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A UTHOR

WOODY, THOMAS
TITLE

QUAKER EDUCATION IN
THE COLONY AND...
PLACE:

PHILADELPHIA
DATE:
1923
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[W879
Wcody, Thomas, 1891-
Quaker education in the colony and state of New Jer-
sey; a source book, by Thomas AVoody ... Philadelphia,
Pub. by tlie author, University of Pennsylvania, 1923.
xii, 408 p. front, (map) illus. (incl.- facsims.) diagrs. 23i"".

Bihliography: p. 378-391.

1. Friends, Society of. Ne w Jersey . 2. Hchication— New Jersey.

I. Title! - EciMCAf.

23-16295
Library of Congress LA331.\V6
*

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 »

STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION

By Thomas Woody, Ph. D.
University of Pennsylvania

Early Quaker Education in Pennsylvania. Published by Teachers College,

Columbia University. 287 pages. Price $3.00.

Germany after the Reformation.

Furstenschulen in George Banta, Publisher,
Menasha, Wisconsin. 46 pages. Price $1.00.

Quaker Education in the Colony and State of New Jersey. Fully illustrated.
Published by the Author, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia,
Pa. 408 pages.. Price $4.50.
 QUAKER EDUCATION
IN THE

COLONY AND STATE OF NEW JERSEY

^ Source Pook

By
THOMAS WOODY
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, HISTORY OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA

Published by the Author

?Bntberfi(itp of $enns(plbanta
PHILADELPHIA
1923
OUTLINE MAP SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF IMPORTANT
EARLY QUAKER MEETINGS IN NEW JERSEY
 'i Z
Copyright, 1923, by Thomas Woody

TO
PROFESSOR PAUL MONROE
WHO FIRST STIMULATED MY INTEREST

^ - ^-
-J i> II''
IN THE HISTORY OF EDUCATION
THIS BOOK
IS GRATEFULLY DEDICATED

33? ,3G

fRESS OF W. F. HUMfHREV
3ENEVA, N. Y.
 ; I

ii

" Neither must we cast a slight upon education, which is the

first and fairest thing that the best of men ever have, and which, though
QUAKER EDUCATION IN THE COLONY AND
liable to take wrong direction, is capable of reformation. And this
STATE OF NEW JERSEY
.work of reformation is the great business of every man while he

dives r— PLATO.
 CONTENTS

List of Illustrations IX

Preface xi

I Introduction I

II Quaker Educational Policy 8

III Schools of Shrewsbury Quarter . 38
IV Schools of Burlington Quarter . . .
55
V Schools of Salem Quarter 118
VI Schools of Haddonfield Quarter . . 163
VII Care and Education of the Poor. 232
VIII Apprenticeship Education 256
IX Education of "Inferior Races" . . 266
X School Control and Organization 288
XI Curriculum and Textbooks 315
XII School Support 340
XIII Transition to State Schools 358
XIV In Conclusion 371
Bibliography 378
Index 393

*
m

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Important Quaker Meetings in New Jersey Frontispiece
Graphic comparison of the number of children members with the
number attending Quaker schools 30
Graphic representation of facts relating to education in the Yearly Meet-
ing of Hicksite Friends 36
Shrewsbury Quarterly Meeting ^g
Advertisement of Friends Select School, Rahway, 1877 49
Old School house at Quakertown, now remodelled and used as a residence 52
Meetings in Burlington Quarter 56
Agreement between BurHngton Meeting and Thomas Powell 58
Friends' School at BurHngton 61
Mansfield School Account Book 62
Master's dwelling at Rancocas 69
Friends' School at Rancocas
74
Friends' School at Old Springfield 76
Master's dwelling at Old Springfield 77
Chesterfield Friends' School 81
Financial report of the school at Crosswicks 83
Rules of the school at East Branch 87
Plan for raising school fund at Mt. Holly 95
Rules for the school at Upper Springfield 100
School house at Upper Springfield iqi
Facsimile of the account of Tucker Earl io5
Graph showing rise and decline of schools in Burlington Quarter 117
Meetings of Salem Quarter ng
Friends' School at Salem 127
Plan for raising School Fund at Woodbury 138
Rules to govern trustees of Woodbury school fund 139
Woodbury Friends' School 141
Facsimile of a page from the Woodbury school accounts 142
Hicksite Friends' School at Woodbury, New Jersey 143
Facsimile of the Rules to govern trustees and teacher at Woodbury.. .
145
Facsimile of rules to govern scholars at Woodbury Female School. .... 146
Bacon Academy 153
An announcement of Bacon Academy 154
Boarding House at Eldridge's Hill School 158
Eldridge's Hill Boarding School 159
Meetings of Haddonfield Quarter ^54
Friends' School at Haddonfield 165
Day's "Art of Spelling Facilitated" 170

i
X Quaker Education in New Jersey
PREFACE
The method of instruction illustrated in the "Art of Spelling Facili-
tated," by S. M. Day 171
Titlepage from the "Lessons in Reading" by S. M, Day 173 In the following pages there is presented as full an account of the
House formerly occupied by Friends' School, Camden 178 Quaker schools in New Jersey as the limitation of sources and
Friends' School at Camden 179 space will permit. In many cases almost the sole source of in-
Master's dwelling at Evesham Meeting 184
formation about the schools has been the meeting records. While
Articles of agreement for trustees, teachers, and employers at Evesham 186
the limitations of these sources are recognized, they are, perhaps,
Quaker School at the Easton Meeting 195 I

Debit side of the Easton School accounts 196 the most trustworthy of any now extant and ; in many instances
Credit side of the Easton School accounts 197 there are none other. They are accordingly used freeh-. Since
Pine Grove School 209 the minutes of meetings and the records of old school committees
Cropwell School 210
are, for the most part, ver\' difhcult of access for students of
Medford Friends' School 213
The Chester "Brick School" 215
education, it has seemed wise to incorporate liberal selections from
Westfield Friends' School 216 the sources in the text.
Elementary School, Moorestown 220 Since, in the preparation of this volimie the writer has read
High School, Moorestown 221 thousands of pages of manuscript records, some of which were
The Schools of Haddonfield Quarterly Meeting 231
poorly written and others badly preserv^ed, he recognizes the
Constitution of Woodbury First Day Free School Society, and the rules
inevitable fact that some points have possibly been overlooked
to be observed in the School 252
Rules to govern the order of teaching at Woodbury First Day School 254 and inaccuracies have crept in. As the presentation of a truthful
Plan of the Meeting Organization 289 statement only is aimed at, he solicits criticism of a constructive
Title page of Barclay's 'Catechism" 318 nature and correction where errors in fact may occur. In certain
"Introduction to the EngHsh Reader" 320
cases, interest would have dictated that a detailed study be made
"Contents" from Murray's "English Reader" (1808) 322
of schools but such was not practicable within the limits of this
A page from Murray's "EngHsh Exercises" (1813) 325
"Contents" of Hart's "Class Book of Prose" 326 book. It is to be hoped that local historians, thoroughly familiar
A page from the "Contents" of Murray's "English Grammar" 329 with the ground, having access to the records, and, being possessed
A page from the "Index" to "The Select Reader No. Ill" 330 of a more bountiful supply of intimate knowledge, may be able to
Title page of the "Sequel to the EngHsh Reader" (1831) 332
make such detailed studies. The policy of giving full footnote
Thomas Evans' "Examples of Youthful Piety" (1830) 333
Title page of the "Apology" of Barclay
references has been pursued in order to facilitate such further
334
Catalogue of Books belonging to Woodbury Preparative Meeting in 1802 335 research and that material now located may be consulted readily
;

Upper Greenwich Friends' School, now occupied by District School. 370 without duplication of my efforts. The voluminous character of
many of the Mss. and the fact that none are indexed, save occasion-
,

ally for genealogical purposes, make this extremely desirable.

Though certain phases of educational development, particularly
the growth of district schools out of certain Friends' institutions
and the tendency towards centralization, have been traced to the
present, the writer disclaims any intention of giving a view of
Quaker schools of the present day. The purpose has been his-
torical throughout. No survey of the present is attempted.

XI

V
xn Quaker Education in A-ew Jersey

I am indebted to many librarians and custodians of records,

both in this city and in various places in New Jersey. Where »

possible their serviceshave been acknowledged on the proper QUAKER EDUCATION IN THE COLONY AND
pages of this book. To others, whom I have troubled on many STATE OF NEW JERSEY
occasions, it is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness:
Miss Linda Moore, of the Friends' Central Library, Mr. George CHAPTER I

Vaux, Custodian of Records, Mr. William Cowperthwaite at the INTRODUCTION

Friends'Book Store, and Mr. Charles Bradford, now deceased, who
prepared the photographs. To my colleagues, Dean John H. Min-
New Jersey was settled during the last quarter of the seven-
wish to express my appreciation of teenth century. In contrast with other colonies, and notably
nick and Dr. E . D. Grizzell, I
Massachusetts, she lacked homogeneity of nationality and re-
encouragement and assistance. Likewise I wish to acknowledge a
ligion. In this she was closely akin to Pennsylvania. Among
great obligation to Wilhelmine Lawton Woody, whose assistance
her peoples were the Dutch, Scotch, English and Swedes. As for
in the preparation and revision of the text has been invaluable.
ThOMAS WoODY churches, there were the Dutch Reformed, Scotch Covenanter,
Philadelphia,
September 29, 1922
Quaker, Anglican, Baptist, Swedish and Moravian. This great
diversity of population and religion made it inevitable that her
education should be equally so.
However, the colony was not so badly divided as might seem.
But two divisions were recognized: East and West Jersey. To
settle disputes between Carteret and the trustees of Byllynge
a
line was run from Little Egg Harbor to the Delaware
River at
about 41° north latitude, which divided the two. To the east and
north of this line the territory was retained by Carteret on the ;

west and south it belonged to the Quaker proprietors. This

division was made in 1676. Six years later, Penn and eleven
Quaker associates purchased East Jersey for the simi of £3,400.
To these twelve were added other twelve "partners," mostly
Scotch, who for a few years constituted the twenty-four proprietors
of East Jersey. In 1702 the Proprietors withdrew from the
government of the colony, retaining only property in the soil and
their quitrents, and the two provinces were united under
Lord
Combury as Governor. New Jersey remained a royal province
until 1776.
Little was accomplished for education in the Colonial period
s^v^ through individuals and individual congregations. The ^

^The statement made by an historian of New Jersev that 'Trom the first
New Jersey was in advance of every American state in' education" is not sub-
stantiated by fact.

Up
2 Quaker Education in New Jersey Introduction

Concessions and Agreements of the Proprietors, Freeholders, and good and benefit of mankind, which hath hitherto been much neglected vvithin
Inhabitants of West New Jersey in America, adopted in 1676-7, this province. Be it therefore enacted by the Governor, Council, and the
was very Deputies in General Assembly now met and assembled and by the authority
liberal in character, granting entire freedom of con-
of the same that the inhabitants of any town within this province shall
science, universal suffrage, voting by ballot, no imprisonment for
and may by warrant from a Justice of the Peace of that County when they
debt, education of orphans at public expense, freedom of all from think fit and convenient, meet together and make choice of three more men
the oppression of slavery, protection of the Indians in their rights, of the said town to make a rate for the salary and maintaining of a school-
government by ten commissioners, and an elected and paid master within the said town, for so long a time as they think fit: and the
consent and agreement of the major part of the inhabitants of the said town
assembly of one hundred members.^ The colony, however, was
shall bind and oblige the remaining part of the inhabitants of the said town,
never really governed under this system, excepting as the laws
to satisfy and pay their shares and proportion of the said rate; and in case of
passed by the assembly, called by Governor Jennings, were in refusal or non-payment, distress to be made upon the goods and chattels of
general accord with it. The section of the Concessions and such person or persons so refusing or not paying, by the constable of the said
Agreements, relating to education of orphans, ran as follows town by virtue of a warrant from a Justice of the Peace of that County;
and the distress so taken to be sold at a public vendue and the overplus
If parents die leaving child or children, and no estate, or not sufficient to
if any be after payment of the said rate and charges to be returned to the
maintain and bring up the said child or children, in that case the commissioners
owner.'^
are to appoint persons to take care for the child or children, to bring them up
in such manner as the commissioners shall appoint, and the charges thereof to How fully the right, authorized by law, was made use of is not
be borne by the public'stock of the province; and if none be established, then a known but, presumably, not to any great extent as a new act was
tax to be levied by twelve men of the neighborhood, with the consent of the
passed in 1695. The Act of 1695 stated that:
commissioners or the main part of them.^
Whereas there was an act made Anno Domini 1693, for the establishing of
Specific educational legislation was passed by the Quaker schools in each respective town of this Prov'ince, by experience it is found in-
assembly of West New Jersey in 1682, when the Island of convenient, by reason of the distance of the neighborhood, the said act direct-
Matinicunk was granted to Burlington for the use of "educational ing no suitable way whereby all the inhabitants may have the benefit thereof.

purposes" forever: Be it therefore enacted by the Governor, Council and Representatives in

General Assembly now met and assembled, and by the authority of the same
And for the encouraging Learning, for the better education of youth; be it
that three men be chosen yearly and every year in each respective town in this
hereby enacted and agreed by the authority aforesaid that the Island called
Province to appoint and agree with a schoolmaster, and the three men so
Matinicunk Island, late in the possession of Robert Stacy, with all and every
chosen shall have power to nominate and appoint the most convenient place or
the appurtenances, is hereby given, and shall be from henceforth forever
places where the school shall be kept from time to time, that as near as may be
hereafter, be and remain to and for the use of the Town of Burlington and to
the whole inhabitants may have the benefit thereof.^
others concerned therein, within the first and second tenths, the rents, issues,
and profits thereout and therefrom yearly arising, to be (by the overseers During the period of the royal governors, 1702 to 1776, edu-
appointed or to be appointed in Burlington) employed for the maintaining of a cational legislation was at the lowest ebb. The ver>" illiberal
school for the education of youth within the said town and in the first and
attitude of the English government was indicated in the instruc-
second tenths.*
tions given to Lord Combury restricting the freedom of the press
In East New Jersey, during the rule of the twenty-four pro-
Forasmuch as great inconvenience may arise by the liberty of printing in our
prietors, a law was passed (1693) which showed the influence of said Provinceyou (the governors) are to provide by all necessary orders that
the New England elements in the population; responsibility for no person keep any press for printing, nor that any book, pamphlet, or other
creating schools was placed on the inhabitants of the town. matters whatsoever be printed without your especial leave and license first
obtained.^
Whereas the cultivation of learning and good manners tends greatly to the
^N. J. Archives, First Series, I, 24iff. ^Ibid., 328.
^Ibid., 262. 'Ibid., 358.
^Leaming and Spicer: Orig. Constitutions of N. J., 455. 'N. J. Archives, First Series, II, 534.
4 Quaker Education in New Jersey Introduction

Though encouragement was given to projects of higher edu-
cation, the most prominent being the establishment of the College
of New Jersey (1746) and Queen's College (Rutgers) in 1766,
there was no effort to provide general elementary education, and
New instructions were given to the governor who succeeded
Belcher after 1757. These were intended to restrict education
still further. Section 65 provided, in part, that,
. .no schoolmaster be henceforth permitted to come from England and to
.

such as was afforded depended upon individual initiative. Due to
the fact that colleges of that day existed primarily to train minis-
ters, and the Quakers did not recognize collegiate training as the
keep school in the said Province without the license of the said Bishop of
London, and that no other person now there, or that shall come from other
parts, shall be admitted to keep school in that our said Province of New
Jersey
without your Hcense first obtained. . .

first requisite for ministers, they did not favor the project. Gov- Section 67 provided:
ernor Belcher, according to his letters, regarded their influence at
.It is our further will and pleasure that you recommend the
. .
assembly to
least, as detrimental. In 1748 he wrote: enter upon proper methods for the erecting and maintaining of schools in order
But as I find upon the best enquiry hardly 60,000 souls in the whole province to the training up of youth to reading and to a necessary knowledge of the
of New Jersey, and most of them people that live by their day labor, I am at principles of religion."'
present much
discouraged about a college, not seeing where money will be
The advice of section 65 was reflected in a proclamation of the
found to build the house and to support the necessary officers; for the As-
sembly (many of them Quakers) will do nothing towards Governor in 1760, reported as follows:
it, so that, if carried
into execution, it must be by subscriptions. .* .
New York, November 5. On the 21st Instant, his Excellency Thomas
Boone, Esq., Governor of New Jersey, issued a proclamation setting forth,
Likewise, in 1750, Belcher wrote:
that whereas the education of youth is a matter of great consequence, and
When I consider the poverty of this little Province where are very few ought not to be entrusted but to persons of good character, and loyal principles,
people of fortunes, and great number of Quakers among us, who you know are
and professed Protestants; therefore he required all magistrates to inform
enemies to what they call human learning and to orthodoxy, and this sect has
themselves sufficiently of the character of the schoolmasters in that Province;
so much influence in the legislature that I almost despair of any help there to administer the oaths to them and give them, under the hands of two
a
towards the building and support of oiu* college. . .^
certificate of approbation, by which they may obtain a license; and
forbidding
all persons after the 31st of December, to execute the office
^Ibid., VII, 146. In view of this sentiment it is interesting to recall that of schoolmaster,
six weeks earlier the Governor had written James Logan, a Philadelphia without such license first obtained.'^
Friend, and in flattering terms, requested the privilege of using his name to
head the list of trustees for the college. Ibid., 124.
By way of entering "upon proper methods for the erecting and
Ubid., 579-80; along with this statement it would only be just to mention maintaining of schools. ." the assembly, in
.
1761 and 1762
Barclay's Apology, quoted on page 15 Chapter II; the actual treatment of the authorized lotteries and, during the governorship of William
petitions relating to the college was as follows: Feb. 24, 1748-9, a petition
was presented by a committee of the trustees of the College of New Jersey, re- Franklin, incorporated the Trustees of the Free Schools of Wood-
newing their application for assistance and encouragment of the legislature to bridge (1769).
the said undertaking. Petition was read and ordered to be read the second
time. Mar. i, 1748-9, the petition asking aid was read a second time and a On becoming independent, New Jersey adopted her funda-
vote taken; it being even, the speaker voted for reconsideration and it was so mental constitution in 1776, in which no mention of education
ordered. Oct. 4, 1749, a petition was made by trustees for assistance, es-
pecially that a public lottery be allowed to raise £3,000 Proc. for said College. was made. Not imtil 1816, when the state school fund was
It was ordered to have second reading. Oct. 10, 1749, the petition for a begun, was there any movement to provide in a public way for
lottery was refused by vote of 17 to 4. Aside from any prejudice certain
members had towards a college there must also be recalled the general atittude state education. ^2
of bitterness between the governors and the representatives. Governor Thus, education being much neglected by legislators, and the
Morris had been 'at outs' with them. The first charter was given without
their consent. Belcher's relations, to judge by his addresses and their replies government subject to frequent changes from the very outset, the
—
were far from cordial. Consult Votes of Assembly, 1748, and for several
years following. Failure to support the government, and disloyalty to the ^^Ibid.,IX, 68-69; quoted also in Clews: Educational Legislation,
335.
king's government were stated explicitly or implied in his addresses. Such ^^N. Y. Mercury, Nov. 3, 1760.
unpleasant relations were not conducive to a willing support of any extra- i^A phase of 19th century educational legislation
^ to provide a state system
governmental activities. is mentioned briefly in Chapter XIII on the Transition to State Schools.
6 Quaker Education in New Jersey Tntrodu€tion

individual communities decided school questions very much
own desires. The Dutch were early cautioned
according to their
to endeavor to find out ways and means whereby they might
support a minister and schoolmaster and "for the
266 Quakers, just mentioned, were situated in Burlington, Salem
Gloucester, and Cape May counties. Throughout all New
Jersey therewere established Quarterly meetings at Salem
first to procure a Burlington, Shrewsbury, and Haddonfield; and a yearly meeting

comforter of the sick there." A school was established at Bergen was held at Burlington and Philadelphia. It is with the edu-
cational activities in these centers that the following pages deal.
in 1661 or 1662/^ and in 1672 the inhabitants were required
to
support of the precentor and school- In the words of Bancroft, 'The rise of the people called Quakers
pay their "share towards the
master." The latter, however, was "obstinately refused. "^^ marks the moment when intellectual freedom was claimed un-
English influence developed after 1664.
conditionally by all peoples as an inalienable birthright." To
The town control, aside from the legislation of 1693,
idea of what extent did the Quaker settlements of New Jersey claim
mentioned above, was exemplified in the case of Newark, es- freedom?
their share of the "inalienable birthright" to intellectual
This question answered in succeeding pages so far as it is
tablished in 1666 by settlers coming largely from Connecticut.
is

In 1676 their town records show that the "Towns Men"

were possible to judge from the manuscript records that have been

given liberty to find a "competent number of scholars and ac-

preserved.

commodations for a schoolmaster, within this town."^^ Another

entry stated:
.the Town hath consented that the Town's
Men should perfect the
that he will come
bargain with the schoolmaster for this year, upon condition
for this year, and do his faithful, honest and true
endeavor, to teach the children

or servants of those as have subscribed, the reading

and writing of English,
arithmetic they desire it; as much as they are capable to learn and
and also if

be capable "to teach them, within the compass of this

year— nowise hindering
those as have not sub-
but that he may make what bargain he please with
is voted, that the Town's Men
set lued. It have hberty to compleat the
bargain with the schoolmaster, they knowing the Town's
mind.^^

The settlements in West New Jersey were far more homogeneous

than those in the Eastern division. They were, for the most
part, English middle class artisans, farmers and
tradesmen; and,
in religion possessed a degree of unity unknown to East Jersey

Those who came later were not in agreement with the Quakers

and, before the first of the royal governors, greatly

outnumbered
them. A report of 1699, presented to the Board in England by
Mr. Dockwra, computed the freeholders of West New Jersey
at

which only 266 were Quakers.^^ In addition to these there

832, of
were Quakers in the vicinity of Shrewsbury in East Jersey. The
i3Kilpatrick: Dutch Schools of New Netherland, 140;
Bergen, at this time,
was a part of New Netherland rather than N. J.
^'Ibid., 206.
isRecords of Newark, 65.
^^Ibid., 67.
17N. J. Archives, First Series, II, 305.
 Quaker Educational Policy

know grammar and rhetoric, and a strange tongue or two that, it is ten to one,
may never be useful to them; leaving their natural genius to mechanical, and
CHAPTER II physical or natural knowledge uncultivated and neglected which would be of ;

exceeding use and pleasure through the whole course of their lives.

QUAKER EDUCATIONAL POLICY To be sure, languages are not to be despised or neglected; but things
are still to be perf erred.
Philosophy of Influential Leaders Children had rather be making of tools and instruments of play; shaping,
drawing, framing, and building, than getting some rules of propriety by heart
From an examination of the works of niimerous leaders in the and those also would follow with more judgment and less trouble and time.

Society it is* possible to arrive at a general statement of their
philosophy of education* While such general statement
left until certain individual viewpoints have been presented,
may be well to point out that, in general, their early educational
philosophy had much in common with that of other religious
bodies,and other educational views, of the seventeenth, eighteenth
and nineteenth centuries; again, on certain points, such as col-
legiate training as the requisite for ministers of the gospel, there
It were happy if we studied nature more in natural things; and acted ac-
cording to nature: whose rules are few, plain, and most reasonable. Let us
will be
begin where she begins, go her pace, and close always where she ends, and we
it
cannot miss of being good naturalists.
It is a pity that books have not been composed for youth, by some
curious
and careful naturalists, and also mechanics, in the Latin tongue, to be used
in schools, that they might learn things with words; things obvious and famil-
iar to them, and which would make the tongue easier to be obtained by them.^
In this his educational theory seems to be in keeping with

was perfect disagreement. The movements, with which the ex- Realism, and so it is also in his Advice to his Children, wherein he
pressions of its leaders and its own activity seem to have identified emphasizes the importance of the practical duties of life
it most were Realism, Pietism, and Philanthropy; and
definitely, Dihgence. . .is and understanding appHcation of ones self to
a discreet

is cast the cloak of religious purpose which

business; ... it conquers difficulties.
loses not, it .Be busy to a purpose;
certainly, over all there . .

for a busy man and a man of business are two different things. Lay your
shrouded every system of education in Protestant countries after matters and dihgence succeeds them, else pains are lost. .Consider well . .

the Reformation. your end, suit your means to it, and diligently employ them, and you will
George Fox, as early as 1667, urged Quakers to establish schools arrive where you would be. .Frugality is a virtue too, and not of little use
. .

in life, the better way to be rich, for it hath less toil and temptation.
**sothat young men of genius in low circumstances may be fur- .1 . .

would have you hberal, but not prodigal; and diligent but not drudging; I
nished with means to procure requisite education." William
would have you frugal but not sordid.
Penn, philanthropist, publicist, philosopher, and promoter of two
To his wife, Penn urges the necessity of providing liberally for
colonies in North America, was also a powerful force in shaping
the education of the children, which is to be of useful character:
educational policy of the Quaker settlements. Again and again,
For their learning, be liberal. Spare no cost, for by such parsimony all is
it is evident that deference is given to his guidance, while his
Reflections and Maxims, and Advice to his Children came to be re- ^Reflections and Maxims, Phila., 1901, 13-16. Compare the above with the
views of other earher and later reahsts, and naturahsts: Montaigne — "We
garded as essential for the education of youth to life, religion only toil and labor to stuff the memory and in the meantime leave the con-
and morality. science and understanding unfurnished and void;" Erasmus — "Knowledge
seems to be of two kinds — that of things and that of words. That of words
Melanchthon — "I
In his first words on education in the Reflections he states the comes that of things
first; the most importantis ;"
. . .

Realist point of view always endeavor to introduce you to such authors as will increase yoiu- com-

We are in pain to make them scholars, but not men to talk rather than to
; —
prehension of things while they contribute towards enlarging your language;"
Rousseau "Pedagogues, who make such an imposing display of what they
know; which is true canting. The first thing obvious to children is what is teach, are paid to talk in another strain than mine, but their conduct shows
sensible; and that we make no part of their rudiments. We press their they think as I do. For, after all, what do they teach their pupils? Words,
words, words. Among all their boasted subjects, none are selected because
memory too soon, and puzzle, strain, and load them with words and rules to they are useful ."
. . .

8 ^Penn: Advice to his Children in a volume of tracts, II, 20.

lO Quaker Education in New Jersey Quaker Educational Policy II

lost that is saved; but let it be useful knowledge such as is consistent with labour that is bestowed in preventing the influx of evil, and in watching over

truth and godliness, not cherishing a vain conversation or idle mind; but every opportunity of instilling noble and Christian principles into the tender
ingenuity mixed with industry is good for the body and the mind too. I minds of the youth, is the greatest and most acceptable sacrifice we can offer
recommend the useful parts of mathematics, as building houses, or ships, to the great Father and Head of the family of the whole earth, and the most
measuring, surveying, dialing, navigation; but agriculture especially is my exalted duty a Christian mind can be engaged in. .How many are there in .

eye. Let my children be husbandmen and housewives; it is industrious, the Society, of sufficient talents for educating the youth, who are so situated as
healthy, honest and of good example^ . . . that by moderate addition to their fortune, which they might easily gain by
this service, might live easily, and have a mite to spare for the poor.
Penn, moreover, unquestionably regarded education as a public
And I would further
from years' experience, that it is a great mistake to
say,
necessity, as he says think that the education of youth is toilsome and disagreeable; it is indeed not

Whereas, the prosperity and welfare of any people depend in great measure,
upon the good education of youth, and their early instruction in the principles
of true religion and virtue, and qualifying them to serve their country and
themselves, by breeding them in writing and reading and learning of languages,
and useful arts and sciences, suitable to their sex, age and degree; which can-
not be effected in any manner or so well as by erecting public schools for the
purpose. . }
For his own family, due no doubt to being brought
so, except to such who from a desire of gain, take upon them the care of more
children than they ought or neglect to bring them into that discipline which
is generally not difficult. I do not know how it is amongst you, but here,
any person of tolerable morals, who can read and write, is esteemed
sufficiently qualified for a schoolmaster; when, indeed, the best and wisest
men are but sufficient for so weighty a charge. If the governments of this
world were influenced by true wisdom, they would make the proper educa-
up according tion of youth their first and special care. I earnestly desire that our Friends,

to the English system of tutorial education, he preferred to "have
an ingenious person in the house to teach them, than send them to
schools," where too many evil impressions are received.^
In another passage he says: "Learn, and teach your own child-
ren fair writing, and the most useful parts of mathematics, and
some business when yoimg, whatever else they are taught."^
Anthony Benezet and John Woolman, both mentioned else-
where on account of their concern for the welfare of the Indians
both here and amongst you, would consider of it, and hearken inwardly to
what the great and common Father would suggest in this weighty matter.
Many good and necessary works are omitted, solely because custom has
allowed them to be passed over as not necessary, nor binding upon us; when, if
we would give ourselves time to consider them, divested from custom and
prejudice, we should see them to be weighty and indispensible duties. But I
fear a proposal of this kind would prove to many as great a trial of the sin-
cerity of their love, as the instance of the young man that came to Christ.
Many appear to have a love to Christ, and would sell something for his
service, especially if it was to serve him in some elevated and shining sphere;

and Negroes, were prominent exponents of the educational philos- but to serve Christ in a station generally so little regarded, where the labour of
love, though ever so deep and sincere, is much hid, and often, when the most
ophy of the Quakers. The following extracts present Benezet's
impartial, but the more disliked, this is hard for flesh and blood to encoun-
point of view, regarding the need for education: ter. . . J
.Some, doubtless, are really and vitally careful, but it is generally an
. .
The importance of a religious education of children, is set forth
indulgent and partial care; was it such a watchful care as the miser has to
by John Woolman, one-time schoolmaster of New Jersey, in the
preserve and increase his wealth, or the ambitious to gain honours, with a
fervent application toGod for help, I doubt not that the effects would appear. following
Ought not the educating and training up of the youth, both with relation to Children, at an age fit for schools, are in a time of life which requires the
cime and eternity, next to our more immediate duty to God, to be the chief patient attention of pious people, and if wc commit them to the tuition of such
concern of every one that really desires the welfare and enlargement of the whose minds, we believe are not rightly prepared to train them up in the
borders of Zion? I have often thought that, next to preaching the Gospel, the nurture and admonition of the Lord, we are in danger of not acting the part of
faithful parents toward them; for our Heavenly Father doth not require us to
3Penn Letters to Wife and Children in Tracts on Moral and Religious Sub-
: ;
do evil that good may come of it; and it is needful that we deeply examine
jects, pub. 1822, 6f. ourselves, lest we get entangled in the wisdom of this world, and through
^Friends' Library, V, 208.
^Penn: Letters to Wife and Children; in Tracts on Moral and Religious Sub- 'Letter of Anthony Benezet to Samuel Fothergill, 1758: Friends' Library,
jects, (1822), 6f. IX, 220 f. The arguments of Benezet in favor of educating the Indians and
;

«Penn: Advice to his Children, (1901), 26. Negroes are dealt with in Chapter Nine.
12 Quaker Education in New Jersey Quaker Educational Policy 13

wrong apprehensions, take such methods in education, as may
injury to the minds of our children.
It is a lovely sight to behold innocent children, and when they are sent to
such schools where their tender minds are in imminent danger of being led
astray by tutors who do not live a self-denying life, or by the conversation of
such children who do not live in innocence, it is a case much to be lamented.
While a pious tutor hath the charge of no more children than he can take
due care of, and keeps his authority in the truth, the good spirit, in which he
leads and governs, works on the minds of such who are not hardened, and his
labors not only tend to bring them forward in outward learning, but to open
their understandings with respect to the true Christian life but where a ;
person hath charge of too many, and his thoughts and time are so much em-
ployed in the outward affairs of his school, that he does not so weightily
attend to the spirit and conduct of each individual, as to be enabled to ad-
minister rightly to all in due season, through such omission he not only suffers
as to the state of his own mind, but the minds of the children are in danger of
suffering also.
A care hath lived on in my mind that more time might be employed by
parents at home, and by tutors at schools, in weightily attending to the spirit
and inclinations of children, and that we may so lead, instruct and govern
them, in this tender part of life, that nothing may be omitted, in our power, to
help them on their way to become the children of our Father who is
Meditating on the situation of schools in our provinces, my mind hath at
times, been affected with sorrow, and under these exercises it hath appeared to
me, that if those who have large estates were faithful stewards, and laid no
rent nor interest, nor other demand, higher than is consistent with universal
prove a great our virtue, which dissipate the mind, so as to render a return to rehgious
or,
and civil dutiesungrateful. Of this kind, stage entertainments are peculiarly
to be avoided, with various places of public amusement, which have a tendency
to corrupt the heart, or to alienate from the love and fear of God.
The amusements of dancing and music, we think also come within this
class. It may be alleged, that these might be practised in such a manner as not
to accord with the description given. Our society, however, thinks it right to
abstain from those amusements; both because of their frequent connection
with places and circumstances, which are highly objectionable; and because
we conceive they can scarcely be entered into without an improper employ-
ment of that time, which we are required not to waste, but to pass in fear and
to redeem.
Were our minds rightly regulated, and our affections set on things above,
very little which is called amusement, would be thought necessary for those
who are arrived at mature age. With respect to young people, it pecuharly
behooves those who have the care of them, to see that such amusements only
be adopted, as may not prove injurious to their rehgion or virtue; but which
may tend to promote their possessing a sound mind in a sound body. Were
amusements thus restrained and regulated great would be the benefit arising
from such restrictions; but when we see how ardently many, not only of the
youth, but even of those who are considerably advanced in years, rush into
in Heaven. dissipating and corrupting pleasures, it is not to be wondered at, that vice and
irreligion should prevail to an alarming degree.^
The need for a "right education" was enjoined upon parents by-
John Griffith

love; and those in lower circumstances would under a moderate employ, shun First to parents. Very much depends upon the right education of children.
unnecessary expense, even to the smallest article; and all unite in humbly I therefore find it in my mind to make a few observations thereon, as it shall
seeking the Lord, he would graciously instruct us and strengthen us, to re- please the Lord to open my understanding; without whose assistance and
lieve the youth from various snares, in which many of them are entangled. blessing upon our labours, they prove altogether fruitless.
Exceedingly great is the trust reposed in parents and the heads of families.
The following restrictions on amusements, and their purpose
It is certainly their indispensible duty, as much as they can, both by precept
appear in the works of Henry Tiike and example, to form the tender minds of their offspring to virtue, as saith the
There are three rules relating to amusements, by which our conduct should apostle, 'And ye fathers, provoke not your children to wrath; but bring them
be regulated. up in the nurture and admonition of the Lord.' And, 'Train up a child in the
1. To avoid all those which tend needlessly to oppress and injure any way he should go; and when he is old, he will not depart from it.'
part of the animal creation. Of this class are cockfighting and horse racing; This care should begin very early even as soon as they are capable of dis-
also hunting, etc., when engaged in for pleasure and diversion. tinguishing what pleases, and what displeases their parents. A self-willed,
2. abstain from such as are connected with a spirit of hazardous enter-
To perverse disposition may soon be discovered in children, which
very earnest
is

prise; by which the property and temporal happiness of individuals and to have its own way, before they can judge what is This
best for themselves.
families, are often made to depend on the most precarious circumstances; should constantly be subjected to those who are to judge for them. Children
and the gain of one, frequently entails misery on many. Of this class are all should never be suffered to prevail by an untoward fretful temper, not even
games in which property is staked. when what they crave is suitable for them to receive, were they in a sub-
3. To avoid such as expose us to unnecessary temptations, with respect to missive disposition; that they may clearly see, which they soon will, that it is

^Works of John Woolman, 305-6. •Tuke: Works, (1815) III, 150-2.

14 Quaker Education in New Jersey Quaker Educational Policy IS

more to their benefit and comfort, to yield an entire subjection to their pro- denial and the daily Cross, into Pride and Self-sufiiciency; and instead of
viders, and that nothing is to be got by a fretful self-willed temper. This waiting for, and depending upon the Wisdom and Power of God, into a Con-

should be done by a firm and steady hand, and it will make the work of parents fidence in the Wisdom of this world, and a devotional Satisfaction in the Rote
abundantly easier in the government of their children, and may prove a great of external Forms and Ordinances.'^
case to those concerned with them perhaps through the whole course of their
Many since the time of Phipps, arguing that the Society dis-
lives since by crushing their preverseness in the first buddings, it may so die
;

couraged all learning, have forgotten the words ''though xevy useful
away, as never more to gain the pre-eminence. ^°
as a servant."
Joseph Phipps in his Original and Present State of Man first tries
If space permitted there might be presented certain extracts
to get at the origin of "in temperature" in children:
from the works of other leaders such as John Banks, Thomas
Whatever were the Peculiarities attending the Fall of the First Man and
Scattergood, John Fry, Benjamin Holme, William Crouch, Richard
Woman, or those consequent upon it, this is certain, that theirProgeny do
not come into the World in that same State of Brightness themselves were Claridge, Joseph Pike, William Dewsbury, Bellers, Budd, and
constituted in after their Creation. It cannot escape the Notice of those who others, on the subject of education. The point of view of men in
have had the Care of Infants, that the earliest Exertions observable in them, the Society is, however, clearly established by those already
evidently arise from the Powers of animal Desire, and Animal Passion; how
mentioned.
prone these are to increase in them and to predominate as they grow up, and
It is proper that some attention be given at this point to the
the Solicitude it requires to keep the Children out of Unruliness and Intem-
perature, as they advance to Youth's Estate; how much too potent their question of higher education in relation to the preparation of
inordinate Propensities are for the Government of the rational Faculty; ministers of the gospel.
what Pains are necessary to regulate, and often but to paliate them, by a The attitude of Friends towards higher education has often been
virtuous Education, and improving Converse; and the Impossibility they
discussed, and, it was believed by many that the Society as a
should ever be radically subdued and ruled, without the Application of a
superior Principle. ^^ whole was opposed to all education. Yet, the nimiber of schools
estabHshed by the Society disprove this to the mind of any candid
Moreover, since all are concerned in salvation, it must be ob-
person. There can be no doubt, however, that the acceptance of
tained by poor as well as rich, imleamed as well as learned:
the doctrine of the inner light might lead logically to a general dis-
Religion here, and Salvation hereafter, are as much the Concern and Duty
of the Illiterate and Ignorant, as of the Wise and Learned. And as those are belief in education, and did, of course, in the case of some individu-
by much the greater Number, religious Duty must undoubtedly consist in als. But the statements of the leading men of the Society, the
something equally attainable and practicable by all; for God is no Respecter of official expressions of the various meetings, and the actual educa-
Persons. cannot lie essentially in literal Knowledge, nor in any peculiar
It tional accompHshments, show that the development was not what
Mode of Education for these are the Lot of few, in Comparison of the Whole
;

it might have been. The positive development is described in

of Mankind. Happiness being the End of Man's Creation, and the universal
indispensable Concern of Every Man, the effective Means of Regeneration
the following pages.
and Salvation must be attainable by every Man.*" With higher education in colleges, however, we must concern
In a later passage, he points out that the possession of learning ourselves further. For information on this subject we may well
is
*
'useful as a servant" but "is no part of Christianity:" turn to Barclay's Apology, in which he speaks "of the ministry."
In the time of Barclay the chief function of colleges was the edu-
School-learning but an human Accomplishment, and though very useful
is

as a Servant is no Part of Christianity, Neither the Acquirements of the cation of ministers, whether in England or America; hence, the
College, nor the Formalities of human Authority, can furnish that Humility opposition to them by the Society. In the following extract
which fitteth for God's Teaching. Possessed of Arts and Languages, weak Barclay contrasts the essentials for a minister of the gospel (i)
People are puffed up with a conceit of Superiority, which leads from Self-
as held by his Society and (2) as held by their "adversaries
.>»

^^Life of John Griffith in the Friends' Library, V, 440-441.

^^Phipps: Original and Present State of Man, II. ^^Ibid. 65. ^^Ibid., 90.
 :

i6 Quaker Education in New Jersey Quaker Educational Policy 17

As have placed the true call of a minister in the motion of this Holy
I
divinity from thence arising not only useless but pernicious and destructive of
Spirit, so is the power, life, and virtue thereof, and the pure Grace of God that sound doctrine and an hindrance to the knowledge of God. and Godliness.
comes therefrom, the chief and most necessary qualification, without which he They like not the distinguishing titles of ecclesiastic dignities as masters^
can no ways perform his duty, neither acceptably to God nor beneficially to licentiates, doctors, professors, etc., saying, they are only tending to swell
men. Our adversaries in this case affirm that three things go to the making them to a farther caprice, and to aff"ect lording it over their fellows. They
up of a minister, viz. i. Natural parts, that he be not a fool; 2. Acquired charge the protestant churches for maintaining their pastors profusely with
parts, that he be learned in the languages, in philosophy and school divinity; salaries, they deny not sufficiency of food and raiment for such as preach the
3. The Grace of God. gospel and all things necessary and convenient for life, nay they own it to be
The two first they reckon necessary to the being of a minister, so as a man suitable to the command of Christ. ^^
cannot be one without them; the third, they say goeth to the well-being of one
Henry Tuke, already mentioned, comments on the preparation
but not to the being; so that a man may truly be a lawfiil minister without
it, and ought to be heard and received as such. But we, supposing a natural of ministers as follows
capacity, that one be not an idiot, judge the Grace of God indispensably From our views of this important subject, there arise a few points in which
necessary to the very being of a minister, as that without which any can we materially differ from most other professors of Christianity.
neither be a true nor lawful nor good minister. As for letter-learning, we 1. In not considering human learning essential to a gospel minister.
judge it not so much necessary to the well-being of one, though accidentally 2. In believing that no individual has a right to assume the exclusive
sometimes in certain respects it may concur, but more frequently it is hurtful exercise of this ministry, in a congregation of Christians; but that all, both

than helpful. .1* .
Barclay then attempts to show that neither languages, philos-
ophy, nor "school divinity" can produce this essential qtaalification
though, as he believes they may "concur." Later he adds:
Though we make not human learning necessary, yet we are far from ex-
cluding true learning; to wit, that learning which proceedeth from the in-
ward teachings and instructions of the Spirit. .This is that good learning
.
male and female, who are rightly moved thereto, may exercise this gift.
3. That this ministry being, if rightly conceived, received, and without
any pecuniary expense to qualify for it, it therefore ought to be communicated
freely; and no further support expected by ministers, than what is authorized
by Christ, and was practiced by his apostles.
Upon each of these points it seems proper to make a few remarks. On the
first very little appears necessary; for if we consider the holy scriptures, and
particularly the New Testament, as any guide to us in this matter, we shall

which we think necessary to a true minister. .

.^^ not only find, that human literature is nowhere recommended for this office;
but likewise, that many of the apostles were illiterate men. It is also clear
In another passage he states clearly that knowledge of languages that the apostle Paul, though a man of learning, disclaimed the influence of it
is commendable and schools are necessary; but not the first on his ministry, as appears from various parts of his epistles, particularly from
qualifications for a minister's training, the first and second chapters of the Epistle to the Corinthians, of which the
first five verses of the second chapter appear especially worthy of notice.
.and therefore to answer the just desires of those that desire to read
. .

And I brethren, when I was with you, came not with excellency of speech or of
them, and for other very good reasons, as maintaining a commerce and under-
wisdom declaring unto you the testimony of God; for I determined not to
standing among divers nations by these common languages, and others of that
know anything among you, save Jesus Christ, and him crucified.'
kind, we judge it necessary and commendable that there be public schools for
But although we do not consider human learning as essential to a gospel
the teaching and instructing such youth as are inclinable thereunto, in the
minister; yet we are so far from disesteeming or slighting it's use that we wish
languages. ^^
due attention to be paid to it by the members of our society; for we believe
On the same subject of languages William Crouch said: that those who have it, and'are disposed to make a right use of it, may apply
it to the promotion of religion and virtue, as well as to the benefit of civil
They acknowledge the understanding of Languages especially of Hebrew,
society.'*
Greek, and Latin formerly was, and still is very useful yet they take them not
therefore to be necessary to make a minister, not so profitable as that one The statements of Barclay- are authorative, and the history of
unacquainted with them, must be styled an idiot illiterate and of no authority. education in the Society^ indicates the faithfulness with which he
They account philosophy as it is generally taught in the schools and school
presented its viewpoint. No colle<^e of divinity has ever been
"Barclay: Apology (1789), 299. ^"Collection of Papers of William Crouch (17 12), 183.
^^Ibid., 307-8. ^^Ibid., 309. i^Tuke: Works (1815) III, 95ff.
i8 Quaker Education in New Jersey Quaker Educational Policy 19

schools
founded by the Society; but many colleges and secondary against the pursuit of common customs of the dav, so the ex-
the branches of higher learn- pressions of the Yearly Meetings were at
have been erected that have taught first (for nearly a century)
pages meetings' records fails to concerned mostly with prohibitions concerning books, games,
ing. A reading of thousands of of
but rather language and dress, coupled with suggestions for youth's "guarded
reveal any effort on their part to discourage learning/^
a continued effort to extend it. A democratic
religious sentiment religious education." The official viewpoints of the meetings are
in the Society, which made the provision of elementary best followed in various letters that were sent out from time
prevailed to
education necessar}^ above all else. time. In 1690 London Yearly Meeting advised:
there
Individual opposition to both higher and lower education All friends concerned (so far as they are able or may be
capable) to provide
At all times, in all societies, schoolmasters and mistresses, who are faithful friends to teach and
was undoubtedly, within the Society. instruct
that learning their children, and not to send them to such schools, where
nations and races, the notion has found expression
they are taught
the corrupt ways, manners, fashions and languages of the world,
tendency on
was to overcome this and of the
makes more clever rogues. It
heathen in their authors, and names of the heathenish gods and goddesses.
were frequently
the part of some that the educational advices In 1692 the London
wrote at Epistle, which of course came to Friends in
sent out. Commenting on this point, Edward Parrish
New Jersey, contained the following:
the founding of Swarthmore College
Being sensible how incident \-outh is to be corrupted, and how liable to
of the Society shows that there have always
been some among
The history corrupt and hurt one another by evil example and liberty, it is earnestly
re-
its members who in their opposition toan educated class, such as the clergy quested that all parents among Friends, take all Godly and Christian
care in
in other denominations, have ceased to value learning properly as the right of the education of their children and be good examples to them, and not
profession, embodymg the to allow
all.faihng to see that the absence of a distinct them in anything that may gratify a vain mind, immodest apparel or foolish
Society, and monopolizing the power which learning brings,
learning of the garbs, or other extravagancies, tending to their hurt, and reproach
knowledge and of our
should constitute a strong motive for the general diffusion of Holy and incurring God's displeasure and judgment, which stands
profession,
each individual undoubted-
the multiplication of facihties for importing it. As against the pride oflife and haughtiness; but sincerely to use their best
en-
ly has some place to occupy in the Society,
and in the Community at large, deavors to train them u\) in the nurture and admonition of the Lord, in So-
would seem such a system of development that each should
there should be it briety, Modesty, and ])lainness in ajiparel, language and conversation,
as be-
find his place and be quaUfied to fill it. cometh our holy [)rofession and Christian religion. -^
law,' but where there is
the experience of some 'that necessity knows no
It is
abundance of the good things of this life there is no excuse
for neglectmg the Similar suggestions were made in the Epistle for 1 700", and more
faculties of our children. In no branch of domestic specifically in 1703 it was recommended that:
full development of the
expenditure is parsimonv so misplaced, in nothing is it
so inexcusable as them .Friends ofall degrees take due care to breed up their children
. .
in rome
matter of education— better that the children should
grow up without a dollar useful and necessary emi)loyments that they may not s])end their i)ree.ous
to begin life with, than that they shouldcome to manhood and womanhood time in idleness. . .
.-''

being awakened and their intellects expanded by

liberal
without their faculties Turning from these earlier London Epistles we find similar pro-
learning.-"
hibitions in the Advices of the Yearly Meeting of Philadelphia and
The Official Attitude Toward Education Burlington. After the middle of the i8th century they contain a
members of prominence in the Society spoke greater amount of advice on the subject of schools, that are to be
Just as individual
for the same purpose of securing a "guarded religious education."
loin 1808 the meeting for sufferings did extend counsel
to those parents who
of the rehgious Society, to
Prominent among the early means for exercising control over
nlaced their children at colleges and seminaries out
give them a polished education. This was not against colleges or seminaries the youth were the Youths' Meetings which were encouraged
by
control Parents were re-
Is such but that thev were outside the Society's the higher meetings. These existed for the
children to schools of religious and moral
p^atedlv charged and advised against sending their
meetings. See Michener:
whatever grade, that were not controlled by the
-^Epistles of the Yr. Mt^. of London (1818), 68.
Retrospect of Earlv Quakerism, 249.
2oparrish: Education in the Society of Friends, 39
and 41. '^Ubid., 105. '-Ubid., 114.
 Quaker Educational Policy 21
20 Quaker Education in New Jersey
We are willing and free for the good of
all. .to give a hint of some things
.

of the that we know by our own experience

education of children, and declined only toward the close that truths' testimony is against—as
entirely challenging each other to run races, wrestling, laying of wagers, pitching
when the establishment of schools bars,
eighteenth century drinking to one another, riding or going from house to house to drink rum
controlled bv the Society became more common.
There is no 2"
or
other strong liquors to excess, to jest or talk idly.
indication in the records that the Youths' Meeting
served a further
Further admonition is offered that none should be allowed to
prepara-
purpose than this. The following minute mentions the enter into marriage without notification being given the meeting,
messages to be read at Youths' Meetings in the
tion of special and its assent received. The young shall not answer their parents
Yearly Meeting: "forwardly or crossly" but "soberly and modestly;" parents are
And Friends we let you also know that ye Quarterly Meeting of Phila-
to watch carefully to bring up children to use the plain language,
delphia having recommended to ye last Yearly Meeting that something might
of youth or what else
avoid ''ranting games," the "corrupt and vicious customs, practices
be drawn up concerning the Discipline and Behaviour
be read in ye youths and vain fashions of this wicked world," wearing plain apparel, and
might be thought needful for their instruction and f^t to
this
meetings. The consideration of each of the foregoing was referred to to keep them (children) "out of evil, vain, and loose company
having taken the same into consideration do give it
meeting. And this meeting which greatly tends to corrupt them."^^ In 1729, guardians and
as our Sence and Advice that the General
Testimony Given from this Meeting
masters were advised,
in i6q4 with such alteration and
additions as at this present Meeting are
only much conducing to that they induce them to read the Holy vScriptures,to be frequent at Meet-
agreed on and herewith also sent you, will be not
Instruction of Youth, but also for the benefit ings, and keep them from loose, wanton and vain books, and vicious com-
answer the aforesaid about
exhortation and Christian advice pany. .and at proper time after suitable learning (Reading and writing at
of the aged as all have due regard to the
.

therein collected and to that least) put them to some lawful employment or trade.
therein given and to the Texts of Holy Scripture
in manuscript in a
end we advise That the first General Testimony be kept In 1 7 16 it was
and be
Book in Quarto in each respective quarterly and monthly meeting advised, that care be taken to prevent Friends Children, and all professing
read at the beginning of the Youths' Meetings.^^ truth from going to, or being anyways concerned in plays, games, lotteries,

Near the close of the century the Youths' Meetings were gen- musick, and dancings.^^

erally discontinued. In 1793, Burlington Quarterly appointed a In 1 7 19 the meeting approved

large committee to consider the request of the Yearly Meeting of that such be dealt with as run races either on horseback or on foot, lay

ministers and elders regarding Youths' Meetings.^^ A few

months wagers or use any gaming or needless and vain sports or pastime.

later the "committee on the advisability of continuing the Youths In 1 72 1 the Advices of the Yearly Meeting stated that no Friends suffer

them. romances, play books, and other vain and idle pamphlets in their houses, or
Meetings" reported they thought it advisable to discontinue
families,which tend to corrupt the minds of youth; but instead that they
This report was accepted and sent to the Monthly Meetings
by
excite them to the reading of the Holy Scriptures and other good and re-
of the
request; upon receipt of this decision, most, if not all ligious books. ^'^

Monthly Meetings discontinued the practice of holding them. Not only was the reading of pernicious books striven against,
Chesterfield Monthly Meeting took such action one month later.^^ but the Society also took measures to control the publication of
The early advices concerning youth and their upbringing were new books. The attitude of Friends in the eighteenth centur\^
of prohibitions, forbidding indulgence in customs
of society
full was in favor of a censorship on books to be put out by their mem-
A
few extracts concerning this phase of moral educa-
at that day. bers. Thus in 1709:
tion are inserted below, as they indicate the general harmony of The care of the press being recommended to Philadelphia Monthly Meeting,
current puritanic ideas. Thus in 1694: a committee of eight Friends, any five of whom are desired to take care to

24Min. Woodbridge Mo. Mtg., Copied from the Yearly

Meeting held at
^^Philadelphia Yearly Mtg. Advices, 25. ''Hbid., 28.
Burlington in 1705. "Advices of Phila. Yearly Meeting, {Ms.) 3°Ad vices, 219.
71.
^KMin. Burlington Q. Mtg., 25/II/'i793-
2«Min. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., 3/IX/1793.
22 Quaker Education in New Jersey Quaker Educational Policy 23
peruse all writings or manuscripts that are intended to be printed, before they children at least to read and write, and some further useful learning to such
go to the press, with power to correct what may not be for the -service of whose circumstances will permit; and that you observe as much as possible
Truth, otherwise not to suffer any to be printed. ^^ to employ such masters and mistresses, as are concerned not only to
instruct
The advices contain further references of similar nature for your children in their learning, but are likewise careful in the wisdom of God,
1 7 18,
and a spirit of meekness, gradually to bring them to a knowledge of their duty to
1719, 1722 and 1771. That of 1718, added, however,
God, and one another, and we doubt not such endeavors will be blessed with
That they take care to deal with such as disorderly persons, who shall print success; And, on the contrary, we think there is too much cause to
apprehend
or publish any books or writings, which have not been approved of, by the that some children by the evil example, and bad principles of their
school-
Friends appointed by this Meeting for that service. 3- masters have been leavened with those principles which have led them to bad
From the above prohibitions, and especially those referring to practices in the course of their lives. We also exhort you to bring up your
books, we may expect a careful selection to be made of textbooks children to some useful and necessary employment under the care of honest
friends, that they may
not spend their precious time in idleness, which is of
in the schools. Preference, it was always given to those
appears,
evil example, and an and extravagance, and naturally leads to a
inlet to vice
prepared by members, if there were any in the field, and, no matter familiarity, and friendshij) with the world and to a conformity therewith,
and
what the were judged favorably or unfavorably as
source, they often into hasty, and im^jrudent marriages, by which they are rendered
un-
they contained good "moral pieces," or not. Lindley Murray, a happy in this life and in great danger of failing to attain to eternal happiness
hereafter.^^
member of the Society, prepared a mmiber of books which were
popular in their schools. ^^ The sentiments which he expressed The above advice, though expressing the purj^ose of the meeting
often in the introductions, as well as the ''pieces" incorporated in clearly enough, did not indicate so definitely how it might be
the texts, are evidence of the harmony of his views with those of realized practically. Therefore, a few years later, (1750) it was
the Society. In one book he says: concluded that in order

Judicious parents and tutors who feel the importance of a guarded educa- . . .To enforce the consideration of the importance of training up our
tion will find incumbent upon them to select for their children and pupils
it youth in useful learning under the tuition of religious i^rudent
persons as
such writings, both in prose and poetry, as are proper for their perusal; and schoolmasters, and giving it as their opinion as the most likely means
to in-
young persons will evince their virtue and good sense, by cordially acquiescing duce such persons to undertake the business will be to have some certain in-
in the judgment of those who ^j^e deeply interested in their welfare. .^^ . come fixed, in consideration of which they should be obliged to teach so many
Though the minutes children on behalf of each monthly meeting, as the said meeting shall judge
of local meetings bear witness to the fact
adequate to the salary, and that no person should receive the benefit of the
that schools were often established at an early date after settle-
salary without the appointment of said meeting. . .

ment, it did not become an urgent concern of the Yearly Meeting

This advice was sent out, and again in the year following, the
until near the middle of the i8th century, at which time specific
meetings were urged, "as fully as their present circumstances will
suggestions begin to have more space,and the prohibitions less.
permit" to put it into practice. In 1753 each lower meeting was
That is, the program appears to be more active than passive;
requested to appoint a committee to collect information concern-
positive rather than negative.
The encouragement ing legacies and donations that had been made
for all charitable
was brought before the Yearly
of schools
Meeting in 1746 and the following advice was agreed necessary
purposes, and make
a report thereon to the Yearly Meeting.^^
It may be well at this point to state that all suggestions did not
to be sent out to the lower meetings
We desire you in your several monthly meetings to encourage and assist
arise in the central organization. Many of the Quarterly Meetings
each other in the settlement and support of schools for the instruction of your being stirred by earlier advices, and realizing their own short
comings so far as good schools were concerned, communicated
^^Ms. Advices of Philadelphia Yr. Mtg., 9.
32That of 1 7 19 specified such books or writings, "tending to raise contention
with the Yearly Meeting urging that its assistance was necessary.
or occasion Breach of Unity among Brethren ." IMd.
. . .

33See pages 32off. ^introduction to the Sequel to The English Reader (183 1). ^^Ms. Advices, 221. 36
Ihid., 223.
24 Quaker Education in New Jersey Quaker Educational Policy
25
1

Thus Burlington asked her Monthly Meetings to consider

in 1777 by the several monthly or particular meetings, should generallv
take place
and that it be recommended by the Yearly Meeting to Friends in
the educational situation and make report to the next meeting.^^
Replying thereto a few months later Burlington Monthly Meeting
i to send up the next year an account of what they ha\-e done
each Quarter
therein. And we
also think it necessary that this weighty concern should
in future f)ecome the
advised that continued care of the Yearly Meeting by an annual query, that
so the matter
schools und:r the rehgious care of Friends and regularly visited will be very may rest in a solid foundation, and every possible encouragement and
assist-
beneficial; and we propose it to the Quarterly to recommend the subject to the ance may be afforded. .in the settlement of schools, providing
.
masters, etc.,
deliberate consideration of the Yearly Meeting in order that the concern may throughout the whole extent of the Yearly Meeting.
spread''**. . .
. .
.that within each
meeting where the settlement of a school is necessary,
a ground be provided, sufficient for a garden, orchard, grass for
At the same meeting the following communication was pre- lot of
a cow'
etc., and that a suitable house, stable, etc.,
be erected thereon.
pared for the Yearly Meeting: .Such a .

provision would be an encouragement for a staid person, with

The consideration of establishing of schools coming again before the meeting a family, who
will be likely to remain a considerable time, perhaps
his whole life in the
it is agreed that the same be recommended to the consideration of the next
service.
year's meeting in the words following: 'Dear Friends, as our minds are
This would make it unnecessary to bargain with transient
single men of
affected with a concern for the welfare of the rising youth, the education of
doubtful character; and it would not be necessary to 'hoard the
whom we have sorrowfully to observe is often entrusted to improper Tutors and master from
one house to another.'
generally too much exposed to corrupt company, whence bad impressions are
The giving proper encouragement to such teachers as are capable by
made on their tender minds, and many evil habits contracted tending to pro- ex-

duce the disorders so frequently complained of in more advanced life We — ample and precept to promote the growth of [jiet\- and virtue; as well
instruction in our youth, and are likely to continue in the
a.s due

have thought it best to propose that a matter so important in its nature and service, would be
attended with further advantages as well from the experience the
extensive in its consequences may be again taken under the solid consideration teachers
would necessarily gain, as the opportunity they would have of training
t)f the body, hoping benefit may arise therefrom, and perhaps some plan for up lame
children and such, who in other respects may be incapable of
the right education of our offspring formed, whereby they may generally come supporting them-
selves by labor, to l)e educated and qualified to serve as
under the regular notice and management of Friends, agreeable to that good schoolmasters; a
^^ consideration well worthy our particular care, as well from duty
order for which our religious society in other respects is conspicuous.' as interest.
The benefit of the youth and the means of a comfortable living for the master
In 1777-8 the concern of the central organization for education may be increased by the conveniency which might be made for boarding some
was still further made known, and a committee was appointed children, under his care, whose distant situation might otherwise
imi)ede their
which reported in 1778. One of the signers of this report was instruction.
And, if to what has been propo.sed. Friends were willing to add the
Anthony Benezet, whose important influence we have already re- j)ro-
moting a subscription, towards a fund, the increase of which might
ferred to. Essential portions of these "Observations relating to be em-
ployed in paying the master's salary, if necessary, and promoting the
the establishment of Schools" are given below: educa-
tion of the poorer Friends' children; such a fund though it
might be but
Committee that Friends having united with others in
It is the opinion of the
small in the beginning, being a fixed object, would draw the
attention of
employing such persons for masters who have not submitted to the operation
Friends to contribute, whereas so long as there is no beginning
of truth, hath had a tendency to strengthen a. disposition in our youth to made, this
weighty service is neglected by many who would be glad of giving encourage-
avoid the cross, and unite with a spirit of the world . . .

The Committee finds, upon investigation, that the previous advices, par- ment to so necessary and good a work.""
ticularly since 1750, have not been sufficiently followed, and 'very little has The advices of the committee, from which the above extracts
been effectually done therein.' We, therefore, think it necessary that it be are made, were repeated often after 1778.
recommended to the Quarterly and from thence to the Monthly and Prepara-
From the minutes of
tive Meetings, that the former advice of collecting a fund, for the establish-
various quarterly and monthly meetings in New Jersey, and also in
ment and support of schools, under the care of a standing Committee appointed Pennsylvania^! it seems that this ad\'ice was seriously regarded
37Min. Burlington Q. Mtg., 26 V, 1777. "Min. Phila. Yr. Mtg., 1778. 4ioff.
^Hhid., 25/VIII/1777. ^^Ibid. *^Woody: Early Quaker Education in Pa., 23f.
26 Quaker Education in Nezc Jersey Quaker Educational Policy
27

in the settling of schools, whereas before, only ir- prospect to purchase ground contiguous thereto, the
and resulted better t-, accommodate a
school there mtended to be kept, in pursuance (,f
regular efforts were to be observed. the plan recommended by the
Yearly Meeting, and that they are of the min(i if the title
now about to be re-
Complying with the Yearly Meeting's suggestions, Burlington viewed should be taken in trust for the members of the
Monthly Meeting of
recommended to the several monthly meetings that they appoint Upper Springfield, it would be more generally satisfactory to them.^l
committees to consider estabhshing schools, and also appointed a While the advices of 1778 succeeded generally in bringing
about
quarterly meeting's committee to cooperate with them, "that the the establishment of more schools, there was
likewise urged a
important work may go forward as speedily as may be."^^ The greater attention to religious training in the home.
Buriington
next year the following report was made on the status of schools urged in 1781, that they
w^ithin Burlington Quarter. encourage parents andthose who have the guardianshi]) of youth
the m
We the Committee appointed by the Quarterly Meeting on the subject of ancient practice of collecting their children and
families for religious retire-
estabhshing of schools agreeable to the advice of the Yearly Meeting, have ment, especially in the afternoon of the first days of the week,
and to discourage
several times met together with a number of the committees of the several the visiting and raml)ling al)out on tliat da>-, and
mixing with unprofitable
monthly meetings appointed on the same service and have taken that matter company, and associating with each other m
an unseemly manner and at un-
under our weighty consideration. In the course of our deliberations and ex- seasonable times'^ . .

amination into what has been done, we find that in divers places regulations
agreeable to the Yearly Meeting's advice have taken place and that there is Later Policy
reason to hope this concern will more and more increase; yet difficulties are in
Educational policy in the nineteenth century so far as a "guarded
the way in divers respects particularly a want of Proper Masters and Friends
stillemploying in some places masters who are not subject to Friends' rules. religious education" was concerned, continued without significant
As far as we can find there are about six schools necessary in Burlington change. So far as the curriculum was affected, however, one may
Monthly Meeting, five of which are provided for with masters who are Friends, note a very liberal attitude towards the study of science;
in Mount Holly about six, and only one teacher provided —
in Chesterfield
for this was in accord with the realistic point of view
naturally,

—
about five schools and two provided with masters At Egg-Harbor two,
already noted!
Let us give our attention to certain more significant expressions
—
neither of which are and at Kingwood and Hardwick two schools and one of
the Yearly Meetings of the Orthodox and Hicksite
master wanting^^. . . branches of
the Society.
In 1783, the minutes inform that 'The Yearly Meeting's ad-
In 1832 the Orthodox Yearly Meeting noted that a
vice of 1778 has not in all places taken efTect" and therefore it number of
monthly and preparative meeting schools were not taught by
was urged again and asked that reports be made the next year.
members, and appointed two members, in the city gf Philadelphia,
They then reported that
who were to receive requests for teachers and also Applications for
they believe the concern is kept alive, and that from some parts there is

encouragement; but from others various discouragements arise.** positions.47 ^^^

y^^^g j^^^^. j^^,^^ meetings were asked to give

Space will not be taken here to follow details of the process by which prevented them from having well-regulated
specific reasons
schools taught by exemplary members ".^s
which many local meetings managed to measure up to the standards The answers . . .

were, in part, as follows:

suggested in 1778, as that phase of development is covered in
Chapters Three, Four, Five and Six. We may, however, cite one
In many places, one general obstruction to having schools taught
by mem-
bers, under the care of Monthly or Preparative Meetings, is the
instance as an example of the fulfillment of the design by a Pre- scattered
situation of the families of Friends, and the fewness of
their members, which
parative Meeting, that of Upper Springfield: prevent their associating together in the support of schools
without the aid of
. . .We understand that Friends of the Preparative Meeting of Upper
^9/VIII/i79i; See also p. 98 for a fuller account of Upper Spring-
Springfield have erected a school house on the said ground and have it in field^^'"^''

^^Min. Burlington Q. Mtg., 30/XI/1778. ^«Min. Burlington Mo. Mtg., 3/XII/i78r.

