCCTQGACTT Neo-edian hind oT NG CGR CCTM enh ) weed 5/2. AUQGcHewe. the ‘a franceribed tn dbiggvert divehons ute hpecte shyands the DNA at templates Ra “Template shana eb pour Tenglate shand of; quel Bri Palyrnevact end Rak Plymevate J L ——— Gene-L Gene- 2 “tnt chond one fined in cate php eoch bate have 3 phaphate but im strand we the cthey two phosphate used im DNA Template strand - The atl -coding semen of DAA, d = Here the qpration arise — dyanceribed ive a comd —nuclentide=> Because fhe DNA ch chromatewes is a codimout unit, the transeriphional wrachinaty canutt be divededl to the start of gene to begin transertbing ot the right place, continat Ayancesibing the lenafh 4 aires and feally sh {acnser bing at the chev end ther thee distinct st 4 dvancenblion is alled Tniiation, Elewgeien ema Termination * s A¥rough the evevall prec of tonscxiphin ee veman kably sonilov. iW prokaruptes avd eukaryotes, but thee ave also seme dhffeenees betseen thon — which will discuss step by sie Note: no Deve cmtan two te one 6 7 Ve trenseribed ~called Qramaty which can be ranceribesd = dor it udhich comvot te hes trudtuvel post=> Because fhe DNA ch chromatewes is a codimout unit, the transeriphional wrachinaty canutt be divededl to the start of gene to begin transertbing ot the right place, continat Ayancesibing the lenafh 4 aires and feally sh {acnser bing at the chev end ther thee distinct st 4 dvancenblion is alled Tniiation, Elewgeien ema Termination * s A¥rough the evevall prec of tonscxiphin ee veman kably sonilov. iW prokaruptes avd eukaryotes, but thee ave also seme dhffeenees betseen thon — which will discuss step by sie Note: no Deve cmtan two te one 6 7 Ve trenseribed ~called Qramaty which can be ranceribesd = dor it udhich comvot te hes trudtuvel postTree main cteds ane imuelved in Lronscription oy- Initiation, @) Elongetion (2) Teonmation — Transcription ing with the binding +f the RNA felymevae Yaloenary mes to non-tvomseribitg iim 4h) DNA Known as promoter: The prokaryetic promoter contains apecal consensus £ prec Mate Sequences which ave smnstly repeated im transcription wwitiation callea= consensus St seneDa Z = In Peckarypter-(-t0 ana -3S) ane conte fetter ales with RNA Qulymeratt - Sige cee et tached to then ond~ Becauce + unisinhing supercoil ek pan Shands omer on both cides Negative sapere (lett side) cand foxitive supeil (viglt cide) oceuv, £0 lived tHe Superelieg 4 pf with purine) DNA ‘Aepoisomevace. emames yemove oY 7! = The ebonaahin phate beaing hen the dvancerot (typical chant picaly chant exceeds 40 rucleatides iv length ¢ 1 4 = Pigs fpetet sethen released and the cove emaymne is able to lene He Promatey and move along the template shand ma processive smanney* enctenpléte chanelmake huydtogen bonds — bebseen each cthey i} 1 dovening a GC- vith £ This aoa the RNA te fl back on self, (slaiined by ydsegen bande) pac a teep Ths shuctae Known af Hairpin ee Additondy jut be ond the hairpins the QnA transenipt rrtain ching of Us of te Bend co fs athe DNA eplate ny ot these. Ds to the elmer weak, ahi oh “foul fey Hoe tebe ion vac DNA Aemplate Kyat ied Rna tom its (a) ating shaved AGCCCACHNANNN GCGQGCTHT h—="" sh ig Us make. weal ih end by which a) Tempe chad. Te4G4C4 NNNNNNCRCCEGARAR —= “Tris seqnivs the Participation wth eu atkivit t — Rho binds « Cox ui i PrPaie 01 at ~The in inde eaginy, “the vealeate ‘4hyvail Groncriphin as neve cammplicated ” eukaryotes ' Hove pemany waynt W= Te Larges eukanycic genernes have many mere gents to be recgnited and transcribed - The gente is large 4 ges alio vey in number amd coon ic genome — thee axe ynuch move non-coding genes (intyont), in eakaniyses than prokaryates, so the number ex = dn cakanyo ubile im prokaryotes vey les umber 4 introns are present = In mulkielulay eakaryotic qrreme, feding the doyt 4 a ae is ust Vike feding a needle in a haystack (ex) 27 Eukavudtic tranceription art pofmned ‘ (a)- RNa ymevase-L: - Ik fey Rash pymerase=TLs ~ kk te Promster Yeqion, Som peters (oe) ;Bu Ria? Ahmad Khalil — These modification aye collectively reffered ay RNA Processing £3) - Th Lemmplate a tranteription ” eukaryote, genomic DNA is organized into chromatin : . : = Chromatin occur in two forms Euchyematin (in which gene exprenion occuY novmall and Hetevochvamatin ( in which qere expresion oecuY very ay thal s hy trascriphion in euldaryoter is move eamplicated,, bile iw frokaryoter this proces ic absent. Dancer \ni in Eukaryctess — Ln eukanyeles, tHe core of OWA pelimevreL alane cannot necognit.c promt sequences GTR art equived to bind the Prmoter veaion before binding of the cove emyme However. in case 4 prokaryotes sigma factor is repre fr Pua pelymevas te bind wit nemotey: fo fet GTF: sil bind to Promotey, then it will atlyact Ana Polymerase TE to bind and clavt initiation and elongation and bind to sequence: th cove , alto postion at te ( j = The GTFs and RNA tiation camplex (nc) ) ef, the ronseiption bn lbcated abeut— Alley rameription bar been jnitiated, Rn pohymevateL discociater from wnt oh GIFs 4p elongate the Primary Ryne tramccript Qume of the Grr: remain at the Promoter to attrod the next Rut pdymerare core Tn this aaa mnaltiple Rath polymerase IL emymes can be easteiny taamseripts +yon a ciagle ene at one-hme . QQ: How is the Ra Pelusmevare J) cve_able 40 separa ayer the GTFs and start tvenceription ? Athough the detail of this Process are still werked tut The protein sail of the Prsbunit of, RNA felymerateT called cambory| tail demain (tb) participates in iwitiakion and in ceil dhe critical phates of Ra S withesis and processing il P f = These CTD is Iovate! wea the site at which nascent RHA wil emerge em the polymerase ‘The initiation ghose ends ana elengation phase bey after the CTD is ghespheryladeal by ont of; the 4TFe - Ths Phosphorylation is’ ousomehowe weaken the comection of PxA PeprevaseT forthe cthey po84: Riaz Abmaol Khalil - Elona Anke place inside the transniption buble wredtialh ai descibed be the synths *b pokanyctic Rn. — Tr cukeryotes ihn mal is fpr vot martave inwtially tals oy Some modsficadions oeeuy in mRnif before translation: Therefore the wRHf of eukaryotes must undetgp jovhey proeting before it can be tranladed - The Preestes include (athe addition of, at Send (b)- The addition of; tail ef adnate (plyadenation) at Bend CO Gpiciag fo eliinaleinkrons (calm a: Ron Ml Kat!) Exons Sa Seas ee a © OO6-..-3° mative mend> @rBy: Rita Abmnasl Khali te win, but axcordiny 40. em experivments thus three (3) proces oxeay olang the fpvmation oh mwa when Send of, rR guinea that time cap alo pened, Splicing alo ocuy ving mRNA imation and at last polyadenylation — thats why cbianecsiptional is Tight an swe: Mates UCU =7 encede Some aminoacid - v ee seme fe Missense mutation: (wae at han te) a The fe conbaivivng the changed bare Thay cede. + dlifyient amnind-acid - OCA codon encoder Cerine, but when thic UCA is changed at the 4p base and become