«/6iJ., 30/VIII/1779. ''Ihid., 30/VIII/1784. ^^Yr. Mtg. Extracts (Orthodox) 1832, 5-6. 'Uhid., 1834, 6-7.
28 Quaker Education in Xew Jersey
Quaker Educational Policy 29
their neighbors. Another prominent difficuhy is the want of suitably quaH-
fied persons to be employed as teachers. Another cause of the low state of
The fad for manual labor institutions likewise came in for a share
education is the remissness of many parents and heads of families in a religious
of consideration as an answer to the perjjlexinj^^ problem:
concern to bring up their children and those under their care in conformity
with the simplicity of the truth and the discipline of the cross of Christ. Some attention has been given to the subject of manual labour in literary
The great difficulty of obtaining exemplary teachers, in membership with institutions, and it is believed that this system possesses many advantages,
Friends, complained of in most of the reports, is believed to arise
principally and is in accordance with the simplicity of our religious profession. The
from the circumstance that persons of suitable literary qualifications are tendency thereof is by furnishing regular
to preserve the health of the students

generally induced to pursue other kinds of business. Few children are

educated and steady exercise and forming habits of industry and regularity, which are
or apprenticed for the purpose of becoming teachers, and few
opportunities applied to their studies. The present most common methods of instruction in
are furnished, within the reach of the limited abihties of many public schools are generally admitted to be defective, so that many parents
parents, for

giving their children such an education as will qualify them for this useful
and
laudable calhng. It is therefore obvious, that until Friends are more generally
impressed with the importance of this concern, and make provision for supply-
ing the deficiency, and a greater number of our members are
encouraged to
engage in the business of teaching school, this difficulty is not Hkely to be
object to sending their children to them; alleging that from the manner in
which the hours of relaxation from study are most usually spent, or from some
other cause, many manifest a strong disinclination, after leaving school,
again to engage in manual labour employments. This objection it is be-
lieved, will be in some measure obviated by the introduction of this system,

remedied. while the expense will be decreased as the product of each scholar, by three or
From the causes above mentioned, and the mixture of Friends with others in four hours labour per day, will assist in his support; and he may acquire a
the support of schools, the latter being frequently the great
majority of a practical know^ledge of agriculture, or some mechanic art, that may be of

neighborhood, the influence of Friends is diminished, and perhaps often too great advantage in after life. This method of instruction is believed to be

easily yielded to the views of others, in the employment of teachers

who are not worthy the consideration of Friends; and if suitably qualified yjersons were
likely to aid concerned parents in that guarded religious care
over the youth, properly encouraged to engage therein, it would prove a blessing to society.
""^

which the principles of Truth and our disciphne require. Yet, it should be In 1845 the Meeting expressed through its committee a desire
remembered, that the local detached situation of Friends' famihes is not a
way of establishing well regulated schools, agreeable to
for greater uniformity of textbooks. An investigation was made,
greater difficulty in the
the recommendation of the Yearly Meeting than it was formerly, when
those which showed, among other things, that arithmetic was taught
pressing advices were so repeatedly given by the body; and it is believed
that from twenty different texts in ninety schools which replied; and
if Friends could be stirred up to a lively zeal
for the real welfare of the rising geography was taught from fourteen. Uniformity was thought
generation, means would be found, amidst all the existing difficulties and ob- desirable so that those who entered a higher school might be more
structions, for the advancement guarded
of this righteous concern for their
Greater Hberahty would be equally prepared. Another reason for uniformity was that many
religious education, both at home and at school.
manifested towards well qualified teachers and towards providing suitable books in use contained objectionable material-— i. e., emphasis on
school houses and furnishing them wdth proper books, maps, and other
appa- war in history; and inclusion of fiction in readers. In the dis-
ratus, adapted to the present improved state of education in
useful learning;
cussion of readers, those of Lindley ^Murray are said to "contain
and thus open the way for the improvement and stabihty of our primary little ofobjectionable matter. "^^^
schools. Teachers, with families, could be accommodated with dwellings,
the This early school sur\^ey also gave a special report on schools in
with whom, or with other Friends in the neighborhood of the school,
children of those remotely situated could be boarded at a moderate
rate. New Jersey:
If such a provision for meeting the wants of society
should be found to be Friends' children within the compass of Burlington and Haddonfield Quarters
too expensive for a Preparative or Monthly Meeting, it might
become the are nearly all located within reach of meeting schools or of those taught by
concern of the Quarterly IVIeeting. Thus all, or most of the advantages
con-
members. In taking a general view of Friends' schools under the care of
templated by the Yearly Meeting would be reaHzed and a suitable and com- Meetings, the proportion which Friends' children bear to others is very small,
petent education be attained by our children, under the eye of their parents
or
being an average of one member to five who are not. The literary value of
^^
other concerned Friends. these schools and their influence on our children, are as good as can reasonably
be expected from mixed schools. »

*Hbid., 7-8.
50 51
Chapter Eleven
Ibid., 9. Ibid., 1845, 2-3; see also p. 321,
30 Quaker Education in New Jersey Quaker Educational Policy 31

We find that eighty-four children of Friends in the different neighborhoods who are members; and where it is not practicable to support a pubhc school in
are receiving Hterary instruction in family schools, being an increase of about the neighborhood on account of the small number of children, we should en-
one-third since our last report that thirty-one are at Westtown. courage their education in family schools, avoiding, as much as may be resorting
There are eight schools in Burlington Quarter under the care of committees to the district schools. Although it may increase the cost of education,
appointed by the Monthly or Preparative Meetings; twelve in Haddonfield; every reasonable sacrifice made by Friends for the best welfare of
should be
two Salem and two in Shrewsbury and Rahway. The teachers in all these
in their offspring, there being no object to which a portion of our substance can be
schools but two are members of our religious Society and competent to teach more advantageously applied than to their select education under care of
the rudiments of an English education. They are generally paid by the religious teachers. The subject is recommended to the continued weighty
quarter; the price of tuition being from two to three dollars— and in some attention of Quarterly and Monthly Meetings and to Friends at large reports —
cases from five to six dollars per quarter. The books used in the schools under of the number who are of suitable age to go to school and how they are dis-
the care of Friends are nearly the same as heretofore reported. The Holy posed of in this respect, to be forwarded next year.^
Scriptures are in general read in them daily. In some they are used as a From the foregoing it appears that the control of the central
class book, and in others are
read but once or twice a week. The children
who attend schools near Friends meeting houses, in most cases attend mid- organization over schools became greater as the century advanced.
week meetings and some of the others. A number of schools are located at too In 1 89 1 a committee was named to have a
*

'fostering care over

great a distance from the meeting house to admit of the attendance of the the smaller schools;" this committee reported in 1892,
scholars. ^-
That during the year they have assisted seventeen schools, one less than
The question of encouraging Friends' schools so as to avoid the reported last year, eight of the nine Quarterly meetings being represented;
necessity of sending children to the public schools three hundred and twenty-four children have been in attendance at these
was discussed in
schools, one hundred and twenty-five of the children are members of our
1845 and 1853. In the latter year a "select" education was urged,
society and nineteen have one parent a member; this represents a total in-
even though it might greatly increase the expense upon parents, crease of 42 over the number reported last year and an increase of four in the
This advice was repeated from time to time. number of those who are members, and a decrease of eight who have one
As it is of serious importance to the proper formation of the character of our parent a member.
young friends, that every suitable guard should be placed around their prin- It is apparent that a majority of children in attendance at these schools are
ciples and morals, it is the unabated concern of this Meeting that Friends may not children of our memt)ers, and while it increases the responsibility upon
use all proper efforts to place their children in schools under the care of teachers committee. Friends, and teachers to maintain a high Christ an standard for
our schools, it is gratifying to us to know that there arc many in our country
2000 neighborhoods who rightly a])preciate the important bearing a guarded
education has upon the character of their children. In assuming the trust
1500 we do, it is earnestly hoped that our teachers may be so guided and directed as
to become safe leaders to those over whom they are placed.''^
1000 The graph on page 30 prepared from figures given in the ex-
tracts from 1846 to 1900 shows: (I) at inten^als of five years, the
500
nimiber of children of school age within the limits of the meet-
ings,-''^ and (II) the number of them who attended the schools of

the Society.^
o c c
10
00 00 GO X X 05
QC
Ci
x c An examination of the minutes of the Yearly Meeting of Hick-
site Friends for the nineteenth century reveals a very similar at-
In the figure curve I shows the children of school age, five to sixteen years, in Orthodox
iTiends Meetings belonging to Philadelphia; II shows the number of these members who at- titude prevailing regarding the "guarded religious education."
tended the monthly or preparative meeting schools. Ficts presented ehewhere in this work
show that in a great many instances the Friends schools were patronized more bv outsiders
than by members. Figures for the above are taken from the Yearlv Meeting Extracts. Or- '"^Ibid., 1853, 17-18. '^^Ihid., 1892, 25.
thodox Friends •^^"School age" here meant from 5 to 16 years.
^^These figures are for theYearly Meeting of Orthodox Friends at Phila-
'Hbid., 7-8. delphia, which included the Quarterly Meetings of New Jersey.

2>2 Quaker Education in New Jersey
In 1832 the meeting was brought "into exercise in relation to that
part of the education of our youth," and "Friends were encouraged
to promote a guarded care over them by employing exemplary
teachers. "^^ In 1833 a separate committee was formed to deliber-
ate on the state of schools and to gather more information by
visiting them, being charged to make such proposals as would help
to promote school education. ^^ The following extracts are taken
from their report made in 1834:
In many places, one general obstruction to having schools taught by mem-
bers, under the care of Monthly or Preparative Meetings, is the scattered
situation of the families of Friends and the fewness of their numbers, which
prevent thdr associating together in the support of schools without the aid
of their neighbors. Ar other j rominent d'fficulty, is the want of suitably
qualified persons to be employed as teachers. Another cause of the low state
of education, is the remissness of many parents and heads of families in a
religious concern to bring up their children and those under their care in con-
formity with the simplicity of the Truth and the discipHne of the cross of
Christ.
The great difficulty of obtaining exemplary teachers, in membership with
Friends, comi)lained of in most of the Reports, is believed to arise principally
from the circumstance, that persons of suitable literary qualifications are
generally induced to pursue other kinds of business. Few children are edu-
cated or apprenticed for the purpose of becoming teachers, and few oppor-
tunities are furnished, within the reach of the limited abilities of many parents,
for giving their children such an education as will qualify them for this use-
ful and laudable calling. It is therefore obvious, that until Friends are more
generally impressed with the importance of this concern, and make provision
for supplying the deficiency, and a greater number of our members are en-
couraged to engage in the business of teaching school, this difficulty
be remedied. ^^
likely to
As was noted in the case of the Orthodox Meeting, the utility of
manual labor institutions was here commented upon, but no action
taken.
Though made after 1834 indicate some improvement
reports
made in supplying new schools, that of 1851 shows rather a small
proportion of members attending the Quaker vSchools. The report
for 1 85 1 stated that:
The Committee does not
yet feel prepared to
a makebut they
final report,
arc united in recommending, at the present time, that Friends, in their re-
spective neighborhoods, be encouraged to maintain schools under their own
'^'Extracts Phila. Yr. Mt^. (Hicksite) 1832, 5-6. ^^Ibid., 1833, 4.
»'••//;/>/..
1834, 5-10.
:
i
Quaker Educational Policy
33
control, in such a manner as will make them equal, or superior, to the Public,
and other schools around them. And also, that the attention of Friends,
generally, and particularly those remotely situated, be especially directed to
Family Schools.
The Committee, early after its organization addressed a series of inter-
rogatories to the several Meetings composing this Yearly Meeting; and, al-
though, in consequence of the different interpretations given to these questions,
the numbers given below cannot be regarded as strictly accurate, the returns
made show, however, that there are at least 4,500 children of the members of
this yearly Meeting requiring school education; and most of them are,
prob-
ably, sent to schools of some kind. From the reports received, it appears
that of these 4,500 children, two thousand six attend Public Schools, and
998
only are educated in schools under the care of the Society. The Committee
would urge the attention of Friends, generally, to this weighty subject; and,
with the approbation of the Yearly Meeting, believe that further service may
be required of them.*"
In 1852 a report was made, designed to set forth the cause of
the failure indicated in the report above, as also a suggestion for a
satisfactory solution of the problem. The report comments on
the fact that Friends are giving an amount of encouragement to
the public school system "which must materially influence the
prosperity of schools of Friends "^i
Continuing, the report
. . .
stated
The committee believe, that in proportion as Friends cooperate with the
pubHc authorities, in their present system of education, our own schools will
continue to decline, and at no distant period we may find ourselves compelled
to withdraw from such cooperation, or submit to regulations adverse to
the
principles we profess.
During the consideration of this deeply interesting subject, various views
is not have been presented to the committee. Many Friends believe, that if our
different meetings would adopt for their own members a system of general
instruction, at the common expense, it would go far to remove the evils,
and
meet the wants of Friends generally, throughout the Yearly Meeting.
We therefore propose that the Yearly Meeting recommend the formation in
each Monthly and Preparative Meeting, as way opens, of a fund for the in-
troduction of a Free School System, for the children of members. Each
neighborhood is best qualified to judge of its own wants; and in proportion to
the interest felt, will be the advance towards the establishment of the system.
It is believed by many Friends, that if, in every meeting, a fund was com-
menced, additions would be made from time to time, by Friends interested in
the subject, until in due season the fruit would be manifested by the intro-
duction of schools, which would remove the pecuniary motive for sending our
««/6^., 1 85 1, 8-g.
"See Chapter Thirteen on relation of Quaker to Public Schools.
34 Quaker Education in New Jersey Quaker Educational Policy
35
children elsewhere. In this safe manner may the gratuitous plan of educa-
And, we further recommend, that the Yearly Meetin^r aj.jif.mt a Committee
tion be brought to the attention of Friends in their smaller meetings,
and thus to give attention to the subject as \va>- <)pin.>; and that said
our members may look forward with hope to a period, more or less distant, Committee have
authority to draw on the Treasurer for money to assist m
aiding such schools, as
according to circumstances, when the children of Friends shall be educated
as in its judgment, ma>- require help.*'^
one family; when the temptation now strongly presented to surrender the
plastic mind of infancy to the forming hand of the stranger, shall The committee on education, ai)]X)inted in accord with the fore-
measurably
cease, and the necessitous shall find no obstacle to the guarded and
liberal
going suggestion, took charge of all educational work. In 1881
tuition of their offspring. •5-
they broached the subject of a General Superintendent over the
Definite steps were taken, also, to encourage persons to prepare schools.^"
for the business of teaching. In 1855 the report informed that In 1887 the report commented on tlie holding of teachers meet-
$5,250 had been spent for the furtherance of this object, and that ings, as follows

upon receipt of another appHcation %s^ was raised by voluntary The practice of former years, of holding conferences of Parents, Teachers and
contribution in order to send young women to school. '^"^ School Committees, at Fifteenth and Race Streets, Philadelphia, has been
continued; three having been lield during the |)ast winter. There has l»een
In 1873 a report was presented, stating the past interest of the
no evidence of any abatement of interest.
Society in education and recommending the appointment of a
The subjects considered were:
standing committee on education, which should give assistance to 1st. Teaching as a jjrofessionand how to ])repare iov it.
schools throughout the Yearly Aleeting 2nd. What are the best methods of cultivating in children a taste for the
study of natural objects?
From the early settlement of this part of the country Friends have been in-
3rd. Well equipped schools, their cost and value.
terested in the proper education of their children. vSchool houses were built,
and schools estabhshed in nearly all of the Meetings belonging to this Yearly
4th. Methods of teaching Geography in the Primary Classes.
Meeting; and, in some instances, liberally provided for; of latter years some
5th. What constitutes a suitable i)re})aration for a course of study in
Science?
of these houseshave been occupied for public schools, not under the care of the
Society, and others have been abandoned and the property gone to ruin.
6th. The necessity and means of educating the will.

We feel 7th. The first and last fifteen minutes of a school day.*^*' -
this condition of things should not
be allowed to continue; but that
Friends should be aroused to the importance of providing schools where our In 1888, the following comment was made on the establishment
children may receive a guarded education under the care of the Society; of the "visiting teacher:"
that thus in early life they may be assisted in becoming acquainted with the
The main features of the work have not much varied from tliat of former
simple truths as professed by us, and have the advantage of the moral and
years, excepting that in place of having several persons giving a portion of their
religious training, which has ever characterized this People. time in delivering lectures to the Schools, as last year, it was thought best to
We, therefore, recommend that Monthly and Preparative Meetings give employ an experienced teacher to devote all of his time to the interest of
special attention to the establishment of schools under their care; that they Friends' Schools, listen to the recitations, and confer and counsel with the
may become successful, they should be of such a character, that they would be
teachers and School Committees, having in view the substantial improvement
sought after by Friends and others.
of all the schools.
This can be accomphshed by selecting good teachers; by making the school-
For these duties in Sixth month last, the Committee employed Henry R.
rooms attractive and comfortable, and furnishing them with the modern
Russell, for many
years princii^al of Deptford School, Woodbury, X.
J. He
appliances for instruction.
at once entered upon the work, and we think has given efficient service, and
The price of tuition should be moderate, but remunerative; to obtain the
has labored acceptably in the line of his appointment. Nearly all the Schools
services of qualified teachers, liberal salaries must be paid; and these should have been visited many times b\- him, and illustrated talks to the number of
not be made dependent exclusively upon the receipts of the schools, but nearly two hundred have been given to the children, a portion of the School
should be guaranteed the teachers by the meetings which appoint them.
Committees and other Friends often being present. It is believed that these
illustrations of scientific truths by simple experiments may l)e made invaluable
6-Extracts Phila. Yr. Mtg. (Hicksite), 1852, 13-15.
to the pupils, by increasing their interest in the studies to which they relate,
^Ibid., 1855, 5-6; this fund was used for educating women who expected
to become teachers. ,
64
V/>i(/., 1873, 9-10. «^/62W., 1881, 9-11. 66//^/W., 1887,20-23.
^6 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Quaker Educatioial Policy
37
by inciting in them a desire for investigation, and by enlivening the ordinary The teachers' subjects are not Mathematics, iiur Latin, nor Scripture, nor
routine of school work.Owing to the isolated position of many of our schools,
Quakerism— they are boys and girls. The information imparted is, m a
the teachers have any opportunity for observing the work of others,
little if
sense, a minor matter; the growth of the mind that assimilates it is
and when the teachers are young and inexperienced, the advice and sympa- all-im-

thetic help of a visiting teacher should strengthen and encourage them. ^^

portant —
growth in keenenss, efficiency and power. . .

To the Society at large we would put forward this view that the
principles
A desire, often expressed before, was likewise renew^ed that, urged above are deserving of careful consideration in making any forward
Something should be done looking to the establishment among Friends of a move. The quality of the teaching given in our schools is in a measure in the
training school for those of our members who contemplate teaching in order hands they have raised admirable buildings in
of Friends; many places
that they may understand the science and art of education, the nature of these are a small matter compared with the character of the staff. The fre-
mental and moral development, and what constitutes a guarded religious dom of the teacher, which is an indispensable condition of excellence is a gift
education as contemplated by our disciplined^ they can grant or withhold. And that we who are responsible for the term
of
school life may have the best chance and the best reward, we would
A similar, progressive, note is sounded in the following extract press
upon Friends the need of laying foundations and awakening interest in the
from a pamphlet entitled Religious Insiruciion in our Schools: days of childhood, and of turning to best account the powers of those who go
^ C O forth from our schools. ^'•'

o
u
C/2 In connection with statements mentioned above it w ill l)e of
u *
interest to refer to the graph on page 36 which shows salient
points in Quaker school histor\' (Hicksite) durini: the last half of
the nineteenth century. From an examination it is clear among
other things, that- (i) the nmiiber of schools declined sli.i.ditly
dtiring the period; (2) the number attending them, hovixcr,
increased until 1 891— this increase was possibl\- due to the im-
provement of schools that came with greater ccntralizatinn of
control; (3) the ntiinlier of mem!)ers' childreii atteiidirig. though
regular, was always small compared with that of ncjn-members.
The sttidy of Quaker educational |jhilosophy and practice reveals
the fact that they were clost'l\- in accord. The individual views of
such prominent men as I\;nn, Barcla>-. Woi^lman. Benezet. and
others, did in fact shape educational ])olic\- in tlic superior meetings
and these in turn influenced the local organizations. In tlu- writ-
ing and work of these men ma\' be seen a decided tendenc\- to
combine realistic, pietistic and philantlmjpic pur]3oses in the
service of education. Dtie to se\'eral factors, there arose a definite
tendency toward greater centralization of control after 1778,
o o c o
which was still more siivngly accentuated in the nineteenth
in IC lO
o « lO lO o iC o »c
CO
00
•<»"

oc
<*<
oc
lO
00 X 00
«o
00
r-
00
r>.
00 S8
00
00
o
OO
05
00 OS centtirv.
In the graph curve shows schools reported by quarterly meetings, according to the stand-
I
^'Uieligious Instruction in our Schools No. 9, in a volume of pamphlets issued
ards set by the yearly meeting; II, the number of schools whose teachers and pupils attend-
ed mid week meeting; III. the number cf children attending, indicated to the nearest hun- by the Society of Friends.
dred; and IV, the children of members attending the schools, likewise to the nearest hundred.
From the figures taken from Extracts cf Yearly Meeting Minutes (Hicksite) Philadelph-a

^Ubid., 1 888, 21-25. 'Hbid.

 Schools of Shrewsbury Quarter
39

CHAPTER III
SCHOOLS OF SHREWSBURY QUARTER
Shrewsbury Quarterly Meeting was established in 1672 when it
was agreed that "a men's and w^omen's meeting for Shrewsbury
and Middeltowne ..." should be held once in six weeks, and to be
every third meeting at Middletowne.^ In t68t it became a part of
c -»
p
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting; since 1833 the Hicksite branch of p
!C ja
'^
the Quarterly Meeting of Shrewsbtuy has been a part of New n>
'X •^
1-^ O
York Yearly Meeting. In this Quarterly Meeting we are con- ^ 05

cerned with the monthy meetings of Shrewsbury, Woodbridge, or

3 3 a
Rahway and 3 •
Plainfield as it was later called, Hardwick and Ran- If)
CO

X
dolph, and Kingwood (later Ouakertown).
A meeting was established at Shrewsbury in 1669 and at Amboy J
1
D3
in 1686. In 1686 it was agreed to hold the monthly meeting the
3
third fifth day in every month at Benjamin Griffith's in Wood-
bridge.- Meetings were also held for Rahw^ay Friends in 1707 in
the house of William Robinson, and in 1742 at the house of Joseph 50
H
Shotwell. In 1757 a meeting house was built. At Plainfield ft)
•-1 o p
meetings were held at John Laing's tmtil the meeting house was o
I p
r-
p
built in 1 73 1 . Mendham Meeting was begun
when Friends
in 1 740 m
H
requested permission to hold a session every three months at
WilHam Schooly's; in 1758 a meeting house was erected. Other o

meetings with which we are concerned were at Manasquan,

Squankum, Quakertown and Hardwick.
The early records reveal little of educational nature. In 1756, 05

i
speaking for the region of the whole Quarter, the minutes stated t/3
I
that P
3
poor Friends' necessities are inspected and they are relieved and their
children partake of learning; Friends' children are generally put out to
Friends.^

Six years later,

some are careful in the education of their children, but many we believe,

^Catalog of Records at Rutherford Place, New York City.

'Shotwell: Afinals of our Colonial Ancestors, 198.
3Min. Shrewsbury Q. Mtg., 26/I/1756.

38
 40 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Shrewsbury Quarter
41
are deficient therein. In 1772 they admit further that some others, as to The school committee made a report in writing the substance of which
the
their subsistence and their children's learning, have been too much neglected. "•

Clerk directed to forward in the report to the ensuing

is
Yearly Meeting being
In 1778, receiving the urgent instructions of the Yearly Meeting as followeth, to wit, 'In the Monthly Meeting of
Shrewsbury a subscription is
at Philadelphia, a committee was appointed to "inspect the re- on foot and although no great progress has been made,
vet the foundation
appears to be permanent and their stock is accumulating
ligious education and schooling of the youth, "^ but to judge from bv their several sub-
scriptions bfing on interest. In Rahway and Plainfield subscriptions
the minutes, little was accomplished at this time beyond the stirring are
also on foot, and ronsiderable sums subscribed,
but -Iraw no interest on ac-
up of sentiment to a higher appreciation of the use of firmly es- count of their not amounting to the sum agreed on
to be subscribed before
tablished schools. Thus in 1782 a dark view of possibilities was interest should take j.lace. In Kingwood and Hardwick the cfTort.
of the
presented in a report, that Committee there api)ointe(i liave not been attended with
success, nr.r does
there appear a probability of anything being done
The and circumstances of friends of this meeting being such that
situation mthat Monthly Meetmg
at present, towards accompHshing this desirable
at present we think the establishment of schools amongst us in such manner as j-urpose'— and they desiring
to be released from their appoint mmt, the consideration thereof
is recommended by the Yearly ^^eeting is not at present likely to be ac- is referred to
the next Quarterly Meeting.^
complished.^
Though the above must have been discouraging, that of a
report
In 1784,
year later, proved better: Rahway and
Plainfield had subscribed
The proposal was revived; after some
of last Quarter respecting schools
a sum of £460, part of which was on interest; the school
deliberation thereon it appeared to be the sense of
meeting that a com-
this of Rah-
mittee be appointed to visit the Monthly and Preparative Meetings to advise way was controlled by the preparative meeting's trustees.
At
and assist them in promoting schools in each Meeting agreeable to the advice Shrewsbury there was "upwards of £400 subscribed" while
at
of the Yearly Meeting as near as may be, the following Friends are appointed Kingnvood or Quaker town a "subscription is on foot and
to the service, viz., James Haydock, Joseph Stackhouse, William Smith,
upwards
of £140 subscribed." The report of 1801 stated that a school
John Shotwell, David Vail, William Shotwell, Jonathan Write, William
Hartshorne, Thomas Tilton, George Parker, Isaac Hance, who are desired to
was maintained in both Rahway and Plainfield. A "girls school"
report to next Quarter." was kept by a young woman, a member, at Rahway. '« The
re-
Three years later they reported not much had been accomplished port does not mention any school at Kingwood, "

Shrewsbury,
and in 1788 stated there was "no prospect for progress in estab- Manasquan, Squankum, or Hardwick.
lishing a school at Shrewsbury Monthly Meeting." A new com- Two schools, male and female separate, within the Monthly
Meeting of Shrewsbury, and superintended by
mittee was then appointed. It was likewise proposed that every a committee" were
reported in 1809, 1810 and 181 1."
monthly meeting should appoint its own educational committee,
In 183 1 there were thirty-five Friends' children in
which was to meet with that of the Quarterly Meeting.^ These Shrewsbury
Quarter "of suitable age (under sixteen years) to receive
committees were very slow about doing anything. In 1789 there school
learning," but "so distantly separated from each other,
was no report to make, but because of the "pressing advices" of even in
our different Preparative Meetings that Friends have not
the Yearly Meeting, they had 500 copies of the advice issued in been
able to furnish them with such schools as would be
1778 printed and distributed. While there was no success in desirable. "^^

setting up schools according to the Yearly Meeting's standard,

A year later, "it appears impracticable at present to establish
even one school among us in the manner proposed."
the minutes recorded, referring to the Negroes, that "some care
In 1834, a report stated:
is taken with respect to their education." The following report
We have been induced to believe that a small school might be
was made in 1791. supported
under the care of Friends if a suitable teacher can be {)rocured and
efforts are
^Ihid., 17/VIII/1772. now making, if so enabled, to carry it into effect.'"'
'"'Ibid., 26 X/ 1778. Ubid., 19 VIII 17S2. Ubid., 16/VIII/1784.
'Ibid.,22/VlU/ljgu 'Hbid., 12 II/180I.
''Ihid., i8/Vni, 1788. ^Ubtd., for the appropriate dates. 'Ubid., 17TI/1831. 'Ubid., 13/11/183:^.
 :

42 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Shreu^sbury Quarter
43
This was the school at Kingwood.^"* In 1840 there was no Friends'" Regarding Negroes held as slaves they reported
:
School reported. There were, at that time in Shrewsbury Monthly We know not but we are clear.
Meeting seven children of 'suitable age for school," three of whom
*

How faithfully the answers describe conditions is very difficult

were at West town, and the other four attended schools in the to
say. From year to year they vary considerably. Thus in 1 765
neighborhood, not taught by Friends. In Rahway and Plainfield
replying the fifth query, they write
there were twenty-tw^o children, five at Westtown, and seventeen
No
inspection into the state of the poor hath
been made, (and) one Friends'
at schools in the neighborhood.^-^ These conditions continued. child hath been placed from among
Friends.
In 1843 a minute stated that "Friends are so located as to make a
At the same time, regarding Negroes, there
'select school' for them impossible." The rise of district schools
is not much certainty
expressed: "we believe ourselves clear."i8
was also a factor which made a meeting school difficult. This fact
In 1778 Shrewsbury ackTiowledged receipt of
was commented upon in 1844: the Yearly Meet-
ing extracts recommending "the ]:)r()moting
"... the preference for district schools, on account of the public money
a rcfomiation of the
religious education and schooling the
received, amongst those not in profession with us renders it out of the youth ." and
appointed a . .

power meeting to establish a school that will bear own weight. "^^
committee of three to join the quarterly meeting's
of this its committee on
the same subject, to make an early report.
The account of these schools of the several monthly meetings is- Not much was done
by the committee. In 1780, "The Committee on
presented in the following pages as fully as the materials preserved Reformation,
Schooling, etc. not having done anything since
will allow. last meeting—they
are continued and desired to report. "^^ A
A volume of the Shrewsbur\^ Quarterty Meeting Records (Hick- month later the minutes
state a plan was proposed "towards a
site) beginning with 1828 shows that no school was maintained school bv opening a sub-
scription . . .
."
within its limits "according to the standard" of the Yearly Meet-
ing.
A report of 1791 stated:
The necessities of the poor Friends are inspected
Shrewsbury Monthly Meeting and care taken for their
relief. The school education of their children m one instance neglected but
Shrewsbury was settled in 1669 and the Monthly Meeting was has now engaged our attention and we know not of anv Friends children
placed from among Friends. 2''
established at Woodbridge in 1686. In 1672 a six weeks meeting
was established for Shrewsbury and Middletown from which de- Seven years later the records assure the reader
that there
veloped the Monthly Meeting of Shrewsbury. This meeting was were "no deficiencies respecting school learning. "21
comprised of Shrewsbury, Squan, Squankum, and Topanemus Though extremely little is recorded in the minutes, it is quite
preparative meetings. Not all of the earliest records have been certain that schoojs were among their concerns.
found but such as have been examined contain no reference to a Several small pamphlets of school records show
that the fund
school under the meeting's control. The inference is that neigh- for amonthly meeting school had been begun as early as
1790 and
borhood schools were the only kind established at this early date,, was applied to the maintenance of a school for many
years. An
or that the only record of the church school has disappeared. interesting pupil's account for 1808 follows:

In 1757 Shrewsbury answered the fifth query: ^«Min. Shrewsbury Mo Altg., 5/VIII/1765. ^'^Ibtd., 7/II/1780
2°Womens' Minutes, 1/VIII/1791.
We are not sensible of any that Suffer they are not in Want of Business. 2.//,^-^^ 6/VIII/1798.
Friends Children mostly Pertok of Laming and are mostly Placed amongst
Friends. ^^

i^See page 51. i^/feirf., 13/II/1840. ^Hhid., 15/II/1844.

i^Min. Shrewsbury Mo. Mtg. (Women Friends) 4/VIII/1757.
 :

44 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Shrnvshury Quarter Me

Peter Corlies I scholar reported "no school," having "no children of
Ciphering Book o a suitable age to go to
i^ Lo I
school belonging to our meeting. "-^
Writing Book i" I
Use of Book Pens and Ink
Firewood
I
Rahway and Plainfield Monthly Meeting
I
I scholar i6 This Monthly Meeting was established in 1686,29
but until 1789
was known as Woodbridge, taking the name of an
earlier settle-
Li o 0— ment. It belonged to the superior meeting of
Shrewsbur>^ Quarter,
A deed of 28/IV/1801 transferred an acre ''on the west side of where a settlement was made as early as 1669.20
road from Eatontown to the meeting house for erecting a school The earliest mention of education found at Woodbridge
is in
house and other purposes," and another of 27 /IV /1802 transferred connection with the receipt of the Yearly Meeting's
suggestions
about half an acre for the same purpose. The monthly meeting relating to Youths' Meetings. Another feature of earlv education
school seems to have been definitely established in 1807. was apprentice training. In 1718 the meeting
appointed two
The women's minutes for 1808 stated that Alice Lawrence, members to put out William Willis' children as apprentices,
Hannah Wardell, Sarah Hartshome, Sarah and,
Parker, Rachel Solter one of them being a boy they are to take care that
his master be obliged to
and Elizabeth Williams were appointed in addition to those al- give him two suits of apparel at the expiration
of his time, be taught to write a
ready on the school committee. In 181 7 there was a school in legible hand and instructed in arithmetic
so far as the rule of three The
Friends' schoolhouse at Shrewsbur}- taught by a person in other, being a girl, to be put apprentice until
mem- obliging her master to give her at the end of
she arrive at the age of 18 years
bership, but in 1818 and after no school was mentioned.^^ her time two suits of apparel and
teach her to read in the Bible.^i
The volume of minutes 1828 to 1854, belonging to Orthodox In 1779 the universal concern for education
Friends, does not show much with regard to education. The began to show
Itself at this meeting. At that time,
first few years are occupied with expelling Separatists.
In 1829,
the case of schools coming under the
replying to the annual query on schools they state they have none.-'* consideration of this meeting it is
referred to a committee who are desired solidly
to consider thereof and report
Not until 1835 is a school mentioned "kept up a part of the year their sense to next meeting; said committee
are Edward Moore, William
by a teacher in membership, superintended by a committee of the wSmith, John Shotwell, Hugh Webster and
Isaac Hance.^^
monthly meeting. "^^ The educational report, made at the same A few months later a somewhat discouraging report was made
date was not very promising and the next year they reported by the committee:
There are no schools amongst us under the care of Friends. Furthermore, We the committee appointed to take under
consideration the affair of
continue to prevail against the maintenance of a school suitable for
difficulties
schools, having several times met considered and
deliberated thereon do
the right improvement of our children. Several of them have been recently agree to report. That notwithstanding the apparent advantages which
sent to Westtown, and others are expected to go there, yet there might
are a number likely arise from such a good work if
properly brought into execution, yet
remaining that are under the necessity of being sent to schools under the under the consideration of the present circumstances
of the Number of the
government of other societies which are a cause of exercise to us. We know of members of our Monthly Meeting and the distresses which
no children that are not sent to school.^e manv of them
nave and are still likely to be subjected to, these with
other difficulties pre-
This condition continued until 1853. In 185 1 there was no vailing at present will in our opinion much
obstruct the work. Therefore we
school, "by reason of indisposition"^^ and two years later they think it best that the raising of a Fund for the
establishment of a school had
bestbe postponed for a time and hereafter taken up
when it may be carried on
22Shrewsbury, Mo. Mtg., Pupils Accounts, 1808.
23Mm. Shrewsbury Q. Mtg., 13/II/1817. ^^^ ^^^^'^ '"^'"'''"'^ ""^ Orthodox Friends at Shrewsbur>', examined by
theTritJr.
2<Min. of Shrewsbury Mo. Mtg., 4/II/1829
"Shotwell, p. 198, gives 1689.
^^Hbid., 4/II/1835. ''Ibid., 3/II/1836.
s^Mm. Shrewsbury Q. Mtg., 13/II/1851. S^^^T^r" ^^P^^r ^/^-i V"' '^' i^ives 1670 instead of 1669.
"Mm. Woodbridge Mo. Mtg., 25/VI/1718. ^Hbid., 21/IV/1779.
46 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Shrewsbury Quarter
4;

in a manner that may be more likely to answer the good purposes intended by appointed to have the care and direction of schools, when an\-
are esta})li^h(d,
the Yearly Meeting.'*^ and of the fund when raised, and where none are set up as well
as where there
are; their treasurer whom they shall appomt shall
By 1783 the committee on education was, however, better able I>e authorize.] to receive
donations and bequests in his own name for the })enefit
to see the possibiHty of erecting a school as desired by the Yearly of schools, and the
same to be accounted for by him to the trustees and bv them to the
Preparative
Meeting, and reported: Meeting and that to the trustees in each Meeting, as' soon after
their appoint-
We of the committee appointed by our last Monthly Meeting to consider of ment as the Meeting may judge will best answer the good
purpose intended
the pressing advice of our Yearly Ivleeting, relating to the promoting of draw up the following form of a sul^scription, and promote the
raising of money
Schools having examined the extracts of the Yearly Meeting minutes on that agreeable thereto, for the fund proposed. We further
j)ropose that no interest
subject,and duly weighed that interesting affair are of the judgment that the shall commence agreeable to the subscription
till the followmg sums of each

Monthly Meeting do appoint a Committee to raise subscriptions throughout Meeting is subscribed, viz.:
the verge of said Monthly IVfeeting for erecting a school house and having a "Rahway L 200 o o
teacher and according to the directions of our Yearly Meeting and that said "Plainfield 200 o o
Schoolhouse should be placed at or near the town in Rahway, and that each "Mendam 50 o o"'^
Preparative JVIeeting should generously subscribe for that purpose. All At the close of the century the Monthly Meeting became con-
which is nevertheless Submitted to the Monthl}' Meeting. Rahway 29 of the
cerned in the project of the Boarding School at Westtown,
II Mo. 1783.3^ and a
committee on that subject was "desired to collect what may
Early in 1785 the committee on schools reported they were not be
subscribed and forward to the treasurer of that
able to secure "the lot of ground they had in prospect for a school institution. "•'^^
The enthusiasm for schools apparently became contagious. Early
hotise" and therefore recommended that one be built on the
in 1 80 1 a proposal was made that a Boarding school
meeting house lot. A few m.onths later, the minutes state: be established
at Plainfield for the "advancement of a religious
The committee in the case of schools report it as their opinion that it may be and guarded
education of the youth among us ", but after discussion
proper to build an house one Story high 20 by 30 feet to front the road between it was
the Meeting house and Stable, on the Meeting house lot at Rahway, and that dropped.-"^^ The "prevailing sense" was that "there is not a
they suppose the Expense of building would be about £30 but no subscriptions sufficient degn-ee of unity therewith to warrant its beini: adopted
^

are yet gone into. The Meeting taking it into consideration agrees to refer "40
• • •

the same under the care of the Committee until next Meeting to reconsider it if In t8i2 the records stated "not enny" schools; in
any alteration may be thought of to report the same.^^ 1813 the
monthly meeting reported:
At the next meeting it w^as agreed to forw^ard the work at once,
3rd. Two schools at Rahway taught by members in Societv and superin-
and tended by committee appointed by the Preparative Meeting.^'
Mordecai Marsh and Ambrose Copland are appointed to collect the money The same report was produced in 181 7; but in 1S18 only one
Rahway and pay the same to
subscribed for the builing the school house at
such school was mentioned. This report of one school
the Cornmittee who have the care of building the house as they may have continued
occasion for each year, but one. (1820), until 1826. In 1827 the report
it.*^*^
re-
garding schools showed none as desired b\' the Yearly
In 1789 proposals were made concerning the establishment of Meeting,
funds for permanent support of schools, as follows:
and until 1875 the situation was the same. At that time a school
was established that lasted for a number of years.
. . Meeting attend to the recom-
.agree to propose that each Preparative
mendation Yearly Meeting, when their circumstances will admit; in
of the In the inter\-al during which no school was held under
the
building a school house and providing suitable teachers; and likewise to raise monthly meeting, we gain some glimpses which indicate an interest
a fund for the benefit of schools that now are, or hereafter may be established, in education, especially in education of the poor.
In 1844.
and that in each Preparative Meeting where it is not already done, trustees be
''Jbid., 16/VII/178Q. -'Hbid., i7/\7I/i«oo.
^Ibid., 15/VII/1779. ^'Ibid., 17/XII/1783. ''Hbid., 18/II/1801 and 15/T/1801.
^Hbid., 15/VI/1785. ^Hbid., 17/VIII/1785. "OMin. Shrewsbury Q. Mtg., 12 V7I 1802.
''Ibid., 21 I 1813.
48 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Shreicshiiry Quarter aq
Men Meeting they have appointed a Committee to take
friends inform this mittee of men and women Friends of this
Meeting. The clerk was directed to
charge of a legacy, left in care of the Preparative Meeting for the benefit of inform our next Monthly Meeting thereof and
—
schooling poor children the subject being considered in this Meeting Friends school room over our meeting room by
request its permission to build a
adding another story thereto."^
propose the names of Eleanor Shotwell, Lucy H. Eddy and Elizabeth L.
Browne to unite with the committee of Men Friends in the superintendency
The school thus proposed was advertised as follows and opened
and use of said legacy. ''^ on September 6, 1875:
In 1850 the fifth query stated: A select school for
boys and girls under the care of the Society
of Friends
willbe opened on the 6th of 9th month next.
no poor Friends among us, nor children requiring our care in school learn- The school room on Irving Street
near Milton Avenue is large, light and
ing —
no children placed from among Friends.'*^
apparatus and furniture.
airy, and is suppled with modern

The following four reports made by the Monthly Meeting of

Terms
Rahway and Plainfield between 1855 and 1873, fairly represent
The ordinary studies in English, including drawing
and exercises in light
the situation so far as the number of children is concerned. gymnastics, will be from $6 to S.o per quarter,
according to age and advance-
There are 21 children within our limits of suitable age to attend school, six ment of pupil. The Latin or French languages
will be $2 i)er quarter extra.
of whom are at Westtown, 1 1 attend neighborhood schools, 2 receive instruc- tJooks and stationery will be furnished
free of charge.""
tion at home and 2 do not at present attend any school.
The following report was received from the Committee appointed to make PRIENDS' SELECT SCHOOL,
inquiry relative to education which was directed to be forwarded to the
ON IRVING STREET. NEAR MILTON AVE
Quarterly Meeting. RAHWAY. N. J.
'

To Rahway and Plainfield Monthly Meeting of Friends, We the Committee will be reopened on the 9th cf 9th mo., 1878.
under
the charge of ElIa.T. G:use. a
appointed on that part of the Extracts relating to education report that we several years experience in te-ching,
voung woman of
who comes
have 13 children within our limits of suitable age to go to school who are dis-
well recomniended by school officials
under whom
she has taught. The usu :1 English branches, with
—
posed of as follows 3 at Westtown Boarding School, 7 attend a family school Latin, l^rench and Drawing will be
^^' ^"
taught
^^*' P^*-" quarter; Latin or
taught by a member, and 3 attend a district school. p ^'"T'vro^''""'
French $2 per quarter e.xtra. The use of book-,
"Isaac Craft, stationery, and fuel will be furnished free (f
charge.
Henry Wood." .
For further irfornruion see circulars
recently
issued, or the teacher.
There are eight children within our limits of a suitable age to attend school, ELLA
T. CAUSE, 170 Main St.
one of whom is at Haverford School, six at Select Schools not under care of Or either of the school committee:
Friends or taught by members, and one receiving instruction at home. JOEL WILSON. PHEBE HARNFD
MARTHA S. SHOTWELL. GEO. A. ROBeItS
We also report, that there are nine children belonging to this meeting, and Rahway. 8th mo.. 22d. 1877. au22-lm
three recently settled within our limits and not yet received by certificate, of
Advertisement of Friends' Select School at Rahw.w
suitable age to attend school, 3 of whom are at Friends Boarding School at in 1877.

Westtown, 3 at a select school taught by one of our members, i at a select The salary of the teacher was arranged as follows
school not "taught by a member, 2 at a district school and 3 not attending any
The committee guarantee her S200 per year,
school. .S50 of it payable at the end of
each quarter. The teacher to collect the
1. R. Shotwell amounts due from the patrons and
pay the same to the committee out of which the
H. H. Bowne.-"* committee shall pay her $75
on each quarter; it is intended that she shall
a receive as her entire salary $500
In 1875 Rahway Preparative Meeting undertook to establish per year, viz.— $200 guaranteed from
committee, and S^oo received from the
school, as follows: patrons of the school, provided that said
amount received from the patrons
At Rahway Preparative Meeting held 11/II/1875 it was concluded to es- shall be sufficient so to do; if not,
then she is to be paid such part of the
per quarter as is received from patrons.''" $75
tablish a Preparative Meeting School to be under the care of a joint com-
«Min. Rahway Prep. Mtg. Women Friends, 13/VI/1844. It was further stated in the school regulations:
^IHd., 10/I/1850.
*^Min. Rahway and Plainfield Mo. Mtg., 17/I/1855; 17/II/1859; 16/II/' *'Ibid., 18/II/1875.
1865; and 20/II/1873, respectively. *«Min. Rahway School Com., 14/VIII/1875. *Ubid., i6/Vri/i875.
so Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools oj Shreiosintry (.'Quarter
51

The quarter to consist of lo weeks. tion of the following report and recommendations by the School
Vacations— 7th day of each school Monthly Meeting when
week and for
Committee. The
financial part of the report, not quoted,
held at Plainfield, also for week of Yearly Meeting, and also the customary
showed
a balance in hand, after expenses were paid, of
summer vacation, from about ist of 7th month to 1st of 9th month. $3.68.
No vacation for Christmas holiday week. To Rahway Preparative Meetings of Men and Women Friends.
^ The Sch(^T
School, day session, from nine A. M. to two P. M., with recesses according Committee of said meeting herewith present their report of the
affairs of Rah-
to teacher's discretion.
way Preparative Meeting School for the year ending 6 Mo.
23rd 1886. The
Absenre, no deductions therefore for scholars, excepting for sickness of two school for the year endmg 6 mo. 23rd, 1886, began
with thirtv scholars and
weeks or more. Absences of teacher for attendance of Monthly Meeting at closed with twenty three, none of them being members
of our Society.
Plainfield to be made up at end of quarter.^** As there are now no Friends' Children in this meeting to be
educated, and
so few Friends to take charge of the school, the
Patrons were apparently rather careless and steps had to be committee propose that
Preparative Meeting School shall be laid down, the balance
the
on hand at
taken to deal with their shortcomings. In 1876 we find the close of the school to be turned over to the Treasurer
the
of the Monthly Meeting."
Question of delinquency on the part of some of the patrons of our school Thereafter, until the close of the century, no school
was considered and it was concluded that such should be informed that unless was con-
ducted by the meeting, though in 1897 the monthly meeting
prompt payment was made their children must not be continued in school. re-
It was also decided that notices should be prepared for the teacher to send to
ported two schools w^ere taught by Friends.^
such as are, and shall become, deficient in this respect. Geo. A. Roberts was In 1880 a school was reported, under care of a Meeting
Com-
appointed to prepare a draft of such notice and present to our next meeting mittee and taught by a member, but this was discontinued in
1884.
which he is to call as soon as he is ready. ^^
It seems to have been revived by Plainfield
Preparative Meeting
The Monthly Meeting in 1880 stated; "There is a
report of the in the nineties, but did not continue after
1896 as a school con-
school at Rahway and one at Plainfield under care of committees trolled by the Preparative Meeting, though taught by a member.
of those meetings taught by members but not select;" in 1884 the
one at Plainfield was discontinued. The school at Plainfield was
-^^ KiNGwooD Monthly Meeting^
revived, under the meeting's care, a Httle later (1896), but after The xMonthly Meeting was
established at Bethlehem, later
1897 no school was conducted by the meeting. Quakertown, in 1744, and was composed of Kingwood and Hard-
In 1885 the following report was presented by the Monthly wick Preparative Meetings. Hardwick became a Monthly Meeting
Meeting which shows there was small need for a school so far as m 1797. A house of worship was erected there in 1746; in 1751
the Society was concerned. Moreover, the school was not run at a the meeting at Hardwick (Great Meadows) was built
The popula- .

profit. tion was much scattered and were continually in the

difficulties
That there are two children of suitable age to attend, one of whom is attend- way of schools. In 1791, the Quarterly Meeting's report stated
ing a public school. The other a private school not under the care of Friends. that
The following is the school report for that same year in Kingwood and Hardwick the efforts of the committee there appointed
The school for the past year ended 6 mo. 12/85, began with 22 scholars, have not been attended with success, nor does there appear a
probability of
none of them being members of our religious Society at the time of the closing anything being done in that Monthly Meeting at present.^
of the school. One of the two who were reported as attending our school last In 1828 the meeting reported to the Quarter
now a patron of one
"No Schools estab-
year, has been prevented by bad health and the other is

^^
of our public schools. Rahwav and Plainfield Mo Mtg
s^Misc. Papers of

discontinued in 1886, upon presenta-

"Mm. Rahway and Plainfield Mo. Mtg., 20/1/1897
The school at Rahway was ^Known as Bethlehem, Kingwood and later, Quakertown at Quakertown
New Jersey. Until 1 786, Kingwood belonged to Burlington Quarter, but was
*Ubid.,6/IX/ 1875. 'Ubid., 20/V/1876. then transferred to Shrewsbury Quarter. In 1832 Kmgwood
again changed,
5»Min. Rahwav and Plainfield Mo. Mtg., (O.) 19/II/1880 and 19/II/1885. bemg placed under Bucks Quarter in Pennsylvania.
5iRahway School Com., 16/VII/1885. **See page 52.
52 Quaker Education in Xew Jersey Schools of Shrewsbury Quarter
53

lished amongst us at all."''*^ About 1836 a temporarv' school was After 1855 the meeting was laid down and its mcml)crs attached
begun, taught by a woman Friend, and attended by Friends to Rahwav and Plainfield Monthly Meetin^*- '^-^

children of that place,^^ but not under the care of either monthly In 1792 the pre])arative meetmg at Mendham
appointed Henr\'
or preparative meeting. a report of 1837 we learn that this
From Brotherton and others to ha\'e care of money subscribed
for a
was a mixed school, "attended by Friends' children and others of school/'^ and a 3'ear later some of Penn's works were
distril)uted to
that place. "^* the meeting for the use of schools. At the same time
the meeting
appointed a committee to look after a lot on which to build
a
school. The
"below the meeting house, belonging to John
lot
Brotherton" was apparently secured for thirty potmds for this use/'^
A committee was appointed to seaire funds to build a school house,
which, by 1 798, had collected £20. Stejxs were taken immediately
to provide materials for the building. Rent from the school Ir^t
was also used to defray the cost of the new house. Little is given
in the records concerning the of this school,
though sufficient
life

to mdicate its existence for some time. In 181

minute infonns 1 a
us that the house was re])aired "so as to due to keep school in in
the
suinmer ."^^
. [n iSi,^ a committee was a]3])ointe(l to examine
.

the school house lot, re])air the fences and rent it out or
sell it
whichever they shall judge to be most advantageous to the meet-
ing. It was accordingly rented, and the sch. discontmued. No .( >]

reference appears to it later. The school house and lot were sold
AKERTOWN, NEW JERSEY, NOW REMODELLED AND in 1822.
SCHOOLHOUSE AT gi
OCCUPIED AS RESIDENCE Aside from the above there was apparent 1>- little educational
activity in the limits of Hardwick and Mendham Monthly Meeting.
Hardwick and Mendham Monthly Meeting ,

The records from 1797 to 1855 contain few educational references.

This meeting was established in 1797, having formerly been a
part of Kingwood Monthly Meeting. It comprised the prepara-
tives of Hardwick and Mendham, which was later called Randolph.
s^Min. Shrewsbury Q. Mtg., 7/II/1828. ^Uhid., 18/II/1836.
16/11/1837; the women's minutes, 1744-18-85 and the men's min-
^^Ibid.,
utes to 1905 fail to indicate that any school was kept up by the meeting. A
map of the meeting's property likewise does not show a school. Numerous
deeds are extant concerning property that came into the control of the meeting,
but none of these refer to school property. The school referred to, then, in the
following minute of 1862 was doubtless a private concern though operated
by a Friend. In 1862, while the new meeting house was being erected, it was
agreed that "the men hold their monthly meeting in William Clifton's house
and the women hold theirs in the school house." Min. Quakertown Mo. Mtg.,
3/V/1862. Mr. Dalrymple, long a teacher in Quakertow^n tells of the school,
just outside the village, which was controlled by Friends at the time he came
to the place. The dwelling shown on this page is the remodelled school house
and occupies the original site.
From the foregoing jxages it is evident that in Shrewsbury
Quarterly Meeting the various monthh' meetings of Hardwick
and Mendham, Kingwood. Rahway and Plainfield, and Shrews-
bur\^ did carry on some educational work, but it shrinks by
com-
parison with other centers such as Buriington and Haddonfield.
Nevertheless, educational activities in these meetings of Shrews-
bury illustrate the same truths as those in the larger quarterlies,
pointing to the rise of a great interest in schools controlled by the
meetings after 1778, a tendency to centralize control, and, finally,
the decline of schools in the latter part of the nineteenth century,
^^Catalog of Records at Rutherford Place, New York Citv.
^°Min. Mendham Preparative Mtg,
^Hbid., 1794. ^^Ibid., 181 1.
54 Quaker Education in New Jersey

due to a decrease in the number of Friends' children and the rise

of public schools. Thus, Rahway, in 1885, reported two children

members, neither of whom attended Friends' school. In 1886 the CHAPTER I\'

school was closed.

SCHOOLS OF BURLINGTON QUARTER
This chapter represents an effort to bring toj^ether the storv^
of Quaker schools estabhshed within the ran<,^e of Burlington
Quarterly Meeting since the time of first settlement of that locality.
Burlington included Burlington, Chesterfield, Mt. Holly, Upper
Springfield and Little Egg Harbor monthly meetings, established
m 1678, 1684, 1776, 17^3^ and 1715 respectively. For sake of
convenience we shall trace the growth of schools which were
located in the limits of these monthly meetings and conducted
either under the control of the Monthly or one of its constituent
particular meetings. The educational work of the monthly
meetings is taken up in the order of their establishment.

Burlington Monthly Meeting

Burlington Monthly Meeting, at one time or another, was com-
posed of Burlington, Spring^eld, Rancocas, North Hampton,
Mansfield, Mansfield Neck,^ and Upper Springfield preparative
meetings. Some of these later had monthly meetings of their
own and will therefore be dealt with more fully elsewhere.
Likewise some of these preparative meetings, such as Rancocas
and Old Springfield will receive considerable space, which is justi-
fied by their educational records. In general, with these few ex-
ceptions, the work of the meeting is treated as a whole, for its in-
fluence extended to the lesser meetings.
Some of the lesser meet-
ings, as thecommunities grew, were made constituent parts of
newly created monthly meetings and, for that reason, they recur
elsewhere.
Meetings for worship were first held in Burlington in 1677, in
tents and at the houses of members, until the meeting house was
erected.^ The first monthly meeting was held in 1678.
^The name of Mansfield Xeck Prep. Mtg. is henceforth changed to "Lower
Mansfield" because of recent survey. Min. Burlington Mo. Mtg., 1/II/1808.
2A minute regarding the beginning of the building occurs in 1681, and again
m 1682. Min. Burlington Mo. Mtg.; Hazard: Register of Pa., VII, 102.
55
56 Qucker Education in New Jersey Schools of Burlington Quarter
57
The earliest specific reference
• Stonybrook bearing on education in nnv w-v
rXT
trade In ,685
''' ap,,re..uccship trai.in, in the
^r^an a^revjv.ul i< r.n.ni.d
and I^ranas Colli.s that the latter
l.^uv^vn Wip
..r.'.n^
ikn... '

'
• Trenton teach Th. n.. U^n.t
^an>enters trade dunn, h.s "
• East Branch (Robins)
at, .renticeship so far as i; . ,,
,f . .

learn the same" and at th. '

^
fitty acres .>f land
..p„-at. n of th. time tJ
^ ^
"
In tins ther. i< nn
n.d.cati.n ..f n^ n^
respons.biht>-.^ Ap|nvntiecsh,> was constant].-
Bordentown
the me^., and
^uxn attcn ^ w
" :: '^
• Chesterfield at a lat.- dat. we find ;;
specific re^e:;^
Mansfield Neck
niK- Jn 1762,
• Arnevtown
• Burlington t Mansfield

• Old Springfield
• U])per Springfield
sufficient learning. „u,- are .,es„v,l ,„ "' '"^'^'"^ "^ «-"'"g
• Rancocas l,,,; L./,'; .

• IMount In 1722 the Quarterl>-

Meeting recorded:
t Mt. Hollv This meeting agrees that
Burlington Fnend-. m-,v |..,,. ,i , ,
meeting house to teach school ' '""
in ,;ov,<ic,
t an hav- schoolmaster
i- unitv u-ith Friends and whe, ;, 111
in
V"!' that '

§ Vincenttovvn '"''''''"'' '•^--"

Friends to keep it rt;::i::::;:\:.2::r ^--^^on

' '" '''' ^'^'"°'""^ '^^™^' --"'-'-d near

''Cdls
_
Caleb Shreve
Ifreve'v''''
s as permission was then granted to hold a
mg in that sehool house for the meet
winter quarter. Neve thel™
''''' ^''"'^'^ ^^ '•^^'^- ••unofficial."
Trt from R
port r" '"T
Burlington to the Quarterly
a th,e
Meeting in i;„ stated
he proposal about settling
schools not vet entered
Barnegat Other schools were mentioned upon'^
in connection with
requests to hold

year later at a fourth: ^^^ubcb, ana a

1. Near Shreves
Mount at the school house
2. At the school
house near William Bishop's
3- In the school house
at Mansfield Neck.
4- In school house near
William Smith's ^
"'^ "^""^' ^"^ the meetm, house served
T^^ch^^^^^
as sch ool, as this mdenture shows:
Little Egg Harbor
^Min. Burlington Mo. Mtp-
/i /YT rA>ic 4tlj
^Min. Burlinlton Q. Mtg
™n.Burlm^onMo.M^'
2^ A i^' /^^' 4/X/1762.
^^ VIII/1753.
Burlington Quarterly Meeting ?A^
^^g-,.vv 111, i^"
1,61. s,, /^^^^;
^Ibid.,^ XI 1 766, and 4/ V/i 767.
 —

58 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Burlington Quarter
^^
^jiW/M.y: ^:..
1st. The said committee agrees that the said Thomas
Powc ]] shall h-ue the
use arKl occupatn.. of the saui
M..nng House
^m the second day of last month
and durmg the term o one
for
for the keeping s'^t
aft^r, and so from year to her
year as long as both parties
please a h t^^,
<A//,/,/ ^/VV. >-../;. U/,/,f,,./,r/ /V, //»
.>'..>/,..V. ;//,,/;
/ notice to be given by either

sum of Five poundsT"

Itr' "!?
party to determine this lease

u'"""
for the
same sum annually on the second
'^""^ ^^ ^">'
sa,d one year
day
the at
'''' '-''' — ^ttee the rent or
expiration thereof and the

C
/ /•/. V r/rr. /, V <f</J .-
y f/i, hui yj.tti of the seventh month in e
.
cr C^^^^^^^
'' '^'^ ^'^
The
he T. ^'forder, and P^^"'^^^- ^"^ ^^-^ he
wmdows m good repair^'d will

dc^ver up the same when he shall

shall
also keep the house with
leave them m good tenantable repl"
L fences and

that he will not apply the "d

' y * ' ' ' f house to any other use than keeping a
.

Uool
/•«•/< y^--. '<',jii,,4u' .{/:/'•' .Ufa '.'^/<^' l.i tfn' -f .'I'.'t-fti, i.ttfu^
3d. It agreed that if the house shall at
IS

the use of holding a Meeting

it shall be
any time herea fer'be mid for
immediatelv delivered up to uch
f
" h 1/ If />>/!,

of he ::
ofThe parties
t ^r^^'^V''^^'"^^
hereto have interchangeably
^^ "^^ ^^'"^^"^ ^^^ --- In witn s vhere'
set their hands and
' f ' '
day and year f^rst above written. u seals the
scais me
* ,

/V V// V^ </////•»/,//////"//
t>,
Inom. Powell.
././/, / //'. 1 / //'// l,/f/,i t/,d,t
Sarah Newbold
Martha Noble

From the following memorandum, it appears that Powell was

remiss about payment :

Burlington 2 Mo. 22d. 1772.