CCA, then it will encode Proline amino-acid « DC A mutatis COA _, Bah aden all enede y De dltfrent amino-acids(28) By: Riad Ahmack Khai = Diss a tic ode: Direrery a) arts code are alto Known as crackin By Aeciphesing — (eans convert eede into tdinany Vonquage ‘ov decade) , Besaue on DNA the infromation in the doom of cede is olecpher i Maxshall_Nivenbera and Heinrich Mathaei in v6) done thic work te the eat time Sai Aeciphering of the genetic cede, they 4utt pretaved howe polamey RNA (ar the name indicate same bases ef EAR ive) UUUL, of ARAA ete) . Hemepalymer of Uracil (YUUU) is called pay U ah Homapely rey 4 Adenine (ABAAR) is called uly A ews Hemepolymey + Gyfeine (cece) is called poly C RNA = Nowaly QR cme Golesi by RNP Plame spew DNA and make NA bares octerding to DAA bases ~ Ga the jprvation ii Pely O RNA, they uge a special type +f enbymit whith is called pequclctide phosphorylase. emune- = Fer this punpac thay first toak a testlibe ond put Uracil bases (yov0v) in ky then add then add this polynudeotde prasphenylave enbyme These emrymer addi the Uraell bass vith each ther and m ply = pelynucletide fle =(1) By: Rind Ahmad Khalil a fo they pepaved pay URNA ard uted ikos a wohNA dev fruttin Gather ~ As sie Kore that there ave uenty (22) escential aminacids, Se they took Q0 fecdtuber, each having one aminoacid and put Poly UnknA ineach fue, then add plypucketide phosherlace enneymnes i” wer tedtube - During protein cutee this Poly Ujena cyrtherivert protein olay in thal tetdube which was having pho) alanine oming acid , while remain ng 1 axvino acids could mel sunthsited poten , — From tic expeiment they canduded that OUU exton Spedity arly phenu alavine ammo acid (, ov0 se dit diccoveved genetic code) A polypeptide chain pheny| alanine jpn which proved that cede tt prena| dlqvine amino acid is OUD - = These scionfcts usher preprred fly A, Poly C amd Poly 4 mRNA alto. Fram Paly B Gh — Lysine frond (18); Fr Uy Ct Praline fred ee): From Pel mB could nol formed any amin acid , beaut it ire gut , seeondey ghucture,, thats poly G men didvot used in pater Syrthuors armed hetereplgmer miNA canting i Gabind Khovana— vane ther cciefist andl + fous type chy nucle - He ued Co- poly ney - Fad he selecke enelie. codes - chain of Om G: m O40 cysteine(ua By: Riaz Mhwad Khalil = Pheody we Kroes that thor ave mere than ove endon for one amino acid. Wis is called degenerory of genetic code ; - Te erplain Ane pucsble couse +t degenrony ek codon—in 14Gb Francis Crick Propesed “the wabble heypethesi.” ~ Reerding fo Anis hypothesis — only the fist two hates of, codon have a Precise Paising wsith the bases of the arrttedon of Rn, while the paiving between the third acer ef codon and antitoden may wobble | _ Recovding to wation and Crack Adenine Pairs uithy Thymine ane! Catone pas uth Guovine, but in Rot Thywine avy vith Dial the watson and Crock yrodel —yneans ynodel, then = The Paiving whith devel {pllno He base Pairing Process is “difteent frm Watton ond Cyacld all these Paring is called oobble ase fairing the Sae at the Send cy the aticeden (he ft base of, anrticodon) is wot ay shetially dened os te other two bases: = Meutment oh; that yet bas wilh the 3” base a; te is called wobble and its aa movement RNA ty Teognive eert than one coder: = Growl thee ave Ol s becauce Gl (about 40), move than one codon -By: Riaz Ahmad Khali! A = flo the fav main “hypexanthine—wral (1-0), he postin cadenine (I-A) nd hypexanthine= cutaine (1- sobble dace Pais ave quanine-—ura \ (4-2), wobe bane @ Neh eoBy: Riaa Phmadl Khali chinays — Tk modhinory of Prrtein Sunthesis conic 4, aminoacids, +h, Pevinoacy] Aan tynretace ,” mk awd vbssomes =D tae igs ae mea fy Protein Parctoeis ) 1 ‘ ty- Awino atides — BN essential avamo oride muck be present in sufficient nnn Le & ‘ x ni it~ continous Dretein Ayutheris- we aleady Kenia thee. avt 2° evel ein cid \ (2)- Tansey RNA (t-PA): = Tens Rah is also callect soluble RNA cy aclegtey fash = Ip-20% of plow ave erred by Quit in Be el = Ry leat one sprite Lape eb HEH is eure fps enth aningacid t “Ts bmn thee ort at let. 5e,fp oh Hut wreveate bacteria. centain at kort a i2 By: Riaz Ahmacl Khalil Tn 144, Rest Holey propa he shuckive ef tact phenal alanine {at ae fetes) = We gt rable paste in 1968 for this, licevery i , ~ the Nightat macrowmdeculay ctucture of ARAA is Kran as clover Neaf mada ass ous clas ah el ={bis tuo dimensional ynodel made ut oh 48 nucleotides - =7. Chevactevicties cotuvey of LNA: othe chinacherichics fala of +-Ruh aves )-It har unuual niboaer bases Dike, Tnosine, Pseudoavacil , Math uamesine Dihydrouriaine and ibethapicine : Gy In ERNA Yo-Is vitvegen Yases ont unustal:Ria2 Ahmad Khalil They caldlyee ey calure the fuo—step amnind acglation seachon luvin Prekin Pyathais: oor step invelou ackvation ok aminoacid be mm a sealing in the Spentahon ok cece tae ard dente a saergavic fypopniphate (») \ tiy- Dari he seumd step Ake activates axmivn acid 8 {efor Wo the Alor Ben eroup of He evra ocensine of ite grate ttn cable veleating Amt ino acl erie) -ARosh Reptrchase a at - sr PR 7 Pi : E-Miit Awine old Ane € cch—hevinoadid | eon (ven) galley:Rie Ahmaol Khalil Smal I subunit: "ac. pee lenge subunit Hiatine of Ra swath <> TO -O- Protein factors: - Twitiation , elongation ana hearin (er yelease) ee ont veyed ) ire fel phd tynthest Soe of Thue pyokein fects Yesferm a cate jhe function, ubereare oe appears a reubilise he tute ~m ach niniay 4 @)- Ever Qourte s veapired, tor the addition i fue fon ATP eis the vero 4p two f ndivy Hh. 1 i. skp. _ cay of fea high - energy oy is * one qynind oi a the quaieg, Pelap avvind avu\- aBy: Riad Hhmacl Khali | See “TCenslaten 1 Toanslation is The proces of {vem satin segue, of, arena a) (yntrit) adleuule ‘k feapiente of cain cit dvi Dritein Sayre — fy we Krew that there are ig subunils of eWerevera igh subunit and ante is seal subunit ¢ to eastoplasm fyon vucleus— first { y B it bind —vihm mn made and con fo call subunit ay ribosome: =z) valhsy_f kal bind to _tmnall cubumil 2 an small subunit the is ps t 4s eee {an aninacid atared hen large subunit v sent dneve ANA ane atloched: — Me abtoch net of small subunit tached uith stent codon Avg, th “EQns) comes and ed translation Hathed to 4-RNA ama mR to. proce cent (€,24) subunit. 2 Raih— there, are Prree cites pe ceeact che, NoageRiar Ahmacl Khali) aThe process of tranclatin cam be divides into thiee phases tiy- ikon tin -Elongatin Wi) Termination _Byaet tron the sibasame aeouived fev the successful ampletin of ech phate Reet en d eukaryotes , mRNA and tRNA additional prteine art itebs an saikiation dier sinipeontly iw ia oles anc «© desersbed stow foi Fhe two qiebs \ initial Mi + Translation Initial ? at = The anain Aodk of initiation as to place alongs the i" tis my a Yayidh the correct Yeading tem oh eu 4 Jgah will come on A ste yes t amino ac - +Rnt ive the P site of the aibeweme and in Ane mRrifs while The remnainity all