,'>'• ^'..4/i; 'Jl/ f '.i^/ 4f///Ay A'A/M /n .tM/k>f fii'
t"* /y.-' ./ )'fl-,f,t
We the subscribers (part of the committee within
'"'."' .'' 4 ./'* '" /<^ vy'//^€'i/*!f */» %i/f*4^ 4^/:,i/i ft */»W4Jt4<fi mentioned) are of the
t//.:,. ./ / : y 4tAt
.y^,^^» ///Av,', .;'/'/V .yf,a:fr':.';// fie4*Hf(i .H /^Jt**.V ^dTLfmontr
'^ ^ '"'' '"'
' "^'' '-- -' "- ^^— ^-" - ">e
'. y/../-
Caleb Carr
I. Benja. Field
Joseph Noble
Geo. Dillwyn.^
In 1777 Burlington replied to the
Yearly Meeting's suggestions
on schools by appointing a committee
on that ser\'ice.
The ease of schools is committed to the
consideration of the following Friends
-George D.llwyn. Peter Worrall, John Hoskins,
Agreement between Burlington Meeting and Thomas Daniel Smith, Samuel Allm!
Powell, concerning the use of the meeting house for school ^''°" '''"'^' J^^^P'' ^"*>- George
Elkinton, Jonah
purposes in 1770
Wo^llt, Th
Woolman, ^^T'
Thomas Pancoast, Thomas Enochs, David
Ridgway, Cornwell
Stevenson W.lham Ridgway,
John Harvey, Peter Elhs, Isaac Buntmg
Articles of agreement indented made the Twenty-seventh day of the Eighth
month in the year of our Lord One thousand seven hundred and seventy, house on the 7th day precedmg our
next Monthly Meeting at
Between Joseph Noble, Thomas Rodman, John Hoskins, George Dillwyn, mommg and to report to next meeting." s 9 o
y
uock
o'clock m
in tne
the
Anthony Sykes, Caleb Carr and Benjamin Field, a committee appointed by
the Quarterly Meeting of Burlington to have the care of the Meetirg House
_This committee reported a month thereafter:
on Broad Street in the city of Burlington of the one part And Thomas Powell — ^^^Burlmgton Prep. Mtg. Sch. Com. Records,
Xo.
of the said city, schoolmaster of the other part 49. at ,42 N. ,6th Street.
6o Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Burlington Quarter
61
If
We the committee appointed to consider the subject of estabhshing schools
for the education of youth among Friends, and the proper regulation of such
schools have met and weightily attended thereto, and are unanimous in be-
lieving that the establishment of schools under the care of Friends, which
should be visited and regulated in a religious manner, would be beneficial,
and we hope this important matter, so much neglected in time past, will not
hereafter be overlooked. And we are further of opinion that it may l)e useful
for the Quarterly Meeting to recommend the subject to the deliberate con-
sideration of the next Yearly Meeting, that the concern may thus spread and
rip-n and such advices be communicated as may tend generally to promote
thisgood work.
Signed ... by direction of all the committee~2nd da\- of 8 mo. 1777.
Peter WorralP'
In 1779 a more specific report was produced:
We the committee appointed on the subject of schools for the education of
youth do report that we have seriously attended to the serv^ice and may inform ^
x
Friends that there is a school taught by a Friend in the Meetings of Ancocas,
Old vSpringfield, Mansfield Neck and Burlington, and another is expected, 2;

before long, to be opened in Burlington, that one appears to us necessary at

Mansfield, and more may, in the compass of the Monthly Meetings, be found IT.

expedient in future, when Friends more fully break off from the employment
of teachers who are not Friends . .
^-

The encouragement of lowei meetings to establish permanent

funds for schooling the poor was undertaken in 1781:
X
The committee of schools have in the course of their attention r
to that con-
cern visited two of the Preparative Meetings and proposed the raising a fund o
H
by subscription, the principal is intended to lay until it's the choice of the sub- O
2
scriber to discharge it, subject to an annual interest of five per cent, payable to
the Trustees appointed by the Preparative Meeting for the purpose of schooHng
poor children, the overplus to be applied to the benefit of the school at the
discretion of the Trustees. The proposal was favorably received and an en-
couraging beginning made in one of the Preparative Meetings, and it's intended
that the same be laid before our other Preparative Meetings, as each of them
have a school established under Trustees of their appointment. Upon the
whole the committee has the satisfaction to find the concern of schools rest
with weight on the minds of divers Friends, and are encouraged to believe it
will go forward according to the recommendation of the Yearly Meeting to
the advantage of the youth amongst us.^'

The success of this step is indicated in a report made two years

later:
Pursuant to our appointment we have attended the Preparative Meetings

''Ibid.,4/VIII/1777.
'-Ibid.,2/VIII/1779. A minute of the Burlington School Committee in
1835 states that Burlington Preparative Meeting School was founded in
1779 • .to be confined as far as possible to the children of Friends.
'Ubid., 6/VIII/1781.
 *»1,1!

62 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Burlington Quarter
63
on the subject of schoolsand find that each of them has established a school
In 1784 property was secured by the trustees of
agreeable to the recommendation of the Yearly Meeting under the care of a Burlington
committee, and has also set up a fund by subscription the interest whereof is to Preparative Meeting school :

be applied to the schooling such children among them as may require that A Minute from the Preparative Meeting of Burlington was read informing
assistance. Andthe overplus of the said interest to such other uses of the k-
that the Trustees of the School belonging to that Meetmg
had made a purchase
school as the Trustees may from time to time judge proper. And we may of a lot of ground adjoining the Meeting House lot fronting
Broad Street,
just add that our friends of the Preparative Meetings mostly appear in earnest, and proposing that this Meeting should appoint a committee to
take a title
impressed with an idea of the imj)ortarce of the subject, and disposed to carry for the same in the manner which in like cases has
been customar\ and the
;

!
Meeting apprehending that it may be safe to appoint a Commit
__-..
uc as they
desire, the following Friends are therefore named
for that service: mz John
Cox, Robert Grul)b, Josei)h Smith, Joseph Wetherill, Robert
Smith an-i Daniel
Smith, anri directed to take a title for the said lot as usual,
declaring it to be in
trust for the use of Frien<ls School, belonging to the
Preparative Meeting of
Burlin.uton. under tlir direction of the said Preparative
Meeting.'^
In 1785 they rejjorted that a deed had l)een executed
^/> ^ /y and a
declaration of trust drawn u]) and sio^ned by all the
con^mittee,
•statino; that the said estate was vested in them

in trust for the -ole use and benefit ..f Friends' school of Burlington under
the direction and care of the Preparative Meeting of
Friends heM at Burling-
ton to be appropriated l.>- the Trustees of the said .mIioo]
duly a])iK)inted. or
1»\ the said Prejjarative Meeting as
they may think best.'^
ha 4-^ *"'<'
In 1792 proposals are noted in the minutes concemin.i,^
the
erection of a new school house at Burlin.L(toni~ and a
rei)ort made
on the situation of schools at other places.
y 7 f^
We have attended our appointment m Monthly Meeting since last quarter,
and may mform that at Burlington there is no school at present,
but they havj
'
1; to a i.rospect of one this Fall; at Aneoeus the>- have no school
but hojje to open
one soon if a suitable Master ean he obtained: at Springfield
and Mansfield
Neck they have schools which have l)een visited monthly. But
no addition
n 7 to the funds in either Meeting appears since last
year.'^
^^The records of some of the meetin^^^s for the m.aintenance of

'^Ibid., 6/LX 1784. i^ihid., 3/I/1785.

1' Ihis new school was on York Street, where a lot containing an acre three
quarters and thirteen {perches had been obtained. It was fort\- feet bv twent v
had a door m front and one at each end, and was built of l)riek.
Rebecc-a h'
Roberts of Burlington gives the following list of teachers with
the period of
tdieir service: Joseph Clark,
1779; Darnel Smith and his son Benjamin, i7^^i-
a page from the account book of the treasurer of the Bemamm Smith, 1783; Henry Atherton, 1785; Joseph Pierce, 1790; Benia'
min Tucker, 1793: John Griseom, 1794; Jos. Mifl^in,
School fund at Mansfield, in 1794 1807: Stephen Pike,
1815; James Taylor, 1826; Mayberry McVaugh, 1829: Geo. B.
Deacon, 18^0
it forward, from wh'ch we hope great advantages will result, not only to the
George W^ Taylor, 183 1; Abel Busby, 1834; Benjamin H. Deacon,
18^6;
Jessie W Haines, 1838: Geo. M. Glover,
.
1839; Adeline Glover, 1840- Marv
present but to future generations.^* and Martha Gummere, 1850; Louisa C. Landis, 1851; Hannah
C. Parrv
1852; Charles Atherton, 1855; Xathaniel Bull, i860; Eliza Hinchman,
^^Ihid., 7T\\/i783; the Prep. Mtgs. at this date were Burlington, Old i860'
i«6i; Mary C. Stokes, 1873; and Bernice Allinson.
Springfield, Rancocas, and Mansfield Neck. fno ''v'^"''"' 1875. '

^^Burlmgton Prep. Mtg. Sch. Com. Records, 6 VIII

1792
64 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Biirlin^on Quarter
^5

schools are extremely irregular, and the usual reason offered, if the dwelhng house and premises, and James Taylor's
term of service having
expired, it appeared desirable that a person qualified
any, is the lack of teachers. Thus in 1707 all meetings had a to teach the school might
be obtained, who would occupy the same and take a few
school or schools except Mansfield Neck; in 1798 their school was scholars as boarders;
m order that might be conducted more in conformity with the original
it
de-
still vacant; later in the same year, "At Ancocas and Mansfield sign of the Preparative Meeting, and Mayberry
McVaugh making application,
Neck are none at present;" in 1800 schools were in operation in all an agreement has been entered into with him and he has
now moved into the
four places; in 1801 "at Burlington and Mansfield Neck schools house and proposes to open the school in a few days. 2^

are vacant, at the former for want of a teacher;" and in 1802 a The report, a year later, stated:
school was again in operation at each place. ^^ The trustees appointed
by the Preparative Meeting to have charge of the
In 1799 a minute was produced concerning the school property at school for the past year, report that the usual monthly
visits have been made
by some of their number, accompanied by j^art of the
Old Springfield which had been conveyed about 1779, soon after Women's Committee.
The average number of scholars has been about forty and an
the first recommendation had been received regarding the establish- improvement in
their learning has been noticed. ^^
ment of schools.-^
In 1 83 1 occurred another change of teachers.-^
By 1805 the number of standard established schools had de-
Mayberry McVaugh having informed the Trustees of his
clined as only five were reported for the entire Quarterly Meeting.-^ intention to leave
the premises and give up the school on the ist of
In that year, for the purpose of getting more exact information on Tenth mo. next (at which
time his agreement with them expires) they have a
prospect of engaging George
schools, and to stimulate lower meetings to greater activity, it was W. Taylor to teach the school and of renting to him the
dwelling-house, with
proposed that a regular annual query on schools be adopted. the view of his accommodating a few children
as boarders and scholars who
This was soon accomplished.- are members of our Society.-**

In 1 8 18 two schools, one at Burlington and one at Ancocas, In 1837 the school was reported under the
care of Benjamin
were reported; in 181 9, three, the two above m.entioned, and a Deacon, "a competent teacher," but the number of
scholars was
third at Lower Mansfield; in 1820, at Burlington, Rancocas, and only 22, with an average attendance of
14. Bv 1840, however,
Old Springfield; and the same report for 1822."''^ the number had risen to about 40. In that year a further report
From this point we shall trace the growth of the Preparative was given by the trustees as to organization, and
the subjects
Meeting school of Burlington. In 1823 its trustees reported as taught in the school.
follows That the school which at the date of last report had been closed for a short
The monthly by some of their number, and that
school has been visited time was again opened on the i6th of last 9th month, under the care of the
the good order and improvement of the children have been satisfactory. present teacher, George M. Glover. Many of the former scholars having been
The debts due for rejiairs and improvements of the school property (re- dispersed among
the other schools of the place, but a small
number entered
ported last year) have been discharged and on settling the Treasurer's account,, at the commencement. During the autumn, however, the school attained
a
there appears a balance in his hands of five dollars, forty-eight cents. considerable size.
A set of maps has been purchased for the use of the school, the cost of which In the early part of the 4th month the school
was divided in compliance
is twenty-five dollars, and which remains unpaid. with the wish of the teacher into two departments—the
girls being placed in a
Thomas Collins, Clerk.^^ sepaiate room and instructed by his sister— the
boys being still taught by
himself— and both divisions receiving his general oversight.
In 1829 we learn that:
combines the advantages of more thorough instruction
This arrangement
with what is always a
Samuel R. Gummere having informed the Trustees of his prospect of leaving desirable object, the immediate management of
girls by a person of their own
sex— nd at the same time the teacher is much relieved in
^Ubid., 7/VIII 6/Vni/i798, 3/n/i8oo, 2/II/1801, and his arduous duties.
1797, 5/II/1798,
1/II/1802. =^//>iJ. 1829. -^^Ibid., 1 830.
20See page 75. -^Min. Burlington Q. Mtg., 26/II/1805. ieachers apparently are not wont to remain more
than a vear or two-
-^IbU. "-Ubid.,2/II/1818; 1/II/1819; 7/II/1820; and 4/II/1822. customary elsewhere. ' '

^''Min. Burlington Prep. Mtg., School Com., 1823. ^Ubid., 1 83 1.

66 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools oj BurLuigtoH Unaritr 67
The two departments divide the school about equally and each contains 5th. Neither of our .scliools fi-ccive aid from the pul)lic school fund and of
nearly twenty pupils. course are not under the contr(jl of the officers of the Public Schools.
A monthly visitation has been regularly kept up both by the Trustees and 6th. There are two private schools m
our limits, one for bows taught by a
the Women's Committee —the exercises of the school have been carefully man and one for girls taught by a female both of whom are members. The
observed, and the progress of the pupils inspected from time to time. The boys school averages about 30 scholars (one of whom is a member and belongs
branches taught, comprise orthography, reading, writing, arithmetic, geog-
The branches taught are reading, writing, arith-
to a neighboring Meeting).
raphy, grammer, history, mathematics and the elements of Natural Philosophy, metic, grammar, geography, mathematics, history, natural philosophy, the
Chemistry, Astronomy. Spelling is taught in part by dictation. This plan French and Latin Languages taught in the former, the price of tuition $6-1 12
enables the teacher to economize in time and labor while it imparts to the per quarter. The average number of the girls school is about 7 scholars, 3 of
1
learner a more practical knowledge of this fundamental branch of education. whom are members, the branches taught are reading, writing, arithmetic,
From successive examinations of the copy books a marked improvement is grammar, geography, history, botany and natural philosophy. Tuition $5 per
to be traced in the writing of most of the scholars. The study of arithmetic quarter. 3 Friends children attend this school, the latter school receives a
and of some of the branches of
mathematics appears to be successfully pur- proportion of the Public School fund.
sued. In regard to the other branches taught it may be remarked that they 7th. There is one city Corporation school in Burlington open all the year,
receive their due proportion of time and attention and that the general progress average number of scholars about 80. There are also 7 private schools in
in them is satisfactory. It is proper also to add that the Scriptures are read Burlington that receive a portion of the public school fund monthly,—open
in the school daily. allthe year, averaging in the aggregate about 260 scholars, none of our number
The industry and order of the school afford evidence that the system of attend any of the above schools at present. Some of the teachers in the above
instruction and discipHne is well adapted and judiciously appHed —
and the schools are respectable and even quahfied.
Trustees feel great satisfaction in recommending the Preparative Meeting 8th. There are no schools taught in any of our Friends' families at present.'®
School to the patronage and support of Friends.^^
In 1843 we find in the records of the school committee a letter
In 1842 the Yearly Meeting, by means of a questionnaire of written by the teacher, which throws light on the difficult situation
somewhat lengthy dimensions, undertook to ascertain the exact in which the school foimd itself.
status of education in each Preparative Meeting. The answers To the trustees:
to these inform us that: my engaging in your schools it was stipulated by your sub-
Previously to
1st. There are 9 boys and 16 girls, members of our Meeting between the age committee that should receive a salary of Si 50 per annum for the 1st year,
I

of 5 and 16 years, 18 of whom are receiving education at schools in Burling- and that it should be continued, if the funds of the school should admit of it,
—
ton City one female at Westtown Boarding School and there are 3 boys and 3 if not that I should receive $100. For the first year I received the $150, but
girls not at any school at present, but have been till lately —
their exact ages for each of the two last have received only Si 00.
years I

not readily obtained Now I am willing to submit for your consideration

whether your funds are
2nd. 19 of the above children reside within the limits of the two schools in not sufficient to admit of your allowing me Si 50 as stipulated by your sub-
Burlington under the care of our Preparative Meeting and can conveniently committee.
attend them. The remaining 6 reside in the country and attend common am induced to make this request partly on account of the reduced state
1

schools some part of the year in their respective neighborhood. ofmy school, having at present only ten scholars, two of whom expect to leave
3rd. There are two schools in our limits one for boys taught by a man and soon for Westtown School. The decrease in my school has been caused by the
one for girls taught by a female, both members and superintended by Trustees establishment of the public school.
and a committee of Women Friends appointed by the Preparative Meetings; Perhaps it may be a subject worthy of the consideration of the Trustees
average number of the boys school is 14 scholars, five of whom are members, whether or not anything can be done to increase the interest of our school.
the price of tuition from 4 to 5 dollars per Quarter, average of girls school 20, Respectfully,
10 of whom are members, price of tuition 2 to 4 dollars per quarter. Geo. M. Glover.
4th. We have one school house in BurHngton and an annual income for 8 mo. 29th 1843.31

house and ground rent of about $300 (in lead pencil above it was 250) appropri- In 1844 it was necessary to raise the mistress' salary also and for
ated to pay the Teacher and educating the poor Friends Children. the same reason.
'^Hbid., 1840. ^^Ifnd., 1842. ^^Ibid.
68 Quaker Ed tt cation in New Jersey Schools oj l>urli}igton ijuaner 69
The female teacher having been discouraged by the smallness of the school
and the Trustees being desirous to secure the continuance of her services, it was
resolved to —
make her situation worth to her $250 per annum with the under-
standing however that the Trustees were not to be responsible for the collection
of her bills. The salary of the male teacher being as last year $150 in ad- —
dition to his receipts for tuition. ^-

That the public schools drew away a very ^^enuine support of

the Friends schools is seen in the fact that there was a general

falling off of attendance wherever the public schools opened.

Those drawn away in the case of Burlington, however, were mostly
outsiders, and not the members. In 1856 there were 26 children
reported of age to go to school These were distributed as follows
.

II taught at home, 5 at Friends school, 4 at Westtown, 3 at a

zr.

school taught by a member, while 3 attended 'other schools," *

o
probably the public institutions.^ o
r
S
•>
In 1870 we are informed that: C/j
H
W
... In addition to the usual English branches and drawing, the higher
mathematics and Latin and French are now taught, thus enhancing the value
of the course as preparatory to a higher school.
^
The number of pupils during the year has been 39 — 14 boys and 25 girls. w
r
Of these 10 were members and several others connected with Friends.^"
r

We now turnour attention to the school at Rancocas. In 1803

•o
>
Rancocas received information that the monthly meeting expected
to cast the burden of schools where it properly belonged, i. e., on >
z
the lower meetings, and that a report must be sent in giving a n
o
o
particular account of the state of schools. ^^ Six years later steps >
73

were taken for more permanent accommodations for the school-

master, apparently at the latter's suggestion.

John Gummere having proposed to continue in our school provided a

accommodation could be obtained; and the trustees
suitable house for his
taking the subject into consideration agree to propose to the Preparative
Meeting that a lot of ground be purchased in a suitable siutation and a dwelling
house be erected thereon to accomodate a schoolmaster, and they further in-

^HhU., 1844. ^IbU., 1856.

^^It appears from the fact that there are no minutes of the school committee
after 1870, and the Quarterly Meeting Minutes mention only three schools
in place of four, that the Burlington Preparative Meeting School was
discontinued at that time, though perhaps held irregularly. Mary C. Stokes
and Bernice Allinson are mentioned elsewhere as teachers in 1873 and 1875,
respectively.
'3'Min. Rancocas Prep. Mtg., 1/IX/1803.
70 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Burlington Quarter
71

form that such a lot of land may be obtained of Samuel Ellis for 40 dollars per That the school has been regularly conducted under their care since last
36 report; Jacob Knight continued in the school as teacher
acre until the 17th of the
4th month last. On the i8th of the same month, Susan
Two months thereafter the trustees were instructed to complete Haines took charge
of the school as teacher by agreement with the trustees
the purchase of the lot and in 1810 a plan for a school-master's and continued in the
same until the 21st of nth month On
the 23rd of the same month
last.
house was presented. The
was completed at a cost of
latter Jacob Knight again took charge of the school and is now
. . .
the teacher.
. . .

$930.00. As a further encouragement for teachers a barn was It is believed the school for the past year has been
satisfactorily conducted
proposed in 181 7: and the scholars have made encouraging progress in their learning;
on an ex-
amination of the treasurer's accounts it appears there is a balance
Information having been received from the trustees of the school that a due the school
fund in cash of $65.31 and in monies due $47.25. There
new barn etc. is wanted on the lot appropriated for the convenience of the are three schools,
—
school teacher with which sentiment the meeting unites and leaves them at
superintended by committees, the preparative meetings, and
bers."
taught by mem-
liberty to raise what money they may think proper by a voluntary subscription,
and if there should be any surplus for it to be annexed to the school fund." The third one was jjrobably at Lower Mansfield. Seven years
In 1 8 1 8 a report on the school was brought forward as follows later only two were reported. ''^

The on behalf of the trustees of the school produced their report for
clerk, In 1837, the Hicksite Meeting being acquainted with
the fact
the past year, by which it appears that in consequence of improvements done
that Orthodox Friends were planning to erect a school,
on the lot, school house etc. they have expended what money was in their
made an
amicable proposal that they should join together in the stipport
hands and that there yet remains a deficiency unprovided for of $45.22; and
of one.
they propose raising $100 to meet it, and to enable them to accomplish some
other improvements. To the Preparative Meeting of Orthodox Friends (so calledj
held at Ancocus,
They Hkewise report that the school has had their attention, that it is orderly This meeting has been informed that preparations are making
by you for
conducted and scholars generally improving in their learning. ^^ the erection of a building on the Meeting House lot intended
for a school house.
In 1820 the school benefitted by two bequests, one from Howard We have thought this a fit occasion to address you upon the subject and let
you know that m the first place it has at all times been our
Buzby amounting to £ and the other from George Dilwyn of disposition tc^
25, endeavor to make such arrangements as would be mutually satisfactory
relative
£20. Two years later it became necessary to erect a new house: to a school in this place, and in such manner that we could maintain one good
They which the school is held is so old and out
also report that the house in school m — instead
peace of two of an inferior character in strife. We do not
of repair they that cannot indulge a reasonable hope of its being suitable for see any insuperable diflficulties in the way.
the purposes of a school another year they therefore suggest to the Preparative
; If however, you should think diflferentl}-. we can but express our
regret and"
Electing the propriety of authorizing the succeeding trustees to build a new at the same time would apprize you that from motives of
i)eace we do not
house on the lot whereon the present one stands within the ensuing year.-*^ propose to interfere with the i.rogress of your building, yet we think
we can
The above proposal was approved by the Meeting, and see an increase of the present difficulties must l)e the consequence
in 1823, of two such
rival (and, it is to be feared) hostile schools so near to
They also report that a school house has
been erected agreeably to the di- each other—And that
no part thereof may be justlv chargeable to us, or we accused of remissness
rection of the Preparative Meeting in the 2d mo. last, and that the whole ex- in
suitable endeavors to promote good neighborhood, we have
pense, including the price of a new stove, etc. is $557.59; and that the funds thought it right
to communicate with you, and to inform that in case this is received
including the price obtained for the old school house amounts to $559.23, in the
same spirit in which it is dictated that our trustees of the school are fully
leaving a balance in favor of the school fund of $1.64.-"'
authorized to treat with any persons you inax- appoint for that
purpose.
After the division in 1827 the schools at Rancocas and Old The clerk of this Meeting is directed to furnish a copy of the above communi-
Springfield were continued under the direct control of the new cation to the clerk of the meeting to which it is addressed, with
a request that
organization. In 1829 a report was produced as though nothing he should lay it before that Meeting. '^
out of the ordinary had taken place.
^^Min. Rancocas Prep. Mtg., (H.), 3i/Xir/i829.
''Ibid., 28/IX/1809. 'Ubid., 3/VII/1817. 'Ubid., 1/I/1818. ^2Min. Burlington Mo. Mtg., (H.), 1/II/1836.
'Ubid., 3/1/1822. 'mid., 30/1/1823. «Min. Rancocas Prep. Mtg. (H.), 26/X/1837.
72 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Burlington Quarter
73
In 1845 ^ report stated the school had been kept open about 10 And that they be at liberty to use any funds for
that purpose which may
months of the year. In 185 1, -come to their hands from the school property by
gift or otherwise.**

The trustees report that the school has been kept open about 9 months in In 1877 a report was made setting forth some
of the difficulties
the past year; in the summer session about 6 months; three months the met in maintaining the school;
winter season. The summer by a female, the winter by a male teacher. They
The school has been kept open most of the terms since
also settled with their tieasurer and find a balance ... of $21.36.*'' last report and taught
by teachers m membership with Friends. Previous to school vear 1877 the
In 1855 it was a^^reed that the meeting house in Mansfield town- trusteesemployed Chalkley Mattack t<. teach the school for
'nine months
ship be used by the district trustees for educational purposes.'*^ agreemg to pay him S35 pcr month. An.i liie said
Chalklev was to charge all
In 187 1 the Rancocas School trustees make it evident that the scholars, except those sent by Friends five cents per dav 0:1 f)ehalf of
the
trustees, and such money so received to go irun the treasury
operation of the district school has caused them embarrassment, of the school
The trustees seeing their inability to pa>- the
..aid ChalkleV fmni the funds
because of the withdrawal of funds. Their report was as follows: of the treasury appHed to the Yearly Meeting for assistance uh.u h resulted
The committee appointed to have charge of the school and school property, by contributing Sioo to t!ie school fund which was paid to the said
Chalklex-
report that on examination of the treasurer's account that there is due him as will appearmore fi]ll\- m the Treasutcr's
report.
In connec'tion with the $100 ap|)ropnaicd by
tlie Yearly Meetiri?- The
They also report that the school has been maintained a part of the year under Yearly Meeting refurnished with improved desks :ni<i
membership with us —
l)enches the Ijuys' side
the care of a person in of the school house, the furniture of which was
And a part of the time by a person not in membership — But generally to old, defaced, and dilapidated.
Previous to school year of 1878 the trustees thought,
considering the limited
good satisfaction. fun.is, to contract no debts but what they
could pay, and knowing the insuffi-
The committee or trustees believe it proper to state that the opeation of ciency of Friends to employ a suitable teacher for
the ensuing vear, thought to
the law of this state in regard to school now deprives them from receiving any open the school the 1st of the nth month for a session
of s months and for a
part of the State school funds raised by taxation, or interest of the
. . .
compensation for the yearly term of $125. or S25 j.er month;
the use of the
surplus revenue (so called). school house and all the teacher could make out
of the schodi; charging at the
And the school is maintained upon the original ground of Friends' concern
if
rate of 5 cents per day. Charles Stokes, Jr.. was emplo>'ed to teach the school
for the promotion of well regulated schools, it must be a pay school. Except on the above conditions.
so far as the funds under the control of the Preparative Meeting may make it The school has been Well patronized,*attended 1»n- 34 sdiolars, o-ly ^
otherwise. of whom
were Friends owing to which fact the teacher insisted
that it wasndl practical
The school house was funds contributed by Friends and to be
built with
to attend mid-week meetings.*"
exclusively under their control upon property held by them as a place for
religious worship. To surrender the school house and grounds to any set of Ini88o the school at I^cccas was kept open "m.ostof the
year"
men elected by ballot as trustees or committee by the people of the school by Mar\' i;iil)ball "a fem.ale in membership. " "She ta^pht
and
district established by law, a very small proportion of whom are Friends would managed the school to satisfaction." At the time of this report
be at variance with Friends testimonies upon the subject of schools, and a the trustees note that they have leased the school
non-compliance with our discipline which requires all gifts to be strictly applied property now
"to Alexander Thcm.pson and Rebecca his wife."^« In
to the use intended by the donors. accordance
Taking this view of the subject the Committee have declined to surrender with this the m.onthly meeting stated in k^s^. "We
have no school
the school house to the public under the law. And as a consequence the money as queried after, "^^ but the school was later revived.
In 1S95,
which we believe equitably belongs to us is given for the support of a school "Rancocas reports a school as queried nfter. but not sii])erintended
under the management of trustees elected by the people as aforesaid. It by a^( committee appointed by the bYeparative Areeting."^^
would now appear that we had no consistent left us, but to submit, however In
1920' the m.onthly
unjust it may appear —We would therefore recommend that trustees for the meeting reported:
school be appointed as heretofore and that they embrace every right oppor- ^JWe^have one school under the care of the Monthly Meeting taught by a
tunity for the maintenance of a school under the control of Friends.
^%Iiii. Rancocas Prep. Mtg., (H.), 2i/Xri/i87i. ^Ubid., 2; HI iS77
^Ibid., 23/I/1851. 4-\Min. Burhngton Mo. Mtg., (H.), 2/II/1857. ^^Ibid., 15/II/1895. "^
>
74 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Burlington Quarter
75
person having one parent a
member—the Duoils att^nrl o.;^
nuZ. of rmwf. "
i
w,th the teacher. Number of pupils 6,
""""^^
A year later steps were taken to occupy the
house as a residence
A
proposition to change the Friends'
School house into a dwellina (,„
discussed and duly, criticised
and the property committee to
and united with that he
take the matter in .L
(chan.t ') h
^ "''''^•' !^
"
T
work at an expense not to exceed ?"'^'=*^' "^'".'"^
and distributed.^^
S^oo T^e year book
"''^>'<^ar b<^k for 192 was received
1
^
A
Study of the records relating
thereto seems to indicate
o that

t
1779. 'Tn or"Tb't';!:°f
In or
^' °" ''^""^^'^ was established in
about that year they had two
conveyed by deeds in tmst for
acres of tn-oimH
the use of a schoo •'
same year the committee informed andTn the
by a Fnend ... in Old Springfield
that -there is a chool
"«
tTu^ht ^
""'''"'' ''' '°"^^y ^" '«35, and from
u
tha?W
In "s^^rmX
t°olr fl
stSer
""'

^^" "^^^ '^ ^^^"^ ™ ^" ^->'-

o
ap^omtdl^^rl^CatlSergr ^^ --— ™- ^>- ^

°'"'''''' ""^^ °" *' ''"'"' "' ''^^ ^^^°°' ^^^ P^°duced
soonX
• . .
The last year's committee now report thev have vi<;,tpH th^ u i

H
<
o
o
s
acres of land also 522-57—
1,
the J
$,22
^
residue being $342.09 in
*i8o.58 ,7_»L
Is of said! sum was "T ''""'^ ^"'^ '°' °f '""^
taken to Durrh>i«p to„^
J
'
obligations. There is of inter. t v,T
grown out of the above fund, and ",'"'' ^^' !'
now at interest Jo, I.
now at interest 1450.00 besides the
Q land ZVZ'J^.^^^-f^^^T'Z
2;
u
find a balance in his hands
of »76.09>< due the school « *^^ '^'^^"^^'^ «"d
X.

This indenture made this 5th day of 12th month in the vear of onr T .r^

^'^^™^™. Dayton Zeljey, and Stacy

beinfa maToritv Z Stevenson
-M?efing"oTave '^ °'<^ Spnngfield Preparative
in ch'arTth'"'': 'T'"''"
"" '"' '^^p"'-^ ^"""'^^''^•^ -"^ -<>
"^^Z .3/11/1920

se^p^' /4'^^/'^''- ^°^ photograph of Rancocas School as now

it stands

"Min: erdiS'eld%tl*p«-;4^^^^
i5/XII/,836
«7Ai</., ^' *' *
-^^ ^'/I'''«36.
76 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Burlington Quarter
77

W
W
H
CD

as

CTj

O
H

00

Q
W
cr
<

Q
)—
u.
O
OS
Cu

c
O
o
o
/«^

K
u

E'
H
k^
CQ

(J
u
o
u
c/2

O
78 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Burlington Quarter
79
meeting, do lease unto the trustees elected by the legal voters of School Dis-
trict number thirty-nine, viz. Edwin Black, Gilbert L. Swain, and Charles G.
minute of 1697, which contributed
Warner, all of the township of Springfield, county of BurHngton and state of
New Jersey, the school house together with the playgrounds attached thereto,
adjoining aforesaid meeting property, for the term of one year (or st;teh time
t>t .f last quarter of
With the
to their education, but
'" "'^^^ "^ ^'^ P"-^"'y
T""" the eighteenth century
en.ed here
'"
not their

came the "edu-

—
cational revival" and the establishment
as the school house is occupied and kept open as a district school) from the of official Friends' schools
tenth day of eleventh month A. D. 1873 for the consideration of eight dollars
m Chesterl^cid, such as we ha^-e
already noted elsewhere In
(per month) cash hand paid, to them or their successors in office, and at the
in 1779 the committee, previously appointed,
stated:
expiration of said term to yield the peaceable passession thereof to the said some care is taken agreeable to the
advice of the Yearly "leeung
Meeting and some
committee, first above named, or their successors, in as good.condition as when progress made in some places . .«»
.

received, general wear and tear excepted, in witness whereof we have set our
In 178,3
Joseph Forsythe reporu-l l,,r the
hands and seals the day and year above written. comjnittee that thev
be;leved subscription funds should
Committee Joseph Hancock he started at each Preparative
Daniel S. Zelley Meeting for the purpose ot l^uying
land, building school
and, ,n answer to a quer>- houses
Clayton Zelle\' in 786 the monthh- meetin, stated
,

Stacy Stevenson there were schools established

as the Yearh- Meeting
District Edwin Black desired In
i7»7 the tollowing form of
Trustees Gilbert L. Swain
bequest was adopted
Charles G. Warner
of '^rtr':::T':
""" ' °' ^"^ -"«• ->led Fnendsscho„l
". •

(On Nov. loth, 1874, the above lease was continued in force by general con- ^ '
I""^"^^--
^'^^ treasurer of the
sa d school for \h,^ tir... i i ,

''"
sent. )56 ^
pointed by the Trustee of said
after my decease and applied,
school the sum of ,,;;;;;":; 'l"'' il'
by the sa.d Trustees ,„ a
advancement of the said school at their
discretion.".
f:.' " ZZ/Z
Chesterfield Monthly Meeting
In 1 79 1
we learn, concerning Chesterfield, that
The Monthly Meeting of Chesterfield was estabhshed in 1684,
'" ''' -'^'^'-h--' °f -hools agreeable
and was composed, either at th^ date or later, of Chesterfield, recIfo^oTthe
rection Yrrtr
ot the Yearly Meeting,
''r reported there
to the ,li^
a house at Chesterfield so Hr
is
fin,shed that a school might
Trenton, Eastbranch, BordentowriT and Stony Brook preparative be kept m
it, but it ,s not vet
oc upTed ft"ha
purpose, neither ,s there any such school within
meetings. this Monthlv MeePng a.

The first educational concern that we find in this monthly the production of the above
report, the Preparative
m.eetingwas in connection with the placing out of children of poor uteZ'Xfc^
Meeting at Chesterfield was authorized
to establish a school there-
parents at the expense of the vd^^ng.^ It is evident however,
vivei'andl
vived and the
°' ''";°"""''"^'
meetmg takmg ye same into
™
-*ools made m ye 8 month last bemg
re-
that very early after the establishment of the m.eeting, a school consideration recommends the
Preparative A.eetmg of Chesterfield
was available, as a minute of 1693 indicates: chool ,n the said house and
and thev are herein-
pen a authonz~
appoint a suitable number of
"It agreed by this meeting that weekday meeting be kept every fourth
is to take the care and oversight
Frien as Tru Lt
thereof and make rules and
da\- of the week at falles in the school house. "^'*
regulations for the
government and promotion of the

""
institution, which rules and
always be inspected by theNfonthly regulations haH
But further information on schools at that date we have none. Meeting'sCommitteeforthe™obat'on
Special meetings for young people were established according to a
to receive subscriptions
10 :mt,r'' ""Tr
^"^•-'--'•'o-ed
and donations
to appoint aTri:
for accumulating a fund,"
^«Misc. Papers of Old Springfield, deposited at 15 «Sr Race Streets, Phila-
In 1793 report was made that the fund for this school had
delphia. Concerning the "per month" in the above we cannot be certain:
in-
this item is written in between the lines —
such a thing in the records is usually creased to several hundred pounds."
In the sam.e year the sum
acknowledged at the end as having been written before the signatures were
rnade. Here such is not the case; moreover the "per month" appears in
lighter ink and in slightlv altered hand. "hmT'Uvut^^'""''''"^^- ^^'S; Ibid., 2 VII ,697
5'Min. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., 7/IX/1689. '"Hbid., 7/XII/1693.
8o Quaker Education in Xen' Jersey
Schools of Burlington Charter
81
of £ 63 '19 /S/i^ was received as their part of the quarterly meeting
fund for schools.
As has been found in many other cases Chesterfield abandoned'
the youths' meetings about the time regular schools were estab-
lished, possibly due to the fact that in a school of this nature the
aims of the youths' meetings could be accomphshed.^"*
In 1794 the following report on schools was made by the com-
mittee :

We of the committee on schools having met and examined the accounts for
building the school house, find a balance of £ 10/17/6 due to Joseph Forsyth
for carpenter work done and the sum of £ 2/6/1 K
due to John Wright, being-
money overpaid by him as receiver of subscriptions for said building. We
also agree to report there arc two schools at Chesterfield under the care of

trustees one of which is taught by a woman .^^

. .

In 1 80 1 the committee reported there were two schools under

»
the care of Friends and visited monthly by trustees, one of them w
CA

being at Chesterfield and the other at Stony Brook they further H

;
M
W
stated a fund was established at Robins Preparative Meeting.^'
m
In 1807, 18 10 and 811 schools were reported at Chesterfield and r
1
D
Trenton, but no statement appeared concerning vStony Brook and X
East Branch. In 1814, 1815 and 1816 the report returned was: M
-^.

D
*'No schools agreeable to the import of this query," but there "are
funds established in each ]3reparative meeting for the promotion in
n
of schools."" The failure of the schools to measure up to the
standards was probably due to a lack of Friends to teach them.
After 1820 two schools, one at Chesterfield, the other at East
Branch, were again reported as meeting the standard. In 1824,
there were four of that grade:
3rd. The committee on schools report that there are established for the
education of our youth, one school at Chesterfield, one at Trenton, one at East
Branch, and one at Stony Brook, all under the care of teachers in membership
with us and superintended by committees appointed by the respective
Preparative Meetings.*^

From this point we our attention to the schools at

shall turn
each individual preparative meeting. In some preparatives, after
the separation, two schools are to be found where before there

^Ibid., 3/IX/1793. ^Ibid., 12/11/1794-

««Changed to East Branch by request in 1804; Ibid., 3/II/1801.
^Uhid., 8/II/1814; 7/II/1815, and 6/II/1816. ^mid., 3/II/1824.
 —

82 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Burlington Quarter

83
was but one. be necessary to deal with them in-
It will therefore
From time onward there was no school
this
dividually. In the case of Chesterfield the original school was conducted solely by
^
this group of Friends. •
continued under the direction of Hicksite Friends. In 1848 they Returning now to 1828 we find that
a school was Hkewise con-
note that it has been taught by Chalkley White and is in a flourish- tmued by the Orthodox branch of
Friends at Chesterfield Re-
ing condition. In i860 two schools were reported open, but a ports, from time to time show
that school funds were ver>' plenti-
small attendance at them.*'^^ In 1865 the following report was
made:
/->. / V'^' /}^ ,<i^
'
'^/V Xr-- , , f'-y-v
Thereone school at Crosswicks under the care of a committee of Friends,
is

comprising 30 scholars, of which 3 are members, but it is not taught by a

member, nor do they attend midweek meetings.'*^
The next year the trustees were instructed to ascertain the best
disposition they could make of the school house for the ensuing •<'l€</
''>// ^,,
year, and shortly thereafter report was received that they had '
s^:y^
rented it to the ])ublic trustees for one year."^ In 1S67 they re-
im.
'^'^
/ // - / ' ^ /-y^^ y^^y, //// x .
ported :

The trustees appointed last year tohave charge of the schools, report hav-
ing found that nearly the children attending were of parents not members
all

and after consulting with the meeting it consenting, agreed to charge the
trustees of school district No. of Chesterfield seventy dollars ($70) a year
i

for the use of the school house, which has been paid and have agreed to pay
the same for the present year subject to the direction of the meeting trustees *^-e t^tr/ ^ (^/,, ,/4ty,ty' ^ ' ^'^'^^r^rj'ifi' -.

the meeting trustees introducing the rules that formerly governed the school. "^

A further report of 1868 indicated:

' y y y
The school house has been rented for the past year for seventy dollars and
the school has been kept subject to the same rules and regulations that gov-
erned the school when Friends had charge of the same. The District trustees ' 'y ^^/// / f •'.v, A„ ./ /?/yin.4<i^>t /-r^ y* >
'

r,
//;, ^^
^ ^^ /-<€//»>./ <,v7
*, ^ , <

to be subject to the direction of the Meeting Trustees.''* / , A, y y4,,„

In 1869 the school house was rented to the district forSioo,

payable quarterly, the school was operated under the rules and
regulations that had prevailed when it was a Friends' school, and
the District Trustees were ''subject to the direction of the Meeting x^.v-/-'- -•• ^^ /^'^y^^^i'-'^ty/J'''^"'^''''^ '"''""''
"-t^a^
/'
^^^^ ,^^^
Trustees. "7^
/^ <-». t-t

In 1870 the Monthly Meeting reported: "NANXIAL

REPORT OF THE SCHOOL AT CrOSS-
''
wrr.r T„
There one school at Chesterfield partially under the care of Friends, but "' ^"^ "'^^^^^^ ^^^^^'^^ RECORDED FOR AN
is ^NnrVTnr.rr'"^^
INDIVIDIAL SCHOOL IN THE EARLY
NINETEENTH
not of the description queried after." CENTURY
fuF« and schools kept up, though not alwavs
e^Min. Chesterfield Prep. Mtg. (H.), 28/VI/1860.
taught bv members
In 1842 they reported:
70Min. of Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., (H.), 7/II/1865.
-'Min. Chesterfield Prep. Mtg., (H.), 28/VI/1866.
-Hhid., 23/V/1867. 'Hbid., 25/VI/1868. 'Ibid., 25/111/1869.
•^Min. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., (H.), 8/11/ 1870.
 : — :

84 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools 0/ Burlington Quarter
The School Crosswicks which has been continued through
in Chesterfield at 8^
the year, was taught during the summer season by a female in membership Areport was also returned concerning
the lack of propriety in
the average number of scholars about 30 of whom 22 were members. It is at
keepmg school in the meeting house.
present taught by a man Friend. There are 35 scholars of whom 15 are mem-
bers. The Scriptures are daily read in the schools and the children attend
We the committee of the school of Trenton Preparative
met and considered! the propriety of a school
Meetmg havuie
midweek meetings with the teacher." being kept in our Meeting House
agree to report as there are but very
This school was in existence in 1850.^^
few children that are members of
still
society at the school think it is a
our
disadvantage and improper to keep a
school
m the Meeting house as this house is
much dirted and the 'vard and fence
School at Trenton much injured.**-'

A school house was mentioned at *'falles" in 1693, it being pro- In 1820 a

new school committee was appointed, and
in 1825 the
posed as a place to hold a meeting. But, following this early meetmg took up the question of alterations in ^our
present school
mention, signifying whatever it may, we know little of her school room." We cannot be certain that the school
continued in opera-
history before the nineteenth century^ In 1798, replying to a re- tion at all at this period, but may be
certain at least that it did
quest received from Trenton Preparative, the Monthly Meeting not measure up to standard. In 183 1 the monthly meeting re-
replied ported no schools whatever measuring up to
standard.^
The committee appointed by the Monthly Meeting to consider the request In 1 84 1 the following minute regarding Trenton School
of Trenton Preparative Meeting respecting the division of the fund for the
fund is
found
support of a school in the Preparative Meeting of Chesterfield are of the mind
Our Treasurer is directed to call on the executors
that the Monthly Meeting hath no power to divide any part of the subscrip- of our friend Samuel
Paxson (deceased) the former Treasurer of this
tions thereof, yet we advise Friends of Chesterfield to consider them when they Meeting for the school fund
belonging to said Meeting and invest it in
may open a fund for the support of a school agreeable to the direction of the proper security for its benefit ^'
There having been a school established by Friends
yearly meeting.'^ at Trenton the appoint-
ment of Trustees to endeavor to encourage and promote
said school coming
In 1807 the same meeting stated under consideration, after deliberation thereon it
was thought best to make
There is a school at Trenton, superintended by a committee of the such an appointment. Samuel Ellis Decou,
. . .
John C. Haines, and Peter Decou
Preparative Meeting and taught by members of the Society.*" were accordingly appointed to that service. »«

Ten years later a committee for the school w^as named: A year later we learn that
The following named Friends are appointed Trustees to Friends' School in At Trenton a school was kept for six months during
the summer season
Joshua Newbold, Samuel Coleman, Joseph Decou, Joseph Shirm
this place: taught by a female in membership. The number
of scholars was about 10'
and Lewis Evans, who are desired to pay the necessary attention thereto, of whom three were members. During the continuance of the school the Scrip-
likewise to apply to the Trustees of Chesterfieldand request them to refund tures were daily read and the scholars attended
mid-week meetings.^"
the moneys that have been subscribed and paid by persons who are now
In 1843 the report for Trenton stated:
members of this particular Meeting, for the benefit of the school in this place.
The clerk is directed to furnish them with a copy of this minute. ^^ In Trenton Preparative Meeting there are
7 children who have been attend-
ing mixed schools the greater part of the
In the same year they record that year and one who has been six months
at Westtown. No Friends school has been kept up during
the past year.^^
the Meeting united in requesting that the moneys that have been subscribed
and paid to the school fund at Chesterfield by persons who now are members After the middle of the century no indication is
found in the
of this particular meeting may be transferred to the school fund in this place. minutes that a school was carried on at Trenton. In 1862 the
Hick-
The above request was directed to be sent forward to our next Monthly Meet- site Friends also report, "We have
no fund for education.''^^
82
ing
''^^"- Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., 8/II/1831.
"Min. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., (O.), 8/II/1842. li^J'-'^-'i^^^^^^^^'^-
«^Mm.
(O.),
Trenton Prep. Mtg., (O.), 15/VII/1841. '
^
78Min. Chesterfield Prep. Mtg., (O.), 5/II/1850.
»«Mm. Stony Brook Prep. Mtg., 2/VII/1840.
79Min. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., 2/X/1798. ^^Ibid., 3/II/1807.
s^Min. Trenton Prep. Mtg., 28/II/1817. ^^fff^fi^ld Mo. Mtg., (O.), 8/11/ 1 842.
^Ubid., 21/VIII/1817. 8^I-!J-
^^Ibtd., 7/II/1843.
8»Min. Trenton Prep. Mtg., Women Friends, (H.), 16/I/1862.
 :

86 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Burlington Quarter

87

East Branch School appears from a later minute that this ]3roject
It
n^av have bucn
Let us turn now to trace the development of Robins School under dropped entirely due to a disagreement about
the "terms. '"^^'

the care of that Preparative Meeting. In 1800 a proposal was In 18 1 9 the trustees presented the following
list of rules for the
made concerning the establishment of a school fund, and a form Meeting's a])proval
agreed upon whereby subscriptions might be secured. After a
few months' labor they reported that the subscriptions amounted :^
£ 68 Thewas begun without delay and reported <' ^^* r ^ fi ---//^^^
to /i 5 /o.^^ school '\ y
in operation in 180 1. In the same year they sought to obtain
assistance, tow^ard an increase of the funds, from Chesterfield.
The result was an agreement, on the part of the latter meeting to
collect subscriptions for the support of the new school. ^^ In 1802 ^ " cy,
Robins received £ 6/8/6, being part of the stim derived from the
/

sale of the old meeting house at Crosswicks, which was directed

\ -T

^^^ ^^.c^'^t^'j vv.:^ ./^.i^, ^. ' //'

to be added to the school, according to a minute of the Monthly , , /ii '>T^/ ^ ^ ^r.' fffi^u^

Meeting.^- In 1804 the name of the meeting, and of the school y'.n /y
< f-*-' V..J
^^
also, was changed from Robins to East Branch. r^<-^,^y'-;*^ ;?^/<^^..^^:,^ ^z-
/,., .>,,^^.^ ,^j
In 1805 the following report of the Trustees was produced: .^^ ^7-rr^^ ^»-^^ . '/^'z

meeting of the Trustees of the school fund belonging to East Branch

... at a
Preparative Meeting the Trustees being all present proceeded to a settle-
. . .
'*-y^^4^t',.^:;y- ,
r^/^^,^ ^:-"...^" X .

ment with Treasurer. After going through the settlement the accounts ap- " ^^/V^,^;' .^^ ../> ^.^^V^';
.f

peared to stand as follows, that is, ninety-six pounds on subscription, twenty- f>fi

three pounds, ten shilHngs, out on bond, twenty-six pounds, fifteen shillings
and nine pence in the hands of the Treasurer, two pounds, twelve shillings }-^

and nine pence interest due, not collected, and two pounds, thirteen shillings
-y
and four pence interest due on the bond the 19th of the present month, amount-
ing in the whole to £ 151/11/10.^^ To this was added a legacy of £ 4/15/7^2
in 1806.95 ^*'. r '^.'t' ^^ C,.^ yr , . .

The following report, relative to a house that might serve as a y"

i7 /.'
yyy -. ' - .

^ --^fV ^'- -
. J .
*' ^ /t,-t^j^ ^-'' ^s^

dwelling for a schoolmaster, was made in 18 10: ^: - .^y^^^

The committee appointed in the third month last to propose a plan that
^A^ ./ ^-^^ .
— ^-^'^"' ..'/^.
^y^^^
would do away the difficulty heretofore experienced in x)roviding a suitable

person to have the care of our meeting house, report that in their opinion it '
'^^^i^miM^^kmllili:-:

is expedient to build a dwelling house for that purpose (which might accommo-

date a future school master) on a lot that Samuel G. Wright has agreed to Facsimile of the K^l.^;^ drawn ip kv the tristfes
for tfe
give adjoining eastwardly the one on which the Meeting House stands, with
SCHOOL AT East Blanch Prelaw ative Meeting
in IcSI9
which, after due consideration, this Meeting concurs; the Trustees of the school
The trtistees appointed by the Preparative Meeting
fund are requested to pay the proper attention to the business and apply to to sui>re-:T,tt- ,1 J- st
Branch school having deliberately considered the
this Meeting from time to time for further instructions as may be necessary.'-*^
imDortance of the trust re-
posed m them and beheving it necessar>- tliat there
should l)e some estabh.hed
^in. Robins Prep. Mtg., 24/XII/1800. ''^Ibid., 2o/Vni/i8oi.
rule^and regulations for the good order and
''-Ibid., 23 XII/1802. 93\i^in. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., 5/VI/1804. gox-eri;ment of said school:
••^^Min. East Branch Prep. Mtg., 21 /IIP 1805. ^^Ibid., 19/VI/1806.
'^Ubid., 28 r I '181 1.
'^^Ibid., 24/V/1810.
 ^

88 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Burlington Uujrtcr
Therefore we submit the following for the consideration of the Meeting, viz., 89
(First) That the Trustees now appointed and their successors shall by trustees appointed hv the
have the Prei)ar'itivo \f t" , r
direction of the said school with full attended by about ,hu-,y '' '"' '" ^"'"^ '™^ ^^''
power to employ teachers from time to scholars.-
time as they may judge requisite and for sufficient reasons to them appearing,
dismiss said teachers.
(Second) They shall admit scholars and such of them as will not submit to
written rules and established order of said school they may dismiss.
(Third) They shall visit the said school at least once in each month and Of
];^e^^oT;rdTErtlr^;r.^::::^.r™ "^- -'---
amine the progress of the scholars learning in their different branches.
ex-
think necessary to be done
resoectint h
'"'"P"''' ^-r
"'''^' "''>' '"^>-

(Fourth) They may from time to time make such rules and regulations as gether on the subjec dol^rTe ^^"%'"""« -^' ^^ conferred to-
, o "ePor/
they or any four of them shall judge necessary for the general benefit of the n^ent .Uh the Treasurer
school. Provided such rules are not contrary to those now adopted and the
oTII.'sXVun? a' ^l^I:!: ^T.^"":
fundamental plan of our school fund. StTunZ
T td'eSeeVSr^^d^ "-^'f
are con:.d:Xrand"
'^igJii-een
and nmetv-eight aoiiars
^

r r cents \Uc^ t>^ot ^u

.

Edwd. Taylor, Junr.^^

h^ '-' -^ •-^" --"^--
In 1824 the trustees reported: oT
house and lot together
n r.:^.X:- hirr'
wkh^^!
r "
'"^^ °" "^'^ ^™<^' "'^'^'> ^^^ool-
Samuel Craft and E. Taylor Jr., attended and examined the writing and Fnends; but
'^:Tlr:ir2:T..ZT^t:T'^T ''^ '"'''''"''' °^
cyphering books of the scholars and heard them in most of the branches of
literature in which they are engaged and the improvement of the
children
together with the order of the school was to us satisfactory or at least as
much
so as could be expected from the size of the children of school which
are small
at present.

Edward Taylor Jr.9» t^ust to be

s.z:n':^:i':^^i:T!r:^:i::^^zzrr - ''-

In 1825 it was proposed that

could be done on "reasonable
if it

tenns" a female should be secured to conduct the school six months

of the summer. A few months later the committee informed that and Edward Tavt ''"' ''^'^'' '''"'^'
the uvolSent^^
Hannah Craft had agreed to teach during the summer "at $1.75 that at least fiv.; other '" '''' ''''"^' ^"'^
^rindsb-p.-m
per scholar for three months. "^o*^ the supermtendence and
care of th funds
""' ''^"^ '"
schoo^T:" '? ""'f "'"'
In 1823 the following report Treasurer and Trustees shall
was made, which is typical of those report to the V oSNt;^'''"":'''
which concern the examination of
the school:
pupils, progress, and order of
the nature of their dut.es n,ay
re^u.re andt cSl^canc ti^^ZZ 2
... at whichall attended and heard the pupils exercised in their
various
studies, examined their writing and cyphering books and we were imited in
believing there was a manifest improvement in several which with the the.r discrefon, ''
order anywhere w.thin'the imU oVour 1:^' '

of the school appeared in a good degree satisfactory. ^"i especiallv where therP nr^ not ^.u t
lonrth"Aleetmg,
T
^^lonthly b"'"''
but more

The school at East Branch

was apparently discontinued in 1833
at least as a Friends' institution.
In 1833 the monthly meeting
report showed that a school had been
kept up at . . . East Branch through most part of the past year and now . . .

in operation . . .taught by person in membership with us and superintended

East Branch School Trustees. 29/VII/1819. ^Hhid., 4/Xir/i824.

,'n?/.'"j
100/61J., 11/VI/1825. 101/^,,-^.^ 27/XII/1832.
'<«Min. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., 5/II/1833.
 : : "

90 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Burlington Quarter
be returned to and placed under the superintendence of that Preparative
91
Meeting as it was heretofore.^"-'^ orderof the scholars.'"^ Another report in 1801 indicated that a
That part above extract, relating to the use of a part of
of the schoolwas carried on there, "Under the care of
friends and visited
the funds for paying East Branch's quota of the Yearly Meeting monthly by trustees," havmg a fund established
for education ''«
stock, was later objected to. In 1845 the monthly meeting stated Few documents relating to the historv of this
school sur^'lve but
The committee on the subject of East Branch school made the following we may gather a few facts about its existence. In 1821 we' find
report which was upon consideration approved, and the nomination of Samuel the following
E. Decou, Peter Decou, Mark Collins, and John C. Redmond being united
with, they were accordingly appointed.
Memorandum of an agreement between John
Edgeworth and the Trustees
The clerk was directed to furnish
of Stony Brook Preparative Meeting School.
the Trustees with a copy of this minute and the report. The committee ap-
pointed to take into consideration the situation of East Branch school fund, The said John Edgeworth engages to teach
school for the term of one
etc., having examined a copy of the subscription and the report of a committee quarter commencing the -
day of this month at the rate of two dollars
per
adopted by the Monthly Meeting 2 mo. 4-1 S34, are of the opinion that the quarter for each scholar, and such extra
charge for wood as the same mav
recommendations of that committee so far as relates to the purposes of edu- cost. And the said trustees engage to pay him the sum
cation, do not exceed the limits prescribed by the original subscription aid of said school, out of the fund
of Twenty Dollars m
belonging thereto, and also engage that
but we think that part which relates to paying East Branch's quota of the he shall have fifteen scholars or to pay him
at the rate aforesaid for anv de-
Yearly Meeting stock and money for the use of the poor is a violation of the ficiency, but they are not to be
responsible for the tuition money of those
trust, and we are united in recommending that no part of the money arising who
from that fund shall be applied hereafter for any other purpose than the pro-
motion of" education ^^ . .

After 1833 the answers to queries do not indicate a school was

of schdars^and Hm^nf ^^T
^ihotrl'andfhe^^

ruk^'and^o°rd\^^
^'' ^^"^''""'^
^"^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^
—
^ particular account of employers' names, number
-' -'' transient

'^' ''^'''^ '''^'' '''^^ "^^ ^°"^P^>' ''''^'^ ^he

''"'''

continued at East Branch, but the fund for educational purposes

"No distinction shall be shown to the children of rich or
is sometimes mentioned.
.
poor but the <xru-t^^<t''
In 1849 this fund amounted to S1277.- impartiality shall be observed by the trustees
and teacher to'all
105
O-
'^'/'^ '^ '^'}'' ^^^>' ^^ ^h^' ^«^h mo., and from half af?e
In 1693 William Penn purchased land in the neighborhood of « to half
8 h.ltjft''^
after 4 from ""u-
the 1st of the loth mo. to the ist of
allowing two hours at noon. the "^ mo
4th "^^•'
Princeton, and thither cam_e several prominent Quaker families in "The master shall be careful to speak the grammatical
plain Scripture lan-
1696 to fonn the settlement of Stony Brook, where the old meeting guage and require it on all occasions, and shall
give the strictes rttent^on to
prevent evil words and actions and vice of
house still stands. 'o*^ Just when a school was begun evefv kind Evert^Xlar is o
it is impossible behave him or herself orderly and becoming, on
pain of being 'expeH d from
to say, but prior to the establishing of the College of the school, but the master shall not dismiss
Jersey New proved by a majority of the trustees; and where
anv without a sufficient cau<eT
(1747), it is probable that no other school existed in the neighbor- anv emplover TdSatfsfied
with the master's conduct m school, he or she shall lav it before the tmstees
hood. ^O'
Chrislianity.
'' ""'"^ " ' '"^"'^>' "^^""^^' ''' ^^^^ people ^ro^
In Stony Brook Preparative Meeting asked leave to build a
1 781
"^ ^^'^^^^
house on the Meeting's land at that place for the residence of a o^^^:^L "^e::^ ''' ^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^-^^
^^^^^ ^^^ - -"y ^^^^^

school master. This request was granted by the Monthly Meeting m:^^'^::^^!^:^ ^l^^^J^ ---^ -- -- ^^^^ fourth day
of Chesterfield, stipulating that a schoolmaster should be employed ^"^"^"^^ '" ^'' admitted without the approbation of a majority
of thVtmTec""?
agreeable to the direction of the Yearlv Meeting. ^o*^ In the same '''''^^''^'^ Correction from any when
needful, but is to
year rules were drawn up for the government of the school and the be'Zn^.rnnftn' rl'"^in any improper
be carctul not to strike or tender place, especiallv the face—
(Rules to be observed by the scholars duplicated
others alreadv reproduced
''Uhid., 4/11/1834- elsewhere in this work They enjomed punctual attendance, sik^e
''Uhid., 5/VIII/i«45. ^<>mtd., 8/V/1849.
i"«Hageman, m his History 0) Princeton, gives an account of these first attention to lessons, plain language, kmdlv stuiv m
behavior one to another and ret-
settlers.
^'^Ubid., II, 68.
Vol. I, 25!!.
losMin. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., 3/V/1781. "
Pnw'^'fl^f "^ ''"^^ "'"^"^ ^° '''' ^^"^^^^- Hageman:' mllf
^'"Min. Chesteriield Mo. Mtg.. 3 IT 1801.
 92 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Burlington Quarter
93
may send to the school. And the said John Edgeworth further agrees to and believe his accounts to be correct
\Xv f^^^A ^ K0I 1 •
,

teach two poor children gratis, if recommended by the said trustees.

Joseph Olden
Elisha Clarke
i^i'K-nces ot debt the property
David Clarke Meeting."' of said
Emley Olden The monthly meeting report for ,843 infomied thaf
Trustees. '^^ .

The following direction to the treasurer also appears:

Elisha Clarke, Treasurer of Stony Brook )

Preparative Meeting School Funds )

Please to pay John Edgeworth or order Twenty Dollars, it being so much

we have agreed to allow him towards the support of his school for the quarter ^'^°°' ""' ^'""•' ^'"''^ ^™^
•

vear "!'V''' '^^P* ^P "^o^t of the

ending the 12th day of the present month, out of our Funds.
Joseph Olden]
cordinAo Z'da;d^:^"
'''' "'''''''
'' '^^"^' -^^'^^^^^' -
David Clarke r Trustees
2 month I5th-i82i'i2 Emley OldenJ Brook contmued under the meeting's
.vas
supen-ision or not, but
In 1826 Benjamin Clarke was asked to have necessary repairs the Preparative Meetmg
records have manv items
relatmg to ex-
made to the school house, but the report of 1827 states the school penditures made from the
sehool funds for purpose of ending
not under the care of this meeting." poor children to school. "» 'enumg
"is The report follows:
Trustees of the school estabhshed under the care of this Meeting report that "'"''"'"" '" '"' """"''
"^ ^''"''''"'' Published in i8;y,
they have examined the Treasurer's account and find in his hands a balance staTe's:
of fourhundred and twenty six dollars and thirty-two cents, they also report The old school is closed
^i^j.^t.u. Th^r^
mere are
o^..
probab v not more than half a
i i i

that the sum of two hundred dollars of the permanent stock of the school ^^ 1 ,
. , .

fund has been paid off and is unappropriated; they also further report that ot tTeSath "! '!:::
^°""^' '-'" -''-' - or.,nar,.ee.in, JHZ
b1.^
there a school kept in the school house but not under the care of this Meet-
is

ing, towards the schooling of poor children at said school has been paid
the BORDEXTOWN
sum of sixty-one dollars and sixty cents, out of the school fund since our last
reoort.
David Clarke ]
^ as established at
Bordentown. A minute dated
1870 mentions
Benjamin Clarke Trustees, i^' he fact that a school fund
^
^
was beg^n there in 1808 with th^i"
J.O. Clarke J tention of having a school,
but, the number of members
In 1839 the school was reported being small
under the care of a teacher
in membership and under superintendences^^
still

In 1842 it was considered necessary to select a new treasurer for

to°Jrds
The mon^hT"'
r T'"'''''"'-
"'''""
°' ^'"*'^" ^'°'"R ^° other-schools.-
^'^^ ^""'^ --^ "-d bv t^stee

^''''^7/"'""'' '" '^"^™^' '''^^^^'^^' do not indicate

the school funds and Thomas Wright was appointed. ^^^ thatTsl
that a school was held at that
place.
In the same year a report on the school fund was made:
The Trustees of the school fund of Stony Brook Preparative Meeting report Mt. Holly Monthly Meeting
to said Meeting that they have settled with Emley Olden, late Treasurer,
Mt. Holly was established as
a Monthly .Meeting in 1776
i"From a loose paper among the records of Chesterfield Mo Mtg '"'"^- Ch-terfield Mo. Mtg., yni/^S^,.
''Ubid. ii^stony Brook Prep. Mtg., 1/XI/1827. ''S:; ^^/:^-
ii^Min. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., (0.)5/II/i839.
I'^Min. Stonv Brook Prep. Mtg., 1/IX/1842. OL i:, pp. 66ff. .^.Mm. Bordentown Prep. Mtg,,
(H.), 26/X, ,870
 : I

94 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Burlington Quarter
95
being composed of Alt. Holly, Shreve's Mount, Old vSpringfield,
Upper Springfield, and Vincenttown meetings. previously, were discontinued, in accord
As the two with a minute received
Springfields are discussed elsewhere, we
shall concern ourselves
from the quarterly meeting. This year was
also notable for the
here with schools at Mt. Holly, the Mount, and Vincenttown pre-
parative meetings. ^--
Immediately after being created an official meeting for business,
Mt. Holly entered upon the task of establishing a school according
'4i^' l-lilM^kim and ourHAw
to the proposals of the Yearly Meeting. In 1777, a minute ac- ^i* -
'
•-"•'^'5*' W*«;th« Care^;
knowledged the receipt of their instructions, and, upon being '. ^^fi^nfead Seven Hrt^dml arid ^Z'
'
"I

federally by u* »„««
considered, the case was recommended to each preparative m.eet- :». /••
'i
oar M^pttt,
PifclC^ vhereof fo
Willi \_. .y- •
n^'r^^
&r the Hund«d by
'« 4'. P«ffl>d»
ignoft
, the Yea^ the
of tbi a^i School, nofU- "J^fJi!* »•»*» *e. Diicaion of the Troftoej
ing.'--'^ In 1 7 78 more definite action was taken in the appointment bid «i^ orient on buercft
,.,^^„,^^^i^,j^2^'*"'T W<«i°«, >»d by thew
« Imtrtft or AimuitT, «h.ch
of a committee:
I«aeft«»: Annuity u to be%fie^ t«
Mtetiaa V«L„. are
naming, w|>Me.fii!t«ts .
ihcId^^J^^t^J^S^rf^
«K^ r"""*^.* now ^
or belong
^°
flo tiereattcr ihall

i*ic«j«.: and f„ Cafe 4e \^hoir«' ^^n^lfl^^iT^^ "^ ^^'"^ W ^^^

mc^^ nf Ak;i.»- r t
ftali'ftot ht- .
'^

Thesubject of schools agreeable to the recommendations in the Extracts ofe, I

fuel. o*<T Ules of the faid Si^^UrS^ ^LIT^ i^L^ *^'

^J^ ^y '^ ^^^ ^** *='"^«='l- '« ^o be appDed to

from the Yearly Meeting coming under consideration of this Meeting, the raid Troftees no«- or
'her^fterTibe",^^' "JT. M ^^t^ ^''^'^f^'^ iAccb^.' a* the
Hull OuA .nU bcfl *ofwa^ S^rn'Sv^l'l^?J^^^ «,!» of aot Idi U«a ^ : "^of the..
Meeting appoints Henry Burr, John West, Asa Shinn, John Gardner, Jos. Burr,
X^A'ft^j/f,./Z y/j. ./'!v'""%
and Tanton Earl to unite with a committee already appointed to consider i" C
. f^n^^ett*^ i It'

what will be best for the better education of the youth and comes nearest to
'i^tsffCI^ V
what is recommended in some observations on that subject.'-^ f 9

'/t • y5'/.'/'/."V > '//- ..<

In T committee on schools w^as increased by the addition

779, the
.
'«' ' ---u -. //^,^
of ten members and in 1780 the report is made that "There is one ,y

school established in Mt. Holly which is under the direction of

*• '

***'''/
' •
^. ^-/^i: ^-^ f-" A^ -^^
that Preparative Meeting."'-^ two schools are mentioned
In 1 782,
as "established by Friends" though not completely as recommend-
f>
ed by the Yearly Meeting. i-« In 1783, steps were taken towards
providing a building for the school
Mt. Holly Preparative Meeting requests the liberty of building a school ''''
/ '
^ •' /.-J

house on a lot of land adjoining the grave yard, which was purchased of George
West, which being considered, this Meeting grants them their request and the
W-
school '-"
is to be under the direction of Friends. i
'

A year later the minutes informed that a school house and

dwelling house were prepared at Mt. Holly, but no school held at
the time. ^28 j^ 1788 a scho3l was reported in operation at Mt. s-1
^•^
Holly and two other school houses, one of which was vacant.
Plan for Raising School Fi nd at Mt. Holly,
In 1793, "thirty-one books" were received, "printed for the use 1793

of schools," and put into the care of the school committee. In beginning of a regular school fund. ^29 p^^ <^^xQr^\
vears thereafter
the sa me year the Youths' Meetings, that had been held regularly reports made state that no school is conducted "agreeable to di-
^"See page 56 for location of meetings. rection," but again in 1808,
i23Min. Mt. Holly Mo. Mtg., 9/VII/1777.
i-^^/6zrf., 9/VIII/1780. ''Hbid.,7/Ylll/i7d,2
^'^'Ibid., 9/XII/1778. ^^re is one school at Mt. Holly taught by a Friend and visited monthly
'•''Ibid., 5/VI/1783. '^Ubid., 5/VIII/1784.
^-^See fascimile reproduction of the plan on this page.
 :

96 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Burlington Quarter
97
by a committee of the Preparative Meeting to a good degree of satisfaction
and there has been some addition to the fund since last year.'^o In 1809 the meeting rcporied:
After another period, 1808-1818, during which a school was A school is establishedby this meeting near the Mettirg House under the
reported now and then as being "according to direction" the school tuition of one of onr members, and superintended by a committee appointed
for the j)urj)Ose, ])ut no addition to the funds since last ycar.^^s
began a continuous existence which lasted until 1865. After 1865
it was at times taught by members but not Another item, in tlic same year, "Also a rod for tlie school house
always. In 1867 the
following report w^as produced: stove . . So. 92;' im])hes that the nu'etin- liad the details of
.
scIkh,!
One school at Mt. Holly at present numbering 13 scholars, eight of which management and maintenance under their (»v.n cliarge. Whetlier
are members, has been taught by a person not in membership with the school continued under its direction IS o])en to
us. The question, and
children attend mid-week meeting with their teachers.i^^ there are few items on which to base our oi)inion.
In 1820. how-
Two years later they reported: "We have no school of the kind ever, we find an item, "B>- cash received of
Josepli Smith for the
queried after," and so the reports run thereafter. From a mem- Mt. School House S40," which ma>- ])ossibh- mean that the seliool
orandum, among the records of Mt. Holly Preparative Meeting, was rented to an individual or to local trustees. Again in 182;, i-'*'

we have the following report of the closing up of the school's "By Cash received belonging to the School Fund of said Meeting,
affairs in 1881 S108.60;' would seem to indicate that
the school fund was being
Since the close of the school 17 /VII/1881 our attention has
been directed used for other pur])oses than education, and was not
being em-
to a settlement of its accounts; we have paid all indebted
persons, trans- ployed to maintain a school under Friends' control. ^•^'

ferred to the educational committee of Philadelphia Yearly Certainly,

Meeting of Friends, if a school was operated,
all school books remaining on hand in full
as be.^un in 1808, only few of its concerns
settlement of Yearly Meeting
funds advanced to us by that Committee, and now transfer to the were brought into the meetings' minutes.
Preparative
Meeting all property remaining in our hands, as follows ... The total value
(cost) was given as $23 1.28. "2 VlXCEXTTOWX
The Mount Similarly, at Vincenttown, dependence seems to have been
The information ])laced on a school "near William Bishop's," which, a]4)arently,
relating to education among Quakers at the
Alount very fragmentary. was not under the control of the society, as directed by the Yearly
is Such as the writer has found seems
to show there was no regnilarly established school there,
Meeting:,though perhaps largel\' supported b>- Friends. The
among
school house was built there before the m.eeting
Friends, before 1808 or 1809, though a school of some sort
existed. was officially
In 1808, "John Gardiner presented an account of the held. We find in the
minutes of Buriington Monthly Meeting
expenses of
moving and repairing the school house for I
765, that "A
written pro]Josal of sundry Friends, for keeping
which sum the treasurer
. . .

is directed to pay."i33
an afternoon meeting during the summer, at a school
At the same time, a school committee and house lately
erected near William Bishop's, was now read
trustees were appointed. • and agreed to.'*
This request was repeated and granted from,
The following friends are appointed a committee to superintend the time to'^time. In
school
one year, to meet once a month, viz. Daniel D. Smith, fact, the freedom with which the school
for
John Gardiner, house was made to serve
Samuel Shinn, Richard Lawrence, Abram Merritt and Rowland for religious purposes, and the fact that
we find no record of an
Jones.
Daniel D. Smith and Abraham Merritt are appointed as trustees agreement with another body for the use of it, lead us to
to receive
the quota belonging to this meeting now in the hands of the
believe
Monthly Meeting, it may have been wholly, or
for the most part, under Friends*
and put the same to use, as also all money that may be contributed
for the control.^^^
use of the school. ^^^
;^"Min. Mt. Holly Mo. Mtg., 4/II/1808. "i/j,-^
9/11/1867.
/^;J.. 2 n 1809. '^«Account Book of the Mount Prep. Mtg ^^-Jbid
13-Records m
the Mt. Holly Meeting House. ^3«In numerous cases we have seen that houses originally built bv
the Society'
"3Min. Mount Prep. Mtg., 3/XI/1808. ^^'Ibid
were later occupied by other teachers or even passed to the control of the
dis-
trict trustees.
 :

98 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Burlington Quarter
99
Upper Springfield Monthly Meeting
any business within their appointment
sufficient to transact
The Trustees for
.

The Monthly Meeting Upper Springfield was created by

of the time being shall ai>point a Treasurer, to whom bv
his name donations
Burlington Quarterly in 1782 and began its sessions in and bequests may be made for the benefit of the school and the same
accounted
the year for by him to the Trustees, he shall
pay no mone\- out of the stock but to the
following. It was composed of Upper Springfield,
Mansfield and order of the Trustees, said Trustees are to keep fair accounts
of all such dona-
Upper Freehold meetings. tions and bequests, a note of the terms, if particular on
which given, and apply
As soon as the Monthly Meeting was established the question the same accordingly. They are to keep a regular account of their proceed-
of education was brought to its attention and mgs of their receipts and payments and the same with such regulations
action taken, as the as
they make, lay before this Preparative Meeting yearly for
minute indicates: approbation.
The establishing
of schools agreeable to the direction of the
Joseph Pancoast
Yearly Meeting
coming under consideration, Job Stockton, Tanton Earl, Clerki"
Robert Emley
Joseph Bullock, John Ellis, Richard Wain, Ebenezer Wright, Toexercise further control over the school certain articles
of
Thomas Gaskill'
Peter EUis, Martin Gibbs, Thomas Smith, and Samuel
Rockhill are
agreement were fixed upon relating to the trustees and the school
appointed
to that service.^'*' master. These were approved bv the meetiuL^
A
report a year later, states there are two schools
taught by 1st.The master shall keep a book to enter employers' names, number of
Friends in the monthly meeting's limits, but "there is scholarsand time of entrance.
no school
held agreeable to the adyice of the Yearly Meeting, "^^o 2nd. Each employer subscribing for one or more scholars shall
. . .
In not at any
time send more than double the number subscribed for.
1788 a step was taken to bring the school up to standard by the
3rd. The master shall teach spelling, reading, grammar, writing
appointment of a standing committee with definite functions, and useful
arithmetic, such as is generally taught in public schools.
described in the following minute 4th. Theprice of schwling shall be twelve shillings and six pence per
In pursuance of a concern lately revived amongst Friends quarter, exclusive of board, and for any branches of learning not usually
for the benefit of taught
the rising generation with respect to their school
education, as by the quarter ye customary prices.
recommended
down from the Yearly Meeting,appeared to this Meeting that the school
it 5th. The hours of teaching shall be from the 1st of the 4th month
to the ist
lately opened in this place be put under the care of
a standing committee and of the loth month from 8 o'clock to twelve in the forenoon and from
2 to half-
thereupon this m.eeting appoints Tanton Earl, Clayton past 5 in the afternoon and from the first of ye loth month to the ist
Newbold, John Wright, of the 4th
Job Stockton, Thomas Earl, Thomas Gaskill, William Ncwbold, Caleb month, from 9 o'clock to 12 in the forenoon and from one to four in the after-
New-
bold, Samuel Stockton and Joseph Pancoast to that noon.
service bv the name of
trustees of Friends school at Upper Springfield Meeting; and the Preparative 6th. The teachei shall not leave the school without giving the Trustees one
Meetmg directs as follows, viz.. That the said Trustees and their month warning by delivering a written note to their Treasurer, nor shall the
successors
shall have the direction of said school, that they keep said school Trustees dismiss any teacher without giving the same notice unless for a no-
house in
good repair, order the necessary expenditures
when they have cash in hand for compliance with the rules agreed to by the Trustees and assented to by him
those purposes, when otherwise they are to lay before this or a manifest deficiency in the duties of his station.
Meeting an account
of the sum wanted and the occasion, and receive 7th. The teacher shall not dismiss any scholar without sufficient cause
our directions therein, they ap-
are from time to time and as occasion may require to proved of by the Trustees and if any employer from dissatisfaction incline to
emplov teachers and for
sufficient cause to them appearing to dismiss them and admit take away a child the master is to inform the Trustees that they may attend
scholars and dis-
charge them who may misbehave and make such rules for those to the case.
and other
purposes tending to the good government of the schools 8th. The teacher shall suffer no scholar in the school that hath the itch
as thev may judge or
necessary provided the same be not repugnant to
this fundamental plan.
any other infectious distemper.
They are to visit ye said school at least once in every month, 9th. The teacher shall be allowed four days in each quarter, beside
examine the the
progress made by the scholars in their learning, and see necessary time for attending Meetings.
that good order and
decorum is preserved. Any six of the trustees for the time being loth. The teacher shall give the scholars timely knowledge when he
intends
are to be
to omit opening the school.
^'^Min. U. S. Mo. Mtg., 4/71/1783. ^'^Ibid., 4/7111/1784. »*iMin. U. S. School Trustees, 20/II/1788.
 too Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of l-Jurlinntou (
>uartcr lOI

nth. And 'tis further agreed that the subscribers shall 1st. not to 1)0 at school precisely at the hour appointed for rather be-
P^ail
furnish the school
with a sufficient quantity of good wood. fore) with your faces and hands washed and vour lieads combed unless a good ,

N. B. The teacher shall not admit any scholars into the and satisfactory reason can be assigned to >our master.
school after the
number of twenty-five is made up without the consent of the 2nd. Make all your speeches to your master with due respect, observing
Trustees. 1^2 .

cheerfully to perform his directions with dispatch according to your abilities.

o _z If strangers
faces towards them.
should speak to >ou gi\-e a modest and read\- answer, turning your

N
}/r/ ftY
rtr' ///
A
*
/^ f ^ "
ntJ^i //^;^/Auf!t, •,,., '^/,

4 71 .-/ //f,v' /'/v/T^'-;'

"7-
/5^

*-^-"/ . Afz/i'///.

V^v?

.
- Ul'PFR SPRTVr.FIFI D FrTEND-' ScHooL

3rd. \^v always silent at > our studies so that your v^oices shall not be heard

unless when you are saying your lessons or speaking to your master, hold no
discourse witli your school fellows during the time of stud>- unless to ask
id something relating to your learning and then 111 a low voice.
4th. Behave yourselves at all tunes ui a gentle, obliguig manner to vour
school fellows, becoming virtuous children, the boys to treat the girls with
that manly respect and decency which is due to their sex and the girls the boys
with a becoming reserve an(i modest v.
Facsimile of riles three to seven drawn ip for 5th. Never provoke one another, contending or complaining about frivolous
Upper Springfield School matters but courteously use kind expressions one towards the other, observing
to make some grateful return for any little kindness received, never returning
Four months later the minutes inform that a definite time has
injuries but learning to forgive shewing by exemplary deportment how all
been set for school visitation and another list of rules to serve •ought to behave and disputes at any time arise you are to refer the matter
to if

regulate the pupils in the school. to be decided by the master.

142
Ibid. 6th. You are carefully to observe true grammar, plainness of speech in
 102 Quaker Education in Xew Jersey
Schools of Bnrliniiton Quaricr 103
using the singular number to a singular person and
every other resi)ect avoid
in
such additions in your address to others as are case, the said interest arising
from the said moneys or such i)ari iliereof as may
inconsistent with truth.
7th. Be not forward to divulge anything not be so wanted, shall be applied to sucli other u>es of the said
passed m school, nor to mock or school or
jeer your school fellows when corrected-it schools which now are or may be erected by the said Meeting as the
is unkind and mav happen
said Trus-
to be tees now, or hereafter appointed or any six of them shall think will
your own case. l)est answer

8th. And with regard to yotir conduct

the design of the institution, which being put under our direction
when out of school it is desired vou and care,
niay duly attend religious meetings being will claim the particular attention. '^^
careful to be present precisely at
the time appointed entering the place soberly
and without noise, so as not to Among the first funds to be added to this foundation was £20/16 /-
disturb the meditations of those who are
met, when the meeting breaks up ^y2, B. quota received from Burlington
Quarterly Meeting. To
rise, not m
an hurry, but rather think it a favor to be
admitted to sit with this were added a number of bequests. In 1809, a minute reported
your elderly Friends.
Do not spend y^ur time on First Days in sports
the following:
or anv ways that tends to
disturbance. I give and bequeath to my
son William Xewbold as Treasurer of the school
That you carefully avoid speaking evil of any called Friends School at Upper
Springfield, the sum of eighty dollars in trust
one, treating aged persons
with disrespect, making a mock of the to be disposed of by the Trustees of said school in such vvay
lame, deformed or those deprived of as they shall
their senses. think will best secure for perpetuity an annual interest, which
interest is to
Do not throw sticks, stones, dirt or snow-balls
at any person or dumb
be applied by them towards the education of children members of our religious
creature, but behave yourselves modestly, civilly and kindly sect whose parents are not or may not be
of ability to accomplish it with their
to all
Avoid all such amusements as are noisy, dirty own means, or in case such instances should not present or come to their knowl-
or dangerous, and that you
not only shun all indecent behavior in edge, then in such other way as shall be most for the benefit and
yourselves, but the pernicious conversa- advancement
tion of others especially the shameful of said school at their discretion. The Treasurer accordingly directed to
and exceedingly sinful practices of lying is
and swearing. 1^ ^ apply for and receive the same.

A minute of 1792 stated that the promotion of a And

information being given that Thos. Eari, late deceased, hath bequeathed
permanent for the like purpose the sum of ten pounds, equal to twenty-six dollars and
fund for the use of the school was considered
by the meeting and sixty-seven cents, the Treasurer is directed to obtain an extract from his
will
the Clerk was directed to have a plan relative thereto and
drawn up on parchment. insert it on the Minutes, and also to receive of the Execu-
I his was produced early in tors the said legacy. ^''^
1793, as follows:
. • •
We
the subscribers, members of the
Preparative Meeting of the people In 182 1 George O'Neal's bequest ofacre of land for use of K
called Quakers, or Friends, held at
Upper Springfield, in the county of Burling- the school mentioned, which was leased and its income applied
is
ton, West New Jersey, do severally
for ourselves and our heirs hereby
promise to school purposes. Relating to the school fund a minute of
'4*5

^"^ ^" ^^'^ "^^^ ^' '^^ '^'^ now

V P^f i?^'""^""^
Newbold, Treasurer of Friends school at Upper
it passes, unto William 1825 stated:
Springfield aforesaid (begun
and set up by and under the care of said Preparative The funds of the school being now mostly in the hands of the Treasurer it
Meeting on the twentieth
day of the second month 1788) or to his isconcluded to collect in what remains due from original subscribers, and
successor or successors in office the put
sums of money severally by us written against the whole out together on good and sufl^cient land security if a suitable
our names with interest there- person
fore after the rate of six pounds for can be found to take it, and James Shreve, Isaac Horner and Caleb Newbold
the hundred by the year until paid,
the
principal ^^^ereof so subscribed to be are appointed to assist the Treasurer in the business. ^"
and remain a permanent fund under the
direction of the Trustees of the school
now or hereafter to be chosen by the This fund grew to be one of the largest found in any one meeting
said Preparative Meeting, and by
them laid out or lent on interest in such
manner as they shall judge will best secure in New Jersey. In 1845, when the question of its disposal was
an investment or annuity which
interest or annuity shall be apphed raised before the Meeting for Sufferings in Philadelphia, the total
to the education of such children
as now do
or hereafter may belong to the value of the fund was $4500 plus one quarter acre of land.
same Meeting whose parents are not, or
not be of ability to pay for their
ma^
education. And
or_any part thereof shall not be wanted
m
case the whole interest In 1793 settlement was made of accounts connected with the
for such purpose, then and in
that
''Ubid., 18/VI/1788. '"'Ibid., 19/II/179V 145
'Ibid., 25/XII/1809.
^'''Ibid., 7/111/1821. ''Ubid., 6/\7i825.
 104 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Burlington Ouarfer
10
'J >

building- of the school, by which it seems that the cost was sHghtly
over 80 pounds.'-*^
an one now nunihrr of our societv (such
In 1789 the minutes inform, concerninj^ a school u« prtsenimg
nresentin,. ul,„ ?
whose recommendation
master that: is nro.iiK ,<) h,.r.
'" "'"^" ''^"-
,'

^
i ,
several Friends in Evesham ^'f^"<-"i Ijy
Our present school master Titus Bennett informing us that settini- forth >h„ i
the time he '^^' '"' ''^ ^'" '"''''''>" ™''n
fied teacher). "t-'i qual,-
engaged to teach school nearly expired, and being willing to continue, the
is

Trustees therefore agree with him to teach one year to

commence the tenth
day of the eighth month, 1789 under the same restrictions of
that he is allowed the privilege of engaging thirty
last year, except
scholars and after that
number is completed if any more should present he is to apply to us for
^
direction
therein. '^^

Titus Bennett taught until 1791, when he asked to be

released
apparently because there was "som.e expectation of entering
in
another place to more advantage to his interest." This
request
was granted, but later in the year he decided to teach if the trustees
would agree to his proposition which was done. In ;^7-
1793 he is
again reported as teaching there and at the end of the year <^cac/?/ /Q
made a
proposal to the trustees, described as follows;
.
The time of our school master Titus Bennett being now expired he in-
. .

forms us of his willingness to engage for another year

provided we agree to
the terms of his proposals which are as follows that we
the Trustees engage
to give him a salary of one hundred pounds, that he will
keep a fair account of - /^ "ic- . i»
all the -schooling of non-subscribed scholars r/cilf^:n^r •.
• .
I 1

and such as send over their sub-

scriptions which with such as we may yet subscribe C
he will allow us credit for
on behalf of the salary at the former price of 12/6 per quarter
(provided we make
account of none but such as shall be at the time of subscribing
able and likely
to pay) and in case of a deficiency in making up the
said salary by the profit^s
of the school the Trustees to be accountable therefore—
viz.— if the said sum
.should exceed £100 the Trustees to have the disposal
of the overplus, which
being agreed to except the overplus if any should arise
which he is to have /-'
and Joseph Pancoast, Uz Guantt, \Vm. Xewbold and Thos. Sykes
are ap-
pointed to take in subscriptions for the ensuing year as -V
soon as may be con-
venient and report to our next meetino- ^''^ /j^. 24i'-4

^
During the year 1796 the school was vacant ''some considerable
time" so early in 1797 certain members were directed to write
to
Philadelphia for suggestions as to teachers, informing them
of the Facsimile of thk closed accolxt
of
local situation, and the probable salary to be
paid "a suitable TEACHER AT UPPEK SPKIXGFIELDj. Tlckfr Fm.i
''' .
'
IXI 79^
master. "1^1 A teacher by name of Tucker Earl was secured
who It is concluded that our present sitnatinm (^. i\..
remained for two years. In 1801,
'^«The pound in New Jersey and Pennsylvania was
equivalent to 12s.'
•about .Tb2.66f.
i"Min. U. S. School Trustees, 8 VI/1789
'^^Ibid., 13/XI/1793. ^'^Ubid., 15/TI/1797. .—...»,„.,,:. r,s::;i;:tT:;
,r;r;s~;;;;:::
 :

T06 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Burlington Quarter
jq^
of teaching school in,on such terms as they may think right, and in such way
whole school may have reading books of suitable kinds.-The
as to secure to ourselves and successors the entire and exclusive control of n.a.tcr ,. t. keen
^^^
a constant supplv nt .„nab]. uTU,n. paper and furn.h
said house and its appendages. th. .A.^.lr.n^\
moderate pnce m preference to the.r havmg varu>u. kn.is and quaht.es -
In 1803 the school was revived under the charo;e of a member, Alter Charles Roberts had been
emplo>-ed for a ^-ear an attempt
employed accordin^^ to the followin^^ a^Teement was made to ,^et him for the Ne^ro school
at Philadelphia ^fter
As considerable time has elapsed since we have had a school at this place considerable correspondence on the
subject, dwelling on the ethics
under our care (no master presenting that appeared likely to fill the vacancy to of such action, it was a^^reed
of divers
he should rem.am at Upper Springfield
satisfaction) yet some of the Trustees (urged by the soHcitations
Perhapswas because
it of this difficult>^
who wished for a school) of late turned their attention to enquire for one and that when Townsend
Charles Roberts, a young man lately from Westtown School being recommended
Speakman was employed in 1806, a lengthy contract was entered
as a person quahfied for the business and Hkely to answer our views; he was into. In many points this is similar
to the general t^les on
a
wrote to on the subject by one of our number and encouraged to come over, previous page which were to govern
trustees and teacher, but this
which he has accordingly done and now attending here, we have had a con- was a particular agreement with one
teacher.
ference with him, heard his terms and on consideration think it safe and ad-
visable to accede thereto and engage him for one year, to commence on or
about the 4th of 4th month, the agreement entered into being as follows:
seek iT'TT f ''':
r"^''-
'' ^"" ->-n.utee' (under appointment to

That for a salary of three hundred and twenty dollars he is to teach the school
consisting of not more than thirty subscribed scholars, to collect the money
himself and quarterly if he chooses, and at the end of the year if there should '" '''' ''''^' subscription of such scholars
asa'lil^^K'tortr
as "''T'in composing 'it is to be
are hkely to be the pnncipals
be any debts that he can not with a reasonable attention and exertion collect, had-at the pnce of
the Trustees are to assist him therein, and if the whole sum collected does not
amount to the said salary, the Trustees makes up the deficiency.
t'olmmeL^ron:'^^^^^^ ^" ^^ ^'^"^ ''' ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^-^ ^^ ^^

That the Trustees, previous to the opening of the school, are to procure a
^''^ ^ ^''"^' '^ '''''' employer's names, number
subscription of the scholars that will be the principals in composing the school
'''
nf^Tf'^^^l'
of scholars, with time of entrance
and name
and continuance at school, whether
at the price of three dollars per quarter exclusive of board, for instructing them subscribed for or not, (and it is to thev a e
grammar, writing and arithmetic and for any branches be understood that non-s^bscribed
in spelling, reading, are not to be admitted, but at schoU
the discretion
not usually taught by the quarter to charge the customary prices. The teacher of the Trustees )

''•''' '"""'^ "^'^^'"'^^ ^ammar,

is to keep a book to enter employers, number and name of scholars with time
'"^^^"^'
writing and arithmetic
at thl
nt the K
above price and for any other branches
of entrance and continuance at school, whether they are subscribed for or not, not usuallv taught bv h^
quarter to charge the customarv
prices.
^ '

and every employer subscribing for less than one scholar is not admitted to
'"'''^^"^ ^'^^" ^'' ^^^"^ '^' ^''^
send more than one at a time without first having the consent of ^ majority
""^
firs?nf?n;7^^' w'' ^^ 4th month to the
of the Trustees, those subscribing for one or more, may send at one time, no
first of 10 h month from 8 to 12 o'clock in the forenoon
o clock in the afternoon. And
and from 2 to 4
more than one in addition to the
their subscription is filled)
number subscribed for (and that only until
without the like consent, and non-subscribers not
from the first of loth month to the
month from 9 to 12 in the forenoon and first of
from i to 4 in the afternoon- (yet
^
the
hours may be gradually varied in proportion as the davs
to be admitted but at the discretion of the Trustees. The hours for teaching increrin he one
to be as specified on page four of this book, and the master also to be governed
by the 7th, 8th 9th and loth articles in every subscriber is to pay
page five,

at the time of subscribing, for each scholar, and proportionably for less,
thirty cents entrance money, which is to be deposited in the hands of the
throughout the year, as above

Jnrot^IiVTX"
tZ aw!v .Vh uTr
to
expressed
V '
Vr''' '^
)

"'^°"' -'«'^'-' ^"^

'"^' ^^'^°'"^
^"'' ^"'P'°>'"^ f™"^ d.ssatisfact,on
'"'"
incline
teacher to procure fire-wood, ink, etc., for the use of the school and those not
subscribing or exceeding their subscriptions is to be assessed in the like propor- Sixth.-He shall not suffer any scholar
books already belonging to the school, more is to be in the schools that hath
tion—and in addition to the Itch or any other infectious distemper. the
to be purchased at our expense, if the teacher thinks it necessary, so that the
__Sev_enth.-He is to be allowed four days in each
quarter beside the necessary
^^Uhid., 20/V/1801. ""(bid., 11/III/1803.
 : :

icS Quaker Education lyi Xew Jersey

Schools of Burlington Quarter
log
time for attending our usual mid-week meetings which he is attend with the
for every entrance of a scholar
and $3 per c|uartor for tuuion .n the
scholars. ordinary
branches of spelmg, reading, grammar,
Eighth.— He is to give the scholars timely notice when he intends to omit
advance on
writing and arithmetic, with the
h.gher branches if they are taught.
t>,e
u.ual
opening the school. And in order that all con
cerned may be duly raformed of this
Ninth. — He shall not leave the school (at any time) without giving the regulation .M.chael Earl, Thomas
arKnV.lhan, .\owbold are appointed for Earl
Trustee three months warning, by delivering a written note to their Treasurer,
one or other of ,hem ,0 accompany
the teacher on a v.s.t to such, shew them
the sa„l rcgulat.un and propose
nor shall the Trustees dismiss the teacher without giving the same notice, signmg the .same as an evidence of their thei^
unless for a non-compliance with the rules agreed to by the Trustees and
assent to the same.'""

assented to by him, or a manifest deficiency in the duties of his station. From June tSts to Pe,,tcmber ,S,y the school
was discnlinm.l
The teacher is to procure ink and firewood for the use of the school and and on the htttcr .late, "there not
appearin,'
—
charge them to the Trustees and it is wished that he keep a constant supply havin- ,,ne .soon" a number were
an^• p^.ha1nlit^ „i

moderate ap;,ointed to .lispo.e of' the

of suitable writing paper and quills and furnish the children at a
••ma,« and ^azateer" belonKni^ to the
price, in preference to their having various kinds and qualities. school an.l pav the proceeds
is to have a salary
to the treastirer. This, h, ,wever, «as not accomplished,
And for his services in teaching the school, the teacher
a,3parentlv
of three —
hundred and twenty dollars to collect all the money himself from tor m >i^2s. "liavni,!: nexer been sold" a
new committee was a-,-
—
subscribers and others who may send ^and quarterly if he chooses but if at — pomted to dispose of them.'--- At this time,
thou.-h no school was
the end of the year there should be any debts that he cannot with a reasonable betnK' supported at Upper SprinKfield.
the tmstees of the fur,<l
attention and exertion collect, the Trustees are to assist him therein, and if
did , My certain school ex,,enses for
the whole sum collected does not amount to the said salary the Trustees are children of members who at-
make up the deficiency. '•'^^ tended elsewhere.
to
In 1827 an effort was made to
The teacher of the school in 1814, probably Samuel Gunimere revive the .school, according; to
the tollowin<,r ininute:
who was employed on the samx contract as Speakman (above
named), seem.s to have been more progressive than the averap^e. Some of thetrustees desirous of having a school
and believing that one might
be made up they entered into an
The minutes inform that agreement whh Louise Bennett to teach
same for a year at a .salary of one htmdred the
and eighty dollars in quarterlv pay-
our teacher having proposed that the study of geography be introduced into ments, and she accordingly commenced on
the 12th of last month and the said
the school, the same was on consideration approved, and as our house is not contract bemg satisfactory, we confirm
it as our act and
sufficiently roomy and convenient for hanging maps, etc., and more room
take the charge of
the schoo concluded that for the present the school
It ,s
having often been wanted especially in the winter season, it is concluded to
,

be limited to thirty
.scholars, large
boys to be admitted onl>- at the discretion
addition of about ten feet put to the end of .^^^ of the teacher and
have an it . .
subject to dismissal by the Trustees
if their conduct is not
satisfactory.-
Other improvements were also attempted according to the
Again, seven months later,
following minute of that date
The teacher requesting that the west room
The adoption of a plan to secure a more regular attendance of the scholars at for the reception of the maps
of the school hou.se be fitted up
and that they might be replaced there
school has long been desired both by us and our teachers, from a belief that for the use
of the school, It ,s concluded to
benefit would result to the scholars and a greater degree of reputation be gained
have it done and Clayton Xewbold and
ton .\ewbold. Junior, are appointed Clay-
to the school —and
the subject having had our renewed attention, it is, on
repair as soon as they can, receive
to the service, have the room
put in good
due deliberation, now resolved: that every scholar in their first coming after from Michael Earl the said maps and
the
gazetteer ,f he has the latter, and
also to get from Thomas Earl
the commencement of our teacher's next year is to be entered by the teacher .such of the
books, which he has in charge belonging
to the school, as may appear
as a permanent scholar and continued as such (whether they attend or not) needful.'^'
until due notice is given to the said teacher, by the person sending, that such These provisions having been made the
school continued till
scholar is withdrawn, such scholar may nevertheless be entered again at any 1829 when It was closed. Trouble occurred at this time over the
future time. In cases of sickness however, or any other bodily inability to
school property and house, and
attend the time of absence is not to be charged for. Thirty cents is to be paid as the number of members was

^^Ubid., ii/TV^/i8i4.
'^'Jhid., 6,/V/i825.
^^Ibid., S/V/1S06. '"Ibid., 15/XII/1827. '"Ibid., I8/VII, i«28.
no Quaker Ediicatioyi in Xeic Jersey
Schools 0/ Burlington Quarter
III
exceedingly small the school was not revived. In 1843 Uppef
adv.ce of the Yearly Meeting." One of these was at Mansfield and
Springfield noted:
the other at Upper Springfield. In
The treasurer of the trustees of the school fund belonging to this meeting 804. three schools were named
1

the two above and an additional

informs that the said fund has accumulated to a considerable amount without one of Upper Freehold "under
the care of trustees and b>- some
there having been any appropriation thereof for some time past. This Meet- of their number mosth- visited
ing, concluding that there will not probably be an opportunity of applying monthly."'" In 1812 those at Mansfield
and Upper Freehold
the funds according to the original designs of the donors, directs the said were agam named as being active, while
that at Upper Springfield
Treasurer to transmit to the Clerk of the Meeting for Sufferings, for its advice, was vacant the situation was the same
a clear and suitable statement of the case and Clayton Newbold and John S.
; ini8i3,'« and so continued
Curtis are appointed to assist him in making it out and to report to this meet-
until 1827. At that time, after a brief disturbance, the
Mansfield
ing. 160
School was resumed and continued
in operation until ,84, after
In the following year the Meeting for Sufferings summarized which ,t was often "not strictly speaking
of this description-"
e., up to oflScial
the case as follows: 1. standard. From a number of references the
school house at Mansfield was
1. Total value of school fund of Upper Springfield is $4,500 plus >4 acre of apparenth- used for a time as a
land. meeting place for religious ser\-ices
after the separation.
2. The preparative Meeting is urged to keep up the usual number of trustees In 1 83 1 women were added to the
school com.mittee.
in charge of the fund, and apply it to:
has been thought that a benefit
It
a. The education of children of their Meeting. would arise in the Woman's Preparative
*" ', ^""."^ ""' "''"''"''' '° "^^^ -i'h the Trustees
If there are not enough children (The number of children of school age
b.
!eholr/T"
sehool, to advise and assist in
the government of said ..ehool
of the
in 1842 was one at Wilmington, one at Westtown, and one at Haverford.)
3, when female
•children attend .t, whith proposition
the Woman's Meeting has united
to utilize the whole income, the residue may be utilized by BurHngton Quarter with.>'«
to which Upper Springfield belongs. '*^^ In 1842 the monthly m.eeting
reported thev had twenty-one
At the same time we find a proposal on the part of Upper Spring- children of age for school, and that
eleven had attended the Mans-
field School, which was
field Monthly Meeting that the Preparative Meeting of that name taught m.ost of the vear bv members
and
be discontinued and their rights of property be vested in Mansfield superintended by tmstees; the pupils
attended midlweek meetings
Preparative Meeting and its members for the uses and provisions and heard the Scriptures read generally
in the school,""
originally designed. The Quarterly Meeting gave approval to A year later, the educational situation was m.ore fulh-
shown:
this step.^^- From the report of the Preparative Meetings
it appears we have ,'«
of a suitable age to go to school, ehildren
Mansfield Preparative Meeting School was established with a and also one school at .Mansfield which is
taught by a tTian ,n profession with
pennanent fund for its support, in 1782. At that date a large Friends and superintended bv Trusteesap-
pom ed by the Preparative Meeting at that
parchment was prepared upon which to enter subscriptions, the place, and which has averaged
or the last .0 mos.
40, and now 4,, scholars, and „ appears to be
well conducted
sum of which had. by 181 5, reached £ 330.^^''^ and ma prosperous condition, and the
Teacher and Scholars regularly attend
In 1783, when Upper Springfield became a monthly meeting, "'"'"'" "'«'" "' '''' ^'^"*"^ ''^- ''-" -' 'hi! school,
l^ftuZt'
o them the greater part of the year, and most
Mansfield and their school became subject thereto, and the history three of them still attend it two
others attend a domestic school in
of the two is closely interwoven. In 1 784 the monthly meeting re- their father's hou.se taught hv
a member
and one of wh.ch last summer went to
a Friends' School within the hmits
ported two schools taught by Friends, but not "agreeable to the neighbonng Meeting. S,x others are not of a
near an>- Fnends School and have
'««Min. U. S. Prep. Mtg., 16/XI/1843. '^'Ibid., 22/ VIII/ 1844. l^""'' "« '=>"»?•" by
"^tf^^^f members, nor under the control of
J«2Min. Upper Springfield Mo. Mtg., 4/XII/1844. Fne"nd'
Fnends. Most of the past >ear. of the remaming
two, one has been last
'^This Parchment is now
in the vaults at 142 N. i6th St., Philadelphia.
It measures 2 ft. 6K inches by 2 ft. 2}4 inches and sets forth the purpose of S- Mo. Mtg., H II 1S04. ,
the subscribers to the school fund. The amounts subscribed varied between ZH'."- V- .«5/Aj-rf If ,0,,
£ 7 and £30. Mm. U. S. Mo. Mtg., (O.), 9/II 1842.
 Schools of Burlinf^ton Otiartcr
I ] 2 Quaker Edttcation in Xew Jersey 113

suminer at a Friends'School within tlie limits of our Quarterly iMeetinj4, but

school came under the jurisdiction of the Hicksite meeting. A
isnow at home and the other one is now at said school.'*'* minute of 1833 stated:

Fn^m TS45 onward the ]Mansfield School was sometimes "not One school taught by a memlxr and su])erintend('d by a committee appointed
strictly as queried after," as in 1847, and a,i^^ain, apparently came by the PreT)arative M(>eting at Ujijicr Freehold."'-'
under entire cotitrol of the meetin^^, as in 1848. In 1875 it was In 1836 the minutes stated the Up])er Freehold School was not
"lip to standard" while in 1876, "no school of the description taught by a member; and similar rei)orts continued until 1849,
queried after" was reported. After 1876 the school was not re- when it was said to be
under the tutelage of a Friend. Shortly
vived, and the reports stated there was "no school of such thereafter, it hands save that the ]jre])arative
i^assed into other
description."'''"'^ The followin<j table, the fio^ures of which are meeting had oversight and control of it. In 1858, it was again
drawn from the Monthly Meetino; :Minutes of Orthodox Friends, according to the direction of the higher meeting:
throws lii^^ht on the educational problem within the limits of Upper
We have one school taught !)>• a hk mbt r, under care oi Committee appointed
Sprini^-field and Mansfield Meetin<rs. V)y Prejiarative Meeting. '"=

TABLE The number of scholars in attendance at the School was 44 in

1851 1861 1870 1S80 1890 1900 1 868, 7 of whom had one ])arent a member, and 2 of whom were
Children of School A<^e 23 25 18 17 9 2 members. ^'"^

Boys 12 The school was not mentioned after 1870.

Girls II
School at ^Mansfield
Westtown
Common Schools
15457
7

15
I

^9
170
3

8
3'^^

5
2
A meeting was settled at
Little Eiu; Harbor Monthly AIeetixg

Little Egg Harbor in 1704 and the

Taught at home 4 monthly meeting, established in 171 5,^" came under the jurisdiction
Select School Philadelphia I of Burlington Quarterly Meeting.
Not in School I From all records now available it appears that schools were not
At the time of the division in the Society of Friends, 1827, the well provided for among Friends at Little Egg Harbor, even late
in the i8th century. In i7()3 they state the "tiecessities of the
monthly meeting of the new organization reported that there were,
poor have been attended to, but that of learning vet wanting
Two schools one at Upper Springfield and one at Upper Freehold, taught is

by members and superintended by Committees appointed by the Preparative among many." A similar report was made in 1794.^''^ Again in
I^Jeetings.1'2 \ i7g6, "no cause of complaint respecting the query exce])t that of
The report a year later, however, stated that: learning which is wanting ainong us."^^^

Owing to peculiar circumstances attending this IVIeeting there are In 1803 the ])re])arative meetings were directed to raise S20.00
no schools
in the immediate situation of those queried after.^"' "in the usual manner" and pay it to the treasurer for the use of
was noted above that a school had been established under the
It the poor. It is barel>' ]X)ssible that this was ]jartl\- intended for
care of the meeting at Upper Freehold; this school was still in assisting them h\ way of schooling. At any rate the rejjort that
operation in 1826. After the separation the Upper Freehold 6 II 1833.
'''\lhid., ^''-ibid.,:^ II 1S58.
5 II 1868.
^'*''Ihid., From items kin(]l\- transcribed fmm the records by
';'V6;/t/., 8/II/1843. and thereafter to
^^Hbid., 1876 1900. Martha E. Gibbs, Columbus, .\. }.
''"District school in this year was taught by a member. '"Hazard: Reiiister of Pa., VII.' 102.
'"'Quite probable that these
attended the Mansfield school, though \t was ^'^Mm. Little Egg Harbor Mo. Mtg., 14 VIII 1794.
not controlled bv the meeting. II VIII 1796.
i"»////J.,
^'Min. U. S. Mo. Mtg., (H.), 6/II/1828. ''Uhid., 4 II/1829.
114 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Burlmgton Quarter 115
followed in 1806 was somew^hat better, in that "some care extended
that meeting; but there was no school kept there at the
towards the education of their children." time a part of the
committee was there.
In 1808 the record of the preparative meeting indicated that Barnegat Preparative Meeting has neither school house, school,
nor a school
something had been undertaken with reference to providing a school fund, but divers of it members are interested with others, not members of our
under its care. societ\', m a school house, in which a school is sometimes kept.'*'''

Some time haek Jeremiah W'lllits was appointed to assist the Treasurer of A similar report was made two years later:
the school committee in collecting tlie moneys that belong thereto,
now reports At
that he has attended to his appointment and has collected part,
Little Egg Harbor there
arr iwn schools under the direction of that
but not been
able to collect it all, and requests to be released which the Meeting
Preparative Meeting, both taught b\- men not m
tnembershi]) with Friends,
concurs and visited by committees appointe.] !)y the said
with. IS** Meeting; at one <.fthJ
schools there are 40 scholars taught, f) of whoiii arc
members, at tlu- other
No permanent success was achieved for. in 18 12. the monthy school there are 2^ children taught. 9 of whom an- inetnbers.
meeting reported "not any (schools) under the care of com- At Barnegat there arc N f!ii],lren members that attend a
school in the
mittees. "^^^ neighborhood over whieh tlie Preparative Meetm- haxe no
control.'**'
Again in 1818 we find that :
In 1840,
This Meeting appoints Simeon Haines, John Hallock, Thomas Bellanger- Wilham Gifford also produced a biH for repairs on the school house to
Nathan Bartlet, Eli Mathis and Aaron Bellanger, Trustees to have the schools the
amount of 26 01 (.$26.01 ?) which was allowed and the treasurer
and ftmds belonging thereto within the compass of this Preparative Meeting is directed
to discharge the same.'^^
and the former committee is released. '^-
In 1844 the monthh' meeting reported no school
In 1820 three men were appointed to join the school committee at Barnegat
Meeting to consider the propriety of "building a new school
of this Preparative Meeting but "one school at Little Egg Harbor
taught
house at the west end of the shor^''^^-^ Two months later they by a member under the care of Friends." This school continued
had decided "to build a new school house but not fully concluded until 1866 but is not mentioned thereafter as a Friends'
preparative
where to set it." In 182 1 the ground for the school was reported meeting school. All reports beginning in 1867, and thereafter, are
secured. In 1824,
in effect: "We have no such school. "1^9
This Meeting appoints John Hallock, David Maps, William Gifford, Nathan The
following table, made up from reports in the minutes
of
Bartlet, Nathan and Timothy Pharo as a school committee
Bartlet, Junior, Egg Harbor Monthly Meeting, shows the situation regard-
Little
to this Preparative Meeting— Nathan Bartlet is api)ointed Treasurer.'s* mg the number of children members and the m_anner in which they
Regarding the financial status the committee stated in 1828: were distributed. Compared with other meetings it would
seem
We the committee appointed to settle with the school committee and those that the sentiment in favor of a meeting school was
never very
that have the care of the grave yard, report that they find in the
hands of strong here. Many meetings maintained schools until the number
those for the school in cash $7.54, in notes of hand against several persons of children was as small as three, two and even
for
until there were
%222.oH, interest $62.76.18'
none remaining. In this instance, there is little doubt but
that the
In 1830 the following report, on schools within the limits of
Little Egg Harbor, was made to the quarterly meeting: •**«Min. Burlington Q. Mtg., 3o/Xr/i8^o
''Ibid., 2s TI '1834.
^««Min. L. E. H. Prep. Mtg.. 4 VM840.
Little Egg Harbor Preparative Meeting has a small school fund, and also a is^Little Egg Harbor Preparative Meeting was authorized bv law
to dispose of
in 1866
school house, in which a school is sometimes kept, under superintendence of a certain lot of land . . . particularlv mentioned and described'
had been devised
Vt committee' for schools 1805 by Jonathan Smith and Hannah
in
'

hi -f \
Egg Harbor Prep. Altg., 7/V I/1808.
'*^«Min. Little
i^^Min. L. E. H. Mo. Aftg., 13/II/1812.
f^f
of Little ^
T^li Egg u
for the Preparative Meeting of Friends
Harbor, and their successors in office for the entire use
of a school
house and school for the Preparative Meeting of Friends
"*-Min. L. E. H. Prep. Mtg., 2/\ar/i8i8. of Little Egg
forever The enabling act stated they had "no longer anv use for said Harbor
^"^Ubid., 2/111/1^20. '^Ubid., 2 lX'iH24. ^""Ubid., ^v I '1828. ty for the |)urposes of a school proper-
." See laws of new j'eksev 1866 560
. .
ii6 Onaker Education in Neiv Jersey Schools of Turlington Quarter 1

district schools when introduced proved themselves superior to

I« C4 01
anythin^^ the meetings had been able to provide. o> 09
OJ

I72C
TABLE
1855 1859 1865 1870 1876 1879
Children of suitable age for
school 19 17 18 17 14 16 I74C
West town 3 3 6 5 7
Friends School 4 4 5
District Schools 7 7 8
Not attending any school 3 2 I76C
P3
Select School not under care of
Friends 2
Family School 2 w
n
Instruction at home -190 r I78C

Select Schools

We have now traced the development of schools in the Monthly

meetings belonging to Burlington. The figure below indicates 5?
I80C
the number of schools maintained under the care of trustees, or
committees, taught by members, and having permanent funds in
many cases, between 1722 and 1895. These schools were reported
td
as being "according to the plan of the Yearly Meeting." The £ i82a
abrupt decline between 1825 and 1830 is occasioned by the division r
a:
of the Society of Friends in 1827, as a result of which schools suffered o
H
greatly. The number soon increased, however, in both branches O

of the Society. The second sharp decline in point of numbers oc- Oc I84C

curred after 1866 when state support was withdrawn from Friends' >
H
schools. After 1827 only the schools of the Orthodox Friends are tn

represented in this graph complete figures for the Hicksite Branch

;

are not available. I86C

Nevertheless, judging by the decline of schools
in individual meetings, and the tendency in other meetings where
figures are available, we may conclude that figures for the entire
Hicksite Quarterly Meeting at Burlington would follow the same
I88C
general tendency indicated above.

i9°"Instriicted at home, or not attending any school."

I89£
 Schools of Salem Quarter 119

several Monthly Meetings

to encourage and assist each other in the settlement
and support of schools for the instruction of your children, at least to
read
CHAPTER V and write, and some further useful learning, to such whose
circumstances
will permit it . .
.^

SCHOOLS OF SALEM QUARTER Further directions concerned the quality of masters that were to
Let us turn our attention to West Jersey, to Salem, the Colony
of Fenwick, settled in 1675. It was this town that, in 1682, gave
• Woodbury
its name Meeting of Friends, whose educational
to the Quarterly
• Upper Greenwich
activities we are about to examine. Salem Quarter was composed
of Salem, Greenwich, Maurice River, Woodbury, and Pilesgrove • Woolwich
• Upper Penn's Neck
monthly meetings, established in 1676, 1770, 1804, 1785, and 1794,
respectively.! It is to the manuscript minutes of these meetings f Piles Grove
we must turn for information concerning their educational affairs.

Salem • • Allowavstown
Salem Monthly Meeting
Great Egg Harbor
t Alloways Creek
Salem Monthly Meeting was first established in 1676 ''to consider
of outward business, and of such as have been convinced, and • Greenwich § Maurice River
those that walk disorderly, "^ but with the development of the • Cape May
community and the increase of public affairs, it came also to exer-
cise control over the educational opportunities of the locality. It Salem Qtarterly Meeting
is stated in a local history that.
be employed. These were reiterated more at length in 1750, and
What appeared to be of the
utmost importance to the everlasting happiness but not, at first, favorably received by vSalem Monthly:
1 751,
of our forefathers, and to their descendants, was undertaken, speedily to en-
This meeting thinks the circumstances of our county no ways suits the pro-
deavor to advance the moral culture of the people, in building up meeting
posals concerning schools in answer to the extractsfromthe Yeariy Meeting
houses for public worship in almost every township in the county where .& . .

needed, and erecting school houses for the instruction of their children.^ Following the more urgent suggestions of the Yearly Meeting
The records of the earliest days, however, are not as full as desirable in 1778^ a greater interest is evident:

and most historians content themselves with easy generalizations
of the above character. Perhaps, this is not far from the truth.
Certainly, after the middle of the eighteenth century, a great
many references are found, giving evidence of the high esteem in
The extracts were read in this meeting, and the following accounts directed
to be sent in the reports. The advices handed down from the Yearly Meeting
with respect to the state of society having been weightily before the Meeting,
several Friends gave in their names to attend several Preparative Meetings to
assist them .also with respect to the education of our youth, which labor
. .

which education was held. has been extended, in part, to general satisfaction and remains under care.^
In 1746 the Yearly Meeting directed the In 1788 a committee on schools was named "to meet and confer
^Buntingi List of Records, 89-97; also the first volume of each meeting's together on the subject and report their sense of the state of schools
minutes. amongst us .,"8 but this report was not given in
^Michener: Retrospect of Early Quakerism, 44.
. .
the minutes.
^Johnson: First Settlement of Salem, i68f. Raum, also, says "Fenwick's A year later the committee was directed "to visit the schools that
settlement at Salem opened a school soon after its establishment ..." Hist.
of N. J., II, 284-5. ^Min. Yr. Mtg., 1746, See Chapter Two.
\Min. Salem Mo. Mtg., 26/VI/1751. ^chapter Two.
118 7Mm. Salem Mo. Mtg., 26/VIII/1782. ^Ibid., 27/VII/1788.
 . :

120 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Salem Quarter 121
are under the direction of Friends, and the teachers members of wit—WilHam Abbott, John Redman, Richard Smith, Jonas Freeland,
the society ."^^
Accordingly, a report was made: Joseph
. .
Bassett, William Carpenter, and John Redman is appointed Treasurer for
J
... on behalf of the committee appointed in the 5th month last to visit the year ensuing. '^
the schools under the care of Friends, that they have attended to their
appoint- The figures subjoined, though not for regular intervals, indicate
ment and visited such as were under the care of Friends to satisfaction. 10
the growth of the fund and the puq^oses for which expended,
In 1 791 steps were taken to establish a permanent fund, and thus be-
tween 1796 and 1826 i^"^

place the schools on a more permanent foundation. A committee

composed of John Wistar, Joseph Reeve, Jonas Freedland, George TABLE
Colson, John Barnes, and Isaac Pedricl<,ii reported a plan in Year Schooling poor. Schooling Slacks White and Value of
October, of which the following is a simimary :
Black Children Fund
1 Nine trustees and a treasurer to be appointed annually, respon- 1796 6 /8 /6
sible to the monthly meeting.
1798 16/4
2. Notes to be given for am,ount subscribed, bearing interest at I80I I4/4/IO
six percent.; principal not to be demanded during lifetime of 1804 ^2/3/9
subscriber, provided he remains a member of this monthly meeting. I8I0 2 7 /3 /9
3. Treasurer shall make "fullandclearentriesof allmoneys" ina I8I3 $42.61 S663.76
book. I8I5 27.63^ 703. 7 SK
4. Interest to be applied to education of "poor children, and to I8I6 3746 771-85
no other purpose, but by direction of the monthly meeting ..." 1822 40.66
779-65
5. Trustees shall make report to meeting in May, annually; 1823 52.7s 820.26
new trustees to be appointed in June, annually, and all interests 1824 84.23 818.90
paid in January. 1825 99.90 862.91
6. On
decease or removal of subscribers, the treasurer shall call 1826 104.24 843-86
in the principal sum, invest it or put it out in safe hands at the
advice of the meeting.
A report on the school fund in 1850 shows $114.95 paid in
con-
nection with a farm at Penn's Neck devised to the meeting by
7. Only by direction of the monthly meeting can the principal
Elijah Ware, S24.86 for sundry school bills, and S30.00 paid to
be used in raising an annuity.
teacher of colored school in Salem. '^ Details concerning the
In accordance with the above plan, trustees continued to be
colored school do not appear in the minutes, though there
regularly elected, annually, throughout the next century, and their is fre-
quently an item of $30 paid to the teacher. The funds expended
reports each year shows the success with which the end in view for
schooling the poor were not confined to Friends' children.!^
was reached. The following is one of the early reports, bearing
date of 1795
Let us return now to the schools themselves, the situation of
which was set forth in a committee report
The trusteesof the school fund made report that they had attended to their
:

appointment and that there has been paid in of the interest on the notes Salem 1791 the 7 month 25th
£ 21/14/5K, of which sum £ 12/3/6K has been expended in schooHng white
We the committee appointed to enquire into the slate of schools within the
and some black children, and as they mention some part of the principal to compass of the Monthly Meeting having made inquiry and met and
conferred
be paid in, they are directed to put out the same at lawful interest. The foUow- upon the subject do agree to report that there is one school in
the town of
ing Fri ends are appointed Trustees of the Fund for the succeeding Salem, the constitution whereof is such that Friends have the
year, to chief prerogative
^"^ ^s under the care of seven Trustees all members
of this Meeting, and is
Hbid., 26/I/1789. ^Hbid., 31/VIII/1789. ^^Ibid., 25/IV/1791.
''Collected from the minutes for the above dates.
uiJ^" ?X/y^^'??A'.
''Ibid., (O.), 27/111/1850. ^^Ibid., 29/111/1854.
 122 Quaker Education in Xew Jersey
taught by a Friend. Also that there is several
other establishments for <=chools
now without teachers in several neighborhoods of
Friends where they have
the chief management and agreeable to their
constitution, might have them
under the care of Trustees Members of this Meeting
and taught by members
of the same if Friends would exert
themselves and diligentlv attend all their
annual and convened Meetings for the opening of
or managing the affairs of
said schools which we apprehend might
open a wav for raising and expending
a fund agreeable to the advice of Superior
Meetings.
John Wistar John Barnes
Jonas Freedland Isaac Pederick.
Though the above report indicates some progress, it
does not
appear that Salem Monthly was able to raise its
schools to the
level of excellence desired by the Yearly
Meeting. In 1808, when
answers are made to annual queries relating to schools,
they'reply;
"None in this meeting exactly under that description. "^^
In fact,
from 1808 to 1854, the report is to the same effect.
This does not
mean that there were no schools only, that they were not
;
successful
in meeting the standard set by the superior
meeting.
After the separation in 1827 the importance
of "a guarded'*
education was again urged by the Yearly Meeting, and
a committee
was duly appointed to consider the possibilities. Report
was soon
made, however,
that having several times met and conferred
together on the subject no
way has presented to obviate the difficulties Friends at present
labor under. ^^
In 1 83 1, replying to a request for information
and a full report
on schools, whether under the care of this meeting or
otherwise,
and the number of children, if any, who were without
proper op-
portunities, a committee was appointed which
produced the follow-
ing report:
The following proposition
offered by the Committee appointed by
this
mg on the subject of education having been considered
appears to be united
with and the Committee is encouraged to
establish a school under the regu-
lations therein proposed, viz.
After making inquiry into the state of this deeply
interesting concern in
our several neighborhoods we have to remark that
as there is no select school
withm our limits Friends seem under the necessity of
sending to such mixed
schools as are contiguous in which their children
are exposed to the corrupt
example of those whose language and manners are
not in accordance with
that simphcity which our principles lead into,
and altho in looking toward a
remedy many difficulties have presented themselves, we
are encouraged in the
^Hbid., 25 1/1808. 'Uhid., (O.), 27/X71830.
Schools of Salem Quarter
^23
belief that they are not altogether
insurmountable and that a blessing will
attend every right endeavor to remove them.
Under this conviction we
propose that a school be established in the town
of Salem for the instruction
of girls and small boys, members of
our religious Societv, to be taught bv
h
properly qualified female (also a member) and
superintended bv a joint com-
mittee of men and women to be annually
appointed bv the Monthly Meetir.i:
whose duty it shall be to visit the school once m
everv month and 'report iN
state to the Meeting at the expiration of
each year. The said school to l>e
located conveniently for the teacher and
children to attend our weekday
Meetings. The teacher's salary and all other needful
expenses to be pa'd
out of the income arising from the price of
tuition to be charged on each scholar
; which if found insufficient to defray the whole
expenses of the school the de-
ficiency to be supplied from such available
funds as the Meeting '«
shall direct.
The "not altogether insurmountable" difficulties
were apparently
overcome and the following report on schools
produced in 183^"
The difficulties in the way of establishing a "Select
School" are
obvious when we consider that in one school,
six scholars, and m
the other, "four only" were members of
the Society.
There are within the
limits of this Meeting two schools taught bv members
of our Religious Society. One of these
is situated in the town of
Salem and
composed of about thirty-five scholars, six of whom are the
children of Friends
the other situate m Mannington has had during the past year the
average
number of twenty-five scholars, of whom four onh- are
Friends' children
The former is a private establishment
conducted
bv two young women The
latter under the direction of Trustees who are members
is
of but not appointed
by the Monthly Meeting. The house and property
is also held bv members
of society. These two schools are so located as to be within
the reach of most
of our members, yet there are a few famihes
so remote that they derive no
benefit from them, two of which are so
peculiarly situated that no provision
has yet been made for them. We also report
that after making a more par-
ticular enquiry into the state of our
members in respect to the probability of
carrying into effect the plan for a select
school submitted to the Monthlv
Meet- Meeting m
the 8th month last, have the discouraging
prospect that from the
many existing difficulties which have presented themselves
no way yet pre-
sents to carry the said plan into operation.
Clayton Wistar
Hannah Smart. ^^
In 1833 four schools were reported: two
primary^ schools, com-
posed of a small proportion of Friends' children;
and two "family
schools" of "recent origin."
These were so located as to accom-
modate most of the members, but some had to attend "mixed"
^«/^>zV/., 31/VIII 1831. ^^Ibid., 1/II/1832.
 124 Quaker Education in Neu^ Jersey
Schools of Salem Quarter 125
neighborhood schools, or send their children away to Friends'
Boarding Schools. A year later, "two mixed schools" and three TABLE
"family schools" all taught by members were reported. In Nimiber of children c C
m IC .0 IC C iTi
0^
xrt c
1837 -t
X
LT,
X X c;
X
r^ r^ X X c^
of suitable age for
X X X X X
the school committee reported: N-4

that there are three schools within our Hmits composed of school 26 26 2S 28 II 6
. . .
Friends' I
4
children and others promiscuously, and taught by members of our Society. Number at
One of these schools is superintended by a committee of Friends,
but they Westtown TO II 3 3
are not any of them under the care of the Preparative or Monthly Meeting. Number taught in
It alsoappears that there are forty-one children within our limits of suitable
age to go to school, all of whom have partaken within the past year of
Family Schools
the
benefits of literary instruction. And we may further remark that altho
At Haverford
we
hope the guarded religious education of our youth is a subject of increasing Select School at
interest with a number of our members, yet we trust it will be readily admitted \\ Philadelphia 2
that a more general as well as faithful discharge of fireside instruction
would
prove beneficial to the children and comforting to parents and caretakers.^*
Common Schools 1

Not in School
In the same year (1837) the committee reported:
Number taught in
that would be a proper step for the Meeting to take for reasons assigned in a
it

statement which they have laid before the Meeting. After deliberation
Schools by mem-
it
appears the judgment of this Meeting to open a school which shall be free for bers 10
all classes of children without distinction of color, and the Trustees of the Number taught by
school fund are requested to have the oversight thereof and make such rules Friends in families 2
for the government of it as they may think necessary. And are authorized Number taught in
to appropriate so much of the fund in their hands as they may think proper. mixed schools 14 19 16
And directed to furnish this Meeting with information of the state of
the school
in their Annual Report.21
Not accounted for i

In 1839 this school was reported as established "under care of From a minute of 1890 it appears that negotiations were entered
Trustees belonging to the preparative meeting, though not subject into by the Trustees of Friends School Property and the Public
to its appointment. "22 Board of Education, whereby the latter secured the location for a
It continued, apparently, for a few years
only, due largely to the fact that there
were but a few Friend's
public school. The following extract describes the manner in
children to attend which this was accomplished:
After 1855 the only answer found, to the
it.