anima got wil) ame oon ae =I ma Prskaryotes “and Auaathesi ved pepe Jb is inserted 1007 initiator Syraboli mmo acid in any newlyiat Ahynaol Khalil Tis poiving — corvecthy ins the initiation codon in the P cite fhe intatoy f-RWA will bind : where the ini Dine-D me Shine lyre seqpance Py, JUL GA TCCUAUGCS _AbineDalgorne Aeayuneet three robine— IFA, |F2 ond IF -|witiation foth) ave In bactevia ruyited for cer it ayshiaon- wihereace IF 3 ig neces do Kee the Keep a4) fom Sos subunit: 305 subunit Nissecatea pat only Jae ik \ ay {RNA enters the ~ IF: amd FR act to enone P - he 305 comple. te the deatity caburnit — nh ond sito 4RNA constitu the mibiation xsociation of Sos ent ini Ligtio fpctors (11, IFABy: Ria Ahmad Khalil n and tvanslatin take flace in sehmale combartmentt ok the cell: “ : Eukaryotic mRNAs on eypert to the aiboplaon fe c tvanceribed and Processed inthe nuckws before v translahion ic uiually cavereal with proteins and - On arival in aptoplasm - the miei aegis any be le lial duct srbvaynlecalar ate paiva ad \ 1 — These reyions of secondary shucurt ance Ae be temoved to t#PASe the POG jritiglot codon — This somal is axctsmpolitheol by jnittatoy jacdors (\F4A.8 one 4) Shot associate with, cp shuclure {nd at the vd of virtually all eukaryotic ahh) and with the 9s subunit and initiaby Leah and then move inthe (‘40 3” divection Ko une He hare fared eer” ceamned 0 om UG codon ahere \ — Me sme owe —the ope seen 5 ration complex i spinel by the 60s gubanit fo Lumnstaton can begin abt the ini for the GOS ribessmeRiae Naot heli - |kis duviny the Procem ‘f elongation Hpat the ibssere mort rexembles a felony: = Dela of thi step in elengation and the imvliement of tuo Protein $ectors call _dongaton far Ta (€F-Tu) avd dengan doce (ces) _ Belore ayninaatu|— tReAt can be ued im Protein Sunthesis, they assecitte with Ae t Mt i ‘\ | Prdtin {aver EF-Tu to from a femar comtlex (compose AL tRNA, amino 2 Ef) Te doo Hon ale commences with an initiator {Anh (avd it aMlached spethiontot) in the Phe and with the A sile ready 40 xcept las Which of the ae ditfevnt ternary amperes ty accept 46 dekaminedl by tadeon- atteden eatin in the decoding canter of the. sonal subunit + — then the caneet natch hes been wade, dhe vibesome changes shafe, the kemmary amnflex, ana Yh od amine ata) code oe jprtapotect Peptic) Aron therase center af the large subunit « — Toe, a peptide ber is fined vith the trates) the methionine in the Pike tothe amino acid in the A sine the EF-Tu Jeaves in theAhmacl Khali - Woy) the action of the card pretein forty, EF-4, ushich appeart te hin the cite, the Hos in he Boma P stec one dhifesl fo the F and E cites rtpectvely, amd the mRNA yneves through the aibssome sothat the ned tadon is pusthonel in the A cite = Whin EF-G leaves the vibemme, the A cite is oben to cept the newt tena complex: se Tennination s_ _ Te ale continues uwil the codon in the A site is one oh She. three Shp ads - UGA, AA or ORG: — no ERMA veroqnie thee adent— stead Prokins called reloav. jpcter 0 (RE, RED and RFS in octevia) recogniee Step adms, while in eakareoted have a-cinde release fatty fF whith eoprines all thee erminartion codon: — Tr Sackvia, RFL qecqnibes OFF shevens €F2 reenqrites OMA 07 HGA—beth axe assists eA site Airs E athe shop codons The interaction behaeon 7 farm that of the Teme ot yeoqninel by R or no — Qed, release pers | nit but donot “Pmiicgate. in wast center and leads —Twteod, 4 wat fo The veleate | — Te ribosomal