query regarding schools was: "we have no school of that descrip- The surviving trustees of the school house ](it on Walnut Street report:
That the Board of Education of the City of Salem, who have leased a portion
tion."
of the lot for the use of the public school since 1850 desiring to erect a more
Though the irregular classification of children, found in the re- commodious building thereon, and considering it essential that the title
ports, makes concise tabulation impossible, the following table will should be vested in themselves, commenced legal proceedings under an act
suffice to show (i) the rapid decHne in number of children passed in 1889 for the condemnation of property wanted for public school
members,
*'fit to attend school" and puri)Oses, and for which a price could not be agreed upon with the owners.
(2) the manner in which a great part of
They made application to the court and have three commissioners appointed
them scattered in "mixed," "family," and district or common
to assess the value of tlie land and the damages arising l)y reason of its being
schools. 23
taken.
Having been informed that the Board, or some members of it, entertain the
"'IhU., 2/I/1837. 27/IX/1837.
^'Ibid., ^IHd., 30/X/1839. belief that the property did not legally belong to the Society of Friends, we
^'Figures collected from reports in Minutes of Salem Mo. Mtg from i8dO-
"^
1900.
**
thought it best to employ counsel to defend our rights, and through his efforts
and our own, succeeded in establishing our title, and an amicable agreement
was reached by which the commissioners were to award us 1,500 dollars as
 126 Quaker Education in New Jersey ScJiools of Salem Quarter 127
the value of the land; which sum,
though mueh less than
agreed to accept, partly in consideration
its real value we
of the fact that the lease, hv
of which the>- virtue
have held possession of the propert>-
<lid not expire for nine
years panel partly because we
considered that the lot if acquired
In- the
Board of Education and used for the
,,urposes of a Public School would
ntore nearl>- de^oted to the be
purpose for which it was originally
the Salem Free School Society"
purchased by
in ,78,,, than ,f occupied in
anv other wav
1 he aboNc named sum has been paid
over by the Treasurer of the Board
of Education to the trustees
who propose investing it for the use of the Pre- 5
parative Meeting, to which Meeting,
the property would seem to belong
ac-
a
IT.
cording to papers relating to its history-
«hich are in our possession.
CO
Signed Richard Wistar o
X
Casper W. Thompson o
o
r
Josiah Wistar >
Trustees."
H
C/2
In addition to efforts to provide >
education in Salem, the Monthly r
Meeting, from the first, paid at the direction w
of the Yearly Meeting
a considerable amount towards the
support of WesttoN\-n Boarding
School. An early record of this
support is found in .797, and is
continuous thereafter: w
w
The Friends appointed to receive subscriptions to the M
Boarding Scliool report- k!
ed hat they had received of the subscriptions, f
54 7 9. which is directed to
.
be paid to ,1k C lerk of this Meeting S!
to.be forwarded to tlie Treasure r
of the
O
Committee appointed by tl.c Yearly Nfeeting
for that service. And that
there is on the subscrption f
.1 ,0 unpaid. The subscription papers is
directed to be lodged with he Clerk,
, .0 be kept .vuh .he papers of this
Ihe Clerk is d-rected to report to this Meeting
.Meeting uhen completed.^^ M
O
Frurn an early date, 1696, the Vearly »
Meetins of Friends had
directed their influence against the >
trade in Negroes, giving it at-
tention in all their meetings, and, .1-4
after 758, provided for disown-
.
as
ment of those who persisted in the practice o
after thev had received c
tti
admonition to discontinue it. In this H
movement for" their freedom
and education Salem Meeting took a
prominent part In 17,6
they reported "none imported" but o
"those that have them are o
not all so careful to train them up in •a:
n
the principles of the Christian M
religion as they ought."'^" To remedy this lack, about 1778 relignous
meetings were established at stated
periods, especiallv for them
and a plan was set on foot to raise a fund to provide them ati
education.'^''

7}^"
'Ibtd,, ^^XJJ/'^^^-
29/VI/1778.
''^^^^•' 25/IX/1797. 26
Ibid., 25/X/1756. I
See Chapter Nine.
 128 Quaker Edticaticn in New Jersey
Schools of Salem Quarter 129
After the division of the
wSocietv in t<^o^ .v k
A further report, three months later, estimated the cost at
Siooo. "already subscribed" and asked theap])ointment of abuilding
committee of three to have the work bc^un immechateh,-, "so the
school for boys may be.i^nn this winter." In Se]jteml)er, Caleb
Lippincott, George M. Ward, Jesse ]3ond. Th(.mas Shcmrds,
•^Kk te" •" wrT"' 'I"""'™' '""^' '^'""'^ ^he "Separatists,"
they werecalled, had Clement Acton, and Iilisha Bassctt were named as a committee
pe™ nt bisi -
,
*/ schools , .n a
"to employ teachers" for the school and visit it at stated jjeriods,
aances the old school properties at least once in every month and attend to such other concerns
and funds passed into the
hands
3""'^""' '-''''' '''' °"^"™' ^-'^^^d itself toestalsh as may l)e necessar\' in relation thereto." In the following }-ear,
n w u"n":
''™'"'"^^'- 1839, two schools were re]X)rted. and in 1S43.
^"^^ ^^^ ^™i'- educa-
tionaTdeals
tional Ideals anr"":-""
and practices prevailed in
^"
both branches The committee appointed
to have tlie oxersight of the school under the direc-
Meeting report ihv school has been frequently visited l)y some of
tion of this
''' """'' ^"^'^'' ^'^^ "^^^' ^-^'"^-^ ^alem
jxphed T
None of the description queried
replied '.Xone'ofT
after,- but nine months
the Committee and they are united in rej)Orting that it continues to Ije con-
ducted in a manner creditable to the Society.
The Boys school has a\-eraged 40 J scholars and the Girls 29 scholars. •^-

"
3

Reports from 1840 to 1850 show the average attendance was

t>^ere i. S.,;.,,
-^e:: dt^afS::!et ^^''°°' ^""^
'
^^ t''- about ^o, most of whom made "satisfactory improvement in the
several branches of useful learning." But in 1851, according to
"'''^ '^'^'^'"'^'^ ^^^^^^
fund-'andZt" ""T^"' «^ ^^e school the committee's report, "the school has only averaged about 25
'"^'^^^'^ ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^"dicating ia
tneir
heir thT.
I?;''
reports that the chi dren of Friendc: K^fT. u ^ -
in consequence of the opening of the Free School in the 9th month
were provided with
oppokunities ™hoolin'
"'' '"' L ^^^''^ last."^^
rent of $1
number attending, the usual
In consequence of the small
was not exacted from the teacher, Noah Leeds. He was,
2
'^'
schoor^'' I'^'f '^"'^"^"^P^^^ed on the building of a
school house,'""'T-
which however, allowed to pay the bills for "whitewashing and cleaning
should accommodate bovs
and girls •

the schoolroom," and %2 for tuition to Charles P. Smith. '

In the course of a few years the schools (two) of the meeting

more than regained their former size, furnishing education to one
hundred children in 1857, 81 9c of whom were outsiders.-'^'* By
1865, the nuinber of schools reported, increased to three, having in a
lower. o;bre:;ents:onwber''' 'hI'°"^^' °' ^""^'* '^™ensions-th: "male department," whole number no, 28 Friends' children,
''°'" ^''°°' ™°'" ^"'^ '^e upper
storv for the gTrls
alof whcH ,'"" ' " '

and an average attendance of 60; and in a "female department,"

judgment in ,h,s important concern
^ consideration and
w^hole number 106, members 22 professors 32, other denominations
Signed 52, and an average attendance of 67. ^^ In the same year proposals
0:1 belmlf of the committee
l)v Beni-imin r
-Dtnjamm Lrnscom were discussed for making an addition to the school building and
Joseph Basset t, Jr. in 1866 it was agreed to raise money for the school house by sub-
George M. Ward
scription.
Ann. D. C. Thompson
Rebecca Nicholson The year 1866 marks a turning point in the history of Friends*
Maria Elliott. 3'
^'^^^\-}^^^-' of Salem (H.) v^ 1 '1828 ^Ubid., 2/VIII/1843. ^Uhid., 30/iV/i85i.
•'->MW-
•'Ibid., 29 \ 1828. ^ojf^^d., I II/1832 ''Ibid.,
^Ihid., 25/II/1857. ^^Ibid., 1/II/1865.
30/V/iHsS.
 I30 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Salem Quarter 13
schools in New Jersey.
Thereafter, accordinc^ to the law, section
12 of the Act of 1846 was repealed, which had permitted
rollment of 126 and "way did not open for leasing the bouse and
church grounds
schools to receive assistance from the public for a ]ni.blic school
and the a])plicants were so notified. "-^^
school fund. The In 1873 proposals were made for grading the school, and this
enrollment at this time was very heavy, but it declined
perce])tibly
was
when the law went into effect. accomplished, judging by the rei)ort in February 1874. Two years
The following figures describe the
later a new set of rules were drawn up for controlling the
decline. school,
and it continued under these until it was discontinued, under
TABLE
Year No. of pupils enrolled Friends supervision, in 1905. In that >-ear,
Remarks
1850 Rel)ecfa T. Wistar, on behalf of ihv Friends a[)j)ointed to visit
39 Margaret
Ross on account of her appHeation at last meeting, rei)orts tlicv oflcrcd
1851 2; her
the use of the school house for the ensuing year, free of an\- charge
for rent,
1857 100 Girls and bovs but she must ])ay the city for water tax. and repair all damage to the
{property
1865 216 (
caused b\- her oeeui)anc->-, reasonable wear and tear exce})ted, and she
is at
1867 liberty to conduct as a private school, which
249 Male, female and primary it offer she agrees ;o accept.
The Meeting accepts the rej)ort and the committee is released. '^^

departments
1869 (< ((
Thus, the school continued as a private institution until recent-
256 ( i ((

ly when the building was occupied b\' an industrial concern. -"^^

1872 126 (( (( II ((

1873 96
1874 Grhkxwich Monthly Meetlvg
73
1875 35 "one school" Greenwich Monthly Meeting was so established about
1770,
1876 47 two schools consisting of two pre]:>arative meetings, Allowa>''s Creek and Green-
1877 51 one school, 19 members attend- wich; later Maurice River and Ca]3e May were added. From
ing 1694 it had existed as a preparative meeting under Salem Monthly. ^o
1880 42 one school Upon being created a Monthly jMeeting it became necessary
1881 two schools for the new
53 organization to give official attention to educational
1886 65 one school with four teachers affairs. But though re]X)rts were regular, we find that no great
1892 72
<( (
progress was made. In 1790, "agreeable to the advices of the
1900 47 one school; three teachers; two Yearly Meeting" a committee was appointed to consider education
pupils members, and 13 had and report what "may appear most expedient for the occasion. "-"^
one parent a member. Apparently the only conclusion arrived at was "to offer the pro-
In 1866 Salem Meeting responded to a request posals to the next preparative meeting, and lend them assistance
from Woodbury
Monthly Meeting that they send a committee to Camden, as they may be enabled to do. "^2 p^j. ^^i^ ^^^^ thirty vears there
on the
tenth of December, "to consult and decide appear numerous items regarding small amounts raised and ex-
upon what measures
shall be taken to reestablish Friends in
their just rights of the pended for the poor; and, in 793, "one dozen of Penn's Reflections
i

public school fund, which an act of the last legislature and Maxims, designed for the use in schools." were received and
deprived them
of ."36 This passed, without appreciable effect, and in
. .

1872 the "directed to be divided in the usual proportion."

Friends trustees were petitioned by the district to
lease their proper-
^y ^Q^ a Public school. The Friends' school at that time had an en- ^Ubid. , 26/Vr/i872. •'^Ibid., 31 'V 1905. s^.c^ec page 127.
*°Bunting: List of Records, 91; Michener^: Retrospect of Earlv Quakerism,
^Hbid., 31/X/1866; see also Chapter 45-6-
Thirteen.
^^Min. Greenwich Mo. Mtg., 3o/VI;i790. ^'-Ihid., 2 11 1791.
 :

132 Quaker Education in Xew Jersey Schools of Salem Quarter 00

In 182 the meeting's fund for educating the poor was
1
augmented five to eight only are members. There are also four of our members at the
by the following provision in legacv: several boarding schools.
Fifthly, I give and bequeath to John G. Mason and Joseph Thompson, Although we believe there is an increased care felt !)\' our meml)ers to give
aforesaid, one tenth of my
estate (notwithstanding the said one-tenth which
I
their children what may be termed a suital:)le literary education, \et if a greater
give them m
trust) shall be paid over to the Treasurer of
Greenwich Monthly concern was felt to instruct them, not onh' in the i)rinciples of the Christian
Meeting for to be appHed either to charitable purposes, or religion, and the precious testimonies given u> to l)ear as a religious society,
more particularly
the interest thereof to the schooling of poor children. but to endeavor, through watchfulness of their own conduct, to evince to them,
The Monthly Meeting
of Greenwich of which Joseph Thompson is that their chief est concern was to lay up Heavenly treasure, we think a great
a member is desired to receive
said donation and apply it, or the interest advantage would arise.
thereof, as they may think will be
most conducive to the welfare of the poor in the neighborhood Joseph Miller
of Greenwich
or Alloways Creek. The above legacy which is Grace Lippincott.*''
one hundred and nineteen
dollars and 46 cents, was paid to
. . . . . . Treasurer "subject to the direction In a later report of the same year it is brought out that though
of this Meeting. "«
only four or five of the 25 attending are members, there are some
The regularly recurring answers to the fifth query,
of which the families "so located as to be out of reach of the school." This
following is typical, indicate that a constant
care for the poor and probably explains, in part at least, the irregular existence of the
their education was maintained school throughout the igth century. In 1850 "there is one school
Poor Friends' necessities are inspected and relief afforded
them, and when under the care of a teacher in membership;" in 1856, "we have no
there are children of that description they freely
partake of learning. No school of that description ;" i860, "we have none of the description
Friends' children placed from among Friends since
last year.«
queried after;" 1870, "there is no school of the description;"
In 1828, regarding schools, it is reported, "We have one of
the 1875, "there is one school of the description queried after;" 188 1.
description but in Februar>^ 183 1 it was ''at present vacant."
. .
.,"
**no school of the description;" 1885, "there is one school of the
Later in the year (December) the committee reported:
description queried after;" 1890, no school of that kind; and simi-
We have one school under the care of the Preparative
Meeting taught by larly in 1893.'*^
a member, another taught by two females,
members of society, though not
under care of the Meeting. Neither of which are The following table gives the essential facts concerning the
select. The average num-
i>er ofscholars in each about twenty-five, five of the
pupils attending the
ntimber of children of school age, in Greenwich Monthly Meeting
former and four the latter are children of Friends. and the widelv variant schools thev attended. '*'*

Benjamin Sheppard TABLE

John E. Sheppard ID 10 - 10 C fO
ID 10 00 00 C^ ON
Alary Sheppard 00 X) 30 00 00 00 00 Xmm 00
pam
00
M4
00
N^
Ann H. Bacon. '•^
Children of age to attend
A 7 14 14 12 7 9 13 14 II 107
similar report was produced in 1835: school
The committee appointed on the subject of Education produced a written At a Prep., Mo. or Yr.
report, as follows:
That the number of children of a suitable age to go to Meeting School I 9 .1 5 7 2
school remains about
the same as mentioned in the report of last
year, and likewise the state of our
Instructed at home 4 s" 349 2 1 2 I

schools. We have one family school amongst us taught by a member, and a At schools not taught by
school under the care of a committee appointed members
by the Preparative Meeting 2 I
has been kept about half the past year— also kept
by a member, though not Familv Schools 8 5" 249
^^^^""^^ ^^^ average number of pupils
4 4
about twetity-five, of which number from
29/I/1835.
*^Ibid., *'From answers given to the annual queries.
'Ubid., 28 III/1821. ^^Gathered from reports in the minutes of the Mo. Mtg. for the dates
^Min. Greenwich Mo. Mtg., mentioned.
(O.) 29/I/1829. <^Ibid., 29/XII/1831. *^At home or in family schools.
 134 Quaker Education in Xeic Jersey Schools of Salem Quarter 135

Neif^hborhood School i
liam B()(»th, to be kept out at interest for the use of the poor, and a
Westtown Boardin^^ School 2 2 :
3 3 4 3 2
was used provide them an education.
<") ''^
part of this ])robably tri
Haverford '

i
So far as can Ije learnedfrom minutes of the meeting. h()we\-er,
vSelect School — Phila. i
there does not seem to ha\-e l)een much done towards estal^lishing a
Boardint,^ School tau^^ht by
standard school, until 1845, when,
a member i
Rachel Hancock, Mary Bradway, Sarali F. Powell, and Rebecca Bradway
Public School I 2 2 now about
I (were) appointed to join men I->icnds as Trustees to a school
Germantown Friends School I being established under the care of Friends, to visit said school monthh' and
vSituation Unknown 3
report yearh- to this Meeting. •''

Not in School 2 2 The school was re]jorted to be under "competent female teach-
Cornell University i ers." Some attempt was made, at the same time, to establish a
Following the separation of 1827, the existence of standard es- librarA- and Committee on Education and Libraries
in July, the

tablished schools conducted by the new organization at Greenwich reported they had collected a few books and the library was ready
seems to have been quite as precarious as that we have just re- for their reception. Rebecca C. Bradway was appointed librarian
viewed. In 1828 a school was reported, under the care of Green- for the month. A list of the books in i860 shows that the little
•'•'

wich Preparative Meeting; in 1829, none; 1835, no schools; 1840, library- contained over 2 5 volumes1 —
some duplicates most of them —
"one school of that description;" 1848, "two of the description dealing with Friends and their histor\\ but others such as Farmers
queried after;" 1856, one of the description queried after, the hisiruction, YGung Chemist, Parley's Columbus, Life in the Insect
children of which attend mid-week meetings; 1862, one school; World, and Ocean Work, indicate a realistic trend. ^^
in 1866 the school at Alloway's Creek is mentioned; but after 1868 The school appears to have grown rapidly, and provided an edu-
no schools are reported."'^ cation mostly for those who were not members. In 1866 they
Though there is not much evidence on the subject, it appears reported
from certain entries in the women's minutes that they took part One school of the descrij)tie)n (queried after under the care of Alloway's Creek
in the management of schools, as is often found in other localities Preparative Meeting, 83 children attended last year; 2 of which are members,
:
•'*"

and 8 professors with Friends.

This meeting is united in appointing Sarah S. Bacon to take the place of
EHzabeth Reeve in visiting the school. After 1869 the school was permanently discontinued, having
Also in the appointment of Mary M. vSheppard and Margaret Miller to been in operation under the care of a committee since 1845. In
that service. ^^ that year we find the following minute, which gives the immediate
Alloway's Creek Preparative Meeting became, with Greenwich cause for its discontinuance:
Preparative, a part of Greenwich Monthly Meeting in 1770. The committee appointed 22 V/1845 to have the care of the Preparative
As early as 1761, Joshua Thompson, a member of the Society, Meeting school house report that in consequence of a law passed by the Legis-
advertised "on behalf of myself and neighbors" for lature of the state depriving them of any share of the Public school fund
they have been obliged to discontinue said school, and there being no prospect
a schoolmaster wanted in the township of Elsinborough, in Salem County,
. . .

of the house being wanted in the future for school purposes, they i)ropose to
and Western Division of New Jersey; one that can come well recommended,
the Meeting that it be sold and removed from the premises. ^"^

may meet with good encouragement, by the inhabitants of said township .^2 . .

^^Min. Alloway's Creek Prep. Mtg., 22 /IV/i 784.

In 1784 we find reference to a legacy left to the Meeting by Wil- ^^Min. Allowav's Creek Prep. Mtg. of Women Friends (U.), 22 ''V/1845.
-Ibid.,24/Vli/i845.
soSee Min. Mo. Mtg. of Greenwich (H.), 1828-1868.
27/XII/1860: see also Chapter Eleven.
'•'^Ihid.,
^'Min. of Greenwich Prep. Mtg. of Women Friends (H.), 22/VI/1836.
^^Min. Greenwich Mo. Mtg. of Friends, i, III 1866.
"Pa. Gazette, No. 1721, December 17, 1761.
6«Min. Alloway's Creek Prep. Mtg., Women Friends, (H.), 18/II/1869.
 136 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Salem Quarter ^37
Maurice River Monthly Meeting
case of poor families, the meeting gave attention to the school
Maurice River, established as a Monthly Meeting in learning of the children. "^^

1804, was
discontinued after 1855, and its lower meetings, Maurice
River and
Though no records are to be found of an exclusive meeting school
Cape May preparatives, were attached to Greenwich, already there is evidence that some interest was taken in education and
discussed. Though admitted so late to the official position of a that they cooperated with the educational Committee of the
monthlv^ meeting, there was a considerable settlement Yearly Meeting. The following notice of the aj^pointment of a
at Maurice
River in the early iHth century— so considerable at
least as to
committee by the women's branch is representative:
necessitate the appointment of a constable by the
Quarter Sessions A minute from the Yearly .\reeting's committee on the subject of education
Court at Salem, in 17 20/'^^ (concerning a meeting to be held 13 XII; 1844) was received and read request-
ing some information respecting schools and education among us.
A
thorough examination of the source of material, relating
to the
Elizabeth
Jones, Prudence Murphy and Rebecca Sharp are ai)pointed to take the su!)-
Meeting,
fails to reveal any evidence of a school
under the care of ject into consideration and obtain such information as is desired.''^
Friends before its establishment as a monthly
meeting; and So far as evidence from records available is concerned, there
throughout the next 5 1 years, at the end of which it was
discontinued, was likewise no school established under the care of Friends'
itappears dependence was placed upon schools in the
neighborhood meeting at Cape May.
supported and attended by other denominations. Aside
from this
failure to establish exclusive schools, the meeting
pursued a course Woodbury Moxthly Meetixg
verv' similar to others.
In 1807, it made record: The meeting at Woodbun.- was held at the home of John
first
Care is taken eoncerning the poor; their children partake
of learning and Wood but removed soon after to a newly built meeting
in 1696.
none are placed from among Friends.*'" house. Woodbur}' was established as a separate monthly meeting
At the same Meeting, replying to the 3rd annual query, they say in 1785, being made u]) of Woodbur}- and Upi^er (^reenwich
i)re-
there are: parative meetings. ^^
two schools taught by Friends but not particularly Shortly after being created a monthly meeting, Woodbury,
. . .
under the care of
this Meeting.''^
acting under the influence of the recommendations of the Yearly
The report of 18 10 confirms the above statement. In 181 Meeting of Philadelphia, began to plan the establishment of a
1 they
inform that: permanent school fund.^^
Friends generally endeavor to bring up those under
their direction in plain- «*Min. Maurice River Mo. Mtg., Women Friends, (H.).
ness, and to encourage the readmg of the Scriptures »
A^-^i I i8^s
j^.
and to restrain them from
.

^Ibid., 3/11/1844.
reading pernicious books and corrupt conversation. ^2 ««Bunting: List of Records, 94: Michener: Retrospect of Early Quakerism,
46-7.
From a report of 18 12 it may be inferred that the responsibility «^Some progress towards permanency of school foundations had been made
for schooling children was individual as "there are none amongst earlier in 1770 when James Cooper made a Declaration of Trust to Woodbury
Preparative Meeting: "That is to say for the benefit, use and behoof of the
us but appear able to school their own children. "^^ From this
. . .
poor people of the said Quakers ... for a place to erect and maintain a meet-
date to 1823 there is no indication that a school ing house and school house for the use and service of the said people." Dept-
was established ford Free School on Delaware Street was built in 1774, being established and
and the Women's minutes, which cover the period to forever to be controlled "by the Society of Friends." Those of other persua-
1854, fail to
reveal the existence of any.
It seems clear, however, that sions were admitted, however, on agreement to pay and submit to the rules
in the of the school. Jeremiah Paul seems to have been the first teacher. The
s^Elmer: Hist. Cumberland County, "Cooper School Fund" is mentioned in 1873 as consisting of $2-^00 and 17
73. shares of turnpike stock; likewise i)lans for the Woodburv Free School had
«"Min. Maurice River Mo. Mtg., ^0/1/1807
''^'-^ been drawn up in 1773. Parchment containing these regulations is in Glou-
^'Ibid. 'Ubid., 4 I 1811. ^Ubid., 31/1/1812. cester Historical Society's Library at Woodbury, X.
J.
 138 Quaker Editcatuni ni Xa^' Jersey
Schools of Salefu Quarter 13 J

The followin.i: extract is irom the first ]}ar^e of the Minutes and
Ptroceedin<;s relatinm the v^x^hool P\m(l:

^yf
V.
r, »•''.• ./
"C ,-.•', f.'r . -T
5
,
_ ,
i

'.///-.
'?

,} -
/> •^i^jrf^.:ru>^ /^ ^^^ ^^^ nH-H^ ^-^^^ JV --y -''

-;*r^ qr-;> /» > •« *•!'*>;/• >; '

yCt^

C i y^j,y/^,
^^ zi^ yyt^z^^

*-^ Go

i
l^i \

Plan for raising School Fcnd at Woodbury

The Meeting having for many years past frequently recommended

\'ear]y
to yc Quarterly and Monthly Meetmgs the establishing of permanent Fimds
for the support of schools,— the schoolmg of
the children of poor Friends,
children of Blacks, etc., and in the year Riles tj guvkkn Thlmees of W'oodiu kv S( hool P^^lnd
1789 renewed this advice in a verv
 I40 Quaker Education in Xew Jersey
Schools oj Salcni Quarter 141
pressing manner which induced Quarterly Meeting to appoint a committee
this
to consider ye subject, who in ye 5th month,
1790 reported a plan to fulfill
in part ye desire of >'e Yearly Meeting,
which being approved was recom-
mended to the A.onthly Meetings to carry into execution/'^
The fund is still in existence and. according to present
members,
is used for educational purposes in the two
preparative meetings.'
Several interesting items, concerning the schools
at Woodbur>^
may be gathered from the Diary of Samuel Mickle, an illustrious
citizen of the place.^^ A few years after
the establishment of the
school fund he inform^s that in 1799 "the two
schools in Woodbun.-
have subscribed $40 each (to the fire company) besides
fire buckets
..." and that there is "surveyed an additional
piece of ground to
enlarge our school yard ."^o
j^ ^g^^, he notes: ''School visita-
. .

tion. Upwards of 50 scholars of whom. 42 are writers;" six vears

later, there were "60 scholars of whom
49 are writers;" in "i8m.
"Visited Deptford Free School 52 scholars of
whom 4^ are writers o
viz. 40 boys and o
5 girls;" in 1816. he reports, 'Vent to Females'
o
vSchool; 51 girls of whom about idoz. writers" CO
and "at ist day Boys X
School 40 attended, 47 absent;" 1819 he records,
"Deptford 'school
not visited today by one trustee!", by which it
appears school re-
sponsibilities did not lie heavily on the
shoulders of some.^i z
Throughout the Diary are found items indicating that
friends and
relatives came to his home to board
while attending school in n
Woodbury. X
8
Samuel Mickle was also active in the Woodbur\-
Librar>- Com-
pany, established in 1794 and the 1-irst Day School Association
which he notes was established March 3. iSi6.7--i
The School Fund Plan entered upon 1700 91, was
remarkably"
successful; by 18 11, it had risen to almost
$1900 and in 18 15
passed $2000.73 In 1840 the income from it was larger than
nec-^
essary for the ordinary school charges, partly
due to support derived ^

"Min and Proceedings of Woodbury Mo. Mtg. School

Fund 1700
present in care of Warner Underwood/woodbury^
New Jersev
"See Stewart, Frank H., Notes on Old Gloucester
^^ Af-
' ^ •

County' i^sfi. Diary

covers period from 1792 to 1829. Samuel '

Mickle was an indukrious member

^"#' ^^^^dbury Fire Company, Abolition Society, G^ou-
fJ^^ r'^'^f^ p^-tf
SeTtfo?dTrE S^ch^^^^
^'^ "^'"-^ ^°"^P^^>^' -^ concerned"' in the
^"Stewart: Notes on Old Gloucester, 164 and 178
'9.^' ^""^^ and-210. -^mU., 202.
'^{^•^"if' \l^' ^^h
"Mm. Woodbury Mo. Mtg., 24/Xrr/i^n and 7/XII/1815.
 Schools of Salem Quarter

'

/^^3^ 7 7^-^777 — ^^--- —— -^

-;: i,y ,l/' e
from public school money, and it w as accord in <,d\' resolved
to dispose
143

of a i)art of it as set forth in the following minute:

) I

?^ ..^j^Jv-. /? /.vV / ^iy.,Tj'/yy y^rA/f'y^*^^ / //^^ '"^^^Y^i^^ yy^?!

6
:

1\
/ 1
{^

^ /
ill
— • c/^^'f I ///^y/^'f'y^/ / ^ yy/yyyvA' ^ «. , ^ / j
j

i"-^ -^ —- fr-L™. -^ -^ '

I I

^^^^r™-;; . ,-^

^>^>;^v>v' y 'y^/^,. *^>^ ^^'^'y-^y,.!.

^
'^^"",Tiy^^.,,.y.9//.-,y,„_-/r.,,^

HicKsiTE Friends' School at Woodbi rv, Xew Jersey

/ /^y Whereas the constitution of the school fund belonging to Woodbury Monthly
Meeting directs that the interest ensuing from said furd be strictly appHed
f=^ to the education of poor children, unless otherwise directed by the Monthly
Meeting; and whereas the manner in which the public school fund is approi)ri-
ated, and several other causes, it does not appear necessary to use all
the
interest as was contemplated by the donors; a proposition was made at last
meeting to apply so much of the interest or rent of said fund for the purpose
of building a comfortable school room for the education of female children
\^//f x^- yy y "^ir~~'"li TT^ — the lot belonging to Woodbury Preparative Meeting
on
referred for further
. . .

consideration; and the subject now claiming the consideration it was agreed
that Friends of Woodbury FVeparative Meeting be at liberty to make
/ .
-7 ,/ .
' ' '*^y: ••'.•/'/ 7^ ~ / use of
so much of their proportion of said fund as shall be necessary to accomplish
said purpose."*

*?i^l^ In 1855 a minute from the monthly meeting raised the question
of dividincr the School Fund income between the preparatiA^i-
-''Ibid., (H.), 30/111/1840.
FAC-IMir F OF A PAGE FROM THF W'oODBrRY SCHOOl,
ACCOUNTS
 144 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Salem Otiarter 145
meetings of Woodbur>^ and Upper Greenwich
(Mickleton) Upon .

examination it was pointed out that when the fund was

estabhshed
by the monthly meeting in 1790-91, Woodburv Preparative
subscribed £ 271 and Upper Greenwich £
had
38: since then the pro-
M 'lUif//'^yw /A^ ^^y^yr;,,^^^;^j^/^^\:,j,,^,.^'^.. M ::..^yir^
portionate share had been apphed to schooHng the / :v
children of those » A J- yt i.<. /?//..

meetings. It being proposed that both share A ^-f ..i/?--^«ff.^ j^z -c-ht-^-^/ 1 ' /i^-A<-^
equalh', permission ~

was asked of Woodbury that it might be accomplished.

To this
.- -C- //.M./^^

Woodbury assented and the expenditures thereafter made accord- '

'A7 i't/'f-y^t^^^ f ^ •' fl ^
/
ingly.^^

After 1 88 7, when the "female school on Delaware \f)

Street" was
rented to the district trustees.the meeting pursued 'A \

the policy of
paying for the education of Friends children, and 'Ar
applying' the
remainder to the preparative meeting fund. The
decision is re-
corded as follows
as appears that the funds received for school purposes
It
are accumulating
the united judgment of this Meeting that the
It IS
school expenses of the chil-
dren of our members should be paid from the funds,
and "the balance if any
should be set over to the Preparative Afceting fund,
to an amount not exceed- ^i'f A/tc^ rt,A /a^<r --?f'>v-«/<!^'y?i^/r/ ^A /fL^
J"g 45Sc of the whole income for any one \ear."'"'

The
school continued especialh- strong in point of
numbers,
(though not many were members of the Society) till the last quar-
ter of the 19th century.
' . , /y .
*' aA ^
In 1867 the whole number attending was
65, ofwhom three were members and nine had one parent a mem- //>.'/' /-// //,f /.

ber. The teacher was not a member but usuallv attended the mid-
week meetings with part of the pupils. "Good order" was
main-
A Z-er -?y t*f^i * t' y* : *' > /, y^^. A-A
'
/ /<; lA.^.^^ /J .' r ''- ^ ,

tained, "and the lessons recited with animation and interest. "^^
Ten years later, however, the success seems to have been somewhat 'r f

more in doubt, and it was agreed that the "... trustees should y- /•-'
not
be authorized to guarantee the teacher any fixed 'A / A r / f -• ^/^ / / / ^^-Ac /'^f
salarv as hereto-
'

fore ..." Some laxity, too had apparently crept into attendance
upon religious meetings and it was now stipulated
specifically
" tA»A.^^j~/ *'.- A^
with the understanding that all the children \ i-i-j^i-fA A( / I , , J ,'
^'
/
. . .
accompany
their teacher to our mid-week meetings."'^ ' r/' ' '' /

In harmony with the usual practice in the earlv schools of Friends, ^A .

' t'C

girls were admitted, and women were employed as teachers.

'
f
In
his Diary, Samuel Alickle writes: "Elizabeth Cowperthwaite

J^Min. Woodbury Prep. Mtg., (H.), 21/II/1856. -^mid., 20/IX/1888, Woodbtky's Riles for Committee and Teacher
'Ibii., 21,11/1867; also 23/VI/1859. -^bid., 23/V71878.
146 Quaker Education in Neiv Jersey
Schools of Salem Quarter
147
r
finished school keeping in Woodburv Aesterday,"^'^ and m 181 5,
7 "S ^^irls" are named as "writers" m the De].)tford Yn^t- SchooL^o'
A^ ^ /*J

In 1830,
--''•^'
^^,^/^ ^^-v^^/.^/" '
t-*t
The subject respecting the appointincni of trustees for
xhv Fcniah- School
was revived and the former committee reappointed,
Josiah Stokes, Seth Mat-
lock, James Davis and William Coojht.^!

A report of 1858 orives the status of the school as follows:

The school has been open forly-foiir weeks during the
year.
Whole number of })upils attending >ehool. Seventv. of\vhieh
sixteen are
///(.•'r /<''''- V' members of Friends Meeting.
Amount of public money received l)y th.e Treasurer for tuition— Sr 00.
Amount of Monthly .Xfeeting fund exi)ended S34.62.
;^.
Average price of tuition i)er (luarTer alxjut $3.20.
/,.. ' / ; ,'rf ^'( -v/ / >/." /^ (ir «
t
There has been expended for rejiairs and im|)rovements on the school h')use
V and loi, the sum of !«;66.,S5.
Samuel Ogden
">:^ Samuel Li])pincott
'/
•'-i
on l)eha]f of trustees.^-'
^./...^; ^^^:.'r,'..< Special mention
.WV;,. .V^.V....'//^-^ ....J.r..- is made of the fact that in 1861,
at the close of the session (of
44 weeks the scholars jxissed llirough an
i

ex-
ammation of their i>nncipal stu(hes. which was creditable to i)oth
teacher and
pupils, evincing it was not a lal)ored displa\- for
the dav onlv, ])ut that there
had l:)een considerable effort that they should be, and were ulKierstood.*^
^"^^ ,'-//. •'^/'^^V' Z?/-^ lr\^<^<fr
V. ;^.

In 873 the school was made free for all children of

1
the members,
, , /. .f '. ' '/#y />>/<(( ^'
7y \.frf ^' " 'v^^

' while before, onh' the ])oor had shared education

/j' .»// .
' ''
/J ' • '-•'<.' ^'' ' . .
/ * - •'/' •>'' '^^ •^' without cost:
•/'.•. •^- / ^<' '"'''^•' '' /.v i^r^^^^r-p-ff <rt f ' I /f</ After deliberate consideration of the subject it was
the judgment of tins
./.-/• i ' j; ^
meeting that the trustees of Friends Female School on
:<--' / /<\-r ^'''<^ /' ' '!c tr i>-fL. Delaware Street be
directed to permit all the children of our meml)ers
to receive their schooling
7 /> free, and to use so much of the school fund. l)elongingtothis Preparatue Meet-
f-O^r . f'^.'*r' / ' 4^ -^ ' ' -' </'^'''" ^/.'-f*-^!'^ . ^> r ing as may be nec-essary for that j)ur})Ose.^^

After the public schools develo]jed. the patronage of the

Friends
school declined rapidly. We noted that in 1858 the attendance
if. lA was 70. In 186 r there were 45. an average attendance of
26, and
17 members; 1864, average attendance 32—members 11;
1870,
6. // :
''
whole number during the year 45 1875, 2 1 in attendance, of
;
whom
/i* tc^-^ c^ 'Z-^-i"^'
4 were members; 1880, number in attendance 19; 1882, 19 at-
/* t'.t''

f<^f <f- ^-<f^ e ^ tended of whom one was a member a few years later the school
V ^-«»' (f-'^:^- tc^i^l^*-^^^
;
was
discontinued.
i^'
"''Stewart: Notes on Old Gloucester, 184. ^^Ibid 194
«bMin. Woodbury Prep. Mtg.. (H.),
RULES FOR WOODBURY FRIENDS' FEMALE SCHOOL 2r I 1830. '
'-'Ibid., 27 V 1858.
^^Ibtd., 25/VH/1861. >^*Ibid., 2V I 1873
148 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Salem Ouarter 149

A minute of 1875 seems to indicate that an effort was made to house, (1808) to supply the place of Iwd old om^, whic li had Ix'eii chiefly
enable the school to cope more successfully with holdin^^ patrons: managed by the society; one of which was located m [Clomcll ^-'j on lands of
Isaac Cooper and the other cm the nortli side of [?] Creek on what is called
. The Meeting was united in authorizing the trustees of our school on
, .

the Quaker Road, on lands of vSolomon Lippincott. The subject claiming

Delaware Street to make such changes, and procure such books as may seem
the attention of Friends resulted in a purchase at a mere nominal sum, of a lot
necessary to enable the teacher to conduct the school with more system and
of ground adjoining the Meeting House lot of 2 a 10 p. of Samuel Tonkin and
to draw on the treasurer for such amount as may be required for this purpose. ^^
Samuel Mickle, each the one-half part thereof b\' deeds dated the loth day of
In Spite of all efforts the school continued to decline and in 1884 the 3rd month, 1808. And in the ist month 1809 it was concluded to proceed
we find that: to the building of a school house thereon, size 27 by 33 feet of brick, and one story

The school for the present season is not under the care of the Preparative high. The committee on building was Samuel Tonkin, Samuel Mickle, Wm.
Allen, W^m. Pine, and George Mickle who ol)tained on subscription for the
Meeting, the teacher not being in membership with us, and the children do
not attend our mid-week meeting.**^ purpose the sum of $363.25 which appears to have l)een sufficient to complete
the house. The bricks were burned on the farm of Wm. Pine, (now Edward
In 1885 report is made that the "property is in good condition Cooper's) and the house well furnished, the lower floor beingdoubled. A large
and there has been no school kept there during the past year."^^ tin plate wood stove occupied a place near the middle of the house little smoke
In 1887 the trustees of the public school in Woodbur^^ made ap- from which escaped thru a long pipe to a chimney in the south end. This old
plication to rent the "female school" property, and it was done. stove held its i:>lace for about 50 years and was in good kee])ing when it was
forced (necessary ?) to abandon it. The new school liouse was rej)orted finished
In 1889 the committee,
the 4th of 1st month, i8ro, and Samuel Paul, Thomas Clark, Josiah Stokes,
.having charge of Preparative Meeting Property reports the property
. .
Wm. Beckett and Wm. Haines were ajjpointed the fn'st trustees wlio agreed
in usual condition, with school house on Delaware Street rented as last year with George Mickle as teacher and opened a school on the8thof the same month.
(for $25), and this meeting unites in continuing the same committee to have
In the 5th month, of the same year, there appears to have been a committee
charge of the property the ensuing year .^^ . .
of women Friends joining the men in the selection of teachers, a regular record
of teachers has been ke{)t, with the time taught 1)_\- them up to the {present
Upper Greenwich Monthly Meeting year 1873. viz. 167 quarters, being an average nearly of three quarters per
year.^'
Upper Greenwich, so called to distinguish it from Greenwich on
the Cohansey, existed as a meeting as early as 1740.
The economic situation of the school was further enhanced by
It was a
the will of Samuel Tonkin in 18 19. which amounted to $200.^^
branch of Haddonfield Monthly and Quarterly Meetings until
Later, the public funds were a valuable assistance, though not for a
1 785, when it was attached to Woodbury Monthly Meeting, being
long period of time. In 1854 we find an entry of Si 55.00 "Public
subject to Salem Quarterly. As a member of that Meeting, Upper
Greenwich evinced an educational interest by subscribing £ 38
School money received during the year" and "wholly used for
the purposes of education. "^"^
to the school fund, which exercised an extensive influence on educa-
tion in the vicinity of the two meetings imtil the public schools
Due to the zealous care of its little school had a
supporters, this
most happy no interruption from 1809
career, there being almost
were established to provide education for all at state expense. ^^
Early in the nineteenth centurv^ the meeting undertook to es-
to 1874. The records of the school committee do not tell us
tablish a school under its exclusive care, hwt for the neighborhood.^^
much of its internal life, but are sufficient proof of its permanent
character. Their meetings, so far as record of them remains were
Their progress is described as follows
concerned with financial statements, selection of teachers, and,
The period of time having now arrived for the building of a new school
usually, give a brief statement of the school affairs; one typical
23/XII/1875.
^^Ihid., •'Hbid., 24/IV/1884.
""Uhid., 23/IV/1885.
report of 1861 is given herewith;
^"^Ibid., 25/IV/1889.
^'^Ms. History of Upper Gree^iwich Meeting by Wm. Haines —shown the writer Upper Greenwich Mtg.
by William Borden, Mickleton, N. J. ^^Ms. Hist, of ^-Ihid.
^"Michener: Retrospect, 47. ^^Upper Greenwich Prep. Mtg. Book for use of schools, 1854.
 150 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Sal cm Quarter T ; I

Tlie trustees of
Upper Greenwich School report that the school has been
ed to organize a select school during the coming winter to be under the care
open for most of the year, has been taught by persons m
membership with us of the Preparative XFecting.^*
with a good degree of satisfaction, and they have visited
it during the winter
season, once each month, and given such advice as they
deemed necessary.
Under the hands of the ]3re]jarati\'c meeting the school seems to
summer term the school has been under
Dtiring the the care of a committee of have ])ros])ered agai?!, In 18S0. under a committee of men and
Women Friends who have given it attention. women, it was reported o])cn <;^2 months, "to a good degree of
Wm. Haines Edwin Craft ^^ half oi wliich was assessed on
satisfaction," at a cost of sooo.;^'-
3rd AIo. 21, iS6i. Edward Cooper Amos Peaslee
J. ])atrons, and the rest made tip from the school ftind.^'^ In 1SS4,
Charles Heritage, ^-^

it was open eight months, kept by a member, "an efficient teacher,"

A list(almost complete) of the teachers in the school is preserved.
visited ])V a committee and cost .^445.5^) The attendance was
I'he first teacher was Georc^-e .AHckle, who taught but
a short time,
small, but in 1S89 the re])ort was someVviiat more lio|)cftil.
which indeed was customary. The greatest exceptions,
,
prior to
1865 were William ?vHckle who taught 1812-16 and again in The school has been kf])t ()]K-n abDui g nionilis during the year and ta'.iglit
1820; by a inemlK'r among Frienfis who lias gix'cn good satisfaction. Tin.- icacrjcr
and Benjamin Heritage who taught, almost continuously from
1855 and jnipils have generally aticndfd mid-wrck meetings. Tlie atteiidancc of
to 1865. the teachers appear but one or two years. ^^
?^Iost of the school has been somewhat mrreased since last report. TIr- school lias
Women were employed as teachers from the first (1810). As a been visited at times by the trustees. Tlie \-isitmg teacher of Friend Schools
general rule the men opened the school in November and within the limits of Philadeli)]iia Year]\' Meeting lias frecjuently attende<l the
continued
school and given illustrated and other interesting lectures encouraging teacher,
for five or six months; women opened school in April and taught pupils and patrons in school work.'^°
three or four months. The length of the school term reported was
usually about three "quarters." In 1806 the school was ])laced tinder the care of a committee ap-

In 1874 the school was reorganized at a meeting pointed by the monthly meeting, and. according to the following
held October 26
in the school house, it being agreed to minute of that date, was run in close connection with the Edtica-
maintain a school on the mutual plan viz. each employer tional Committee of the Yearly Meeting.
to pay his or her
equal proportion of actual expenses and to carry out this It is gratifying that our school is one among the 32 reported, under the
object a board of five
managers was appointed with power to act in the premises as committees appointed by the Preparative or Montlily Meetings, belonging to
best calculated
to maintain a school of high grade. 3*^ the Yearly Meeting. That we have children among us to attend school places
us under oVjligations to be ever watchful that we give them the best oppor-
To further this object :

tunities that we can command.

The trustees of the school are authorized to purchase
desks, blackboards, and
books, which are to be held as other property belonging
to the Preparative Meet-
mg, but they are allowed to 'loan them temporarily to a
new select school
about to be opened in the neighborhood for the instruction
of Friends children
Three members Yearly Meeting's Committee on Education visited
of the
the school in second month
last. They manifested much interest in our situa-
tion and gave encouragement. One of our committee gave an instructive talk
to the children on nature history subjects .'°^ . .

and others and report to a future meeting."

From time on the school declined until in 1908 at the open-
this
The above experiment, however, had but a brief existence. In ing of school there were but 10 pupils in attendance, which later
1876we find the following instructions:
increased to 14. This was the last year it was kept open.^'^- In
The trustees of the school property appointed in 3rd month last
were directed 1910 it was agreed to rent the school property to the District year
to notify the trustees appointed by the district
that at the expiration of the
ensuing school year, commencing 9 month ist, the by year, for $15.^^
management would again
be resumed by the Preparative Meeting. The same
trustees are also authoriz-
^Ubid., 24 vni/1876. 'Ubid., 27/V71880.
-

^Ihtd.
20/VI/1889.
ioo/6zf/., ''''Ibid., 25/\'I/l896.
1809-1865,
^^Ibid.,
^°2Min. Upper Greenwich School, 27/Vn/ 1908.
*«Min. Upper Greenwich School, 1874-84.
^°3Min, Upper Greenwich School, 6/Vni/i9io; William Borden, Mickleton,
»^Min. Upper Greenwich Prep. Mtg., (H.), 22/X/1874.
N. J., informs me the custom continues at present.
 15^ Quaker Edttcatioii in New Jersey
Schools of Salem Quarter 153

PiLESGROVE Monthly ^Meeting

In 1807 the\' reported onu school within limits of Piles<,Tove,
Pileso;rove Monthly Aleetino;, established as
1794 when such in which was bein.^ tati,i(lit by a member and suixTinieruled 1)\- a cni-
it was set off from Salem, was composed of PilesKrove. mittee.'"' In iSig. after the (.peraticns of tlie xear tlierc
Mullica Hill was a
and Upper Penn's Neck pre])arative meetings.'*^ balance of the fund am'/tnuin*,^ to s,;4 1 .;^2."'^ 'Miere was no in-
From the be^^nnnino^ of the monthly meeting we find evidence terru]:)tif)n in the sch( ol under the meetin*.,^'s care imtil the separa-
made to establish schools on a permanent basis.
that efforts were tion on 1827, at which time a reorranization was necessary.
In 1704, John Barnes, Samuel Ogden, Elihu Pedrick, Benjamin
Moore, and Isaac Eldridge were appointed trustees of the school
fund and Jacob Davis the treasurer.^^^ And, on the same day,
there was presented a constitution for the control of school
money, as follows:
That five trustees and a treasurer l)e annually appointed to have the
First,
care and management of the said fund, who are to be called and known by
the name of the trustees and treasurer of the school fund of the Monthly
Meeting of Pilesgrove, who are already appointed for the ensuing year.
Second, Bills and notes to !)e taken for the money subscribed in the name
of the treasurer of the School P\ind of the Monthly Meeting of Pilesgrove
for
the time being at 6^ ^ interest. The prmcipal not to be called for during the
subscriber's lifetime and residence in this Monthly Meeting, hut may be at
any time paid.
Third, The Treasurer shall provide a book wht>rein he shall enter a list of
said bills or notes, children's names schooled out of the said fund, with full
and clear entries of all moneys received or expended, etc.
Fourth, The interest arising shall be strictly applied to the schooling of
poor children and to no other purpose but by direction of the Monthly
Meeting, to be drawn by an order from the trustees or a majority of them
who are enjoined to meet every three months or oftener as they may find
occasion. B.\ro\ .\r\!)i Mv, Woodstown. \ J
Fifth, The and trustees shall lay their accounts and proceedings
treasurer LaILR UCLll'lLD ii\ IHE U'uOD.S'lDWN liUAi Sl liOOL
before the JVIonthly Meeting in the 5th month annually, or a committee
ap-
pointed for that purpose and the appointment of trustees and treasurer shall After the se])aration no re^^ilar school wa^ ke])t l)y Orthodox
be m the 6th month following and the interest always paid in the first month' Friends. They re])ort that "Poor Friends necessities are inspected
yearly.
and relief afforded; their children ])artake of learnin^^ and r.o
Sixth, The
treasurer shall call in all sums falling into the hands of executors
or administrators, and such who remove their residence to another
children, who are imder (>ut direction, jilaced f n =m amon.^ I->iends
Monthly
Meeting and put that or other parts of the principal as may be paid in, out . .
.," but, at the same time, iti ariswer to the lliird annual query,
againm safe hands by the advice and direction of the trustees or a majority they re]3ly "not any" or "none."^^'^ Consequent!}', those who "par-
of them. took of learnin^^" probablv did so in a mixed nei^diborhood school.
Seventh, \o part of the principal shall at any time be made use of except
The g^reatest educational activitv. thereafter, in Woodstown
b>- dir ection of the Monthly Meeting, for the purpose of raising an annuity. '"^
was in the more numerous Hicksite branch of Friends, but for a
^o'Records in Afeeting House (H.)Woodstown, New Jersey; see also Michener:
Retrospect of Early Quakerism, 47-8, and Bunting: List
of Records, 96-7. ^^Ubid., 22/1/1^07. ^^'^Ihi'L, 27;V/i8i9.
Jo^Mm. Pilesgrove Mo. Mtg.. 20 XI
1794. ^'^Ibid
^^Ubid., (O.), 30/I/1829 and 29/I/1830.
 I 54 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Salem Quarter 155

14€# 4€iiiilMir few year? the\-. too, reported no school^ tliat met the Yearly
Meeting's standard. In 1837, "one of the descri])tion queried
after" was reported, ^'*^ and in 1844, "There are two of (that)
n.,
Tf]
.(\
'J
9UMM m,, I. -i
descri])tion
At tliis
. .
.""^

tinu; ilie ^cliool ])ros])ect ]>eemr.e nuicli 1 tri^.^'^liter for Piles-

<::^r()ve, due to ilie fi^enerosity of I)a\-i(] Bacon. Srciion tliirieeri of

-i^' =fi«^ =^/^«//,.j

e-J^o^t
J ^^jTitllCf/Kl /»
his will ])n ^xided:
Thirteenth, 'I'' • Monthly Meeting I give and devise the sum of
I'ilrsgrove
•~^t'* -
$()(){) 10 l)c ]»]acc(l at and the interest used in sup]:orting indigent
interest

I lus Institution IS under

tlie supervision of a committee appointed l)v
members of tlic Meeting and (1(j further give and devise to the aforesaid
1
Pilesoroye
Alontlily .Meeting' ot Friends, is located in Woodstown.
Salem Co., \. J The vdlafft-' ^ Monthly Meeting remaining part of my estate
of Pilcsgrove, all the residue or
IS. pleasant quiet, and healthy, and in every respect well suited
to a school of the after paying the before mentioned debts and legacies, of wh'ch residue rtr re-
hi^'hest order.
The Academic year maining part, so umch as may be necessary f(;r tlie })urpose shall 1h used in
will he divided into four quarters of twelve weeks each
comniencms- on the first .secondday in the ninth month. Youn^' ladies and ^ent lenien purchasing a lot and erecting thereon a good substantial frame Iniilding. two
may here receive a thorough education in all hranches commonlv taukdit stories high and r,f suitable dimensions for a school, wlnel:: larldirig sliall he
in our
hi^diest Seminaries.
used for a school house and be imder the direction and coTitrol n\ the aforesaid
Attention will be paid to the moral, social, and physical
education of the pupils Monthly .\ieeting. And the balance or remaining ]»art of sai<3 re^iihie. after
and no student will be permitted to remain in the school; who refuses
to complv witli
the rules of morality and good order, or whose infiuence paying for said lot and completing tlie befdrementioned school liouse, shall
may be deemed prejudicial
'
to the welfare ot others. be placed at intere>t and the interest used for })a\-irig ilie seh.oo] bills oforj)han
Pupils are received at any time during the quarter, and i)Oor children of all classes arid, kei-!)ing said house m good rej^air.''-'
and expenses graduated
accordingly, ^o deduction made for absence, exce})t in ca.se of sickness
A Teachers" Class will be formed if desirable, in which the members will
be
The "residue" or "reniainin,i[ ])art." -mentioned above, proved
taught by lectures, and otherwise, the elements of correct
.school discipline and the to be a considerable leg:acy for that day and the result was the
t)est mode of teaching particular
branches.
"*' t-xperience are
engaged, and nothing will be left undone to make foundin^.,^ of Bacon .Academy, "Certain facts concernin^^ which are
.X. 'I^'T'^^^^
the .Scliool a good one.
presented in the following minute:
Good Board can be procured in the Village.
We the undersigned trustees. aj)]K)inted ... to receive and apply a residue
bequeathed to the Monthly Meeting of Pilesgrove liy Da\id Bacon . . . for
the purpose of building a school house etc., report, that the trustees have
received from the executors of said deceased the sum of $5356. 40 >2 being in
Besides a complete .system of English and Commercial
Studies, the coarse of
full of said bequest —and further that said trustees all met and after free inter-
instruction wi comprise, the Languages and Ornamentals
I
usually taught in Semina- change of sentiment seven out of nme of trustees were united in believing that a
ries. Particular attention paid to Compo.sition and Declamation. house to receive day scholars together with boarding scholars if desired, would
*

be more in compliance with the wish of the testator than one calculated only
Terms of Tuition. to receive boarding scholars, within the compass of the Monthly Meeting or
$2,50-$3,00~$8.50-$4,00--$5,00-,$6,00 per quarter, according to studies elsewhere. the trustees therefore devised a plan and appointed David E.
pursued. ^ . . .

For further particulars inquire of

Pancoast and Chalkley Lippincott to superintend the building of said house,
—
and the undersigned also report that since last Monthly Meeting they have
JAMES WOOLMAN, 1 examined the accounts of the building committee with the vouchers accompany-
\VM ( AVVLEV.
ing them and believe the account to be correct as presented at last meeting, and
JOSEPH EN GLE, \TTusiecs
ABRAHAM WOOLMAN '
that they have acted in accordance with the will of a majority of the trustees
JOSIAH DAVIS, J ''^Ibid., (H.), 31/1/1837- 'i'//>iJ., 30/IV/1844.

^^^Extract from Bacon's will, in a packet of papers relating to the Bacon

estate, Mtg. House (H.) at Woodstown, New Jersey.
An Announcement of Bacon Academy 113 See p. 153.
 1=^6 Quaker Education in Neiv Jersey Schools of Salem Quarter 157

and that the cost of the building, fencing, etc., is $2,471.88 together with the
cost of the lot amounts to $3,110.88 leaving a balance of $2,400.00 .^'^
next year, they reported that there had been a general agreement
. .

In 1850. the following report of the trustees shows the status of to send a memorial to ilu' legislature requesting the reenactment
of section 12 of the School Law."^
the school:
In the vear that section 12 was re])ealed, the District Trustees
The following report of the state of the school under the care of this Afeeting
was produced by two of the trustees, and directed to be minuted viz., two of
applied to the trustees of Bacon School,
—
the description queried after one for boys and the other for girls. to rent (it) and allow it to receive its proportion of juiblic money and our
The boys school for the last >-ear was open 8 months at an average of 30 meeting still have the entire control of tlie school. This, "after free expression
pupils, taught 5 months by a member of Friends, the balance by a professor. thereon"
The girls' school open about 10 months, with an average of about met with approval ,'-" and the arrangement was apijarently continued
45 pupils,
five months of the time taught l)y a person in membership; the balance by
a for six years. During this period the attendance was about the same
professor with Friends.
The branches taught were Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Geography. Gram- as previously, but the number of members attending in 1868 were
mar, Botany, Philosophy, Xatural History, Physiology, and the mathematical but 40, out of a total attendance of 136. "The children (did) not
branches. regularly attend mid-week meetings."^-'
James W'oolman In 1872 the school was again ijlaced under the sole care of the
David C. Pancoast. meeting.
4th Mo. 30th, 1 850. Trustees. 11^
The committee appointed at last meeting on the subject of the Bacon School
The report, a year later,
shows a very laro^e increase in the enroll- met but one, and taken the matter into con-
and funds, report that having all
ment. In the boys' department there were 73 scholars; and the sideration they were united in recommending that the school house be no
number in the ^rirls' department was 65. This report makes clear longer rented for the use of the district and that a school be established under
also that readin<<. writinc^^ arithmetic, grammar, geography, botan)-, the care of trustees appointed by the Monthly Meeting; and they further

physiology, philosophy, history and drawing were taught the girls.'"' recommend that the entire income from the Bacon Fund be devoted to the
maintenance of the Bacon School; which being deliberately considered by
It was customary- that both men and women should exercise a
mens' and womens' meetings conjointly, the first i)ropositions were united
control over education. In 1852, with and in regard to the last it was thought liest that api)lication be made
Mary Ann Davis, Hannah L. Ro!)ins, Mary W. Barton, Mary to the representative committee or Meeting for sufferings for its advice or
Davis,
Hannah B. Smith, Mary A. Davis, Ann F. Robins, and Amy B. Matson (were) assistance.'"
reappointed as a committee to superintend the Bacon School."'
Regarding the division Bacon Academy and their
of the funds of
In 1854 an attempt was made to make the school distinctly co- use for that at Mullica Hill was directed by the Representative
it

educational, whereas before the male and female departments
had been separate. The two departments were united 'Tor the
past year" and placed under the superintendance of a woman
principal with suitable teachers to assist her. The school was
Committee that the money be '^annually apportioned amongst all
pay schools under the care of Friends within the limits of the Monthly
meeting. "'-•* To this suggestion both men and women agreed.
After the change of mangement in 87 2 the school was continued
1

kept open ten months and attended by 53 boys and as a Friends' institution, and, though suffering some financial strin-
49 girls.'"*
In 1866 Pilesgrove appointed a committee to attend a meeting gency in 1892^-^ and 1896, was kept up according to the usual
'-'•^

called by a minute from Woodbury to deliberate on measures standards. In 1897 the following report was made:
necessary respecting the school law just passed. In Januar\^ the The school has been in session 10 months with Albert T. Varnell as princijDal,
Margaret R. Caley, Assistant, and Rachel L. Moore m charge of the Kinder-
"''Min. Pilesgrove Mo. Mtg., 26/IV/1842.
^^'-Ibid., 30/IV/1850. ^'^Ihid., 29/TV/1851. ii»Min. Pilesgrove Mo. Mtg., i T/1867.
"^Mm. Pilesgrove Prep. Mtg., Women Friends, 27/V/1852. i2o/6i</., 25/TX/ 1866. ''-'Ibid., 25 II 1868. •22/ft/J., 28 \^'I872.
^^Ibid., 20 IV 1854. ^-'Ihid., 29/ XI / 1892. ^^^Ibid., XII 1896.
^^Ubid., 30/X/1877. I

\
158 Quaker Education in Xcw Jersey 5lIiooL of Salon (Quarter 159

garten Department, all hut one.

irieiiiherN There hnw \>vcn 60 i^iiidls . . .

during the year, 21 of whom were members, 2^ with one ]jarent a !netn1)er,
anc] 14 not members.
A full course of the different branches taught in the Higher schools has l)een
given and six of the pupils have completed the required work in a satisfactory
manner. Appropriate commencement exercises were given by the graduates

o
o
U
T:

r.

o
a;
C

•^

^ s^

as
Q ELDRIDGE's hill boarding school as it looked IX 1922. THIS SCHOOL, TAUGHT
BY ALLEN FLITCRAPT, DREW STUDENTS FROM MANY SL RROUNDINf. STATES

on the 9th month in the Friends' Meeting House. A large gather-

of the 6th
a: ing of Friendsand patrons of the school were present, it being the first formal
graduation from the school of which we have any record. '^s

After 1905 the school sensed as the Woodstown High School.

o
a It was recently torn down.
o
Besides the schools under the preparative and monthly meetings
Q
as there were a nimiber of private boarding schools in New Jersey
under the care of Quaker masters. Most famous of these inde-
pendent institutions were those at Camden, Burlington, Cross-
wicks, Moorestown, Salem, Bridgeboro, Woodbury, and Eldridge's
Hill near Woodstown. The buildings occupied by the latter are
still standing, but are falling into decay.
^^7 Hq^g in 1855 were

»26/^irf., 29/VI/1897. "'See pages 158 and 159.

 i6o Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Salem Quarter 161
taught the common
branches, and also navigation, surveying,
Latm, practical astronomy, and book keepingj^s The school was first opened on the 25 IX 1876 with Anna R. Sylvester as
teacher and was kept open three entire (terms ?) of sixty days each.
No complete records for Woolwich Preparative Meeting, The was reopened about the first of the nth month 1877 in charge
school
held
at Mullica Hill, have been found.
From those available a few of Caroline Gibbons and was continued ninety days.
facts of their educational history can The school was again reopened in the fall of 1878 in charge of our first
be gleaned. As early as 1
797 teacher, Anna R. Sylvester, and we believe was kept open two terms of 60
Friends at Mullica Hill were granted
permission "to hold a re-
ligious first day meeting in the school days each. The school was reopened in the fall of 1879 under the care of R.
house ... in every week Anna Kester and was continued two terms of 60 days each.
during the space of four months (on trial)
to begin the eleventh The school was resumed in fall of 1880 under the care of our first teacher,
hour."'-^ It is possible that the school and is yet in session. The teachers have all been members of the Society of
house was in the hands of
Friends, but this is not certain. Four years later, 1801, the "Meet- Friends, and with the scholars have always attended our iriKiwctk meetings.
'

ing of Woolwich" was established at Tlic number of pu])ils in attendance has varied from six to 26 with an average
Mullica W\\\P'^
attendance of about 20 Signed by Thos. Barton, Annn T-]. Rorton, Caroline
In 1862 the meeting recorded that inquiries . . .

were received from Gaunt, Asa Engle, on behalf of the ("omniritec.''^-*

the superior meeting regarding families,
children and schools, and So far as information is aA-ailable. it a]j])ears that Woolwich
a committe was appointed
to collect the information but this report
was not brought to the meeting at the time named.
School was supported (
i ) by subscri])tir)ns. 12) b}' money recei\'ed
Again in 1875 a from Pilesgrove Monthly Meeting^"'' and (3) by monev advanced
cominittee was named to furnish educational
information and this for the use of the school by the Educational Committee of the
report was produced :

Yearly Meeting to pay fnr books, furniture, l)uildings, and sal-

The report that they had forwarded the
. . .
desired information to the
aries.'*'^^
\ early Meeting's committee; the number of children
being members is 26
and those having one parent a member is five;
and further that we have no
The school was in u])eration but a short time. In iSSt,,
school, and circumstances are such that
we do not desire aid for that purpose ^
Asa Engle and Samuel Gaunt ''were) appointed to j(jin committee <')f
a like
at this timc.'-'^i
women Friends to disj)Ose of ]jart of the .School appurtenances belonging to
In 1
8 76 a proposal
was made that a school be established and this Meeting, in siicIt a wav as lYivy thmk iiest.''*"

a committee of 1 2 men and women was named and asked Later, in the same year, the treasurer of the school rejjorted that
to report to
the next meeting. i^ September ^-^^
he had returned to Friends Book Stf )re in Philade]]jhia all books
committee appointed at last meeting concerning
Tlie formerly used by the school (148 in number), that the house had
a school to be under
the care ot this Meeting, report that they been leased and the furniture removed and that there was a
have succeeded so far as to employ ;

a teacher by the name of Anna R. Sylvester

for the consideration of $100 for balance of $4.37 in his hands.
3 months; also, rented a room for $18 per quarter which was accepted
committee are continued to carry out such other
and the Upper Penn's Neck was established as a meeting in 1796, and a
matters concerning the school
they may think necessary for its promotion. "'^•^
meeting house was built about the same year. Moreover, it is evi-
dent that steps were taken for establishing a school immediately,
Five years later, a report was made which dealt with the school
up to 1 88 1.
though materials for its later history are not available. A volume
of minutes. 1 796-1867, however makes brief but definite references
The committee in charge of the school under the
care of this Meeting present to a school.'"'*'^
the following report:
In 1797 we find the following notes regarding the school arid its
^^HVondstown Almanac, 19 10, p. 2^. property.
^-•-•Min. Pilesgrove Mo. Mtg.,
21/1X^1797 Ibid., 1 801,
^'^Mm. Woolwich Prep. Mtg., 25 VIII/1875 Be it remembered that the hereafter described instruments of writing be-
'•;JMm. Woolwich Prep. Mtg., Women Friends, 28/ VIII/1876.
'•"Mm. W oolwich Prep. Mtg., 20/IX/1876. '^'Ibid., 23 III 1881. '^^Ihid., 26 IV 1881. '''Ibid., 15 IV/1880.
^^'Ibid., 21 III 1883. '•*^Min. U[)p(r Penn's Neck Prep. Mtg.
 l62 Quaker Education in New Jersey

longing to Upper Penn's Neck Preparative Meeting and vSchool Society is

lodged in the hands of Isaac Ward by direction of the Meeting.
The first is the concessions of the School Society dated the 17th day of the
2nd. mo. 1787.
CHAPTER VI
The second is the School Society quit claim to Friends for the lot of ground
and is dated the 6th day of the 7th month 1796.
SCHOOLS OF HADDOXFIELD QUARTER
The sixth is a deed from Isaac (peddrick) (elsewhere written "Pedrick")
In this chapter is presented material relatinj.,^ to the early history
and wife Hannah to Elihu peddrick and other in said deed named for a lot of
ground for the use of the School Society and burying ground and is dated the of schools in Haddonfield, Chester, Medford. Evesham. Great
1 2th day of the 7th month 1796. Egg Harbor and Cape May monthly meetings, together with their
The Seventh is a declaration of trust from the said Elihu Peddrick and others all of which made up the Haddon-
various preparative meetings,
in said declaration (named) of said lot being for the use of the School Society
field Quarter.As the Haddonfield Quarterly Meeting was not
and a burying ground dated the 12th day of the 7th month \'j()6}-^^ (These
parchment deeds and instruments of trust are at T5th & Race vSts., Phila., Pa.)
established until 1794, by division of the Gloucester and Salem
Quarterly, the histor\' of some of its com]3onent meetings ante-
In 1855 the school house under Friends care was turned over to
date it by as much as a hundred \'ears. We shall deal with the
the public:
various monthly meetings comprising it in the order of their es-
This Meeting being informed of the state of our school house, it wanting
tablishment Haddonfield. 1695 Great Egg Harbor and Cape May
: ;

repairsand Friends not feel willing to do it, it being the judgment of this
meeting to give it up to the public or the school committee for the benefit of abcmt 1726; Evesham, 1760; Medford, 1794; and Chester. 1803.^
the public; they are to move it off the ground belonging to Friends.'^"

'^''Ibid., 18/X/1797. Haddonfield Monthly Meeting

This meeting, formerly Gloucester, was, from 1695 "held at
Newton in the house of Thomas Shackle" until 1721 when the

meeting house was erected at Haddonfield.- Concerning early

schools there is now little information, but it seems unsafe to as-
sume, for that reason that schools were lacking. Prowell sa\'s land
was at once set aside in 1682 for a meeting house and school and
that Thomas Sharp, the surveyor, was the first teacher. The
school house stood near the old Newton Meeting House, oj^pcsite
the present Champion School. '"^

In 1729 a school house was men-

tioned in the vicinity of Newton Meeting and proposals made to
hold meetings there for a period of four months."* Haddonfield
had a school as early as 17 15 at the home of Jonathan Bolton,
and in 1720 a school was established near the meeting which has
been maintained ever since.
But, though certainly some localities were early supplied with
schools, it was not always the case. It was to remedy this situ-

^Records of the several meetings; also Michener: Retrospect, 117-118.

^Hazard: Register of Pa., VII, 102. '•'•Hist. Camden Co., .S08-9.
*Min. Haddonfield Mo. Mtg., 10 iX 1729. '-'Hist. Camden Co., 309.

163
 1 64 Quaker Education in Xeic Jersey btliools ot Ildildoiinclii (Juarttr t6?

ation that the Year]\' Meetin^^ beo^an to ur^^e the establishment of

schools about the middle of the eighteenth centurv. Early in
j-$i Haddonfield mentioned receipt of the proposals for schools
and asked that a concensus of opinion be returned to the next
quarterly meeting. In g/VII/1751,

• Westtielci

• Moorestown
• East on
t Camden

t Newton V Evesham

§ Haddonfield Ui nKT b\"t'shaTn §

• Cropwell
r
Pine Grove vSchool • >

Haddonfield Qlarteki \ Meeting >c

Great Egg Harbor and Cape May not shown cr
c
The proposals relating to schools having been duly weighed
and considered m
the Meeting unanimously of opinion that r
is not assist the purposes
it will c
thereby intended by reason of Friends living at a distance from each other,
butVather conclude that Friends being careful to employ such persons as m
5?
are therein mentioned for School Masters might be equally beneficial."^

The above sets forth the most frequently mentioned difficulty •J.

PI
in the way of schools, and indicates that they will continue with
the same kind of schools as before, with greater attention paid to
the selection of members for teachers.
One of the first agencies used to educate the youth, that is, for
religious education, was the Youths' Meeting.
About the end of
the eighteenth centurv^ the popularity of these declined and in
some meetings they were discontinued. In many, their discon-
tinuance was discussed, though not accomplished. Haddonfield,
in 1776, reported:
This meeting having several times considered that of our Youths' Meetings
not being so well attended as could be desired, now agrees to appoint a com-

^Ibid., 9/VII/1751.
 i66 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools oj Haddonfield Quarter 167

mittee to take this matter into consideration whether there may not be some
alteration that may be Hkely to occasion them to be better attended, otherwise
The report of 1788 shows that considerable progress had been
to be laid down, and report their sense to next meeting . . ? made in establishing schools:

Report was also made that the committee appointed to visit the schools
Four months later, after several postponements, it was agreed taught by members, had attended to the service, and had in the course of
to continue the Youths' Meetings, and attempt to improve their
the year visited six different schools, so kept, and had endeavored to afford
attendance. such advice and assistance for the promotion of learning and virtue, as they
It was at this time that a greater interest in education, on the were enabled, to a good degree of satisfacti.on.*-

part of the superior meetings, became evident. This interest, and The report a year later states that "some appeared to be kept
the resultant frequent urging, brought the question home to the in a satisfactory manner, others not so fully as could be desired."^'
lower meetings, and. as a consequence many schools of more per- In 1790, a committee of the quarterly meeting drew ti]) a ])lan
manent character were established. to guide its lower meetings in the establishment of fund- f< ^r edu-
In June, 1778, an epistle relating to schools was received from cational purposes. As this was the basis of the funds in Iad<l' >]i- I

the Yearly Aleeting; and in 1779 it was field, Woodbury, and many other meetings, herein discussed, the
recommended to the weighty consideration of the several preparative meetings full report of the committee is quoted lierewith
and said meetings desired to report their circumstances respecting schools to
We the committee a})pointed at last Meeting to take under our consideration
next meeting to 1)e further deliberated thereon.^
the ^ul>jrct of providnig Pounds for ilit. Im-iut sup]iorl of ^cliools, anil schooling
Accordingly, this report was made: poor children agreeable to llie nx'oniini'ndation of tlie "^'earh' Meeting, lia\ing
The subject of schools now coming under consideration report was made met agreeable to appointment, and taken the Svume under our weighty eon-
sideration, are of the mind, that there we»ul(l hf a use arise from funds being
from Woodbury that they had a school settled upon an extensive plan, since
the year 1774; and from Haddonfield that they had adopted a similar raised in the resjjeetive Monthly Meetings to be kept out at interest, and the
plan
m the year 1776, and had made some progress so as to procure a convenient income of interest applied under the care of judicious trustees for the sehooling

lot, etc., which care appears to be satisfactory to this Meeting.

And
of Upper Greenwich report that Friends are settled so wide one from another
that they have no prospect at present of doing anything respecting the
estab-
lishing of a school upon the plan laid down by the Committee
of the Yearly
Meeting; the subject is notwithstanding recommended
to their further care
and attention to proceed therein as way may open.»
In 1 78 1 there were three schools reported: at
Woodbury, Had-
donfield, "heretoforementioned" and ''one other now kept under
the care of Friends." The "one other" was probably at Upper
Greenwich. ^^
A few years later the practice of visiting the schools was begun,
and a report on them regularly made to the superior meetings:
The following Friends are appointed a standing committee to visit the schools
that are taught by Friends within the compass of their Preparative
Meetings,
and to make report of their service in the 9th month annually, to wit:
Joshua Evans, John Gill, John Gaunt, Isaac Ballinger, David Cooper, Aaron
of poor white and black children, as well as that funds so establisliecl under
Friends
the care and direction of the Monthly Meetings of business, would l)e laying a
permanent foundation for funds, that might in time become much enlarged by
donations from humane and benevolent jjersons, whereby Monthly Meetings
might have it in their power more extensively to promote and encourage this
weighty and important service: We therefore propose that it be recommended:
1st. That each Monthly Meeting appoint one friend for Treasurer and five
or more for Trustees, to be styled the treasurer and Trustees of the School
Fund.
2nd. That the members who are in circumstances generally execute to the
treasurer and his successor for the time being, notes or other engagements
for the payment of a sum of money, with interest annually at the rate of six
per cent.
3rd. If any friend would choose to advance his subscription or discharge
his note ... at the end of any one year, the treasurer shall receive and place
the same out at interest to such persons, and on such security, as shall be ap-
proved by three or more of the trustees.
4th. The treasurer shall provide a book and make a fair entry of the sub-

Hewes, William White, David Brown, Samuel Paul.^^ scribers names and contributions, that the amount of the fund may at any
time be ascertained and shall keej) a regular account of the receipt of the
Uhid., 8/IV/1776. ""Ibid., 8/11/1779. interest money and of his disbursements thereof to the trustees without whose
""Ihid., 23/III/1779.
^^^Ibid., 10/IX/1781. 'Ubid., 10/V/1784. ~~^id., 8/IX/1788. ''Ibid., 14/IX/1789.
 68 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of H addonfield Qua rtcr 169
orders, or order of two of them, no money
be applied; and once in the
shall
year the trustees shall exhibit to the Monthly Meeting a clear 3. £ 50 from J()se])h Sloan, fr)r "schrx^lirif,'- poor children of an\'
and distinct "^^
account of the application of the interest for the approbation color.
of the Meeting,
as well as to enable it to send forward an account to the 4. $1,000.00 from Samuel Nicholson, "for the ])urpose of ])n)-
Quarter to l)e from
thence transmitted m the report to the Yearly Meeting as occasion
5th. The interest money arising on the fund, or so
mav require. motin^^ the ^niarded education of the children of its members m
much thereof as will be schools under the care r»f Friends."''-^
necessary, shall be- applied by the trustees from time to
time for the schoolmg
of the children of poor Friends, and those of the black Seven years after the fund was reported cstal)]ished the i^rincipal
people, whose condition
gives them a claim to this benefit agreeable to the of it amounted to € 239 18:'-" and in 1800 it had increased
advices which have been to
or may l)c, sent down from the Yearly Meeting, m as equitable a manner £ 687/8.-'!
as
may be at the different schools within the compass of the Monthlv Meeting, The followin^.,^ items indicate how the fund was ex])ended:
that all parts may receive a proportionable share of
the Ijenefit, and in case 1 £ 36 /8 /4 exijended for xioks and for scIk ^olin^i,^ ])oor children. --
1
the fund shall become so enlarged, as that the interest
thereof will l)e more 2. For schoolin<,^ ])oor white and l)lack children. ex]jended -Si 55.-
than sufficient to school the children of poor friends, and
those of the blacks ^ 23
aforesaid, the Monthly Meetings may divide such overplus
to l^e applied to
.,
i ^
the schooling of other poor children, tlie enlarging the Schooled iS children the past year, most
teachers salaries, or 3. of them for 2 quar-
such other purposes for the promotion of schools as to an}-
such meeting may ters; none of those schooled at expense of this fund were Friends'
appear expedient.
children.-"*
6th. As the fund so raised will be the propertv of the memi^ers of the
Monthly Meeting for the time being, for the purposes aforesaid the meeting
4. $198.30 ])aid for education of cliildren. none of whom were
shall ha\-e authority to make a new choice of their treasurer, and annuall}- ap-
"members of our society.'"-'-'
point trustees to ha\-e the management thereof. Spent for dwellin^^ for teacher and fencin<,^ it in. etc. $1781.41
5. .-''
.

7th. If shall ai)j)ear to

be the sense of any of the Monthlv Meeting.^,
it
The
existence of such a fund had a sa]utor\- ctTecl on schools.
that it will be more consisent with their situation and circumstances,
or be In 1794. the}' reijort "one lar<,^e school has l)ec'n ke])t uj) at Haddon-
more answer the design ir. x-iew,
likely to m
going into the subscription or
raising of funds in their i)reparative meetings, field, and a number
of black children liaAc ]>artaken of school
such meetings are left at liljerty
tn proceed in either way as to them
may appear best. Signed in behalf of the learnin^rwith other ])oor children ."; and three \-ears later four
. .

committee. schools were reported in the monthly meetin.l,^-^

Salem, 5th month 17, 1790 bv A report of 1803 <,n\-es us a clearer idea of the size of the school
Thomas Redman.'"* and the number of studies included.
In accordance with the abo\-e plans the committee
reported, 1791 We the committee ap]X)intcMi m tlu" fourth nioiuli last to suj)«.'riiilen(i the
A fund is established m this meeting the income whereof to be applied to school at fiaddonfield, agree to report — That we have jiaid attention to the
the care of poor white and black children and some appointment, and have procured a well-cjualihed teacher, being a member of
attention paid to the
schooling such children, and that care has been
extended to the schools taught the Society; the school is at j)resent large, consisting of al)out .So scholars,
1)\- Friends l)y a
committee of this meeting-'^ and an assistant teacher employed. V\nm the whoU- we are
is of the mind
To this fund, besides the reoiilar subscriptions,
man\- bequests
that the school has increased in solidity and is growing in reputation, as a
were added, a few of which are named; Seminary for useful learning, wherein the English Grammar, the Mathematics,

1. £ 20, bequeathed by Ann

Tomlinson, and applied by the ^Ubid., 14/X/1799. '-^Ibid., 3 XI 1880. -'7/>/V/., 12 III 1798.
meeting to this fund.^^ ^^Ibid., i3/Fi8oo. ''-'Ibid., 14 II i8ov -Ubid., 14 JI 1 8 14.
^'Ibid., 13/II 1837. -'^Ibid., 8 ri 1841. •-•7
/>/(/., 12 II 1 855.
2. £ 50, from Sarah Hopkins,
"for the purpose of educatin^^ ^Ubid., 8/IX/1794 and 11, IX, 1797.
poor children."'"

''Ibid., 13/XII/1790. ^'Ibid., 12 rX/1791.

16
'^Ihid., 1 0/1/
1 79 1. 'Ubid., 8 \; 1797.
170 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Haddonfield Quarter 171

THE 10 Pro}iiiuciaHon of tlii I-JiHi^ii Lannia^i

JR T OF SPELLING
The ConihijKitiou of the Cousojuuifs and l^onrls,
FACILITATED. if! to simple Sylah/es.
BEING
Ra be bi bo bii ])V o-e he k ke le me
A STSTEM OF PRONUNCIATION ca CO Cll ce* ri* cv * lie pe re se te ve
da de di do (111 dv \\(* \'e '/A' bi ci di
OK THE a

fa fe fi fo fu V H gi lii ji ki i

* •* *
ga go mi
ENGLISH LANGUAGE. R" ni pi ri si ti

ha he hi ho hu hv vi wi zi bo eo do
FOR THE ja je j» ju jy fo jo ko lo mo no
USE OF SCHOOLS; 1

ka ke ki ko kll kv ro so to vo wo vo
AS WELL AND OTHERS,
AS OF FOREIGNERS, la le H lo 111 Iv
•
zo hu eu du fu gu
WHO WOULD WISH TO BECOME ma nie mi mo mu my hu jll kll hi mu nu
ACQUAINTED, na ne ni no mi nv pll ru su tu vu by
pa pe pi po pii }>y ev dv fy gy hy jy
With the practice of the difficult accentuation ra re ri ro ru rv kv ly mv nv ry
< py
and orthoepy of our Language. sa se SI
•

so su sv «y tv vv
A'
zy ab ac

ta te ti to tu tv t.
ad af ag aj ak al
TIS KDIICATION, FORMS THE COMMON MIND.
POPE. va ve VI vo vu vy am an ap ar at av
wa we wi wo ya ve ax az eb ec ed ef

By STEPHEN M. DAY, yo za ze zi zo zu eg ej ek el em en
MASTER OF FRIENDS' SCHOOL AT HADDONFIELD zy ba ca da fa ga ep er es et ev ex
ha ja ka la ma na ez ib ic id if ig
pa ra sa ta va wa ik 11 im in ip ir
PHILADELPHIA: ya za be de
ce fe is it iv ix iz ob
PRINTED FOR BENJAMIN JOHNSON,
prescription may startle at innovation, but such should remember that improve-
NO. 31, MARKET-STREET. ments are gradual and progressive; and that m letters as in policy, the way to
prevent the catastrophe of violent revolutions, is to obviate the necessity of them,
[j. RAKESTRAW, PRINTER.] by the exercise of docility, and a sound judgement, that can distinguish between
rash innovation and real improvements.

1804. *c and g soft.

THE METHOD OF INSTRUCTION IN THE "aRT OF SPELLING FACILITATED,"

day's "art of spelling facilitated'" BY S. M. DAY
 172 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Haddonfield Quarter ^73

Geography and the Latin and French languages are, or may be taught. Signed
in Ix'half of the committee 2nd month ijih 1803.

By Thomas Redman.^' LESSONS IN READING:

In 1S08 two schools were reported,
estal)Hshed for the education of youth within our Hmits, under the care of
teachers in membership, one superintended by a committee of the Monthly, BKL\(;
the other by one of the Preparative ^^ccting.'-'

Durinf( the temporary disturbance in 1828 the answer to the

third annual query states "there is one school ..." but, soon after, SELECT PASSACiES
two schools
1830. "there are ."'"^
These are the same mentioned
. .

in 1808. From this time on the number of schools reported in-

creases. In 1836 there was presented a full report on Education, FKOM IHK
cis the Yearly Meetin<^ demanded:

. . . rcjjort that there are four schools supcrinU'iided by committees either

of the monthl}' or preparatixe meetings, three of whicli are taught by persons SCRIPTURES;
-^IhuL, 14,111, 1803; Concerning the teachers of the school at this time,
some information has been gathered. vStephen Munson Day was born in 1776
at Morristown, New Jersey and in early life showed a marked interest in
CHIEFLY
science and languages, as well as religion. He was educated, it is said, to the
I
profession of law, and received a diploma, but never entered the bar. Soon
after 1801 Day became an assistant in the Academy at Burlington and shortly FROM THE PROPHEC lES OF ISAIAH.
removed to Haddontield where he became a teacher in the FViends School.
He appears to have had unusual abilities as a teacher, securing good results,
"however obtuse the faculties of his pupils." Tradition has it that Day taught
Latin, Greek, and Hebrew at the Haddonfield School. TO SERVE
Day was the author of a number of small books for the use of schools, but
f»robably not widely used. In 1804 "The Art of Spelhng Facihtated" was
[published and also,, as an appendix to the same, "Lessons in Reading." These AS AN EASY INTRODrc TION TO READLXG.
rc-ading lessons were scriptural in character. Another text "The Pronouncing
Spelling Book" was published in 181 1, in which Day is described as preceptor
('f the Boarding School at Haddonfield. Other literary activities were under-
taken. In 1804 The Evening Fireside a periodical pu'bhcation was launched
but Day retired from the editorship of it, out of deference to his friends. An
assault was also made against the drink traffic in a booklet called "vSerious
Thoughts on the Traffic in Distilled Spiritous Liquors, and on the Customary
Use of that Article as a Common Drink." In addition to these interests Dav PHH^ADELPIUA:
was also inclined to an experimental study of agriculture. His death occurred
in 1812.
E. Littell, publisher and proprietor of LittelTs Living Age was once a stu- PRINTED FOR BENJAMIN JOHNSON, No. 31,
dent at Haddonfield School. Concerning Day he wrote: "I dwell with much
—
pleasure upon the memory of my preceptor my patient, gentle and wise MARKET-STREET.
friend —
Stephen IVIunson Day."
1804.
Other teachers, near the close of the eighteenth century and early part of
the nineteenth, were John Redman, who taught Latin, and M. Guerrier, a
French noble, friend and associate of Louis Phillipe Duke of Orleans; the
latter taught French for a time. —
The writer is indebted to Mr. James Penny-
packer, Haddonfield, X. J., for the privilege of examining some of Day's
textbooks. A POPUL.\R TEXT BY S. M. D.\Y
'Ubid., IV^/i8o8. ^^Ibid., 8 iri,'i830.
 174 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of H addonfield Quarter 175
in membership with us and one by a person not a member. The schools have
all been visited and there appears a care for the religious as well as the literary
average number of scholars last w'mXvv was fort\-; at ]jresent there
education therein. The Holy Scriptures are frequently read and the teachers are 27 on the list."^^ The number of Friends' children attending
as well as the scholars of two of the schools attend our midweek meetings. became even less, but it \^is resolved that '* We believe the . . .

Their deportment as well as their advancement in their studies are generally influence of the school is salutar\- in the neighborhood. "^^
satisfactory. The following is a statement of our members at different schools In 1866-7 attendance sank to an unprecedented extent, and in
to wit:
addition, the income from ])ublic funds was withdrawn h\ the law
2 at the Universit}' in Philadelphia
1 at Haverford which repealed section 1 2 Act of 1846, but a firmer determina-
of the
3 at Franklin Park tion is evident to run the school for its service in themoral education
5 at West town of the community-. The situation is described more exacth' in
2 at Frankford
the following re]:)()rt:
5 at the one not taught by a member
That the school has been visited by the trustees at the usual times. Joseph
17 at Friends Schools taught by members
Jones having withdrawn as teacher, Samuel B. Redman was appointed to
17 at Common schools
succeed him who entered upon his duties in the 9th month last. As there are
52 at present no arrangements for boardmg scholars, the number in attendance
And appears that there are 29 of our members of a suitable age who are
it
has been smaller than usual. The order of the school and deportment of the
not at school at present, most of whom have received education during a part scholars have been generally satisfactory. Xumber on the list at present 19.
of the past year at Friends' schools, although it would be desirable to establish Average attendance for the {jast three months, I4>2. We believe a school
select schools for the education of the youth agreeably to the adv^ice of the of this character, if rightly conducted may be of great service to the \outh
Yearly Meeting, but the members are so scattered that way does not yet open in our neighl)orhood and desire that the original concern of the Monthly
Meet-
to accomplish so desirable an object, but it appears that there are no Friends ing in establishing may
be kept in view, which we believe, not only had re-
it
children but what are receiving a competency of education to them for lation to the literary
fit
improvement of those placed under our care, but also to
business. their moral and religious advancement, so far as a qualification therefor
Signed on behalf of the committee, 2 mo. 8th, 1836. may be experienced. We feel that the present day is no time to relax our
Thomas Evans efforts in these respects, but rather calls for increased earnestness to discharge
Richard W. Sheppard" our duty fully and faithfully to the children under our supervision. The Holy
About the middle of the century the committee experienced Scriptures are read at the opening of the school, but a very few of the scholars
attend mid-week meeting being excused therefrom, at the request of their
seme difficulty in keeping the school open. One of the chief
parents or guardians."*"
seems to have been the obtaining of suitable teachers. ^^
difficulties
The report for 1868, a digest of which appears below, shows the
Furthermore, it would seem from reports as to the distribution of
extent to which the children of members were scattered and that
Friends' children, that when schools were open they were almostly
'^•'^

the Haddonfield vSchool was made up mostly of non-members:

entirely attended by non-members. Nevertheless, plans were
made 53 of suitable age for school
to improve the school. The school house was repaired and
5 at West town
furnished with new desks and proposals made **to erect a dwelling 6 Friends Select at Philadelphia
house for the teacher on the school house lot."-"^"* $1781.41 of the f 4 at Friends schools taught b\' members
school fund was used for this purpose. 4 at schools not under care of Friends, though taught fjy
With these improvements the school continued much as before, meml)er
with the exception that the nimiber attending was usually less than
22 at common district school-
12 at family schools. ^^
in the early years of its existence. In 1858 the report stated "the
In the same vear we learn that.
''Ibid.,8/II/1836. 'Ubid., 12/II/1849: 11/11/1850; 14/III/1835. 8 II/1858.
^'^Ibid., '''Ibid., \^ II 1865.
^Ibid., 9/11/ 1832. ''Ibid., 12/IX/1853. ^Uhid., 6 II 1867. ^""Ibid., 5 II i86h.
176 Quaker Education in Xew Jersey Schools of Haddorfield Quarter ^11

John Broadle having been engaged as teacher, entered upon his duties last The attitude of Haddr)nfield Meeting was always favorahilc to
9th month. The committee have authorized the admission of girls in addition
to boys as scholars and have found it satisfactory.
the Negroes, and the}- made successful efforts to secure their free-
dom and education. As early as 1760,
Thus the school contmued to the end of the nineteenth century.
. . . a])peared and declared that lie di(] r.«)i know the purchasing of n n( ,i;ro
The following report shows its status in 1895, when the division was a breach of our di^e:])1ine or he should not have done it . . . in cont'rnuiiton
into primary and secondary departments was made: thereof he liatli >t-t his hand to this minute in the meeting. ^^
The school has been kept open with the regular vacations since last report. Those who held slaves were rejjeatedly visited by members who
It was closed 5th month 30th, 1894, about two weeks earlier than usual on
urged manumission, and stul)bc)rn refusals were followed b}- dis-
account of the ill health of the teacher Mary M. vSmith who had held the
position very satisfactorily for two years.
ownment. Religious meetings es])ecialh' for the Negroes wtTC
Early in the 9th month the school reopened with Lydia B. Kite as teacher, commonly held, an(l, with the establishment of s]jecial funds in
under whose care the children are attentive and deferential. The average 1790 an increasing attention was \)^\d to their school education,
attendance for the year has been about 20, at this date there are 19 pupils on placing them on a plane of eqtiahty with other poor in the neigh-
the roll, the greater portion of whom are of a primary grade. It is thought
borhood who de])en(led on charitable agencies for their education. ^'^

that a school composed of primary and secondary classes, carefully and thor-
oughly taught will best meet the needs of its patrons.
'
Besides the "large school" at Haddonfield under the monthly
Good order has been maintained and the children have made satisfactory meeting there were others in the Western and Eastern districts;
progress in their studies. They continue
midweek meetings,
to attend our each of these were under the ]jreparative meeting and were over-
where they conduct themselves with propriety. When the town water was seen by S])ecial committees.'*'*
introduced into the dwelling a pipe was placed in the school room which is
The school pro-perty deed in the Eastern District Delaware
found to be very convenient. In conclusion the committee would urge all
Friends to take an active interest in the school and to manifest the same by
Township, went back to 1787, and the school was in almost con-
occasional visits to it during its sessions. Elizabeth Bacon tinuous existence until 1874, a ])art of the time being rented to the
Joseph G. Evans.-'-' District Trustees for $20 per year. In 1S74 it was recommended

The report of 1868 showed that few Friends' children were at- that the pn-perty be sold, and the ])roceeds used to educate

tending the monthly rneeting school, but this situation changed Friends' children, since the district school provided education for

to some extent. In 1870, 9 out of ^S attending were Friends; all others.-^'' Fnin the re])ort of 18S0, however, it apjjears that

1875, there were out of 19; 1880, there were three out of 25; the trustees continued to rent it to the District:
7

1890. 14 members were in attendance; and in 1895 there were The committee liaving care of the Eastern District School jiroperty, vv\ ort:
balance on hand at last settlement 29 XII 1874, $2^(^79. Received rent for
nme 40
dwelling $125.00; received rent for school house $i(x).(ju— whole amount
The Haddonfield school is still in existence and conducts three *505-79.''
departments: Kindergarten, Primary and Cirammar.
We
have already noted'^' that Friends ]\'eeting was held in 1729
There is an annual enrollment of about 80, 2.') per cent of whom in a school house near James Cooper's. 1diis was undoubtedly
are usually members.
one of the six schools re]3orted by Haddonfield in 1788.-'^ Cfits
Along with other monthty meetings of the Philadelphia Yearly,'
early history however, little has been ascertained. At the separation
Haddonfield contributed to the establishment and support of
Westtown Boarding School in Pennsylvania. In 1797 they re- 'Ubid., 14 IV 1760. «See Chai)ter Nine.
corded that Haddonfield .Preparative Meeting paid in £39/18/^ «Min. Haddonfeld Pret*. >:tg.. 7 \' 1^35 and 4 VI 1835.
I ^
*''Ibid., 4 II KS74. ^''Ibil., \ I 1880. ^'nage 167.
and Newton £ i$^^ "''On June Jacob Cooper deeded lots 156 and
23, 1804, the grandchildren of
157 on which to budd a school house and house for a master. The "Academy
'Ubid.,6/U/iS95. ^"Reports in minutes for above dates. was built o"i this lot but no master's house was erected." From Cooper's —
*Ubid., 1 1 /TX/ 1 797. Sketch of Camden, 54.
 178 Quaker Education in Xew Jersey
Schools of Haddon field Quarter 179
in i82(S the Orthodox Friends retained the meetincr house, while
probabh' continued under these irregular conditions until about
the new or^^anization found shelter in Hatch's School (])rivate) "in
""^^ 1874, when,
the upper part of Camden. . . .

Isaac C. Martindale, Asahcl Truth, and Charles B. Coles were appointed

In T848. evident that a school was bein<( maintained by the
it is
. . .

to unite with a sitnilar committee of womet^i {•"riei;(i> f. take int«:) consuieration

new meetint^^ as they reported
the advisability of establishing a school irider the care of tlie Preparative
Meeting.''''

HorsE FORMERiv OCCUPIED BY Fkiexds' School, Camdex, New Jeksey

. We have (been) giving attention during the past year to our school
. .

and until the 1st of fourth month last it was attended by an average number
of 30 scholars and taught by a male teacher, a member of our society and we
Present Friends' School, G.widex, New Jersey
believe he gave general satisfaction to his employers; since that time we have
employed a female who now has charge of it and appears to be well qualified This committee acted at once and decided a regularly controlled
for the station.-"""
school should be established in the old school house which had
A year later Wm. Folwell was directed to insure the school house been let out to another:
for $400, which was done;'"^' likewise a bill for printing circulars Committee appointed to take into consideration the establishment of a
was presented and paid. In 1850 a temporary' school
for the school school reported that
it was their opinion that such a school could be maintained.

was provided by allowing "John Willits' daughter" to ha\'e "the Meeting received report favorably and decided to establish a school at earliest
upper room in the m.eeting house for a school rocm, i)rovided there possible time and the committee were continued as trustees for the ensuing
year.
can b e a sjff cient num.ber of scholars raised."-^- A school was This Meeting having been informed that the school house is at present occu-
••^H. M. Cooper: Ilist. Sketch of Neivton Mtg. pied by another person it was decided that said person be notified to vacate said
»oNewton (Camden) Prep. Mtg., 8\1. 1848.
school house on or before the 14th of 9th month next. Francis Rogers was
''Ihi^i., 4 I 1849. -^Ubid. 3 XiSso.
 Schools of H addonfield Quarter 181
i8o Quaker Education in New Jersey

appointed to notify said occupant of this action of the Meeting and the clerk mention of a concern regarding education was u]Jon the re-
first

directed to furnish him with a copy of above minute for that purpose.
^"^
ceipt of the "observations (jn the education uf \-outh" from the

A year later a minute informed that the school had been in Yearlv Meeting in 1778.'^^ Nine years later,
operation . . . the request of our Yearly Meeting respecting the education of youth,

. . . The school was opened 9th month 7th 1874; term ending 1st
for the schools, etc., coming under consideration of this Meeting it appears necessary
mo. 31st the whole number of pupils in attendance has been 2^, the average the Quarterly Meeting should be informed tliat we apprehend we are not in a
capacity at present to erect schools amongst us, as is directed by \\\v Yearly
attendance being 23 of the whole number of pupils 6 are children of members,
;

4 have I parent a member, other pupils 18; with the teacher (who is a member) Meeting . .
^^

they regularly attend midweek meeting. The receipts for tuition were $381.- •In 1795 they acknowledged receipt of ])roposals concerning sub-
56."
scriptions for the "relief of the Ingen Natives," and in 1797 they
In 1875 the committee reported an attendance of 3 7 and an aver- directed the preparative meetings to take u]) subscri]3tions for the
age attendance of 22; in 1881 the whole number enrolled had in- Westtown Boarding School. ^'-"^
In 1807 they re]3orted:
creased to 44, though the average attendance was but 23. Seven . We have one school taught In' a friend in membershi]) and superintendrd
of those attending were members of Friends, while seven others by a committee within the compass of this Meeting. *''

had one parent a member, and thirty were outsiders. In 1887 The school had a very irregular history' so far as teachers were
there were 68 pupils and an average attendance of 47. The concerned, so far as we may judge by reading the answers to the
minutes show that assistance was received from Philadelphia school query from year to year. In 18 14 they re]jlied to this
Yearly Meeting's Committee on Education. Most of the funds, querv: "Not any of the descri]3tion queried after among us," and
however, were repaid. ^^ iti 1S16 "one school taught by a member and under the care of a

In 1895 it was decided to encourage the attendance of Friends committee a])pointed by the Preparative Meeting." In 1S17,
children at the school by reducing "the regular rate in all classes''' "not any school of the description queried after. "^-^ Thus it went
to one-half .^^ At this time application was also made for assistance from year to year. From 1818 to 1843. at which time the monthly
from the "Committee on Education and Disposition of the vSamuel meetitig was discontinued, there was a school or schools in charge
Jeanes Fund." Money was thus received and expended for edu- of a committee and taught l)y a member in the following years:
cational purposes by Howard Cooper who acted as treasurer. ^^ 1822; 1826, two schools; 1827, 1833, 1834, 1838; 1839, two schools;
The Camden ^School which was reorganized, as above noted, in 1840, 1 84 1 and 1842. It is possible, that, judging by similar
1874 has continued to the present day. It now has an enrollment situations in other meetings, a school was conducted in the other
of 80 pupils, about a tenth of whom are members, and employs 7 vears, looked after to some extent by a committee, but tiot visited
teachers. The school is organized into Kindergarten, Primary, re"-ularlv, due to the fact that teachers were not members.
and Intermediate grades. ^'-^

Evesham Monthly Meeting

Great Egg Harbor and Cape May Monthly Meeting This meeting was established in 1760 by Haddonfield Quarterly
Great Egg Harbor and Cape May Monthly Meeting was es- Meeting, and continued to 1884 when part of its members were
tablished in 1726 and discontinued by their request in 1843.^'^ attached to Medford and Chester monthly meetings. During ^^'

Upon comparing the educational activity of this monthly meet- this period of over a centur\', Evesham fostered several schools

ing with that of others in New Jersey we find it very slight. The within its limits.

'''Ibid., 29/I/1874. 55/^iW., 25/II/1875. ^^Ihid., 3/III/1887. "Min. Great Egg Harbor and Cape Mav Mo. Mtg., 7/XII 1778.
^''Ibid., 3/IX/1787. ^Hbid., i/V'1797. ^'Ibid., 6 IV 1807.
''Ubid., 26/VI/1895. '%Iin. Haddonfield Mo. Mtg., 8/VII/1896.
'""^ School Bulletin, ig22-2T,. ^Hbid., 7/III 1814; 4/III/1816; 3/III 1817. G6
Records of the Meeting.
*'°See two volumes of Records at 302 Arch Street, Phila.
 lS2 Quaker Education in Xew Jersey
Schools of Haddonfield Quarter 183

In 176 1 the Preparative Meeting of Evesham requested per-

not of our society and some yet continue to contract with such to teach their
mission "to hold a meeting for worship in Bradock's School house" children.
and this was often repeated and granted.^' In i
774, Signed by Lawrt lu < Webster.^*
Friends appointed reported they had attended the school house meeting to In 1 78 I it Wcis agreed that, to would he ad- forward schools, it
good satisfaction and that they apprehended an enlargement of their meeting
vantageous to place the schools, already established, under the
place was necessary; therefore members thereof are at liberty to make an
. . .

care of ])reparati\'e meetings, and from this time onward, there

addition or build a new house if thev see meet.*^^
are reports returned h\ these meetings.'- Still they inaintain
In 1 7 78, the meeting began to take official notice of the schools,
"there is room for further weighty labor in that respect."
in harmony with instructions received from the Yearly Meetii^g:
In 17(83 the following re]jort was directed to be acted u])on.
And Josiah Roberts, John Hunt, John Roberts, Isaac Borton, John Collins,
It shows clearly the guiding influence of the Yearly Meeting:
Joshua Hunt, and Job Collins, are appointed to take the case of schools
weightily under their care, agreeable to the direction of the said extracts/''' W'c the select committee f ' >r the estaljhshment nf ])roper sch(jols do refxirt
that we have divers times met matureh' consideret] the same and are
.'ind
The next year steps were taken to secure a lot for the school:
united in judgment that tlie \va_\' to advance tliis moinriuous
most likelx'
The committee on the care of schools reported that they had a prospect of concern appears to us, agreeable to the adviee of the Yearly Meeting, to
purchasing a ground suitable for the purpose, part of John Evans, and
lott of procure a ground sutTieient
lot of for a ^e]ir>ol house, d\velliT]g house, orchard,
part of Benjamin Haines, which was approved of and they are directed etc. for m ])roper places so as to take in as large a
a teacher, and his family
to
proceed to obtain a title to them, or any three they may appoint in trust, and circle of F'riends as may
be likely to send to such a school, in order that our
to forward subscriptions to pay for the same and other services toward schools may be of annual duration; which may be one essential stejj to induce
completing the school/" well qualified teachers to undertake the task. And then, as way ma>- open, to
In 1779 the report of the committee on schools stated the situ- move forward such houses, and making the habitation of those
in building
teachers as easy and comfortable as convenient. And, as soon as it can be
ation as follows
done, to open a subscription for those schools, the capital of which to remain
We the committee appointed by the Monthly Meeting of Evesham for the on a moderate interest, first for the schooling of [^""riends children who may
regulating of schools, have many times met and attended to that service, not be in circumstances to pay therefor and the surplus of such interest to be
and agree to report that we think it needful there should be first established a applied to make up common rate of education, whereby a
the deficiency in the
school at each particular Meeting, belonging to our Monthly Meeting may
be secured for the teacher and his family; and also
support
and sufficient
we have succeeded as far as that a school is opened at Chester Meeting some- to such other uses as the trustees may think most likely to advance the in-
what agreeable to Friends' advice, though we have not a prospect of procuring stitution which we have thought should be under the care of the respective
a suitable lot of ground at that place as yet. At Lower Evesham we have a Preparative Meetings in the verge of which it lies, and such trustees as they
prospect of procuring a lot of ground convenient for that service, but not may annually appoint to oversee and direct the same.'^
a
teacher. At Upper Evesham we have little or no prospect of getting a suitable
lott ofground; also a teacher at that place is wanting. We think that a
A few months later the minutes of Evesham Preparative Meet-
more general convincement of the necessity of such schools and due attention ing recorded the establishment of the school under their care:
to so good a work is much wanting, and very much obstructs the works going In pursuance of a concern lately received amongst Friends for the benefit of
forward. the rising generation with respect to their school education as recommended
The former advice of collecting a fund
not as yet complied with; Friends
is down by the Yearly Meeting, divers Friends contiguous to this meeting have
in divers places are not yet disengaged from former contracts
with teachers opened a school at the Meeting house, until a school house can be built, on a
lot of ground which has lately been procured for that purpose, as well as to
•'^Min. Evesham Mo. Mtg., 9/1171761. build a house for the residence of a teacher; and it being apprehended neces-
^^Ibid., 7/iy/i774- ^Hbid., 10/XII/1778.
'o/6^</., sary that the said school shall be under the care of a standing committee, the
6/V/1779. It appears, from deeds and papers at 15th & Race
btreets, that a deed was made 4/XII/1779 by Benjamin Haines following Friends (to wit) William Rogers, Edward Domell, Thomas Ballinger,
and wife and
John Evans and wife to trustees for land in Evesham to accommodate a Jr., Joshua Lippincott, Xoah Haines, Caleb Austin, and Samuel Allinson are
public 5 hool under the care of the Evesham Monthly Meeting and for appointed to that service by the name of Trustees of Friends vSchooI near
no other
purpose. Not bemg used for this purpose the landreverted to former owners.
''Ibid., 9/IX/1779. -Ubid., 8/ni, 1781. 'Ubid., 8/VIII/1783.
1 84 Quaker Edttcatton in New Jersey Schools of Haddonfield Quarter i8s

Evesham .\Uviuig House and it isunanimou>l\ concluded that the said trustees
and their successors, shall have the dir( ction of the said scho(jl: that they keep
the school house, and dwelling h()u>r for Uu- teacher, when l)uih, in good re-
pair; make jiroxision for tlie comfortable sup}jorl of ^aid teacher and familv,
order what nia\- })e !U'c-essar\- for these i)ijrposes, wlieti iliere is cash, in hand,
when otherwise the\- are to la\- l»efore this mecliiig an aeecniiu of the sum
wanted, and the occasion, and receive our advice therein; They are, from time
to time, as occasion nia\ require, to employ a teacher or teachers, and for
sufficient cause to them appearing to dismiss them, admit scholars, and discharge
those who may misbehave; and make such rules for these and other purposes
tending to the good government of the school as they may judge necessary,
provided the same do consist with this fundamental plan. The>' are to visit
said school on the fifth day preceding the first second day in every month,
examine the progress made by the scholars in their learning, and see that good
order and decorum is preser\ed. The trustees for the time being, shall ap-
point a treasurer to whom by his proper name, donations and bequests may l)e
made for the benefit of the school, and the same shall be accounted for Ijy liim
W to the trustees; he shall pay no monies out of the stock but to the order of
>
the trustees, or any three of them; and any three of the trustees are also suffi-
cient to transact any other business within their appointment. The trustees
are also to keep fair accounts of all such donations and bequests, and a note
of the terms if particular, on which given, and apply the same accordingly.
They are to keep a regular account of their proceedings, of their receipts and
payments, and the same with such regulations as they make, lay l)efore this
Preparative Meeting in the 8th month annually, for the sense of Friends
thereon, at which time the trustees are always to be renewed. The trustees
are desired to transcribe this minute as the foundation of their proceedings.""

In 1784 the monthly meeting records note that a school at

Moorestown has been discontinued; that another is likely to be
established in Chester near Job Cowperthwaite's; and that the
above named school at Evesham is established.^-^ In 1785 a lot
was reported secured for a school in Cropwell.'^*^ Two years later,
a standing committee was named and a plan, similar to the one
used by Evesham was adopted for the control of the school."^^
In 1786 the report sets forth that plans are in progress for
schools at six points:
We may further report that since last accounts there has been a lot procured
by Friends near Wm. Mat lack's, and a commodious school house erected

7"Min.Evesham Prep. Mtg., 6/XI/1783.

"Min. Evesham Mo. Mtg., 10/IX/1784.
7«Min. Evesham Prep. Mtg., 7 I\^ 1785; Woodward, in the History of
Burlington County, says that Croinvell dates back to 1760 when the meeting
was established.
^Ubid., 7/XII/1787.
1 86 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Haddonfield Quarter 187
thereon; another school house near Chester Meeting; (3) a lot procured
(2)
near Evesham Meeting, and a dwelling house for a teacher erected thereon;
The chief difficulties in the way of maintaining^ these schools
(4) another lot and house erected near Samuel Allinson's; (5) also a lot for
were those of g^etting teachers, set forth in the following minute:
1 .
We may further add that at present there are several vacant school houses
at which a competent number of scholars may be procurer were there but 1,

teachers well quahfied to undertake therein— the lack of which

1 is one principal reason why the work is so mueli impeded. "^
we apprehend

In '()o Evesham adopted a plan for raising school funds, similar

I

to that already mentioned in the case of Haddonfield.andalsousiMl

. //c?//////^ . /ArA'^.y - at Upper Evesham, based upon ihe plan offered by ihr (juartrrlv
mecting.
In 702, for the better control of the schools by committees, and
1

the better order of the school itself, tvro sets of rules were ])roduced,
-^ <r>
,:^..5 read,and agreed to and a new committee appointed b)- the :\lonlhly
Meeting. ^^
same \-ear, on account of the room, where the Evesham
In the
school was held (in the Meeting House), being very inconvenient
for that purpose, a lot of ground was procured near the meeting
house whereon a house was to be built, and a number were named
C, S' c > to secure a deed for the projjerty.^^ A minute also indicates that
the school formerh- ])roposed near Samuel E\'an's was called the
Pine C7rove School. This school was in 1 795 ])laced under the care
of Upper Evesham Monthly and Cropwell Preparative meetings.^-
In 1800 the following report was ])roduced for the Monthly
Meeting:
^^'^"X ^.v^y ^^^^'/ ''r^/r r//,,,^:, V-,/ >,
We the committee . . . inform that there are six schools'*-''taught by Friends,
^*
7/1X71787.
'^Ihid.,

r .^A^r.r^/(^^, ^.^.:) ^':^. -;^^,

W^ ^HMd., 6/1/1792; Minutes of Trustees of Evesham School, at 302 Arch
Street, Philadelphia.
*'Min.
^Ibid.,
Evesham Prep. Mtg;., 9
8/XI/1792; and
«^The following table gives a
'II /1792.
Mm. Evesham Mo. Mtg., 11 XII 1795.
list of school properties in Chester and Evesham
*^ ^J^jS"^ M<L A**4jjC^.^ /i^*(j /4? ^^ iMy^i-wf-J Mipi^ m Monthly Meetings given in Min. Evesham Mo. Mtg., 10/ V/ 1799.
Chester
y%c Date Conveyed By To whom
'^^i V '^'^JO!
y ae/e^fo Af (^*^J^ \' Jacob Hollinshead
Purpose
\^miEk John Warrington School lot at
ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT FOR TEACHERS, TRUSTEES AND EMPLOYEES 15/V/1782 Joshua Roberts Joshua Hunt Moorestown
IN EVESHAM MONTHLY MEETING. RULES BY THE LOWER MEETINGS Jonas Cottell Hugh Cowperthwait
WERE MADE IN ACCORD WITH THESE. John Collins Robert French
Edmond Hollin.shead
that and other purposes adjoining meeting house lot at Upper Evesham; William Roberts
(6) also seeking to get ground near Abraham Engle's convenient for school 31/VIII/1784 Job Cowperthwait Joshua Roberts
School lot near
house, but not fully completed.'*' Ann Cowperthwait John Collins Wilham
Hugh Cowperthwait Matlack's
'»Min. Evesham Mo. Mtg., 1 1/VIII/1786. Reuben Matlack
Thos. Thorne
 r88 Quaker Education in Xew Jersey
Schools of H addonfield Quarter 189
three of which are under the direction of the several Preparative Meetings,
all have been visited by some of our number; and we find there is
of whicli
In 1 80 1 we find the following interesting comment <jii girls'
but one kept up through the year; that the others are kept up during the
winter season, and that the school house at Moorestown has been vacant a
schools:
considerable time for want of a teacher. And we are united in believing that And we likewise think Girls Schools would be necessar>- where men teachers
it would have a tendency to promote the design in view, to encourage such of discontinue in summer, and a female as usher m steady schools, at times. w]io
our young men as are .qualified for the undertaking to engage in the service might teaeli needlework and obviate the necessity of girls' going from such
of teaching, that it might render them more useful to society in other respects schools, to others, to learn that art.
and be a benefit to themselves. And we would remed\- mnc-h inconvenience, if boys and girls were
belive it

Isaac Snowden.**^ not allowed to pla\- together m times of relaxat'on from husiTTcss. but each
Early in iSoi, Evesham Pre])arative stated: have pro]jer l)Ounds allotted tliem. Caleb Atkinson
L<'vi Ballinger.*^
Levi Ballinger informed that there was a lot of ground procured of Uriah
Barton in order to erect a school house and for the use of a school, by the From a report of !<So2 it a]j])ears little success had been met with
Friends, adjacent thereto to be under the care of the Preparative Meeting. "^^
in establishing homes for schoolmasters as "there is but one house
A
committee was aj^pointed to take a deed for the i^roperty and erected for that ]nir])ose" though there were five gr)od school
ten months later, a minute indicated a school was in operation houses under the care of the ])rc])arative meetings. ^^
called "Lower Evesham v^chool." Tntstees for the school were After the separation in 1S27 the number of schools controlled
at this time appointed. ^'^ In 1S02 the school was tau^^ht by Elijah by the Orthodox Friends decreased. In 1 S3 5 we have the following
Weaver. report

27/VII/1791 Samuel Shute Samuel Lippincott School lot in

We have visited our both for summer and winter and find nearly all
si'hools

Thos. Lij)pincott Chester the children of our meml)ers have tlie oi)portnnity of attending Friends' schools.
Henr\" Warrington We have within the compass of this Montlily Meeting 57 children of an age
\Vm. Ro1)erts to go to school, only 2 of which have been at schools not taught l)y members,
Joseph Mat lack
3 have been at Westtown, and tlie remaining ^2 at our schools under the care
Evesham
3/XII/1797 of the Preparative .^^eetings.
John Evans Enoch Evans vSchool lot near
Benjamin Haines Caleb Austin Evesham Mtg. We have one school at Easton, o-ie at Evesham, during the year: also at
Robert Engle Evesham a small school for girls during the wnitt^T season, all which are taught
3 III '1792 John Evans Gabriel Davis School lot near !)> members and visited by committees of the Preparative Meetings. The
Levi Ballinger Evesham vSeriptures ha\-e been dail>- read in llum during the ])ast \"ear, and we are
Joshua Sharp Meeting.
encouraged to believe there is an increasing i.<)ncern with Friends to promote
16/IX/1789 xVbraham Engle John Barton School lot near
the guarded religious education of the \-outh, and encourage ther instruction
John Engle Engle's Mill.
Wm. Wilkins in the scriptures and the doctrines of Friends.
Stacy Haines Job Haines, Joseph Borton, Bathsheba Rolierts, and l^itienee Engle. ^^
John Haines
In the minutes for 11, 11/ 1803 other items of propertv for schools are men- CJnh' in rare cases is there a continuous record extant of an
tioned:
individual school, which covers any consideral)le ])eriod of time.
"25/III/1801, Uriah Barton and Mary Barton, to Levi Ballinger, Job
Borton, Joshua Sharp, Joseph Haines, John Barton, Isaac Ballinger, a lot for In the instance of Evesham School we have a record of the school
the use of a school to be under the care of Friends. trustees from 17S5 to 1840 from which
I /I/ 1 802, William Wilkins and Sarah Wilkins to Bethuel Moore, Cyrus
some details of its history
Moore, Joshua Mason and John Engle, for the use of a school and othe pur- may be obtained. Some extracts from their proceedings are here
poses of Friends.
included as they give the best ]jicture of the school obtainable at
Again, 11/XII/1812, property is conveyed by W^m. (Hewlings?) and Lydia
Hewlings to Wm. Haines, Abram Haines, John Haines, John Jessup and'job this date.
Collins, for the use of a school to be under Evesham Preparative Meeting."
In 1796 they report:
*^Min. Evesham Mo. Mtg., 7/III/ 1800.
^^Min. Evesham Pep. Mtg., 5/ I/1801. ^^Ibid., lO/XII, 1801. **^Min. Evesham Mo. Mtg., 10 IV 1801.
""Hbid., 5/111/ 1802. ^''Ibid., 9, I, 1835.
 :

IQO Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Haddonfield Quarter
191
We heard the scholars go through
their several exercises to our satisfaction—
and at the close of the school, the rules of said school Jessup, Ann
Darnell, Anner Haines, Sarah Ann Troth.
were read and divers K.zia Haines, and Lvdia
remarks made to the children, accordmg to what is Needles-^Jacob Lishman is continued treasurer,
mentioned in said rules mo. 2^rd 1.S40 thrc.- of r

the trustees attended at the school:

for their further improvement, as we
find some improvement made in said ^2 >.holar. present. foh.n Xeedles Ir
'

"
'
IS continued clerk of the
school h>- the scholars since last month. ^" trustees.

In 1797, The tenure

of teachers was. almost without
exception, of brief
Four of the trustees present and examined the writing duration. In 1798 the trustees re])ort states
books, where some the school has been
improvement was observed.^' kept open "the most part of the year
under the tuition of several
That tmstees showed some regard for the teachers. "^'^' In 1834. "the school has been taught
feelings of a beginning about . .
->

teacher is evident from the following months Benjamin .M. Haines, and about 7 months l)^•
b>'
Hannah
25 I\' 8 10 Ambrose Chapman opened school for one vear and next
Gillmgham, and at present by William R.
1
day Lippincott.'"^^'^
being visitation day the trustees adjourned by
request of the teacher for one
Week. '^Ihid., 9/Vnr 1798.
^^^'^^^"^'^ ^^'"'^ f^^lowing i. a list of teachers mentioned from 1796
In 18 14, to'i840.-'
''^' ^-oncluded
from under the care of Jame> Griffiths
[
month 2-j day 1.S14 Being visitation day and all the trustees were present ,R}X/,^I?^ "''1^'''^!
-nuns.
and examining several l)ranches of laming and wher satfied with the improve-
^ 'YT
^^ school opened under \Vm. Wood
^^hool oi)ened under care of Jolm
l^n^/illt'' Jones.
ment. Xo. of scholars 62. 9/IV/179S opened under care of Abigail Hunt.
.^'•,'^9« school was visited by i trustee and
In [817, u several Women
friends, who were well satisfied.)
At a visitation the 3 ^/ XA i,9<S again op)ened under John Jones.
. mo
27 1S17, Three of the trustees heard the children
15 1\ 1799 school opened under James Heminway
gowe through the Several l)ranches of Learning to Satisfaction.
,

Sehollers 33. school at this time liad about 22 scholars,

At a \^isitation 7 nv>. 22 two of the trustees 29 \'rir
'^ -or.
'>)h
i

present heard the Children read 27/XI/1799 were 43 schoIar>.

and spell to satisfaction. -"''^'"^^ ^" J^^^vr bcvn
emplovrd from i7(n,-i.>oS.
V/
V/ /rSn-
/ixn. J?':"''"^7'^>'
Ellm Atkm.son opened school and continued
The following is the final report of the Tmstees relating to the Hwiimgway again taught in i,so6.
^ mo-'ths

,o/v/,w
school in 1840. ft^njamin Lippincott oi)ened school.
i- n- w^o
>sst^ ^Villiams opened .school to
\Ve the trustees appointed to the care of Evesham o-'rv' w 9 III iMu
School report that the Ambrose Chapman (part of vear in 1S12)
scHx.l has l)een taught l:)y Henr>- Haines 31 vVt 1812
^? All, w'^
about 2 months, bv Msivy Ann Josiah Evans '-Taught remainder of the ^ear "
Li .pmcott about 4//, i'M4 both Evans and Chapman taught and
months, and is at present taught bv Jacob Roberts; 5 months under the
tuition of a female.
t'le average number of scholars about The school has been visited monthly ,^ .
„
2:,. VI/1817 Edward Bullock
hy some of the trustees, and we believe was conducted in an orderly manner Jo-'^hua Stevenson commenctd teaching
1>>- the above named
o vrr/^
vui 1820
teachers; and the scholars have conducted orderlv
as far
2^5, Joshua Steven>on '-adiourntd the school."
as appears. There are $300 school fund at interest at the control" ^4/lV 1820 Elizal)eth Borton opened scho(»l
Preparative Meeting; and the Separatists continue
of, the A 1820 Elizabeth Borton closed school.
to keep in their hands 2/II/1820
S212, exclusive of interest.
John Thornton opened scliool.
After receiving the rent of the frame school 3/1/ 1822 Elhs Comfort mentioned as hax-ing taught
house and lot and the for some months
interest 0:1 the $300 we believe there will sufficient I)ast.
tn clear the school of debt.
^ '^'^ "^"^^^';^ '0- Ai.igail G. Bedford;
; mos. b\- '?r-^''''?I- ^^f^"^"^- ~ "^">-
^
Signed on behalf of the trustees, 2 \\ ni. \\ Burr..

"Z^^/^^^vS Benjamin Buckman opened school.

John Xeedles Jr. ^^^ Benjamin Buckman closed school
R. Jessup Mary ^^'/VT
27/XI/1826 /

David Hunt opened school

The above report was read in Preparative
Meeting and the following named Between 25 Wl and 27 XI Rebecca Engle
Friends were appomted trustees for the ensuing taught for 6 months.
vear: Benjamin M. Haines Joshua Haines 0{)ened school.
""1^^^ Jessup, David Darnell. Clayton Collins, John Xeedles A/YT/
26/Xr/i827 Benjamin Buckman opened school.
Jr., Mary
23/1 V r829 Am\- Haines of)ened school.
•'"Mm. Evesham School Trustees, 1796, p. 9. '-'^Ihid., 16/XI/1797. 30 'XH 1830 Ann Svkes 7 mos. of pa^t vear
 ;

192 Quaker Education in Xci^' Jersey

Schools of Haddonficld Quarter
ig.
The items in trustees' reports. dealin<,^ with the number of pu]jils Up to the middle of the nineteenth
cvntur^ eliildren
attendin<,\ show that attendance fluctuated between crreat extremes at Kve.ham
almost without excq.tion, attended
but that, in Fneiids' schools. After that
o:eneral,attendance in mid-winter was lar<,^est, falHng timcMij the nmnber ni members of a^^e
away summer for school declined
in months. wSome reports for summer months, by the end of the centur>' there were but until
however, show record breaking; attendance. few . A a^e to attend school
Below is <,^iven the the number
(2) at district schools tended to
record of attendance over a few vears.'-^"* increase, and cr.nsc-
quently the preparative meetin<^s' schools
(3)
were discontmued
3/1/1^33 Mary H. Cooj^er 6 mos. of past year, and four months by The followmc. table^'^ sets forth the facts
concernint.^ this decline
Benjamin Haines. and the dispersion of children into different
The 30th of 3rd month vSummer vSchool opened this week under the tuition schools
of Hannah Gilhn^ham. Present 3 men and four women.
Number of scholars 22. TABLE
2 1834
I William R. Lippincott.
31/Xn 1835
27/Xn, 1836
"There is one lately commenced by Rebecca Glover."
"... school held at the brick house taught by Henry Haines."'
Children —hon' situated - - f - ':2 "^ X X X 5v

(At this time there were two schools one in a brick house Of ao^e for schooling
and another in the frame house.) 34 3*^ 35 21 12 12 TQ t6 it 9
XH/ 1837 Phebe Williams taught summer school.
At Prep. Altg. schools
31 25 If) 4
3/1/1^39

26/Xn/i839
Samuel Haines, 3 mos. past
Amy Borton, 7 months past.
Alary Ann Lippincott for j^l4 months past.
At Westtown
District vSchools
396722 7 ;^ 4
2 7 ^"^ ^S I 116 II
2 I/1840 Jacob Roberts at present teacher. Deaf & Dumb Inst. Phila. I I
'•'^Collected from reports of the school trustees, 1799-1811
I^ate
Select Sch. taught by member
Pupils Date Pupils I 2
29 Vni/1799 22 3'V 21 Not attending:
I
3/x/ 27 2 vni/ 20 I
31/X/ Select school not taught b>' member
27 30/vni/ 22 I I
27 Ai 43 29/Xi/ 28 Friends' Select School, Phila.
2
2/I/i«oo 3/I/1805 I
39 30 Family Schools under Friends
43 28/n/ 39 6
30/J/- Not accounted for
27 11/ 32 3/X/ 26
3/IV/ I
24 31/X/ 25 At schools under care of Friends
28/Vni/ 28 28/XI/ 25 7 • 6
1/I/1801 26 2/1/1806 48 Moorestown Friends' Academy
29/1/ 42 23/I/ 50 2 3
26 H/
Boarding School not under Friends
36 23/V/ 19 I
2/IV/ 25 25/I/181O 46 Returning now to 1827, we find that
30/Vn/ 22/n/ at the separation a part of
29 51
the school funds, amounting to
3/^/ 33 3/V/ -j-j -S. 12.00 was in the hands of the
36 24/V/ 74 Separatists," and some schools were continued under their
'/^i,;
3/xn/ 21/V1/ care
39 62
31 xn/ 40 26/vii/ 62
In 1848, we learn from the women's minutes that:
28/1 1802 50 23/vni/ 62 The trustees of Eveshaiu Low.r School
30 IX/ 29 20/IX/ 47
j^rociuce.] a report that there
had
been a sehool taught s,x months hy Ah.gan
^^:^/,: 30 25/X/.... 38 Eldndge and vrsited bv the Com-
30/Xn/ 35 22/XI/ 30 ""1,^" ^^^'"''"'^ ^'"^^^'^ "^'"^ continuing the same
c'ommhtee with the
i/IX 1803 23 27/XII/ 4:5
?r.
addition of Deborah Warrick's name.^"'
29 IX/ 28 24/I/1811 70
3 xi/^ 23 2i/n/ Again in 1859,
57
29/ xn
1804 33 21 III/ 47 The situation of center school house
claiming the attention of this meeting
2/}I/i«04 43 25/IV/ 55 Pemlx^rton Borton, Wilham D. Rogers
i/ni/ 35 23/v/ 60 and John H. Dudley are appointed
27/'ni/ 27 i/vni/ 47
22/vni/ 51 -M^'^f^es^Prcn^M; ^'w'""
.Mm. livcsham I^rej). Mtg., Women ^i'" ^> ^"^ '''' ^^^^-
Friends, (H.j, 28, XI,
mentioned.
1848.
194 Quaker Education in Xew Jersey
Schools of Haddonfield Quarte
19.
to take charge of it and do as in their opinion may seem best and report to this
meeting when prepared. ^'^ In i«o3,

By 1864 the "Lower Evesham School" had become defunct:

This meetmg was mformed
that Friends have buih an house
suitable for a
chool house on a ground deeded b>- William Wilkn^s for
lot of
There has been no school taught since last report, and there is no prospect that purpose
o be known by the name of Easton
of any; We
therefore recommend the sale of the property. school house and request that
be appomted which was united with trusteed
There a balance in the treasurer's hands of eight dollars and ninety-five
is
and appointed: Wilham Wilkms
. . .

John Engle, Samuel Roberts, Bethewel More

cents which was satisfactory to the meeting, and after a free expression
. . .
and Stephen Morris- and Wm'
of sentiment it was the judgment of this meeting to authorize the trustees of
said school property to offer it at public or private sale and transfer the pro-
ceeds thereof to the treasurer of said meeting for its use, and report when
prepared.^*

In the answers to questions, sent in to the Educational Committee

of the Yearly Meeting in 1875 we have a statement of the causes
for the discontinuance of schools at that place.
The Friend appointed at last Meeting to frame answers to the questions
produced the following which was read, united with and Wm. D. Rogers ap-
pointed to forward them to the Clerk of the Educational Committee.
1. \Vc have no school under the care of our Meeting.

2. There are 10 children of suitable age to attend school, that are members

of our meeting; 8 that have one parent a member.

3. The children are so isolated that they could not attend any one school,
and not sufficient members to support one, there l)eing a good public school
in the immediate vicinity of the Meeting; therefore, any assistance that the
Committee would be likely to give would not support a school.
4. There is no school under the care of our Monthly Meeting.^''^

Eastox School
Easton Preparative Meeting was not established until 18 10.
The first minute bears the date 26/IV"/i8io, but, though the
Easton School was already in operation its trustees' reports were Qr-\KER SCHOOL AT EASTON NfKHTINc,
presented to the older meeting at Evesham. On 23 /I/1812 their
Wilkms is appointed treasurer, who are to report
report was first brought before the Easton Pre])arative Meeting. their care in the 8th month

Easton School dates back to the very beginning of the century. ' ""'"'"" ^" ^^ ''^ ^^^""^ ^^>' ^^^^-"^ --^^ monthly
mTetrng.-.
In 1 80 1,
The above named trustees made report on the school
Bethewel Moar (More ?) informed that William Wilkins was disposed to in the
year following:
convey a lot of ground for the use of a school and other i)urposes, to be wholly
under the care and direction of this Preparative Meeting, the following Friends
We the trustees ui i-aston School agree
to report that we have
attende.l
generallv
to take a title for the said lot and to execute a declaration of trust: Bethewel
t<-our appomtment and visited the
school monthly
^';'^''^'' '^'''''' ^^'^'^
Moar. loshua Mason, Cvrus Moar, and lohn Engle .""^ . .
y^ \ ^^>'^'^
^' ^^^^^-^^ "f order and d..nrum
preMTv.d in the
school during its cntnuKuicc wliirh
9'Min. Evesham Prep. Mtg., (H.), i /'XI/1859.
was six months m the year.
(S!,triir(i for the trust t-es by vSaniucl
^Hhid., 26/T/1864. ^'Uhid., 27 Vri7i«75. Roberts)""
io"Min. Evesham Prep. Mtg., 8/X/ 1801.
''nnd., 8/ IX, 1 603. '^^-ibid., 9'vrTr'i8o4.
 196 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Haddonfield Quarter
^97
In 1806 a lot was secured
Easton School beins^ for the benefit of Besides the means of support^ subscript ions-^the
re,<^ular
school
deeded bv Wilh'am Wilkins and Sarah Wilkins to Joseph Haines, benefitted m two ways considerably: In 1825
Obadiah En^lc ac-
-iV ~ ' ''' ''''"'•

-X .J^iH^H^HHB' /f(f/ '•'-''''

»- .

ft<.l /,-'

^ - ^ '4
I

^y --
f ,'. t V .'

/ /X
-; ./I

->;

/
//
.^'^;. 'yr '
.:, /i^i^ irti.t ;a'
/
..
, ,</,. v^f-/ 5^
- /
""' J^f A^'*^ ^^^^J^.A^f .yJ./A>>//^i
^j

y.
I //f
>'^^/f r /AK^ ^^'^,^i'4'/r/%tf
< J- '''^
"*
/^^
/•^;^.-
^^y' . 'y v/ / ^. . •
/^/ ^ ^, ., / y/.^
y f

/ *< . ^
. ''
^^ ' ^'/* ^O i ^ .'' 7 >
J , J r//>? ,./ y/.

/ .y^ / '<-
.'^.A,^y/ ^C/t^^

/y;>t .«^.
V.
.7^ r»

/^ /•^r^j -^tv: ^/i /yCr ^^/<<^*C >, f\. -

'Jr*-:'' 'i-r-f^^ ^. . ;^y i. /, ^ , / ,./^.>i
I ;•<.<

THE DEBIT SIDE OF THE EASTON SCHOOL ACCOUNTS IN 1 83 THE CREDIT SIDE OF THE FASTOV SCHOOL
I
ACCOIXT ROOK IV 1
83 I

Obadiah John Engle and John Borton for that "and other
Eno^le. knowled^^e receii)t of .S500. l)einK^ the
i)aMnent ofale-acv and
reH^nous purposes of Friends and no other use whatsoever. "'^'^ after 1836, there are frequent
items of monex' receu'ed from the
»'«Min. Evesham Mo. Altg., 5/II/1808; for other property see also a deed state school fund.'"-*
at 15 & Race Streets (packet of Papers in Haddonfield Box) dated 15/IV/1847,
giving land for use of Easton School. ^"'Easton School Treasurer's Account
Book.
 —

tqS Quaker Education in Neiv Jersey

Schools of Haddonfield (Juarter 199
The followinga typical report of the Easton Trustees in the
is
Between 1872 and 1S7S the preparative meeting
early part of the century: minutes make
no mention ol a sch<n being kept. In 187S
,]
a financial statement
The trustees of Easton School agree to report that we have mostly attended was rendered, but there is no indication that a
to our appointment and monthly to general satisfaction,
visited the school school had been
during its continuance, which was about 6 months. Josiah Evans, teacher.
operated by the meeting. The amount of the
school fund how-
N. B. There has been a school in said school house three months taught by ever, was Si 08 1. 2 2. '^3
Elizabeth Conrow and visited by women trustees.^°^
21/I/1819 Rhoda Collins 3 mo.
By mid-century a few changes are to be noticed a longer school : 27/I/1820 Beaulah Matla'ck 3 mo.
tenn; women teaching longer terms; and men teaching shorter 22/I/1824 Cornwall Stephenson and Charles Moor
23/VI/1824 Charles Moore
terms. The following is typical for this later period: 5/I/1825 Mary E. Haines
The 21/111/1825 Joseph E. Haines
trustees of Easton school report that there has been a school taught
28/X/1825 Abigail Borton
in said house about 9 months of the past year— about three months of the time 26/I/1826 Abigail Borton 6 mos.
taught by male teachers, and visited by men trustees to general satisfaction. 1826 Henry Worrington (The Remainder.)
Also six months taught by a female and visited monthly by Women trustees 13/IX/1827 Henry D. Worrington (Warrington?)
18/I/1828 Jacob Buckman & his wife Elizabeth
to general satisfaction.
31/IV/1828 Benjamin Roberts ^iir..ar |i
The amount fund at interest
of the is S735.00 28/111/1829 Camel (Cornwall?) Stevenson
Interest due not paid 21.00 15/IX/1830 Lucy Page
Balance on Hand 25/I/1832 Alartha Warrington
, 12.66
31/III/1834 vSarah Ann Engle
29/VIII/1834 Barclay Haines
Making in all 768.66 1836 Henry W. Lippincott
vSigned on behalf of the trustees. 1836 Julianna Powell
Nathan Roberts, Benjamin Roberts.'**^
1840 Samuel R. Wilkins
1840 Abigail Eldridge
In the early part of the century male teachers are usually re- 1842 Edith Buzby
corded as teaching about 6 months of the year; the women, usually 1842 Clayton Brown
1843 Rachel Eldridge
a three months term. In the middle of the century women teach 1944 Nathan L. Engle
six months and more; while male teachers are employed often 1846 Ann Prickett
1846 Ezra Engle
for not more than three months. In 1850 the school report stated
1847 Julianna Powell
the school had been taught for eleven months, 3 months by a male, 1848 Jacob Roberts
and 8 months by a female teacher.^o^ In 1872 the school was 1849 Joseph H. Borton
carried on for 9 months, 4
1849 Hannah B. Lishman
months by a male and the rest by a female 1851 Mark H. Buzby
teacher. ^^^ 1852 Lucy Ann Bun-
1854 Robert B. Engle
»o^Min. Easton Prep. Mtg., 23/I/1812.
^^Ibid., 27/I/1842.
1855 Anna Estlack (East lack?)
^^Ubid., 26/XII/1850. 1856 A. S. Haines
^^^Ibid., 25/I/1872; The foUowitig is a list of teachers mentioned at Easton
School, 1 8 13-1870, gathered from minutes of Easton Prep. Mtg., and Ac-
1858 Mary L. Buzby
count Book of Treasurer of Easton School. 1859 Clayton L. Brown
Date 1861 Sarah Eastlack
Name
21/I/1813 Josiah Evans 1861 Samuel L. Moore
Samuel C. Atkinson 1862 Wm. B. Endicott
Elizabeth Conrow 1863 Rebecca W. Kite
27/1/ I « 14 Allen Moore 1865 Susanna H. Engle
26/I/1815 Charles Moore 1870 Henry H. Wilkins
25/I/1816 Job Roberts 1870 E. E. Roberts
21/I/1819 Aron Quicksal 8 mo. ''Ubid., 24/I/1 878,
 : ™

200 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Haddonfield
Quarter 2or
Medford Moxthly Meeting meetings, ihc follow,,,, plan
recorded for unih-ing the
In 1760. itpon request of Friends situated at
Upper Evesham it
school sup,,ort in Upper
Evesham
is
^' for
funds ^""^ ^
was permitted by the Evesham Meetin- that a meeting Wethe committee aonointed tn
for worship r-on , ] .- , -

beheld "at the school house near Robert Braddock's."

This was
right settlement of
report that we have -,11
XZITZ^^^T "
'''""'
'/
"'''"«
"" ' ""''°""''"-^-
^"'"''^
'"^

'I'erefore,
'^e
do
an indul-ed meetin- until 1774, when they
requested advice con-
n, mK . ,
'
I','"'

cernm^^ the "enlarc^ement of their meeting

erally of the m.n^that "/^ ^tsf" ''^r'' .'T
''\
^^'T
''"' '^ ''-
place." Upon advice should have a
sta.,d,nKcon,tn.:teett,::,:rtha'
of Evesham it was enlarged, and the ..,;•;;,;
li^^^^^^^^^^
Preparative Meeting of Upper annually at. or soon after
thereeeipt of the
'"'""'''"^
extracts "''-h'>"l'i v,sU T
Evesham created 1784.m Ten >-ears later the Monthly
Meeting approbated and e.stahhshed i,^- ,1, •
res„„!„
'''"''" ^ Prepara.nv nu-et.nKS
the schools

ofUpper Evesham was created, composed of the and assist in establishinij then ,
and adv,se
preparative just ""'"'• '^''"' "'"«'
"'^™- ^"'^ '"^ke a
mentioned and that at Cropwell. Since 1850 the clear report to the \on, M '''r''
ing has been called Medford. ^1*^
Several years before the creation of the
Monthly Meet- .n the ^h n,ont;:it;^, .
schools should by a n,in,„"c
'
of „..
T|;: r;t; '": T-'''"^ "'''-^-^
PrXu ^^ ""'
T
7
s '^^ ''"'' ""'"^•'

Preparative Meeting at number of Friends appointed

as trus."s a" d a tr " """'"'"" '7
Upper Evesham some efforts had been made to secure them as ,n the follou.ng essay """ """"-^
school but "little or no prospect of getting (it)"
land for a
At a Preparative
of a tnm:,:: Jr"""'- t '^'^

Afeetin'^ at [^)n,.r P,-.

was reported, and u r>

also that "a teacher at that place is wanting."'!^ appeanng necessary that th;soo',f:::\
In spite of these obstacles, however, "schools"
belonging to Fnends should
be under thf te ,
'7 " "" "'°''-^'
were established, following Fnends v.z.:
John Hantes jlb /p ,k t '''
and in 1783, Webster, and losenh \Vilr„v . ,
V^uTrT'''''
^' ""'"^' '-aurence
' ' *

The following Friends were appointed to have the '" '"" '^'''''''
"--
oversight of the schools
Trustees of Fniscl^rat u" "''r"':'
''>' ^'«- "f
kept by Friends within this Preparative Meeting,
to wit: Joshua Owen, Joseph
of office, donations ma^-
"T" "••""-"-•«--
'

Wilcox, John Hamcs, and Jobe Collins, '

who are desired to attend to that be ma.ie In as

service, and report their care therein to said school, and the same I
,""'"""'«'• '"^ "" benefit of
a future Meeting. "- shall ,

In 1786 a committee was at work to shaia-eepfLiraccotnts an alt

:,Tu;m ';
" !"T
'" ''" ''"''-' "^^
secure a lot for the school, .norder that they mav'be app,,;,; '•"-->'-•
and. after several months service, reported r!: "J l^;: :

^T':™;'
they had purchased i of the stock without the
approbat.on of the tn'ees ' "" '""""'
'"-"
^

acres of ground of Cornelius Bramin.

adjoining the meeting house
lot, paying for the same £ 12
per acrc^^^ This lot having been ^^^^^^X^^ix^iz:::;:: r '- ""-^
'"''
^•^^" -^--^ ^^- -- -
secured, a school was conducted under
mittee, though "not kept to so much
superintendance of a com-
or residence of ;he
support of said teachers
tLch r ,
g
,ni5
f,,' ::.":;:.;:'
"''"' '"'*'^^' l"-"^—"
'

'TT for the

'°' ^'^""'^
comfortable
^'"'^'"'^-- "'-"
sired, yet we believe there is
satisfaction as could be de-
encouragement for further labor;"
cash ,n hand for th" e ^u^
of more when wanted, o
// d.-r",;
''^
t ',

°""'
"-'-V

'''"
lune
'"''"'
a o le na^ 'T''''''
the committee further deprecates the
"want of the masters and
employers more fulh- uniting with (it) in that necessary
this meeting and receive
our ad
who are always to be approved
tZ oi^Z r" ' '"' ^'""^ ^''°"'

work."»'^ n:embe::\T;H, Ic^.^'a^dtsLr''":

-'ut.iLi>, and tor
However, a >-ear later, they find "the school in cause dismiss them- aHTTut -ru ,• r ,
sutticient
reasonable good and make s^ h ru ^ f" '"^ ""'° ""''' "''^'^^^'^^
order mthe general, and some considerable improvement in school
e
ment of the school as lev '
a d ^r' '
^^'°'''
'"T '°
'™'^'"^ "'^' ^""-^ '^"«'"'-
learning."
_2i^i792. in accord with suggestions made previously by higher
ii^Record of the several meetings; also,
Michener: Retrospect of Early Qiiak-
^^^4^^^--^ ^"d Bunting: List of Records, hV
''nf(V.^"i\^^^^^^fr
^^^vlin. bvesham Mo. tr^"-'
Mtg.. q/IX'i77Q
'

-Mm. U. E. Prep. Mtg.,4;vr'i783''^'

^^'Ibid., 3/V/i7«6. lujtid., 9/I/i78« and 9/IV71788. proceedings '
'''*^"''"' """"t^s of their
g.^ or
o, a short s,a,cn,e,n
, ,
'
, .
. . .
.lH.re„f, w:;!: ,„. 1..
regulations as they
202 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Haddorifield Quarter
make, lay before Meeting in the eighth month annually, for
this Preparative
20^
our sense thereon, when a fresh appointment of trustees and treasurer is always reported "to a -ood degree of satisfaction."
to be made for the ensuing year. This Avuh -'the
school kept HI the hack ai)artment
Second, that a subscription should be opened in the Preparative Meeting ol ihis house" wen^ tbc n^o
schools of the mectiiiK.^'^^
The school "near Joshua Peacock's" is
for each of these schools ... in substance as follows:
We the subscribers, in religious membership with the people called Quakers, later called "Northampton School."»7 In 17^4 the following
tlie

do hereby severally, for ourselves and our heirs, j)romise to pay on demand report concernmg it was produced:
and in hard cash as it now passeth current, unto Barzillai Braddock, Treasurer The trustees appointed last year to i^uvc the
of Friends School at Upper Evesham ... or to his successor in that office for
care oi IVunds School in the
township of Northampton produced the followmg report from the
. .

minutes
.

the time being, the sum of money by us respectively written against and with of their proceedmgs to wit
have mostly attended thereto monthlv
: . . .

our names, with interest therefor at the rate of six pounds for the hundred by said school was discontinued, which until
was in the 5th month last and do report
the year, the principal sum to be and remain a durable fund under the direction that said school was well conducted in
—
of the trustees of said school ^now or hereafter and be appointed by the said
the general, and a good degree of
observed and also considerable improvement
decorum
m school learning, j.articularlv
preparative meeting and by them, when paid in, to be laid out, or lent on in- m reading and writing, yet more
attention to this weighty trust ",
terest, in such manner as they shall judge will best secure an interest or annuity ••'-'>
needful. '^'* '

and the interest or annuity thereof is to be applied to the education of such

In 794 the "school at Upper Evesham
children as now do, or hereafter shall belong to the said meeting, or within 1
was conducted in a .v>od
the compass of said school, whose parents are, or shall be in low circumstances, degree orderly," while that at Northampton
was not visited as
and to the education of such black children as shall by said trustees be thought the teacher was not in membershi]).
But in Soo thev note 'some i
'

to have a claim to this benefit. And whole shall not be wanted

in case the improvement was perceivable-^the Rules of
for the purpose, then in that case the interest of the said monies so unexpended the School being
several times read and remarks made
may be applied to the schooling of other poor children, or to such other uses of thereon for their instruc-
tion.""^
the said school, now, or schools which hereafter may be approved by the said
meeting at or near that place, as the said trustees for the time being, or the In 1801, a report made by the monthlv
meeting, recorded "four
major part of them shall think will best answer and advance the design and schools within the compass of this
meeting, three of which have
benefit of the institution and it is agreed that the sum subscribed shall not
. . .
small funds raised for the schooling of
be called for from the subscriber whilst the interest is duly paid, but may be
poor children. " These four
were in Cropwell and Upper Evesham Preparative
paid when he or she pleaseth. Meetings.^^o
In 1802 the following report was made:
Which subscription should be freely entered into by the members generally
within the limits of the said school, and by any other Friends who are free We the committee have visited three of the schools that are
. . .
under
thereto, according to their respective circumstances. Thus, and by donations fnends care but the school in North Hampton being occupied
.
. .
by one not
from benevolent persons in their last wills, our Funds may, in time, become professing with us m religious membership,
we therefore did not attend We
induce well qualified teachers to undertake the trust of educating
sufficient to also find the principal sum
the fund for the schools within the
of
compass of
our youth and give all necessary instruction to the children of Friends in low- Upper Evesham Preparative Meeting amounts to
£ 30/10/1, and the principal
circumstances and of the black people. sum subscribed to the Cropwell school amounts
to £ 105. and interest unex-
Third, and it is advised that Friends of ability may
be liberal in their sub- pended 18/3/9. The schooling of several poor
children has been paid for out
scriptions, not only to the particular school within whose limits they reside, 01 tne said funds since last year."^
but to such others within their Monthly Meeting where Friends may not be A year later, all four schools were under the care of the meeting's
of ability to raise the necessary funds for supporting and advancing this good
teachers and "purty well conducted. "'22
work.
Signed on behalf and desire of the committee, nth month, by
The following report on Northampton appeared in
22d, 1790, 1805:
William Rogers. ^^^ We the trustees have attended thereto every month while taught by
. . .

In 1792 a special Committee was appointed to superintend the Jesse Bond, he having left it last spring m
order to obtain further instruction
"school taught by Isaac Andrews" near Joshua Peacock's, and ^"^ 8/VIII/1792. n7/^^
nlit^" l^J/rVr? 7/XI/1792.
!'"^^^- 9/VIII/1797; 6 VIII/fHoo.
"V6i</., 4/IV/1792. Z^"iV\^^l'nf
 2 04 Quaker Education in New Jersey Schools of Haddonfield (Ju.irler
205
himself and returned in the fall, since which time we have had
the satisfaction The
trustees appointed to the care of
the .school at Medford,
of observing a considerable improvement both m
school learning and the order n has been kept ,„, nearly all the r..,,„r, -,hat
of the school in general. ''-^ past year; the average numhcr ,f schola
In 1805 the preparative meetino; recorded that a lot of
3 acres
taughrr'
aught by a :r'
male t
.-.n,!
"^
par, r'-^^^^"--
l,v
•>'
"- --hers, ,..., ,. ,hc
tcn.,lc, al! ,n membership
,.
, i
wnh us While
had been purchased at Brotherton for the purpose of establishing^
and uhen h> the males, mo.st -f us
a school and burying ground. A committee was gcn..n,l!v visited it mo^th]^.
and have h.d'
appointed to nu. sat.sfact.on of perce.ving a
cons.dcrahlc advancement „, 's
have charge of the title to the said property.'--^ This was to be The^orcier mau^.-uncd, and general
hool Icarni
deportn.™ of the scholars, has been™",::
called Hartford School. In 1806 the committee reported they had
taken title to the property for Hartford school, but little is heard
re,In ,'h™f
''' .'" "" --
-^'I ""rs.gh, of Hampton
!''i ""i;"'"'^'' School
of afterwards. same year the meeting was informed that ^^"' P^"' '"™"™ ""^"" "»' ""' •''«avs
it In the
iH acres had been purchased near Fostertown and a school house
The school
h .K f
has been kept up about half the
monthlv)
year hut taugh, b^• a person no in
membersh.p w.th us, the general order of "
built thereon; a committee to take title for the same, the school in a good degree't^fe
and a com- tory, and a progressmg in
school learning perceivable
mittee to superintend the school, were appointed. This was '^'^
,"""' '" ^"" '^^ ^''" "P "''™' ** '""""^•^ °f 'he year,
t,ar! of \h7r'
the fore
known as the "Northern School." which, with the Northampton part the t.me by a master, and in the
.summer season bv a female teacher
and Upper Evesham schools, made a total of three belonging to both members of our society, and,
although we have to acknowledg
quent neglect ,n a punctual attention o\t r"'
the preparative meeting, and possiblv a fourth— the to our appointment, vet
Hartford believe the
School. 126 time It has been vacant
for want of a teacher
In 1809 the following report was made on the Northern School: At an annual Meeting of the
tru.stecs of the several schools
under cnrc of
The trustees of the Northern School . report that we have endeavored to
. .

attend to our appointment, but owing to the difficulty of procuring

I li. l«2/. by which ,t appears there has been expended dunng
a suitable the past
teacher, the school has been vacant nearly half of the year
very much to the *l 1,10.09.
loss of the children of the neighl)orhood when it has been Interest unexpended, which now
occupied by a teacher is due, Sii-.57,i29
we have most of us visited monthly and to a good degree of satisfaction.^-"
In 1829 the three schools, Bedford, Northern
and Hampton
In 18 14 the question of establishing a Boarding School for were reported again in good condition;
boys and in 18,4 h'kewise with
abo\'e the age to go to Westtown, was discussed by the Monthly the exception that it was proposed
that Hampton be discontinued
Meeting: because there was a new school in
the vicinity. In its place a
new Friends' School was planned.-
It being proposed for the consideration of this
meeting the propriety of es- A few months later the
tollowing report on the new school
tablishing a Boarding School within the compass of our Yearly
Meeting and was submitted:
under its care and direction for completing the education of lads of riper
age
than those admissable at Westtown, that institution affording ample Hamcs, at the Cross Roads near h,s
provision residence, whereon we have erected
for females, while the education of the other sex after convenient frame school house, an<l a
the age of 15 is not suffi- establishe.l a school therein,
ciently provided for within the pale of our society. propose to denominate the Eastern which w"'
Aftei deliberate considera- School, and request the meeting
tion the meeting united in forwarding the subject to our to appoin
ensuing Quarterly trustees ,„ s^upenntend it on its
behalf, it be.ng our .ntention to
Meeting in order that if there united with the same may be forwarded to our fuppor thi
ensuing Yearly Afeeting for its consideration. ^-'s the"e"in o
" "'°°' '" ""'
*
"
"'^""•™ ^''-'--hich we submit to

In 1827 the preparative meeting made the following report on Joshua Stokes Joseph Haines
schools. David Haines John Collins
. Job Ballinger.i'^i
'='Min, U. E. Prep. Mtg., 6/111 1805 '-*Ibid., 6/XI/1805.
'''Ibid., 8/1/ 1806. i»/6j-</..
5/III/'i 806. '--Ibid., 8/II/1809.
liybid., 29/I/1829, and 30/1/1834.
'^*Min. U. E. Mo. Mtg., 12/II/1814. -^^-^
'''Ihid., 29/V/1834. ^ ^
 :o6 Quaker Education in Xew Jersey
Schools of Haddonfield Quarter
207
A
report of 1841 shows that these schools were still controlled
tnore in conformity with our discipline,
by the preparative meeting. ^^- it will prove as a hedge about us and
preserve us from many hurtful things.
After the separation (1827) attention to schools was urged upon And we do feel desirous that
a more frequent and diligent perusal
of the
monthly meetings more strongly than ever before. Replying to a Holy Scriptures may be put in practice especially
on the first dav of the week-
request for a full report Upper Evesham stated in 1830: and believe that as Friends are engaged to
seek for strength and opport urn tv
to sit down together in their families
We the committee ... do find that with respect to the situation and state
and have them read, thev will afford
comfort and consolation to the minds of
of our schools there are 5 within our Hmits, all
those who are sincereh- desirous of
under the control of Friends, being benefitted thereby.
and superintended by 5 trustees to each of them, appointed annually by the
Signed by
Preparative Meeting and who report thereto; and all of them except one, taught
by members of our Society; three of them, being within the limits of Upper Josiah Reeve
Evesham Preparative Meeting have a fund of about $800 belonging in common Joseph Evans (Evens?)
stock, and appropriated where most wanted, to the assistance of the children Lydia Stokes
of such Friends as may need it and when there is a surplus, it is by the united Rebecca C. Evans. i''»

A
;

assent of all the trustees made use of in paying for such other scholars as they
summar>- of the report returned in 1835 shows the following
^
may think proper, as there is often a difficulty in making up at all times in schools.
the year, a number sufficient to employ a teacher. The school in the Eastern I. School at Medford oi)en during the vear.
District of said meeting has very few Friends children within its limits, and 2 Eastern School open nearly all time since
the Trustees have often been induced to employ teachers that were not Friends, house was huill in the sr,rina
and taught by members. ""
owing to the great difficulty of finding qualified teachers of our own society.
3. Northern school open 9 months and during
Within Cropwcll Preparative Meeting the school at Pine Grove has a small summer taught Ln- a memV,er
fund m the possession of Friends and appropriated as occasion may require,
4. Pine Grove open K
year, most of time taught bv person not" in nK^nhc-r-
ship.
exclusively for the benefit of those within its limits. There is also a fund for 5. Cropwell, 9 months, by members.
the benefit of Cropwell school^ and, until of late, it was appHed in the same
6. Young men and women members have alleviated
way; l)ut said fund is now in the hands of the former treasurer, who has gone tin- -listress hv enlist --nc.
as teachers m winter and summer.
offwith the Separatists, and who declines settling with the committee appointed
7. Some attend mid-week meetings.'*^
for that purpose.
There is but one family of Friends who have children, within the limits of In a period of thirty years, about
1840 to 1870. the number of
our Monthly Meeting but what are within a reasonable distance of one of the Friends children of suitable age for
schooling decreased bv more
five schools,and that family is out of reach of all, but in circumstances that than half, and consequently the incentive for maintaining
will enable them to place their children amongst Friends to obtain their schools
learn- was less strong. Moreover, of those, suitable for school a
ing, whenever they wish so to do. The important part of the recommendation much
of the Yearly
smaller pro]^ortion attended Friends' schools
Meeting respecting a religious education has particularly claimed ini87o than in i84->
our attention, and we feel the necessity of endeavoring to impress on the minds and a considerable number patronized the
district schools. The
of parents and heads of families the responsible situation in which we are table shows how children were placed
among schools in this period.
placed, and the very important charge with which we are entrusted; that we
may endeavor to be good examples, which is said to go before precept and
that we may experience a qualification to watch over the tender openings
— TABLE
of Distribution of children in schools.
their youthful minds in very eady life, and as they unfold to impress on
them JS42
the truths of our Holy Religion and the necessity of conforming to the sim- 185 1 1855 i860 1 86 s T870
Children of a-e for sch(x;l 86 86 77
plicityof our religious profession, for which our worthy predecessors
suffered 56 46 41
so much, especially in their testimony on account of their plain language, Westtown , .
14
and 7 9 10 10 3
nonconformity to the compliments and customs of the world; beheving that as
there is a willingness wrought in the minds of Friends to bear the cross and live

''Ubid., 28/1/1841.
Schools under Friends Care
Family School

'^•^Min.
45

U. E. Mo. Mtg., 6/Xr/i83o.

6504 45 40

^^^md.,
36 18 ix

7, JJl, 1835.
 208 Quaker Education in Schools of Haddorifield (jitartcr
Neu.^ Jersey 200
tne Meeting 1. taking into consideration,
Schools not under care of is united with- the said trustees to
beat the lurcs^ary expense of moving
the fence to the situation it's now in if
Friends 17 any disadvantage by granting aforesair]
i>rivilege should arise to the AFcetin-
Not at wSchool 8 hereafter, winch ilicy acceeded to.''*'
Not accounted for In t82q the two schools were still
crnitiiiued. thou,h it a])])ears
Public Schools 16 from the iollowniK that s<.me trouble
10 II m schoollinanccs
Boarding school not under arose at
the division:
Friends' care
Private Schools taught by
Friends T.^

Taught at home 8 13
Besides the schools controlled b>- Upper Evesham
Preparative
Meeting there were two, the Cropwell and Pine Grove
schools,
that were under Cropwell Preparative Meeting.
In 1785 John Haines, Thomas Hollingshead,
Enoch Evans,
Thomas Lippincott, Isaac Borton and Samuel Burroughs
were
named to take a declaration of trust for the school lot which
had
been secured. Two vears later a standing committee
for the school
was appointed and a i)lan for raising funds adopted.
A report of
theschoolcommitteewasreceivedini788.i-^-^ The records, by which
the existence of the schools at Pine Grove
and Cropwell can be
traced, are very^ attenuated; but their
regularitv assures us they
were constantly kept up. Brief notices, such as
the following,
appear regularly:
The minutes of the school being produced and read
to some satisfaction
the followmg Friends are appointed trustees,
to wit: Samuel Lippincott, Amos
Ashead, Joseph Rogers, Thomas Lippincott,
John Haines Jr. and Joseph
Rogers is reappointed Treasurer for the year ensuing.'-^e
In 18 14 steps were taken for better
accommodation of the lllL l'l\i-^ t.KOVE SCHOOT.
Cropwell School:
The trustees Of Cropwell school made report
At Cropwell Preparative Meeting held 22/IX/1814 the in writing which was read and
trustees of Cropwell the following Friends appointed
trustees for the ensuing vear, to wit:
school reported that they have procured a Isaac
lot of ground adjoining the same Brown, Joseph Evans, Isaac Stokes.
on which the meeting house stands, and Samuel Samuel Haines, Jacob Roberts~who are
Lippincott being wilHng to requested to make report of their care
execute a deed of conveyance to Friends for the thereto in the ist month next
benefit of said school. Joseph Joseph Evans appointed treasurer of the
Evans, Benjamin Haines, Joshua Lippincott, school fund for the ensuing vear
Joshua Haines, and John Roberts who IS directed to call on the former treasurer
are appointed to take the same in trust on and request the books 'and
behalf of the meeting, and report papers and such l>alance of the Fund as
when the same is completed— said trustees
may appear in his hands, upon a
wishing for the better accommo- settlement with him by the trustees.
dation of schoolchildren to have the privilege
of removing the fences on the Pine Grove school made a verbal
south side so as to include the school within report stating that it had been kept no
all
the meeting house lot; which tlie^ar and taught by Joshua Haines and
in their attention to it had found
J^^Min. Evesham Prep. Mtg., 7/IV/1785; 7/XII/1787; 7/II/1788
^' ^' 7«°' ''Uhid., 22 J.X 1 814.
"«A'Iin. Cropwell Prep. Mtg., 3i/Vn/i795/ ' ^ /
 2TO Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Haddonfield Quarter
211
It orderly conducted, etc. The following Friends appointed trustees for
the
ensuing year, Jacob Evans Sr.. John Evans, Jacob Evans the Preparative Meeting to appoint such
Jr., Thomas Evans Friends as trustees out of the two
and Isaac Darnell. Jacob Evans Sr. reappointed treasurer. '-^^ other Preparative Meetings as they may think
suitable that are employers in
Several minutes a])pear. indicating: that vSaid school.
further efforts were
made to restore the funds of Cro])well School
as late as
John Roberts
1833. The Laurence Webster^*"
two schools continued in existence very ])robabh- to about 1870
when superseded
In the same year was secured on which a school house
ijrupcrtv
b>' the public school.
was to be erected, and a committee ai^pciiUcd to have charge of it,
which brought in brief rei)()rts from time to time.
In^822 a
minute of the meeting recorded a gift from Joel Evans:
Item. give and bequeath to the treasurer and
1
trustees of Pine Grove
school for the time being and their successors in
office forever the sum of i^ioo
to be paid to them by my executors in two years
after mv decease, the principal
sum to be by them kept at interest and the interest arising
therefrom to be ap-
propriated to the schooling of poor children within
the limits of said <;chool
under the same regulations as the like fund of Cropwell
school now estab-
lished. ''^

After the separation came about, in 1827, difficulties

arose in
Upper Evesham over the control of schools. Thus, in
1828 the
new meeting stated
Two of the trustees appointed last year to have the care of Hampton
School
produced a written report, which being read, appeared, in
a degree satisfactory
The other two schools have been generally under the care
of our opposing
Friends so that there can be no particular account
given thereof.
The treasurer of the school funds and the settlement of
his accounts is
wholly confined within the power at this time of
our opposing friends the
treasurer being one of their number.
The following Friends are appointed to have the care of schools
the ensuing
year and make report thereof to our Preparative
Meeting in the second
month to be held next year: For Medford School,
Joshua Sharp, George
Craft, Edward Bolton, and Isaac Haines; Northern
School, Chades Wilkins
Crop WELL School House and Josiah Thorn; Hampton School, Benjamin Davis
and Geo. Roberts.i«
Though a school at Pine
Grove existed earlier it was not so named Three months later, the monthly meeting reported
regarding
definitely until 1792. Previously it was referred to as the school schools: "none are immediately under our control. "^-^^
near Samuel Evans'. In that ,vear trustees were The committee of the preparative meeting, appointed in
appointed and a 1828,
treasurer, to control its affairs.^^^ By a
minute of 1795 it was produced the following report a year later, and a new
committee
agreed to transfer it to another meeting :
was appointed:
We the committee appointed by the Monthly
Meeting to take into con- The trustees appointed the thirty-first of the month 1828
first to have the
sideration Pine Grove School, report ... it would be for the benefit careand oversight of the several schools, reported they
. . . . . .
had not been unmindful
and advantage of said school to be placed under
the care of Upper Evesham
^^•^Min. Evesham Mo. Mtg., XTT/1795
Monthly Meeting and Cropwell Preparative Meeting i i

with the privilege for ^"Min. Cropwell Prep. Mtg., 21 liI/1822.

''^Ibid., 22/1/1829. "^Mm. Evesham P^^P- ^^t^' (W-). 31/I
Prep. Mt,?., S/XI/1792. I!!^J-"- H- 5- 1828.
^«Min. U. E. Mo. Mtg., (H.). 7/in/i828.
 11

212 Quaker Education in New Jersey

of their appointment, but, owing to the

unsettled state of society no opening Schools of Haddonfield Quarter
213
appeared for their services. i«
liberty to make suchother use of said property or lot
As it was impossible to retain control, or a share in the control wise at any time interfere with the
.'that will not in any
. .

of the old schools, the

school. On consideration of th.. subject
meeting agreed to appoint this Meeting agrees to accept
the proposal and appoint Wr..
Braddock, \Vm'
Joshua Sharp to succeed ... as treasurer authorizing him to receive the
Stokes and Job Rracidock to receive
. . . the conveyance from Beniamm
said books, etc., belonging to this meeting relative or such mdividual portion of the Davis
to the school funds thereof said premises. an<i then to execute
a declara-
and the interest arising on the said funds; and if the tion ac-knowledgu.g that they
receive the said title and hnh\ n
books and papers be in trust for the
not obtamed, he is requested to collect the interest
now due and to grow due
annually from such of the said subscribers and others report to this Meetm. n, wrun^g and lod,. the papers wuh
asare willing to pay him such Friends as
and to give them credit for the same in a book to be by him tnis .Meeting max- a{)i)omt
provided out of to receive them for safe keeping.'^"
the money received and to pay out the interest
money so bv him received
agreeably to the directions of the trustees appointed
annually by this meeting
to superintend the schools under its care, and
to settle his accounts with them
previous to the Preparative Meeting in the 2nd month
annually in order that
they may report the state thereof to this Meeting '«
yearly.
In a report of 1830 it appears that Henrv Smith
was engaged to
keep school m
the old .Medford School house, but this not
being
permitted,
... we soon procured another house where school has been
kept up since
taught by the same friend and most of the time
it has been large.
There has been no opportunity for the service of the
trustees, at the other
schools, and, on enquiring into the situation of
the School Fund that was created
some years ago, ... it appears that the following named
friends with others
did subscribe to the said fund, to wit: Benjamin
Davis,$33.33- George
. . .

Roberts $16.67 and John Stokes $4.00; which altogether

making S54 principal
... we have appropriated $9.00 of the said interest towards
schooling noor ^
children ...
Signed on behalf of the trustees, 28/II/1830

Benjamin Davis
George Ciaft.^^^
By 1833, the school referred to above, that was begun in 1830,
was provided with permanent quarters. Medford Friends' School
Benjamin Davis informed this Meeting that he had purchased a Though another report of the same vear names
lot of ground
on the easterly side of the street in Medford, committees for
containing about of an acre H two schools,one at Upper Evesham and one at
part of the property late of Jame.s Reily
deceased, upon which lot there has
Cropwell the
latter probably did not last long,
since been a new school house built by for the monthlv meeting's answer
himself and other friends He now
proposes that this Meeting appoint two or three to the query on schools only declares
Friends as trustees to whom the existence of one in 1830
he will convey a portion of the title of
said lot in such manner as that they
and m subsequent years. Moreo^'er, the
preparative meeting
shall hold the title m
common with himself in trust for the u.se of a school to thereafter received the reports of the
committee of the one school.
belong to this Meeting and be under its care, and
superintended by such trustees In 1844 the following was received.
^^ ^^^^ Meeting may from time to time appoint; and
the Meeting may be at The trustees appointed in the third month
last to have the care of the school
^""P- ^^^g" ^"•^' 30/I/1829. report that the school has been kept
lIIrA^!J- ^V^?; open neariy all the year past and taught
^'Hbtd., 1/V/1829. "«//nW., 26/II/1830. by^embers. The school has not been quite so
large as ,t has
been at some
^'Ubtd., 29/XI/1833; This was reported accomplished
on 3/X/1834.
 214 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Haddonfield Quarter
2 1 c
previous years. We
have several times visited the school and have witnessed
some improvement in the education of children and that we have received our Evesham Monthly Meeting, thereby creating a new
one at Chester
proportion of the school money from the township and apportioned it
among made up of the Preparatives of Chester
and Westfield '"• \
the scholars as we thought most advisable. Wm. Stokes preparative meeting had been held at
Chester since an earh- date
Barclay Stokes."* a meetmg house being erected in
72 1^^ to take the ])lace of an old
1

In 1868 the average attendance was given as ''about forty, log house, used for religious
]3ur])oses, which had been destnn-ed
members none." The latter part of the answer is significant. by fire. But of education among Chester
Friends at the beginninc^
Taken in connection with the withdrawal of pubHc funds from of the eighteenth centur>^ little
is known. It is not until the last
support of the private schools it explains the closing of the school. quarter of that centur>^ that educational
In 1872 there was "no school of the description queried after, "^^^
aflairs began to occupy
any considerable place in their records.
and it appears from a lack of information of a
positive charcter in
the minutes that there was no Friends' School held between
1869
and 1882. In the latter year,
The subject of establishing a school under the care of the Preparative Meet-
ing was introduced some months since, by a committee
appointed by the
Yearly Meeting's Educational Committee, it was again brought
before us,
and the following named friends are appointed to join men friends and take
the subject under consideration, Rebecca HoUinshead, and Hannah
L Brad-
dock, i^o

Three months later the committee reported that they had

agreed to establish a school under the preparative meeting, and
in August, that,
Men Friends have informed that they have appointed three trustees to
attend to our school, and this Meeting unites that women friends appoint
three
to jom men friends in acting as a committee: Rebecca Cowperthwait, Eliza-
beth L. Braddock, and Hannah L. Braddock are appointed to that service the
following year.'^i

From the timeof its reestablishment to 1886 regular reports of

the school committees were returned to the preparative meeting.
In that year it was agreed to leave "the school to the care of
the
Yearly Meeting's Committee, with the view of its becoming larger The Chester "Brick School"
and more self-sustaining. "1^2 jj^g g^j^QQ^ ^^^ ^^-j^ -^ operation in In 1779 the Monthly Meeting of Evesham,
to which Chester
1890, under a local committee working in conjunction with the belonged, noted that a school was opened at
Chester but not yet
Educational Committee of the Yearly Meeting. any prospect of procuring a lot of ground for
the purpose. '^^
Ground, "two acres, three roods and twenty-three
perches," was
Chester Monthly Meeting purchased in 1781 "to be applied to such use or
uses as the body of
In 1803 was proposed that there be a Fnends belonging to the above named meeting shall
it division made in the think proper ."^^^
i^^Min. Evesham Monthly
''Hbid., 28/ni/i844. i^^Min. Medford Mo. Mfg., (H.), 30/III/1882
Meeting, 180^.
^^^Hazard: Register of Pa., VII, 102.
^'^Ibtd., 3/VIII/1882. '^^Mm. Evesham Mo. Mtg., 9/IX/1779
^'^Ubid., 1/IV/1886. ^^Purdy: Moorestown, Old and New, 129
 2l6 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Haddonfield Quarter
217
It was on this lot that the oricrinal stone buildinj,^ was erected for a same as that ])roposed bv Evesham Monthlv Meeting and recom-
school. It was completed and occupied for school pnqjoses in mended to Uu. stA^eral l()^vtT meetings,
which appears elsewhere in
1785 and in 1786,
this volume.^^9In 1791 the minutes mention three
The following Friends (were) appointed to schools lidd
have the care and oversight of withm the limits of Chester Frq)aratixr
Friends School in Moorestown and inspect
into the good order and improve-
Moorestmvn School
ment thereof, VIZ., Jacob Hollmshead, John Brick School, and the school tau-lit hx
CoUms, Joshua Hunt. Robert A])rahani \\'arnii<^ion'
French, John Roberts and Samuel Roberts,
Jun., and report to this Meeting
The namc<l was possibh- the "IrAxcr school"
last
of Chester men-
in the Sth month next or sooner tioned later.^-
as occasion may require.'- hi ,801 it was agreed that "the
lower school being
m the compass of Westfield Preparative Meeting in future
11 will
come under that Meeting's care."^«i
In 1826 two legacies were recorded for
the benefit of the school
fund, the first by Ann Edwards and the
second by Samuel Shute.
I give the^ sum of $50 unto the treasurer of the school fund
(pertaining to
i^riends at Moorestown), or to his successor in office to be
placed out at interest
and disposed of at the discretion of the trustees
of said school for the education
ot necessitous children within its limits.
Item order and direct my executors to pay to
I
Josiah Roberts, treasurer
of Chester School of Friends, or to
his successor in office, the sum of
$500 00
to be put out at interest on good
security, the proceeds whereof to be applied
at the discretion of the trustees
of said school for the time being for
the
education of Friends children and others
in lowish circumstances, 'residing
withm the hmits of the same.i«2 ^

In 1828 the following report on schools

was produced:
Short statements relative to the three
schools under the care of the Prepara-
tive Meetings were received by which
it appears that thev have
been kept up
the greater part of the past year being
taught l)y teachers in membership
and visited monthly by part of the trustees
appointed in said meetings.
The order and improvements in that at
Westfield not being satisfactory-that
ot the other two being mostly
Westfield Friends' School satisfactory.^^^
A month later it is recorded that Hicksite Friends at Westfield
The "Brick School" near Wm. Matlack's was opened near the had assumed ''entire control" of the school at that
place. ^^"^ In
same time. In 1785, 1829 the minutes explain the school situation as
follows:
The following Friends were appointed to have the Information bemg received from the Preparative
care and oversight of Meetings
Friends school near William Matlack's to inspect respecting the
into the good order and im- situation of the three schools within our
limits appears that Moorestown
it
provement thereof, viz., Samuel Roberts school has been kept up the past year
(?), Jonas Cattell, Joseph Roberts, by teachers in membership with us and
and Reuben Matlack and report to this Meeting in visited monthly by trustees; the
the Sth month next or order and literarv improvement therein
sooner as occasion may require. '^^ being m good degree satisfactory; That the Brick
School has been taught
Five years plans were drawn up and adopted for raising
later, about^two months since last year by a teacher
in membership with us and
visited monthly by trustees, the order
permanent funds for the school. This plan was practical}}.- and improvement being satisfactory.
the
^^"Min. Chester Prep. Mtg., 6/Xrr 1786
I'^Min. Chester Prep. Mtg., 6 XI I
1785.
-S" Txl^':^' '""
P^^^Af^^- .;"^^^- ^ VIII 1791.
'«^Min. Chester Mo. xMtg., i2/II/i82cS. ^<^*fbid., ir 111 !828.. •
 2l8 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Haddonfield Quarter
219
In the 4th month last some of those persons who have separated themselves
from our religious society took possession of the school house, removed the been kept open about 10 months of the past year;
the Brick school seven-
lock from the door, applied another and employed a person favorable to
their (and) W estfield nine months. Having all been taught l)x- teachers in member-
views to open a school therein, since which they retain the possession thereof ship. The order and literary improvement of the scholars l)emg generallv
^^ ^ j
and that in consequence of Friends being deprived of their school house at satisfactory.'"' .

Westfield there has been a school taught in a private dwelling about two
By 1870 the school at Westfield had become defunct, no
months and visited by trustees, the deportment and improvement of the reports
scholars being satisfactory. ^^^
on it being made thereafter to the monthly meeting. ^'-
In i860.
To meet the necessity out of the loss of the "Brick vSchool"
arisin^,^
Statement of two of the schools under the care of
the trustees were authorized to "use their endeavors to support the Preparative Meeting
at Chester were received and read, l>y which
it appears that tlie
that school in as convenient a place as circumstances will admit. "^^^ Moorestown
School has been kept open the i)ast xcar, the Bnek
School about three months
This was possible since the "fund, consistin^r of about 500 dollars both taught by members and visited monthly
by trustees, the order and im-
principal money, and also the maps and class books ..." were re- provement has been satisfactor>-.'"*
tained by the original orcranization.^«^ Tlie school was, for a time, A similar report was ijresented ni 1865 '^^id 1,^70.
held at Joseph Roberts'. ^^^ On the whole, the effect of the separa- In 1S74,
tion was to stimulate attention to the ^^•ork of education rather The trustees of the Brick
School report that the school lia> ho n kept
open
than otherwise, and the three main schools contitmed their ex- about four months of the past year, taught h>- a
member of our societv and
istence in spite of material obstacles. visited monthly by some of our number;
In 1835 the meeting stated: the order and improvemc^it of
scholars have been satisfactory.''^
The committee on (nlueation . report that on solid deliberation way
. .

opened to visit some of our families tending to encourage and strengthen in a After this the recciMs state it lias "ii<,t been keiit nr)en the past
more faithful discharge of parental duty, by endeavoring to cultivate the minds year"— Inn a re])()rt was made each year mi ib.,- ]]nek School
of our beloved youth for the reception of the good seed.
There are three schools withm our limits taught by members and superintend-
Fund, which was a Ww ^•ears later ])ut to use in the tiew institution,
the Academy.
ed by trustees which the committee visited, and observed a commendable de-
gree of decorum and literary improvement. In January 1S79,
The number of members attending is 30. These with the aid of two small The Trustees Moorestown School report that the Sehoo] v;a>
of
continued
family schools taught by members, which 5 of our children attend, and 6 from the time of their apixmilnicnl until near the
md of the ,sth month last
others now at Westtown afford an opportunity to nearly all the families to by a teacher in membership, an<] x-isued monihh-
I,v some of their number'
procure an education according to the views of the Yearly Meeting. ^^^ The order and improvement was satisfactorx-. Aftc>r
the vacation of the school
In the same year (1835), the hou.se was altered and enlarged in order to
provide for a school to be under
the care of the Monthly Meeting.'-^
they united with the Proposal to build a house for the accommodation of
that school (the Brick School) inasmuch as the Separatists, now known by the This new school was the .Moorestown Academy,
concerning the
name of Hicksites, still retain possession of the house originally built for that establishment of which a committee reported in
purpose.''"
1878. The com-
mittee on improving the schools reported:
Again in 1850, That we nearly all met in company with the trustees
of th.e different school
Reports from the three schools under the care of the Preparative Meetings funds and examined the trust under which thev
are held. A i>ortion of
were produced and read; by which it appears that the Moorestown school has i^^ted m Its application to the education of those m necessitous them
circum-

'«V6iJ., 10/TX/1829.
'«"Min. Chester
'«^Min. Chester Prep. Mtg., 29/1/1829
Mo. Mtg., 14/XII/1830. miu"- ^^^^^^^ ^^O- ^Itg-. 12 TI, 1850.
report in the Men's Minutes on
P
H..V ^T''^ the Westfield School of Ortho-
>«^Mm. Chester Prep. Mtg., 3/XII/1830. ''^'^"' ^'''' '^' ^'^"^"^'^ "^^""^^'^^ '''^'^^' ^'^ ^«"'^n^-
'^^Mm. Chester Mo. Mtg., 10/II/1835. ance^'^870.''''''
17^'Min. Chester Prep. Mtg., 26/II/1835. 'I'Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 14 860. Hi
^'^Min. Chester Prep. Mtg., 31/XII/1874.
>'V^/^., 30 I 1879.
Schools of Haddorfield Quarta
221
 222 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Haddonfield Quarter
223
stances and a portion is not so limited, but while designed for school uses may
be applied as the Monthly Meeting shall direct. Parents and guardians are requested to
3.
encourage those under their care
The committee have given the subject careful consideration and con-
. . .
to use the plam Scripture language
in addressing one another,
also to dress
cluded to recommend to the Monthly Meeting to alter the
present school
them m
a simple manner becoming our Christian
profession
building at Moorestown by the addition of a story to be built of brick, with a 4. The teacher shall not leave the school without givmg
the committee three
tin roof, the outside walls tobe rough cast, the height of the present room to mon hs notice of his intention in writing; nor
shall the committee dismiss
be increased by lowering the joists about two feet, and new and larger any teacher without giving him a like
windows notice except for non-compliance with
to be put in. The whole expense of these changes, it is thought will not exceed the rules of the school or manifest
deficiency in the duties of his station
$1000. They propose
that the cost be defrayed as the Monthly Meetmg may 5. The scholars shall assemble punctually
at the hour appointed and before
direct out of such of the school funds as may safely be entering upon the duties of the day,
applied to that purpose after suitable pause the teacher shall
read
with the approbation of the Preparative Meetings under whose a portion of the Holy vScripture.
care the funds
i"*^
are placed. 6. It IS expected that the teacher will bring with
^ him to our weekdav meet-
Shortly thereafter, as a result of the problem of establishinc^^ a
ing as many of the scholars as may be practica})le.''8
^

higher grade school being put before the two pre]3arative meetings The following brief report on the vear's actnities
first was made
in 1879.
at Chester and Westfield, the following reports presenting their
views, were received. The committee appointedto the care of the school under the
direction of
this meeting report that it was opened on the
From Westfield Preparative: ist 2nd dav of the oth month
last and continued to the 13th
of last month, a term of 40" weeks
On considering the report of the committee of the Monthly Meeting on the It was taught by male and
female teachers in membership and has
school funds this Meeting unites with the proposal to increase been
the school ac- visMted frequently by sub-committees
commodations at Moorestown so as to establish there a school of higher grade appointed monthlv for the purpose
1 here were at one time 73^ children in attendance
for the benefit of the children of the Monthh- Meeting, and the average of the vear
and to pay to such was 58, whose literary progress was satisfactory .i'^
persons as the Monthly Meeting may appoint to receive it, the sum . .

of S500
from our funds to aid In 1882 this school was under the
in building the
proposed school house at Aloorestown; leadership of a graduate of
we also agree to assist in maintaining the school so long as the funds are not Haverford College. The attendrmrv ^vas
considerablv lar-er a
needed within the compass of this Meeting.'" total of ,02 being enrolled.
This made it necessarA- 'to employ
B\- Chester Preparative we arc infomied that the three persons ihmxv^hnxM the year,
])roposals and a ],arl .,1 the time, hair
were received and considered and were referred back to the At this date, the reix.rt mentions also an "intn nlucton- .icpart-
monthly meeting for action. The school house was prepared for ment."'«o Three vears later wc
read th.-schn,.] liad hcvn"regularly
use at once, the cost reported at its completion and furnishing visited, msi^ection made of books,
health, time of R-citation. and
being .S24g2. 22. Of this the two Preparatives contributed tune spent m attendance. A "light room
$,soo O^a.!) been prepared in
-^
each at the outset. the basement for a pla>- nnan in bad
weather, and ].n vision ma<le
In August a school committee of men and women was appointed, for evening lectures, and lantern
slide lectures." On this subiect
a new principal and assistant were secured, and the following rules the report said:
adopted for the government of the school: -^eyeral instructive lectures on scientific
. •

school buildmg during the past yoar l.y

subjects were (Idiverol the m
1. Theschool year shall consist of 2 terms of 20 weeks each, interesting Friends, to whuh, n.,t only
commencing he scholars, hut their parents and
the 1st 2rd day mthe gth month of each year; there shall he an interval of others wer. mvitcd; these were illustrated
by views thrown on a screen and were
one week in the 4th month at the time of holding our Yearly valuable aids to the instruction imparted
Meeting. by the teachers. The philosoi,hical
2. The teacher shall not dismiss any scholar and other aj^paratus belonging to the
from the school without first school has also l)een freely used in
consulting the committee; parents having cause for dissatisfaction illustrating the studies .'^' . .

are re-
quested to inform the committee thereof. In 1890,

i"«Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 9, IV71878. '"Ibid., 4/ V/ 1878.

'-'^ihid., 13 vrri i«7N. ''Ubid., 15. VIII 1679. '-'//; /V/..
1
'^^Ihid., VII i8s^. 4 y\{ iN,s2.
7
 224 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Haddonfield Quarter
... anrangements were
225
made for the children to be supplied at the midday
recess during part of the year, with a warm lunch, mostly soups, at a moderate TABLE
cost to them. This was served in the basement of the school building and it is Schools
Distribution of Children
thought to have added to the comfort and health of those who partook
of it.
The cost of supplying tables and dishes was paid by interested friends of the
school. . .
.182

About the same time a graded school was estabHshed, concern- ^fw^'^'^' ^933494535423852434.^
AtWesttown . ^ a ,,
II . f. \7 i
ing the success of which,
and the difhculties involved, a report was D •
^ o i_ 1
4 2 / 6 21 16 II
rrivntc- School not taught by
made in 1894:
Friends j j
Some years since the Monthly Meeting reached the conclusion that some- District School ^
j i
thmg more than an elementary school was needed at Moorestown and accord- Boarding School of a Friend
ingly a graded school
i 6 6 6 i i
was established. The various committees appointed Pre]. Mtg. Schools
from year to year have striven with varied success to carry the xMonthly 7 16 10 12 12 21 22'«^27 2. 2.
Taught at home 12 2 9 6 ^
Meeting's concern to a satisfactory issue. To maintain a successful graded 3 i i
school requires the services of 5 to 7 teachers; and 10 enable
Not at school ,
a school with a
corps of this size to be financially successful calls for an attendance Family Schools ^ -
of about 100
pupils; it is

school the ensuing year.

hoped that nearly this
The need
number of children will be secured to the
good graded school for our members
of a
Select School Phila.
CU1 ,
Schools not under care of
.
I31124
r ^ r

has steadily increased because of the growing number of families of Friends' '^"^
young t*?
17
children within our limits, until now we have approaching TT r 1
:) 4 2 5 2
Haverford
ages not yet in attendance at Westtown.i*«
70 children of all
Univ. of Pa.
21
^ ^

Chester Moiithh- .Meeting of Orthodox Friends offers a contrast, Not accounted tor
3
in general, to the history of others during the In recent >x'ars a further stq.) in
last half of the cooperation has been taken hv
nineteenth centur>'. The tuimber of children "of age for school" the union of the "Moorestown Academv"
and tlie "Friends Hic^h
increased rather than diminished after 1850; likewise the
pro- School." The success of this experiment,
during tlic limited time
portion attending theirown schools increased. In 185 1 about of Its trial, has justified the hopes
of its advocates and pro^-en a
25% of Friends' children attended schools of the meeting; in credit to the liberal mindedness which
1895 made the union possible
about 50% attended such schools. The increase was due, among We
turn now from the schools established in
Chester to that with-
other things, to the fact that the school's trustees responded m the bounds of Westfield Preparative
Meeting. This meeting
to
the need for a better school by concentrating the resources was held from time to time under Evesham
of three Monthly :\Ieeting until
180 when a meeting house being erected,
smaller ones, and thus were enabled to compete successfully 1 libertv "to hold a ]jre-
with
parative meeting there was granted.'^*^ The
other institutions. After establishing the Monthly Meeting school under control
of Friends at Westfield, however,
School in 1878 the total enrollment was increased as also the began at an earlier date In
nimi-
1790 the Monthly Meeting at Evesham received the
ber of their own members who attended. The following table report of its
committee on the settlement of schools with
gives the essential facts concerning the distribution permanent funds, and
of children copies of the proposals were sent to each
during this period. Preparative ^^^
.Meeting.
•«'>After 1878 the resources of the two
old Prep Mtj? Schools werp nnifpH t^
estabhsh the ''Moorestown Academy" wh.ch
wL
a aToh hh' M^^tTnS^^^^ ^• ^
""'^"^ probably at District schools.
Z^"^"^^ Z^ ^^P^
'"^Min. Evesham Mo. Mtg. '"^'Ibid., 1790.
 ;

226 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Haddonfield Quarter
227
In the following year, Chester Preparative, to which those
settled
at Westfield belonged, noted the existence of three year The order and improvement of the scholars have been to
schools, two general
at Moorestown, and one other "the school taught
satisfaction. And
they are continued to give further
attention thereto the
by Abraham ensuing year, with Edward Taylor added
Warrington. "188 This was the "lower school" of Chester, to their number ^^^
as it is We the trustees of Westfield School agree to report that
school has been
subsequently referred to. In 1801, when the Preparative taught about three months the past year
Meeting and observe the order and literarv
at Westfieldwas established, we find: 'The Lower School, being improvements of the scholars to good satisfaction,
their number averag (ing)
in the compass of Westfield Preparative Meeting,
in future it will
The trustees of Westfield School agree to
come under that Meeting's care."^89 Accordingly a month later report that there has been one
taught 8 mos. of the past year, by male
the school and school house at Westfield, formerly and female teachers in membership
called Lower Chester, was We thmk the order and literary improvement of the
placed under the following committee named by the new children has been satis-
meeting: Abraham actory 1^
Warrington, William Evans, Henry Warrington, William
Burrough, and in 1550
tlie school was kept for
Joseph Stokes. Joseph Matlack was appointed treasurer, to
receive all dona- ^^
about nine months, and in 18.-7.
tions made by will or otherwise to the school.i^o "about months." The nimiber in average attendance
7
at ilie
In 1818 Benjamin Hallowell, being 19 \'ears of age, became last date was about 26.^^^ This is the last report on the school
master
of the Westfield school, appeanng m the men's minutes, but the women's
which he states was in charge of a com- niniutes indicate
mittee of men and women Friends. At that time the the school continued to 1870
school was
-
perhai^s not contniuoush- but at
large,sometimes running as high as eighty scholars. When large, least m certam years. Tn 1865 was kept
for o months taught In-
it i

an assistant was employed by the master seemingly at members, and visited monthly, hi 1870 it
his own was open 8 months
charge. In Hallowell 's case the debt was paid by giving and taught 5 months by a member of the Societv.^^s j„
his g_^ ^^^^1 ^

assistant, Charles Lippincott, instruction in resources of the Orthodox schools of

surv^eying.^^^ the Westfield and Chester
The division of the Society in 1827 caused a duplication preparative meetings were drawn upon to
of edu- establish the "Moores-
cational efforts which resulted in great dissipation town Academy" under the dn-ection of the
of energy. monthlv meetmg.
The control of the original school "fund of about 600 From 1828 until the charges just mentioned took
dollars, ^ place, education
school house, books and maps" were taken over by the
lot, class
m Friends' mstitutions at Moorestown
was cared for l)v- xhv X^^^o
Hicksite Friends, but a new school was "taught at a meetmgs separately. The development of schools of
private dwel- Orthodox
hng about two months and visited by most of their number Friends has already been traced.
(trustees)
average number of scholars about 22. Their Two years before the separation three schools had been
deportment and reported
Hterary improvement and, thereafter, there were three,
satisfactor\^"I''*2 and sometimes four under the
A month later a committee of three was named to have charge
care of the Hicksite Meeting. A report on the "Chester Brick
of erecting a new School" was recorded in 1828 and one on the
school house, and in
November they reported "Moorestown School"
the school house completed and proposed to hold in 1829:
meetings in it
also.^^3 The school was kept regularly, but the number attending The Trustees of the brick school j.roduced a written
report which was
satisfactory to the meetmg
was generally small, and the length of term variable. The . .that a school has been taught about three
.

follow- months by a female teacher and four months bv

ing reports were produced in 1833, 1836, and a male teacher m meml>er-
1840. ship with us since our appointment and
visited monthlv and generally by the
^^ appears there has been a school kept about eight months greater part of our number.
'_^- the past The order and literary- advancement of the
scholars mostly satisfactory, average
J««Min. Chester PrepMtg., 2/7111/1791. i^Ubid., 4/VIII/1801. number of scholars about ao.'^^
/^oProm a Jf5. in hands of xMrs. H. C. Parrish, Riverton, N. J., which was
kindly loaned to the writer. » j
»

"'''^'''^'^''^^'^' ^^^' ''^^^^- Westfield Prep. Mtg., 5/11/1829.

^'^V^^'^'^fxF
^'"/'^^^ ^^^ -/"'"^^O-
"'•Min.- StrPr'erM'ifi Jl°T^^^^^
 :

228 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Schools of Haddonfield Quarter
The 22y
Moorestown school
trustees of . report ... a school has been kept
. .

up the past year and taught by a member of the Orthodox party taught by a member, number m
and visited attendance about 30 and that the house
is
monthly by the gi eater part of our members, the order and
Hterary improve-
ment of the scholars in a good degree satisfactory, the average months, taught by members, except
number about three months, whole number of scholars
40.200 01 of whom nme are members and 2 where
i parent is a
member. And West-
In 1834 a committee of five men andfive women was ^^^'\^^^ ^^^" ^^Pt ^bout five months, average number of
appointed
by the other branch of Friends to have charge of "Moorestown
ttl'' T?l
scholars 65, the other during the
year, average number of scholars
18, number
of Friends children
6. number of which one parent is a
School. "201 As a general rule a new committee member one. and that
was appointed ""^"'^^^ ^^ '^"^^ "^ ^^^ committee, the winter
session
each year throughout this period. From this book a mmiber aught by male T'"u
L?.ht'l'' ^
teachers mmembership with us, the summer session bv
of a
interesting facts about the ,school may be gleaned. female not a member.^o-i
From the
repeated items paid for washing, scrubbing, whitewashing, Tlie school reported above as being "leased for the winter for
brooms, a
brushes, and buckets,appears that considerable thought was
it district school" was reported on more fully in 1871.
taken for school sanitation. The poor were generally The committee appointed have the care of Chester Brick School
schooled to
re-
under the regular teacher at the expense of the tmstees. As port the school IS organized under
for the state school law, but has been
visited
the contract between teacher and trustees it varied.
by a part of the committee several times
during the year. It has been taught
Generally, four months by William Paul and
seems, the latter guaranteed a certain number of five months by Ehzabeth \r
it Roberts
scholars. members of Friends. The improvement of
the scholars has been mostlv
Thus in 1840 Silas Walton was paid
12.44K by the trustees on satistactor>-. The average number 23. Forty have attended
during the year
account of the deficient number of scholars. The treasurer made a eight of whom had both parents
members and two but one parent a mem-
financial report each year.
A typical report on the three schools under the control
of the
Thus the transition was made easily from
tlie Meeting to State
meetings was made in 1835 as follows: control. The report of 1872 shows that the school had
been visited
By reports from the Preparative Meeting it appears that the three schools by Friends' School Committee but that said
Committee was then
under our care have been kept up the greater part of the past discontinued:
year, taught
by teachers m membership with friends, and visited monthly
(except i mo. The committee having the care of Chester
at Westfield) by tru.stees appointed m the Preparative Brick School report that it h,.
Meeting, the order and been organized under the State School
improvement observed generally satisfactory. 202 Law and is under the care of trustees
appointed by the district which trustees
are Friends and have visited the
Similar reports of the three schools were made each school a number of times. The school has been kept open nine months
year until dur-
1857. In that year four schools were reported, two at Moorestown ing the year and taught by
members. The order and improvement of the
scholars satisfactory, average attendance
and two at Westfield Preparative Meeting, "kept open the greater 25 of whom 8 are members The
school having gone from under the
part of the year, visited monthly and taught by care of the meeting, the committee are
members. "203 j^ discontinued. 206
i860 these four schools had an average attendance of
151 scholars. After the report of 1870, quoted above,
The teachers in two of them in that year were members of Friends, onlv two schools were
reported conducted by the meetings at
while in the other two members taught but a part Chester and Westfield.
of the year. But though the number was decreased the
Ten years later the following report strength of the two re-
was made maining increased markedly during the latter
By the reports from the Preparative Meeting it appears part of the centur>^
there are four schools In 1872 the following report on
under their care, Chester reports two, one of which has been open Westfield was made:
two months,
Westfield Preparative Meeting reports
having had one school under its
^""Hbid.,22/I/1829. care the past year, held in two sessions
2oiMoorestown School Book, 1834- 1854,
of 4^
months each, the winter session
P- i; this book is in possession of
was_taught by a male and the summer by
a female; both member.- average
Airs. H. Herr, 601 East Mam
Street, Moorestown N J
202Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., (H.), 5/II/1835. '^mid., 9/11/ 1 870.
^'""Ibi'd., 5/111/1857.
Chester Prep. Mtg., 26/I/1871.
=^'^Min.
'^Ibid., 25/I/1872.
 230 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Schools of Haddonjidd ^juarwr
231
number in attendance in winter 19, in summer 8, number of Friends children
5, number of which one parent is member 5. The school was visited monthly according to standards, reporud m the
a Orthodox Frirvds guar^.-iy
(with one exception) by some of the trustees. Meetnig. In the two schools reported in
loio tliere wore sixteen
The order and improvement of the scholars generally satisfactory. They teachers employed. 2"
with their teachers attended midweek meetings. The winter term was partly
free to the patrons, the summer entirelv so.^o^

88 1 there were 121 scholars attendin^^ both schools; whole

In 1

mmiber of teachers employed, five. In 1882 there were 137 at-

tending; and six teachers. Further increase is to be noted in the
reports of 1890;
Westfield Preparative Meeting reports that the school has been kept open 10
months of the past year, taught by two female teachers, both in membership
with Friends. It has been visited monthly by some of the committee; the
order and improvement of the school is satisfactory. The teachers and pupils
attend mid-week meetings. Whole number of pupils, 33, average attendance
26.208

The school at Moorestown had, by this time, been expanded,

and had kindergarten and "High School" departments. -^^
Chester Preparative Meeting made the following report. The school under The Schools of Haddoxfield Qfakthrly
Meeti.ng
itscare has been kept open 9K months of the past year. The fall term com-
menced on the 2nd of ninth month, with 6 teachers in the High School and
211
The lines are drawn according' to report^
in the ^
3 utes for the years mentioned. - ^^^ mg
quarter!- meet mm-
in the Kindergarten, 4 of these teachers are members, with Friends. The
children of the High School attend midweek meetings with their teachers,
when the weather is favorable.
Whole number of scholars enrolled in the high school 117
Average attendance qi
Whole number enrolled in Kindergarten
33
Average attendance, about 2821**

We have now completed a survey of the schools established under

the care of monthly and preparative meetings of Haddonfield.
The chart (Number I) below shows the number of schools under
the care of that quarterly meeting of Hicksite Friends from the
time of separation. Though the number of schools declined,
they were larger in point of numbers and ntimber of teachers em-
ployed. Thus in three schools in 1900 fourteen teachers were en-
gaged, caring for an enrollment of 186. In the five schools of 1865,
five te achers were employed. Chart II shows the number of schools
2"7Min. Chester Mo. Mtg., 8/11/ 1872. ^^Ubid., 6/11/ 1890.
209The High School classes were added in 1880, and a new building was
pro-
vided for their accommodation. This Friends' High School was united in
1920
with Moorestown Friends' Academy.
''Ubid., 6/ni/i890.
 I

Care and Education of the Poor 2xt,

-Ragged Schools," "Circulating Schools,"

and "Infant Schools"
both m
France and Great Britain.''
CHAPTER VI not to be assumed, however, that the
It is
enthusiasm for educa-
tion of the poor was universal.
CARE^AND EDUCATION OF THE POOR The views of the opponents of
chanty education for the poor are in
part set forth in Mande-
The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed many at-
ville's Essay on Charity Schools, in which he says;
tempts to alleviate the suffering of the poor by philanthropic manifest that in a free nation, where
.it is
pro- . .
slaves are not allowed of the
surest wealth cons.sts in a
jects;and most prominent in the minds of philanthropists was multuude of laborious poor; for bes.des
that ;hev
are the never-failmg nursery of fleets
the belief that the ''laborious poor" should be given an and arm.es without them there
education no enjoyment, and no product of any could be
country could be valuable. To
such as would them up from make
lift their degraded status. By many the Soaety happy, and people easy
under the meanest circumstances
,t is
philanthropists the provision of education was requ.s,te that great numbers of
them should be ignorant, as well
a considered as poo
Christian duty to the less favored of society. Knowledge both enlarges and multiplies
The outcome was our desires, and the fewe thmgs
man wishes for, the more easily his necessities a
the establishment of institutions and systems of schools, may be supplied
both by '^''"'^°''- °^ '^''y '"""^ ^"d
individuals and united action, the influence of which that theT'^^'^i f'f^'T^ kingdom require
was felt not the knowledge of the working poor should be confined
withm the verge of
only in European countries but in the American colonies "'
as well.
Thus they became a factor in our educational development. ^iLT'C rt'
'''*'"'''
<^=^
'° '^'"^^ "^*"^) beyond their o«^
' P'^^'^'"-- - -y
°ther peasant knows of
he w^rld
th the tv
and'th"
w'orld and "'l'"'
thmgs that are foreign to his work or
Most prominent among the movements referred to were these less fit will he be to go through
emplovment the
:
the fatigues and hardships of it
the creation of an organization in England known as with Lxietnui-
cheerful!
ness and content.^
the S. P. C. K.^
in 1698, which within ten years had established ahmost ninety In the establishment of schools the agencies
mentioned above
schools in and near London, attended by 3,402 children ;2 the were actuated, .n general, by a desire
to (i) relieve the povertv-
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign stncken condition of the masses by
Parts, a promoting schools, a function
branch of the S. P. C. K., created in 170 1, which operated not then recognized as necessar>- by
in the governments, (2) improve
Colonies until 1783 ;3 the Sunday School Movement standards of conduct by a diffusion of
which was moral and reli^ous in.tnic-
widely extended by Robert Raikes after 1780, and '" '°'"'' ^""'^^ '° ^^'"''">' ^'™^'^<^
introduced into ^u r!,i^
^'""-i- clothing and
the United States in 1786; the Lancasterian system shelter. The constitution of one Ragged School Association stated
of schools, •

begun in 1798 by Joseph Lancaster in Southwark, London,

which ohfldl'of
children Edfnh "'h^H
of Edinburgh,
'° ''^"'"™ '""^ "'=«'-'^<l
T'""°"
by offering them the benefits of
destitute -d
was soon brought to America and applied not only to a good common and
elementary Christian education, and by training
but also to secondare- institutions; and the them to habits of regularTnZstry
Franckesche Stiftunoen, as^to enable them to earn an so
honest livelihood, and fit them'
for the dutie^ of
which developed as a result of the labors of Francke
at Halle in
1695, combining decidedly realistic, pietistic and But the end of a religious, moral,
philanthropic and i-ractica! education was
tendencies. Many other schools
might be mentioned which not always pursued on liberal lino
a., might he assumed
contributed to the advance of the philanthropic
under
t_he^hree heads abo^•e named.
movement, as: I, was an age filled
with sectarian
Promotion of Christian Knowledge
i??i^^^^^T.r°^^^^^^
^Allen, V, O B.,and McClure, E., Hist, of S. PC. K Grl^s^x^^r/Sew^^fi^'^r'r-aiif/!:;^
til.Lli. Monroe: fexlhonk
IheHisl. of Educalion, 722 .3, ,„
Kemp. W. b., Support of Schools in Colonial N. F., by the ff
S. P. G.
"" ?''7'-'' ""'' '^'""'y Schools,
2 \^
^Oumirrii' r ^'-r^' ,7.,,
 234 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Care and Education of the Poor 235
bitterness as well as the sentiments of liberal philanthropy. Thus, Iwas a stranger and ye took me in; naked and ye clothed me;
the success of the Lancasterian schools acted as a stimulus in prison and ye visited me. .i"
sick and m
.

causing the creation of the "National wSociety for Promoting the

Philanthropy in education raised substantial
Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church" monuments to this
interpretation of religion.
in 1811. In the schools of this society the primary purpose was
From this point let us turn to an examination
religious instruction with a sectarian bias, as of the attitude
is indicated in the of Friends as individuals towards
following: education of the poor- the
oflRcia] viewpoint of the meetings
estahlKlied: and the actual at-
To the end the chief design of this school, which is for the education of Poor tempts of local meetings to incorporate
children in the Rules and Principles of the Christian Religion as professed
m
their activities, pro-
and vision for such care and education.
taught in the Church of England, may be the better promoted; the master
shall make it his chief business to instruct the children in the principles thereof,
as they are laid down in the Church Catechism; which he shall first teach Individual \-ii-vs on the Care and Educatiox of the Poor
them to pronounce distinctly and plainly; and then, in order to practice,
shall explain it to the meanest capacity, by the help of The Whole Duty of Ideas of ]jhilanthropy in education
appear among Quakers
Man, or some good exposition approved of by the Minister.^ throughout the latter half of the 17th centiirA'
and occupied an
This prevalent conception of education, (whether for poor or important place in their writings during the i8th
and 9th. Social 1

rich), thatit must be gtiarded against the heresies ser\^ice is probably their most
of other de- prominent characteristic at the
nominations, was also accepted in Quaker schools, and a ''guarded present da>'. The idea of social ser\-ice thr( ai-li a s\-stem of educa-
religious education of our members" repeatedly urged; likewise tion was advocated by Juhii Bellers
in his Proposals for Raising a
efforts were made to secure only members for teachers, but these College of Industry, which Avas to prove
of "Profit for the Rich a
met with frequent failure.^ plentiful living for the poor, a good
education for Aouth" and an
From the foregoing statement, concerning the prevalence of "advantage to the government by the increase <^i
the people an.d
philanthropic projects for education, and that which follows, it will their riches." The plan f. a- this communistic c( allege was publislied
be evident that a care for the support and education of the poor, m 1696." Likewise Thomas Rudd. a citizen of Xew Jerse}-, m
on the part of Friends, was part of a wide-spread movement, 1685 presented proposals in Good order established in
Pennsvlvama
found among dissenters and orthodox churchmen alike. But of and Xeu' Jersey, whereby prospent>' and a
contented societ\- ^^ ere
the two it would seem that the closer alliance was between to be secured hy the establishment of
a s>-stem of industrial and
Puritanism, Pietism, and Philanthropy. The sentiments of the literary- education for all its members. The philanthropic social
dissenting bodies, though differing in many points, were in agree- purpose was also dominant in the mmd of Lancaster,
whose cheap
ment in this, that religion must be stripped system for educating the poor made public men
of formalityand hark credulous concern-
back to the essence of ing the possibilities of education for the
''pure religion" as defined by James: masses.
Pure religion and undefiled before God and the Father is this, to visit the ^"Matthew, XXV, 35-36.
fatherlessand widows in their affliction and to keep himself unspotted from ^K\ letter of the 27, VII/1718 to the
Quarterly Meeting of London contained
the world. ^ a pomt of view common to the earlier
Proposals for Raising a ColhTofln-
dustry. In the epistle to the Quarterly Meeting,
he wrote: "So if is also
Likewise the statement to the righteous indicated that the es- recomniended by that great Apostle James, when he
wrote, that pure re i^on
and undefiled before God and the Father, is to visit
sence of true religion lay in service: (or relieve) the Fatherkss
and the widows m their afflictions, and to keep unspotted from
the world
'Quoted in Cubberley, Readings, 380. from the WnHH ''''^r'''
^^"^'"^^'^^ '^^^ ^^y ^eep the
a sufhcient provision for the Implovment
YOUTH unspotted
'^Chapter on Organization and Control of Education. POOR with1-^ aI charitable of the able
FOOR '1. -^
subsistence for the Disabled, is one of the mo^t
^James, I, ly.
Essential visible Parts of the true Apostohck
Christian Religion
 ; 1

236 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Care and Education oj the Poor 237
Another spokesman on behalf of the poor was John
influential
o him: and thus, formanv a^.s, ovvr near a twentieth T>art of
Woolman, who, on several occasions, conducted a school at
Holly, New Jerse>'. In Plea
Mt. ^e one great landlord, aiM the rest,
IS
this island
poor oppressed people; to soiw
Poor he stood not only for
.4 for the ^^hom from the manner of their education,
joined with a notion of the great-
the extension of charitable assistance by the rich to ness of their predecessors. ]al.,ur
the poor! but is <lisagrecable; who
therefore. ]>v artful
argued against the injustice of the economic system which applications to the weakness,
produced unguardedness, and corruptions of othe^.
them striving to get a hvmg out of
them, increase the difficulties
i

while the inhabitants of other parts,

amongst th;m- h'

The word who guard against oppression, a k1 w n

^
right, is commonly used
relative to our possessions. say, a We """ ^'"^ ^'''^^'" ^" '-'''''''' ^^' -^'^^^^
right of propriety to such a dividend of a province; or a clear indisputable ZZ^y!^'"' ^^^--: ^'ve'mor:
n^rht to the land within such certain bounds.
Thus, this word is continued as If we trace the claim of the ninth or tenth
a remembrancer of the original intent of dividing the land by of these great landlords, down to
boundaries, ,^""^^'^"^^"^ ^"^ ^^-' ^'1-- -PPorted throughout by
and implies, that it was designed to be equitably or rightly instruments
divided,— to be tronHv drawn and witnessed; after
strongly
all, we could not admit
divided according to righteousness. a belief into our
In this, that is, in equity and righteous-
ness, consists the strength of our claims. If we trace an unrighteous claim,
and find gifts or grants proved by sufficient seals and witnesses;
the claimant a right; for that which is opposite
this gives not
^:"r:r
The
''^

possessor of that twentieth part, held

first
''
^-'

no more,
'
-^^- ^^ ^-^-
we suppose, than
^^^- -- -^--
to righteousness, is wrong, an equitable portion; but when the
and the nature of it must be changed before it can be right. Lord, gave these twent; men who first
possession of this island,
unknown to all others, gave being to
Suppose twenty free men, professed followers of Christ, people who inhabited this twentieth numerous
discovered an part, whose natures required
island unknown to all other people, and that the f r 1 1
they with their wives, inde- ^"^^^^^^-'-^^^ ^--^ daimer
pendent of all others, took possession of it; and, dividing it of the soil could not have
nhtfo tr r; to dispose of a
equallv, made im- r^ghi to the whole it in gratifying his irregular
provements, and multiphed. Suppose these first desires: but thev
influenced by true love, did, with paternal regard
possessors, being generally
Lmo ": 1 : ''1?^^ '''''' ''°'' ^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^— -d --th. had-;
condition of the inhabitants, and near the end of
tions concerning their respective possessions,
look over the increasing
their lives,' gave such direc-
as best suited the convenience of
t7confirm7h
to confirm their right. V '""' ^'""^" ""'''' ^'^^^^^^^ ^^^^>-
^^^ ^ -struments
'" "'^. «"-'"« ^T'Pc^r. terrible: hut
the whole, and tended to preserve love and harmony; oppression, in more
and that their successors refi?.dV'"'"''''°"
rehned appearances, remains to he
in the continued increase of people, oppression; and where the smallest
generally followed their pious examples, of .1 IS ehenshed, ,t grows decree
stronger and more exlensi^c. that
and pursued means the most effectual to keep oppression to labour for a
out of their island:—
but that one of these first settlers, from a fond
attachment to one of his rholTfam
Whole familyr'/'rT T ""
'^'"' "' "'^''^^^^'°"' '-^ '^'- «--
of Christ Jesus, m this worl<l.'2
olV. ""—
numerous sons, no more deserving than the rest, gives the
chief of his lands to
him; and by an instrument sufficiently witnessed, Elsewhere, he says:
strongly expresses his mind
and will. children in tl.e way of true p.ety and virtue, is a dut^- ineum-
Suppose this son, being landlord to his brethren and
nephews, demands
bent^onlr'r 'hem; and n, another passage, -all we possess are the
such a portion of the fruits of the earth, as may supply him and his family St of rnl
gtfts God to now ,n <l,stributing ,t to others, we aet
us;
as his stewards-
and some others; and that these others, thus supplied and ,t becomes our
station, to aet agreeahlv to that
out of his store, are Divine Wisdom whieh hj
employed m adorning his building with curious graciously gives to his servants."'^
engravings and paintings
preparing carriages to ride m, vessels for his
house, delicious meats, fine- The renunciation of wealth and fastidious
wrought apparel and furniture, all suiting that
distinction lately arisen be-
tastes would release
tween him and the other inhabitants: and that,
much for a better support of education
having the absolute disposal :

of these numerous improvements, his

power so increaseth, that in VV^re we thoroughlv- weaned from the love of wealth, and
all con- fulh- brought out
ferences relative to the public affairs of the island, of all superfluities in
these plain, honest men who hv,ng;-employments about vanities being finished
are zealous for equitable establishments, find abour wanted only and
great difficulty in proceeding for things consistent with
a humble, seff-denving fe
agreeably to their righteous inclinations, while
he stands in opposition to '
",: 7^^°r'^'7-^'™-'e. be so much
to spare on the educatton o^
them. o
our
Jc'hTldr
children -that a plain, humble man, with a familv like himself, might
furnished with a living, for teaching be
Suppose he, from a fondness for one of his sons, joined with a desire and overseeing so small a
to mimbe of
continue this grandeur under his own name, confirms chief of his
possessions
^2\Voolman's Works, 348-351,
''Ibid., 353 and 335.
 238 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Care and Education of the Poor
children, that he might properly and seasonably administer to each individual
and gently lead them labour for the proper educating
on, as the gospel spirit opened the way, without these innocent souls, whicl, the \lnt,,rln v
giving clothed u-,th flesh and blood, and has
countenance to pride or evil inclinations among them.i^ by D.vine help, to be so enab d to
over them as to frustrate the wUes atch
Thomas Budd, a resident of the Colony of and dev.ces of the grand adverslrv
New Jersey, interested these youth m.ght truly answer
the end of their creation?
:hat
in its welfare and progress, had also a word to say regarding educa-
Continuing, he suggests the propriety of Friends
tion of the poor in his Good Order established in Pennsylvania and giving their
Neu^ Jersey, published at Philadelphia in
And
1685.
end that the children of the poor people, and
to the
r i V"'!'''"^'
tne hrst
"""'' '''"'^^'^' ^^''^ '" "^a'^e the poor and
objects of such a care."
helpless

the children of
Indians may have the like good learning with If a number of such Friends,
m thetr different allotments, would as it were
the children of the rich people
let them be maintained free of
charge to their parents, out of the profits of the shake hands w„h the world and all its
enticing prospects, see^.u,and
mg no hmg from ,t but bread and trouble, and expec,
school, arising by the work of the scholars,
by which the poor and the Indians would freelv dedicate then-
as well as the rich, will have their children selves ,0 the care of the youth, not limiting
taught, and the remainder of the themselves to the narrow views of
profits, if any be to be disposed of in fleshly t,es, nor even to
the building of the schoolhouses and im- religious denominations, but
looking upon them-
provements on the thousand acres of land, which selves as fathers and brothers
of all that want the.r help,
belongs to the school. taking more especial
care to make the poor and helpless
George Fox, whose suggestions were most highly the firs, objects of suJh a cafe, not
sole vo
regarded in necess.t>-, but of a w,l,ing
mmd, what a blessing might they be, n;t onlv
the Society, writes that ''it came upon me to wri'te to to ou
Friends > ou h ,n part.cular but
also to mankmd in general. And indeed u seems to
throughout the nation about putting out poor children me that our pnncples, which, in the present
to trades. "^^ corrupt state of the world seem
This idea was considerably elaborated in to proh,b,t our meddling with
a plan whereby the ofl^ces, etc., naturallv po.nt
out to u as"
quarterly meetings should oversee the apprenticing
of their poor-
the outh. I w,ll acknowledge that
moreover it was consistently followed
in practice.
> it is a situation which
does not appear so
The purpose
of such apprenticeship Fox stated in "" ^° ""'^- '° ^^^"^^ "^•^-- --• -rMIv'honour. -
these words : But'l:.",r"'
But ala :,T
alas' what have we to do
!
with these things? Shall we desire
to
This will be the way for the preserving of many that are be great and r,eh, when our
poor among you and Sav.our has so plainly declared it a
shuation o
It will be the way of making up poor families. very dangerous; and that his
predom.nant choice is of the poor of this world"
One most thorough-going philanthropists was Anthony
of the
Benezet, whose writings on the subject by no '° ''''' f°^ "^°->' - °'>- -^ds,
means measure up t'^'°7T\T "t'T '"' ''"'''
or
to his actual ser\4ce in the education of
the poor, both white and T
oxen
;, I . '-'"«^«'"S " '^'^ education of the
°''*^'' ''^'
vouth we
black. In a letter to Samuel Fothergill, m>gh better enjoy and accumulate
1758, he observes i^^ in the way of trade, and therebv
look upon
ourse,,es under affl.ction, yet
There are others whom God has so blessed with
substance, that they have may we not hope that ,t will be 'termed or
nothing to do but to spend the income of it; nghteousness sake, and therefore
yea, time hangs heavily on their should not wc have thereat to rejoice
be exceedmg glad, and even leap and
hands, and proves even a snare to themselves for joy?
and others. And there are
some who, though they have already a large afl^uence Penn's views on this subject are
of wealth, yet are toiling
hard to add thereto, without knowing wherefore stated brieflv in his Reflections
they thus toil, and whether a ana Maxims.
wise manor a fool shall possess it after them.
Many persons in these different
situations are doubtless, in the main, honest It is a reproach to religion and
souls, who, though they find no government to suffer so much po^-ert^• and
call to the ministry, yet think
themselves willing, with one of old, to follow
Christ wheresoever he goes. Why, then, do they stand so long idle, when so Were the superfluities of a nation
valued, and made a perpetual tax or
large a field lies before them? What account will many of these be able to
give of their time, when every word, and and enough to spare for government
consequently, every inch of time besides.
must expect to be called into judgment? What
more beneficial employ and More recent expression on the subject
more fruitful of comfort and joy in the end. than time spent in an honest of education for the poor

''Ibid.,
IS set forth m
D>-mond's Essays on the Principles
of Morality
352. 15FRIEXDS Library, I, 129. ''Ibid., IX. 220-2. first pubhshed about
1828. In his reference to their education
it
 240 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Care aiid Education of the Poor 241
is made clear that his thought had gone
advance of current far in
practice that he looked forward to a time when
and informed, and habituated to direct the conduct.
;
there would be A factious clec-laun.r
can much less easily influence a number of men who acqmred at school
equal educational advantages for the pobr.^^ the
rudiments of knowle<]ge, and who have
subsequently devoted their k.sure to a
It is in this country, at least, left to the voluntary benevolence of individuals, Mechanics Institute, than a multitude who
cannot write or read, and who
and this consideration may apologfize for a brief reference to have never i)ract,sed reasoning and
it here. considerate thought. And a. the educi
It is not long since
was a question whether the poor should be educated or
it tion of a peoi)le j)revents political
evil, it effects political good.
not. That time is past, and it may be hoped the time will Despotic
soon be passed rulers wll know that knowledge is
mimical to their power. This simple
when It shall be a question, To what extent?— that the time fact
IS a sufficient reason, to
will soon arrive a good and wise man, to approve
when It will be agreed that no limit needs to be assigned to knowledge and
the education of the extend 1 .
The attention to public institutions and public
poor, but that which is assigned by their own measures which 1.
IS
necessities, or which ought to be inseparable from an educated population,
assigned to the education of all men. the human heart is such, that the
is a great good. We all know tliat
There appears no more reason for ex- possession of power is commonlv attended
cluding a poor man from the field of knowledge, with a desire to increase it, even
than for preventing him from m
opposition to the general weal It is
using his eyes. The mental and the visual powers were alike given to be em- acknowledged that a check is needed, and no
check is either so efficient or so
ployed. A man should, indeed, shut his eyes from seeing evil but what- sate as that of a watchful and
intelligent public mmd; so watchful
ever reason there is for letting him see all that is that it is
beautiful, and excellent, and prompt to discover and to expose what is
amiss; so intelligent, thai it is able
innocent m
nature and in art, there is the same for enabUng
his mind to
o form rational judgments respecting
the nature and the means of amendment
expatiate m
the fields of knowledge. In all public institutions there
exists, and it is happv that there
The objections which are urged against this extended
education, are of the
sort of m tnerttae which habitually resists
change.
does exist a
This, which is l)eneficial
same kind as those which were urged against anv as a general tendency, is often
education. Thev insist injurious from its excess; the state of
public
upon the probability of abuse. It was said. They who uistitutions almost throughout the
can write may forge- world, bears sufficient testimony to the
they who can read may read what truth, that they need alteration
is The answer was, or it might
pernicious. and amendment faster than thex- receive it—
have been— They who may hear profaneness and learn it; they
can hear, that the internal resistance of change
is greater than is good for
who can see, may see bad examples and follow them:— man Un-
but are we therefore to happily, the ordinary way in which
a people have endeavored to amend tlieir
stop our ears and put out our eyes?— It is nozv institutions, has been by some mode of violence. If
said, that if vou give extended
vou ask when a nation
education to the poor, you will elevate them acquired a^greater degree of freedom,
above their stations; that a you are referred to some era of rex-olution
critic would not drive a wheelbarrow, and that a philosopher and probably of blood. These are not
would not shoe proper, eertamlv the^' are not Christian
horses, or weave cloth. But these consequences are without the remedies for the disease. It is becoming
limits of an undisputed proposition, that no
possibility; because the question for a poor bad institution can permanently stand
man is, whether he shall perform against the distinct opinion ni a people
such offices or starve: and surely it will
not be This opinion is likely to be universal,
pretended that hungrv men and to be intelligent onh- amongst an
would rather criticise than eat. enlightened community.
Science and literature would not solicit a Now that reformation of public institutions which
poor man from his labor more than ease and pleasure do now;
irresistibly results from jmblic ojnnion, is the
very l)est m kind. an<] is likelv in ],< the
yet in spite of these solicitations what is the best in Its mode:-in its kind,
fact? That the poor man works because jniblic opinion is the proper measure
for his bread. of
This is the inevitable result. the needed alteration; and m Us
mode, because alterations which result from
sucli a cause, are likely to be
In another passage he urges the extension of temperateh- made.
education on the
rational grounds of social necessity— the
avoidance of radical
change by the creation of an enlightened public opinion. '« Official Actiox by Mektixgs
There are some collateral advantages of an extended
education of the people, The sentiments of individual members regarding philanthropy
which are of much importance. It has been
observed that if the French had were early crystallized m letters and
been an educated people, many of the atrocities
of their Revolution would
minutes of the Vearl's- Aleet-
never have happened, and I believe it. Furious mgs at London, and at Burlington and '

mobs are composed, not of Philadelphia These

enlightened but of unenlightened men— of men yearly epistles doubtless served a valuable
whom the passions arem pur])ose kc^cping all m
dominant over the judgment, because the judgment had meetings, of high and low degree, awake
not been exercised, to the important need
throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth
'"Dymond: Essays, 277-8. centuries.
^^Ibid., 279-80. In 1695, while referring to education
generally', and the need for
 :

242 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Care and Education of the Poor 243
qualified schools and schoolmasters, the epistle states specifically learning to them for business and are
fit
"that care be taken, that poor Friends' children lhe> , and other Friends' children
may freely par- placed amongst Friends?^*
take of such education, in order to apprenticeship. "^^
In 1753 the Yearly Meeting entered into an
Especially is attention to the poor urged upon investigation con-
those who are cerning legacies and funds given for charitable
possessed of material wealth. purposes. This
action was in accord with proposals made as early
as 1746 for the
further desired that such among Friends as
It is
are endowed with plenty of establishment of schools.
outward substance, be timely and tenderly advised to
do good therewith in .on consideration of the jjroposals concerning
their day; that the tokens of your charity . .
the reviving and continu-
may commend your memorial, and ing the consideration of the settling of
be good precedents to generations to come.20 schools in the countrv, etc. It is
unanimously agreed that the several Quarterly Meetings be
More specifically the monthly and quarterly meetings were desired to appoint
friends from each Quarter to be a committee
to inspect and examine the
advised in 1709: accounts of all monies which have been given to charitable
uses and the said
And, where Friends want ability in the world their Monthly and Quarterly committees are desired to meet together at the time of our
next general spring
Meetmgs are desired to assist them; that the children
of the poor may have
meeting and bring with them a clear and perfect account
of all legacies, dona-
due help of education, instruction, and necessary tions, or other estatewhich have been heretofore given, and of the uses to
learning; and that children
(both of rich and poor) may be early provided which the monies arising therefrom are applied in order
with industrious employments, that proper measures
that they may not grow up in idleness, may be taken to see that the intentions of such charitable persons
looseness, and vice. 21
. .
are com-
The "advices" plied with and fully answered.25
of London increased in number and urgency as
the problem of caring for poor became
greater, at the close of the
The interest in more specific plans for education, though it be-
eighteenth and beginning of the nineteenth century. came marked about the middle of the centur>% did not immediately
A similar
tendenc}' may also be seen in the advices of produce great results. Not until the period following
the Buriington and 1 7 78 did all

Philadelphia Meeting. The result was the estabHshment of many meetings seriously consider the question of establishing
schools
more schools and upon a more permanent basis, as is under the society's control. This development in practical
shown more phi-
cleari\^ in the following pages of this lanthropy as evidenced in several meetings is touched
chapter. upon in the
In 1 72 1 that meeting stated: following pages.
It is the advice of this meeting, that
all poor friends among us mav be taken
due care of and that none of them be sent elsewhere
for relief, according to Care for the Poor Within the Meetings
Friends' ancient care and practice.22
It has already been shown that the
Among the queries listed in 1743 there was one relating
to the poor
superior meetings gave re-
and their education, which follows:
peated advices concerning the care and education of
the poor;
and, from a reading of records in the several localities
Are the poor taken care of and are their children put to school and ap- of New Jer-
prenticed out, after sufficiently learned, to friends; sey, it is evident that efforts were made in all
and do Friends put their meetings to follow
own children out to Friends as much as may be?2'«
them. One of the means, adopted at an eariy date by the
society
^
The Statement above query was changed a little from
of the for ascertaining local conditions, was the formal
quer}-. The
time to time, but its purport remained the same. The querv' relating to the poor was stated as follows
form of
that in 1755 was pretty closely adhered to: Are the poor taken care of and are their children put to
school and ap-
prenticed out (after sufficient learning) to Friends?
Are poor Friends' necessities duly inspected, they relieved
or assisted
And do Friends put their
in own children out to Friends, as much as may beP^e
such business as they are capable of. Do their children freely partake of
In 1755 the Yearly Meeting formulated the quer\^
^^ Epistles from Yearly Meeting in London 90 as follows:
''^Ibid., 93. "-^Ibid,, 134. ^'Ibid., 208.
and Brotherly Advices (Ms.), •'^Ibid.,
'^'^Christian
206. 23
Ibid. 222-2Z.
28See the records of any quarterly meeting or Michener's Retrospect, 256.
 244 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Care and Education of the Poor 24-
Are poor Friends necessities duly inspected and they relieved or assisted in
such business as they are capable of? Do their children freely partake of fifty pounds be raised for this W-dvW Meeting stock. Also in
learning to fit them for business and are they and other Friends' children
177:^ the treasurer infomied the meeting that the fund for the
placed among Friends?-'
])o(.r was nearly spent; 50 pounds for the use of the poor
"The poor ye have with you ahvays" seems to have been uni- was
proposed, agreed to, and Friends appointed to collect
versally true in the early Quaker meetings. it along with
References to them the collection for the W^arh' Meetin^T ^^
and measures for their financial relief, appear in the earliest records
The exercise of this care for the poor was vested in a coininittee
and run throughout. Some are presented here, but not all. The
which usualh' collected, and distributed the funds, where needed
history of one meeting's activities in this regard is very much like in the several ])re]}arative meetings. In 1800,
that of another.
Meeting being informed that the money for the poor was
Tlie
In 1678, at Burlington, nearly ex-
pended it was thought necessary to raise the sum of £ The Preparative
50.
It was agreed that a collection be made once Meetings were directed to collect their proportions and forward
a month for ye rehef of ye poor them to the
and such other necessary uses as may occur; the persons appointed to Treasurer, to examine whose accounts, Nathaniel Coleman,
receive Jonathan Hilyard,
it are John Woolstone and William Peeche VVm. Ridgway (of Springfield) and Joseph Brown were appointed."'^
to be collected the first day before
ye monthly meeting.-'^
In 78
Burlington ?^Ionthly Meeting mentioned they had be-
1 1
In 1738, a report was made on the division of a sum of money
gnjn to promote a fund
in each preparative meeting for the puri:>ose
for the use of the poor.
of "schooling poor children" and other advancement of
The said friend Caleb Raper, also gave account there was interest money the concern
now in hand amounting to the sum of £14 which is ordered to be distributed for schools. A few months later, a committee of the quarterly
to the several Monthly Meetings to be given to the poor meeting made the following report which states the first purpose
as the said respective
Meetings To Burhngton £ 8/5/0, to Chesterfield,
shall see occasion to wit: of the funds to be "the education of Friends' children
whose
£ 4/15/0; Eggharbor £ i/o/o, which makes up the said sum of £ 14 which
to parents may not be of ability to pay both for their schooling and
said Caleb Raper is to deliver and make report to next meeting.29
for food and raiment."
In 1757 they answered the fifth query as follows:
A
report from the committee on schools which was omitted
at last Quarter
We are careful with regard to the poor among us, but not all so much so as was now read and is as follows:
could be desired, in placing their children among friends.''" Wethe committee appointed to promote the establishment of schools
within
Individual cases of children were settled as thought advisable. this quarter have in the course of the year met several times
and labored in
that service; and having at this time considered the subject with
In 1762 they reported that the case of a poor widow's deliberation
children we are united in judgment that a more solid attention to the advice and
has been cared for; and her children are likely to gain sufficient
learning.^'i recommendations of the Yearly Meeting sent down in the year appears 1778
Again in 1767, necessary.

Application was made by a Friend of Mt. Holly Meeting for some We have the satisfaction of finding that divers schools have been lately
assistance
on behalf of the poor belonging to that Meeting. (6 Friends) opened in several of our Monthly Meetings, under the care of trustees ap-
are appointed
to make enquiry pointed and annually to be renewed by Preparative Meetings, being
in the case and direct the necessary assistance to be given regularly
and report visited by them monthly; and every year the said trustees are to lay
to next meeting.'^- before the
preparative meetings who appointed them, an account of their proceedings
Support of the poor was not only cared for by the local members, for
their inspection, consideration and advice. We also found that in one of our
but from a central fund or "stock" to which the lower meetings Monthly Meetings subscriptions are set on foot for the raising of a fund,
contr ibuted. Thus in 1771 Burlington Monthly directed that the principal of which is to remain untouched, and only the interest
applied,
-'The last part of the query relates to apprenticeship which First to the education of Friends children whose parents may not be of ability
was then general-
ly necessary; see Chapter Eight on Apprentice
Education.
to pay both for their schooling, and and rayment; and secondly when
for food
0^)^^- ^^''- ^^^^- 18/VI/1678. ^Hbid., 4/X/1738. an overplus is raised it is proposed to be laid out by the trustees for supplying
3»/W., ^TxlT/r^^''
1/VIII/1757. ''Ibid., 1/XI/1762. 'Ubid 2 11/1767
•^V^iW., 7/VI/1773. ^'Ibid., 6/I/1800.
 :

246 Quaker Education in New Jersey Care mid lidncation of the Poor -M'
the deficiencies of the school master's salary, or reward, or to such other uses
they "agreed to take charge of finding worthy objects
as may appear to them most conducive to the right advancement of this of said
"^^
momentous concern. Signed by unanimous desire of the committee, met at charity.
Burlington this 25th day of the 8th month, 1 781, by Samuel Allinson.^^ In 1845
was proposed that assistance be given "to \-()ung
it

The following are typical answers to the fifth quety,

women who ma>- wish to qualify themselves for teachers in their
made by
neighborhoods and have not the means to do so."^^
Burlington Quarterly Meeting:
Chesterfield provided earh' for the poor. The minutes record
5th. As far as appears attention given to the necessities of the poor-
is
that
Two instances observed of Friends' children not being placed with Friends, but
are under care. (1788). At our monthly meeting at Francis Devenport's house in
Chesterfield,
5th. The poor are inspected and rehef afforded, and the
necessities of the agreed that Andrew Smith have a coat given him, Wm. Watson
to take ye
tuition of their children mostly provided for —
(No Friends' children are care for providing cloth, buttons and thread and to be
i)aid by this meeting.^s
placed from among Friends) (1805). Two years later,
5th. The necessities of poor friends are inspected and relief afforded, and Samuel Andrews acquainted this meeting that he had spoken to
provision is made for the school education of their children; one child is re- Isaac
Horner about John Horner's children whose answer was that after
ported to have been placed out from among friends. he had
(1825). clothed ye children, which was done, he would keep ye
5th. The necessities of poor friends are inspected and relief afforded— and children without
charge to ye estate."''^
provision is made for their children freely to partake of learning to fit them for
business, one instance is noticed of a friend's child being placed from among In 1797, was raised for the use of the poor; and, vear after
£ 25
friends during the past year. (1830). year, similaramounts are mentioned. In 1826 the pre]3aratives
The necessities of poor friends are inspected and relief afforded. And care is were directed to raise Si 50 for the poor and pay it to the monthly
taken that their children may freely partake of learning: One child placed
meeting Treasurer. The activities of the lower meetings were
from among friends since last year. (1835-Hicksite Meeting).
under the superv^ision of the higher. Thus, in 1827, it came to
A more famous example of the philanthropic movement in New attention that Trenton Preparative suffered from "a want of funds
Jersey, and one which has lasted to the present day, was the for the education of poor children"
and a committee on the subject
Friendly Institution, founded at Burlington in 1796. Its purpose reported as follows:
was The committee appointed to enquire mto and endeavor to ascertain the
to seek out and relieve the necessities of such poor and needy persons, with- cause of the deficiency of Friends of Trenton Preparative Meeting not schooling

and neighborhood, who may not come under the particular care of poor children as expressed in their answer to the query in the 2nd
in this city month
last,having most of them met and deliberately attended to the subject,
the Overseers of the poor, or be fully attended to by them. . .
do
agree to inform thatwe are not prepared to make a full reJDort on the occasion
The founders were all Friends and among them was John on account of our not being furnished with such official information from the
Griscom, later notable as an exponent of Pestalozzianism in Ameri- Preparative Meeting as we thought requisite.

ca. Griscom was then schoolmaster in Burlington. wSoon after Later, the deficienc\' was reported to be the result of negligence
its founding the "Institution" became non-sectarian, and was of that particular meeting.
granted a charter in 1837. Though having as its purpose "to We the committee appointed to attend Trenton Preparative Meeting and
enquire into the cause of the deficiency of the funds of that Meeting 10 school
relieve the necessities of poor and needy persons,"
was inter- this
poor children, as reported in their answer to the query in the second month
preted to include giving assistance through education. One of
last, do agree to report that we attended that Preparative Meeting and had a
the first legacies, left to the Friendly Institution in 1797, was to
be "applied in the tuition of poor black children;" accordingly 36An interesting account may
be found in The One Hundredth Ajiniversary of
the Friendly Institution, published at
BurHngton, 1896.
"Min. Burlington Mo. Mtg., Women Friends, (H) 2/\T/i845
"Min. Burlington Q. Mtg., 26/XI/1781. 38Min. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., I/X/1687. '''Ibid., 6 1689 XH
 : :

248 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Care atid Education of the Poor
free conference wth the members present on the 249
and upon dehberate
subject,
considerat.on .t ,s our un.ted judgment Peter Shinn informed the Meeting
that the deficiency mentioned that having sent his son to this
pnncpally ansen from a want of due has school
several months and he apprehends
attention within that Meeting to the himself not fully of ability to pay
ra.smg by subscription a sufficient stock which, bemg considered, the fterefore
for the purpose of a school
fund in meeting agrees to pay for the same
>ears past, when some of tlic other the Treasurer to call on the school and d rect;
branches of our Monthly Meeting was master for his account and discharge
engaged m attending to that subject and it.«
from some dependence bemg placed In like maimer, i^io.
on theu drawmg suppHcs from other
sources for those purposes. Signed Information was received that
Joseph Morris, a member of o,„-
bcMng ,n lo.v crnnnstances has Meeting
school mstruct.on.
several children of a„ age proper
WiHiam Xewbold is authorized .0 mforn'
f„r hav ^
Stony Brook Prqjarative .Meeting h „ ,
"f
recorded in 1835 that its
quota ot .s;6o.oo for the poor had been sent WiMiam .V-u-bold s for three or more
to the monthly meetinir momhs as the .said school ma commue
and regarding Its own poor, stated to be kept, and the said W.
Xewbold as our Treasurer ,s au.hon.ed'.o pa ^ U e
charge of Uie same when the
The necessities of the poor are attended to
and relief afforded
account may be exhibited."
vision made, for the.r children to
them and pro-
freely partake of learning and This policv appears to have continued
tofit them tor without change throu-*-
busmess and no breach appears u.iou^n
in placing out'childrcn.^' out the century.
In 1862, Thomas Wright was directed The following report was made in Mt. Holly in 1781;
to pa>^ -— the sum of $50 for the purpose of sending her children to West- The committee who have the oversight
town Boardmg school of the poor reported thev
for s,x months; in r866 to
pay $,00 for the purpose of several „mes met and there was had
sendmg h,s child to school; in wanting twelve pounds o discharge
1873 to pay to debts; after c-onsideration the he
and .Meeting agrees to raise the sum
S..O 00 apiece for educational and of twent -. ve
charitable purposes'; and later, $267 pounds, for the use of the poor, and
divided between the same for educational was the Preparative Meetings are
desired o
and charitable purposes.* collect It m
the usual proportion, and pay
to the Treasurer.-^^
In 1793 Upper Springfield received a report from
Mansfield that In 179,3 a plan of subscription
a friend was m needy circtmistances and, for a fund was drawn up "
said
accordingly six members fund 'to be applied to the
were named to attend to his situation education of such children as now
and others that might be or hereafter shall belong to
do
the same preparative meeting whose
necessar>-. The answers to the fifth querj- were usually
as follows parents are not or shall not be of "
The abilit>- to pav for their
necessities of the poor are duly inspected education'
and relief afforded, the children It appears b>- a minute
of the same vear, that the
''""'"' care of the
amongst' FnSsI
'""'''' °"^ '"^'^"^^ °^ ^ ^'''"' ^^^ P'^^^ f-- schools and the ,,oor was given
into the hands of the same
com-
mittee.
In probably half of the answers
they stated no child placed from
among friends. One of the preparatives of '^ ^"-l "^^ f°""-'nK Friends are
this meeting specified appointed to
Its care for the education
hai^'thrc""
have '"™"'"r,
he care of l'^'^''"^
Friends' schools within the compass of this .Monthl
of the poor as follows: v Meeting
and also .0 inspect the necessities of
The following friends are appointed to the poor, and administer relief
inform the parents of may see occasion, Joseph Powel, a they
some poor Josef.h R,dgwav-. George West
children withm the compass of this meeting, that .\aron
they may have the privHege Smith, Job Jones, Thomas Bispham,
Daniel D. Smith, Josiah ^^askui,
of sending them to our school one month free of Lawrence and Abraham Brown."
Cask 11 Kicnard
Richard
cost, to wit,-Thos Earl
Joseph W ilhts, John Warren and
Thos. Lawrie.«
Similar action
These three extracts indicate how the
was taken in 1793 when a request from a poor .school fund was used for
the poor.
member was received
5/VI/1827 and 7/VIII/1827. ^Received of Anthony Sharp, treasurer of the School fund forty-three
"{J«'<^-. dollars
'Mm. btony Brook Prep. Mtg., 2/II/i8^7
«/6«</., 20/III/17Q-5.
«Min. IJ. .S Pr»,; A
«Min. U. Mln- M^-^S-^l!'^,t''°?'Jr"?^' '9 'XII/,8,0
S. Prep. Mtg., 2o/X/i790.
"Mm. Mt. "Facsimile p. 95.
Holly Mo. Mtg., 7/II/1793.
 : :

250 Ouaker Education in Neiu Jersey

Care and Education of the Poor 251
and three cents, . . .interest of the school fund, as per contract with the
trustees for schoohng poor children. to that in Haddonfield and Burlington
Quarterlv Meetings. In
Mary Reeve to Edward Bullock Dr. 1756 Salem Monthly reported:
To quarter tuition, Stacy $3.00
,
The poorare taken care of as necessity calls for it,
and their children partake
Rachel 2.50 of learmng and they and other Friends' children
Mary placed amongst Friends
2.50 generally. 5&
Quills and ink j c
The answers to this query were substantially the
$8.15 same there-
Received. .of James Hulme, Treasurer of Mt. Holly Friends' School after, and individual reports deal with the amounts
.
spent for
Fund forty-three dollars and three cents for the education of indigent children "poor education." From the minutes of 1800 the
following report
for the past year.^° istaken
Little Egg Harbor Meeting, so far as available records show, The committee appointed to inspect into the
necessities of the poor re-
provided an exception to the general rule of establishing permanent ported they had in the course of their service
expended of the moneys raised
for that service £ 12/17/8-and
from the moneys arising from the sales of the
funds to educate the poor. They reported "the necessities of the
effects ofa Friend lately deceased £ 9/10 and that there
is remaining from
poor has been attended to, but that of learning is yet wanting said sale £ 16/8/7K which is directed
to be paid to the Treasurer of this
among many," in 1793, and
number of years thereafter. At
for a Meeting and their service is approved. ^^
the same time, however, money was raised on occasion "for the The table belowshows amounts expended for the "poor's
use of the poor." In 1806, and thereafter, the situation with necessities," and probably includes sums paid for schooling."
regard to learning was somewhat improved, but not as satisfactory Throughout the period from 1828 to i853--excepting
one year—
as in other meetings.^! The report for that year stated: a total of $965.96 was expended upon the
schooling of the poor
The necessities of the poor has been attended to and some care extended exclusively. The largest amount spent in any one year was
towards the education of their children. No Friends' children placed from
'$117-71 in 1853 the smallest, $3.66 in
amongst Friends.^^
;
1849. The average yearlv
expenditure was S48.29 plus.^^
Haddonfield, in 1790, mentioned the receipt of the quarterly Care was also given in the cases of defectives, as
is shown by a
meeting's proposals for raising funds to school poor children. A few entries in the minutes, one of which is
quoted below
fund was established and their poor educated in a school which
The trustees of the school fund inform that agreeably
to the direction of this
has come down to the present day. In 1822 they expended $122.43 Meeting. .has been placed at the Pennsylvania
. .
Institution for educating
on the education of poor children. ^^ the deaf and dumb and continued there 4K years. Upon consideration
Upper Evesham Preparative Meeting reported on their school
l^riends are now satisfied he should be removed."
fund in 1804 as follows: In Greenwich, in 1792 £
5/8/2K was received from the several
The is £ 1 13/16/ 1, and in the last year the sum
principal of the school fund prepa rative meetings to meet the expenses of
the poor.^o The
of 6 pounds and 7 pence hath been appropriated to the schooling of poor
"Min. Salem Mo. Mtg.. 25/I/1756. ^mid., 25/VIII/1800.
children and other purposes and the interest calculated on the above fund to
the first of the present month which remains unexpended is £
^^^^ Amount
24.7.8K out of '2 S123.91
which about six pounds is directed to be paid.^^ 215.48
o^^
The situation in South New Jersey seems to have been similar
. ^•

^"School Fund Records of Mt. Holly Prep. Mtg., 25/III/1830; 28/V/ i.2o
'l^""
1837; and 24/X/1844.
^^Min. L. E. H. Mo. Mtg., 8/VIII/1793 and 14/VII/1803.
'^Uhid., 13/II/1806. 53Min. Haddonfield Mo. Mtg., 11/II/1822.
^Mm. Upper Evesham Prep. Mtg., 7/III/1804. are loX^toar/nZT " ''' ^"""''^^ °' '^'^"^ •''°- -'''^- ^'^^^ '^S--
"/«d., 30/IX/1829. »»Min. Greenwich Mo. Mtg., 1/II/1792.
 V

252 Quaker Education in Keic Jersey

Care and Education of the Poor 253
general answer to the query on the poor was (prior to
the middle Woodbury Monthly Meeting, soon after its establishment,
of the TQth century) that "Poor Friends' necessities"
were pro- entered into a plan for raisnig a fund to "be strictlv
vided for and "their children freely partake of learning." a]jplie(i to xq
In schooling poor children." A facsimile of the
niles for regiilatnig
the execution of the trusts is shown on jjage
139. Likewise the
plans for Woodbur>' Free School, in
1773, I^rovided for the educa-
/.^.x-^.ri .1, .-^../..Vi .1. -„^-.T,^;^..->-^.„i^'^';Ar-A.,v
tion of poor children. It should be observed that at
\V00dbur3-,
as elsewhere, no opprobrium was attached to charity education
3 -^.^ ^y'^-^^'t-.^/^-.^cc.-.^v^^-.,.;;..^., ,-^..^-^,„^ i^.,^,^.^,., ^^^c-^f^.y X^ ^-r<^^^-^ .,.-/^ .^ujL by offering it in a separate school.
The poor attended the same
school as those whose parents were able to pa>',
and the trustees
of the fund settled the with the master according to an agree-
bill
ment made concerning them. On page 142 is reproduced a page
of the school fund expenditures for charity
education. Such ex-
penditures were authorized first for members, second
to those who
"professed" with Friends, and then "Black children
-<- t*4..—
'I^-
born free."
Sunday schools were mentioned in a previous page as one
of the
numerous agencies created for the punxjse of diffusing
moral
teaching and practical rudiments of an education.
. 9^,-<*.<: .<, 3'
Though not
appearing to have been generally introduced among
Friends
eariy in the nineteenth centur\', some are found. Woodbur\', in
7-
18 1 6, drew up
a constitution for the promotion of "First
l'..v Da>-
'? ^^.tu:./ i\! c^.'-'c'ijr^-x .< _,v .>;.. Jw 'c/i.. .->.-' it/ ^O'T.-^-i^l..^ Free Schools"^^ ^^-^^ adopted rules for the government
..^.»-J^
of the same.^-^
-''Zc v-.^V-'iA.r.i.c/
The type of instruction given in this school is indicated in the
rules to regulate the order of teaching.
The following items from records of Rahwa\' and Plainfield
I nv *.. <- X^.-^.* »- ,^-t //v. ^*^/ *»- -^-^
/it C-*^*« /- « «9«.«-«.*j .^ "^
-fj-t—r- iy/7,<_ t.'/-^... k .:...
Monthly Meeting in the Shrewsbury Quarter indicate that the
"r sup-
u J/
port and education of the ])0()r ()ccu])ied their attention
*' z ^ as we have
»vvi», A«.</t /.j^i.jCA S>x. ~*. r1jf>-tt<.,- MJ^y -?->.>«' t.i ..-^•^sr' /i. tiw^£^/y,«<.,» i' rfT /«,.,.' -_.
//le ^ *H.^^A 'VX. «.:/^ A-flj, ..
.

-:^^/.v.
»»>/i»-<'<t*r>,

.o5
noticed elsewhere.
<»-** V' c^-*» p%-t^siL^ '>i«^/«-**.» ' ^— ^ y •-'«^«-<.«'^y>
Paid John Webster Sio.is for (uorKe Clark for Sclioolmg
and Doctoring a
daughter of John Mooner, ]>y order of the committee for
the Poor.
To Cash paid Richard Harthorne toward the Westtown School
Costs.
•^'/•ot.t^AcUi ^^ //:.».' ^'/-i-iVo'. ^'''•-; "'<•
To Cash paid John Brown toward i)a>-ing Samuel Woolv
. •.'•V <-i^- <.^ t./ tf^4M^^^tf
. 4 /.», f.
for keci)mg Denis
Hurley's children.
» / To Cash paid Elijah Shot well for schooling for a |)oor child,
§16.
To Cash paid E. Shotwell for Quarter Schooling for I. Clark.
Beginning of First-day Free Schools at Woodbury, N.
J. in i8i6 To cash paid Caleb Mekeel[?] for schooling Nathan King's
grandchildren
$6.50.fi-'
1844 they reported 'There are none of our members who need
pecuniary^ aid and no Friends' child placed among us/'^^ «2Page 252. 63pagp 254.
«^Account Book of Rahwav and Plainfield Mo. Mtg
^s XII/i8oj- i^'T/
•

1805; 19/XI/1812; 6/II/18-14; 28/XII/1816; andi7ATii;V8/7.

 254 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Care and Education of fJic Poor -5S
from a study of the records that Quakers in New
It is evident
Jersey took a prominent part in philanthropic education during
and Dymond make it clear that the\- considered education a ne-
cessity for society, a privilege which the poor should share with the
rich; and, so far as practice is concerned it is found that local and
central meetings continually exerted themselves to provide "that
/ /< the children of the poor may have due help of education, instruction
/:•/
/. and necessar}' learning," and that both rich and poor be "provided
"I ,

with industrious em])lo\ments." For this purpose special fimds-

were established b>- the sujXTior meetings and provision made for
.x^f/iC Jini-Y y^iit'-C ^tf-fAn t^Ai tUfiec L,ij/ ^A^-jjpFJX^^ra^ \)/eAtriy£/i^av
the admission of poor children to schools at the expense of the school
c-^y
..>
committee. In the nineteenth centur>- "First Day" schools be-
gan to be established as a new means of providing education for
the poor.

o.

r
3.

.9
^I/i^re /--i^V.y />W
<*^ y^tfCc, i^^i^^\i,rutftif
^*Uxr,
y
; >.->

/hu-^^-i^h:
vv//cve/ /^vm.
^*ivM*:ir
^
\^£ji^^
•>«'/«^

^,
.
'

J'rlfrryt^y ^
'^^'^'^'^
/4?
';
/i^-r«..

/«< y*-

rt:>v-49 rv

/2. i'*^i e rt.'C c</^-/«*n^«-/— i^^

<f */<:Jitr/uy

/3.

The Order of Teaching in Woodbury Sunday Schools

the eighteenth and nineteenth* centuries both by promoting the

idea and, in a more practical way, in the meetings. The works of
such Quaker philanthropists as Woolman, Benezet,
Bellers, Budd
 '

Apprenticeship Education 2^1

tween the ages of twelve and forty years could

be compelled by
authority of "two Justices of Peace, the
CHAPTER \TII Mayor, or other head
officer and two aldermen, or two other discreet burgesses
. . .

APPRENTICESHIP EDUCATION to be retained or serve

by the year or by the week or day, for such
wages and m such reasonable sort and manner as
The temi apprenticeship, originating they shall think
from apprendre, to learn' meet .," subject to imprisonment
as indicated
began during the Middle Ages to
. .
^ above. Pro-
signify a contract between vision was made for the apprehension of fleeing indentured
a
master, teacher, or craftsman, and ser\^-
an apprentice or learner The ants.
master agreed to teach the "art" or
"mystery- to the apprentice The colonists who first came
and the latter agreed to serve the to New Jersey were not hampered
fomer during the period of his by any specific laws regarding
contract apprenticeship. All "putting out
Such apprenticeship was common to
the learned pro- of children" referred to in the earliest
fessions the trades or crafts,
and those who were studying for the
meetings mav
be regarded
as adherence to custom followed in England,
Master degree in the Liberal Arts.
s enjoined both by the
law, their leaders, and the official advices
In the latter part of the of superior meetings.
fourteenth centuri- apprenticeships On the other hand, apprenticeship was implied. Although
were mentioned in the statutes of there
Richard II, and in the sixteenth were as yet no apprenticeship laws, provision was
m the fifth year of Elizabeth, was
passed the famous Statute of
made for the care
of orphaned children who had no estate.
Apprentices which remained in force The "Concessions and
about two hundred and fifty Agreements," drawn up
years. in 1676, provided that
a person died
This "Act touching divers Orders if
for artificers, laborers intestate, leaving a wife and children, the
servants of husbandrie, and administrator should
apprentices," provided, among other give security "to secure two parts of the
things that; estate for the children."
If there were children left orphan,
.every person being an householder and no estate sufficient to
. .
and four and twenty years old at the maintain and bring them up the commissioners were
least, dwelhng or mhabit.ng. ..in any eity or town
corporate and u ,ng and
empowered
"to appoint persons to take care for the child
°' "^""^' "'^^"P^''- or children to bring
aftrX'p"-; T'c^ TfS^' 'here, shall and ma.^ them up in such manner as the commissioners shall
appoint, and
-d the charges thereof to be bourne by the public
such mv,te' ';
mystery, art
'" '"'' '"''
'T'occupation, have
°'" '°""
"- ^°'-'^°^^'^
exercise any -d stock of the Prov-
or manual
man not occatpymg husbandry nor bemg a
and retain the son of any Free- ince. "^ A law to the same effect was passed in West Tersev in
laborer, and inhabitmg m the 1681.6 ' -
same '

"'" ""^ ""'" °"-

''''''''" ^"all be and'cont.nueTn!
ZZTJeT' ^K™."'' ""'
''

^" ^'^P^™''^'^' '''" '^e custom and the

thrt^'A"
order of the C.ty of Londonf ^T""
for seven years at the least,
so as the term and
years of such apprentice do not
expire or determine afore such
be of the age of four and twenty apprentice shall
years at the least.'
Itwas further provided that none could
exercise anv art mvsterv
or manual occupation until he had first
served an apprenticeship
ot seven years. ^ Those persons who
refused to become apprentices
might be imprisoned until they
complied with the law,^ but none
except minors could be thus
compelled. Unmarried women, be-
^^-'^i'^-S^f .71- IV, St..T.
=/E'i"\7t™xxit'
loia., Art. XXIV.
Ubtd., Art. xxviii.
256
In 1682 the Quaker assembly of West Jersev provided hy law
that:
For the prevention of differences l)etvvixt masters
and servants he it hereby
enacted by authority aforesaid, that all servants
within this Province who are
to have reference to the custom of their
countrv for their service at the ex-
piration thereof, either by covenant, or to whom
it shall become due, instead
of
other covenant shall be as follows, (viz.)
Ten bushels of corn, necessarv
apparel, two horses, and one ox.
And further that all servants above the age of one and twentv
vears, trans-
ported or to be transported into this province
without indentures or other
agreements, shall serve four years, to commence
OF THE RE..LM. from the time the ship shall
*Ibid., Art. xvii.
^Learning and Spicer: Orig. Constitutions,
403. <^Ibid., 430-3
 »

2^8 Quaker Education in New Jersey A pprenticesh ip Education 259

be entered in the said province; and that all other servants, under the age of
one and twenty years, transported or to be transported into this province, two of them, amongst the common covenants in the indenture and indentures,
without indentures, shall within three months next after his or her arrival, be made and agreed upon between the parties, shall always insert the following
brought to the court within that jurisdiction where he or she shall reside, clause: 'that every such master and mistress, to whom such poor child or
which court shall appoint how long time such servant shall serve.'^ children shall be bound out as aforesaid, shall cause every such child or children
In 1683 provision was made by law for "preventing servants running away tobe taught and instructed to read and write'. .i''
.

from their masters, and other vagabonds," by directing all magistrates and Apprenticeship was dealt with again by legislation of 1798. and
officers to "take special notice of all suspicious travellers and require their
1799- That of 1799 provided specifically that children of any
pass or certificates, under the hand and seal of the magistrate. .or public .

notary of the place of their last abode, to satisfy of the clearness of his, or her,
beggar, vagrant, vagabond, common drunkard, or common prostitute, or of
any person, who shall not provide for such child. .should be bound out
or their coming away. .
." and for want of the same to take them into custody.
.
to
any person willing to take such child, till the age of twenty-one years, if a
When Combiirytook charge of the Province of New Jersey male, or eighteen years, if a female, or for a less time.^i
(1702) he was instructed by the Court of St. James, to, The laws above named, respecting apprenticeship were amended
Indeavor, with the assistance of the Council, to provide for the raising of frequently during the nineteenth century; in 1820, provision
was
stocks, and building of pubhc workhouses, in convenient places, for
the em- made that the age given in the indenture should not be taken as
ploying of poor and indigent people.^
"conclusive," and that the "true age of such infant may be inquired
In 1774 an act for the settlement
and relief of the poor, based into and given in evidence in any court ."; in 1844, and 1854, it
. .

essentially on English was passed by New Jersey. By

practice, was amended so that an indenture to a number of masters, or a
this law a person possesseed of any "freehold estate of the
value firm, might be valid. Other supplements were made in 1859, 1862,
of fifty pounds" gained the right of settlement in any place where
1864, 1871, and 1875, which effected changes of detail, such as per-
the estate might be. One, not a freeholder, must gain his right of mitting houses of refuge to bind out children, requiring
signature
residence by serving an apprenticeship of at least one year in the of mother, if living (187 1), and permitting residents of
the state
city, borough, township, or precinct; such a right of settlement to enter into indentures with those outside the same. ^2
could not be obtained by a servant, procured bought or hired from From the foregoing it is evident that such care as may be found
jails or workhouses, for, as the law notes, "inconveniences
have in the Society of Friends for the apprenticeship of their
children
arisen therefrom." is only compliance with the English law. The desire that they be
Regarding the apprenticeship of the poor it was provided by educated in a religious fashion dictated that children be apprenticed
article eighteen:
to Friends, or those who would be zealous to give them a "guarded,
.That it shall and may be lawful for the overseers of the poor, or religious education."
. .
any two
of them, with the assistance and approbation of two
Justices of the Peace of George Fox, in 1669, sent forth the following letter to Friends
any county, city or town corporate of this colony, and they are hereby
en- "throughout the nation," concerning "putting out poor children
joined and commanded to put forth
and bind out any poor child or children,
who have no parents or whose parents shall apply to the said overseer or to trades."
overseers for relief, or the child or children of any poor parents
whatsoever, My dear Friends:
who shall bring up
their said children in sloth, idleness and ignorance, and Let every quarterly meeting make enquiry through
all the monthlv and
upon advice and direction, given by the said overseer or overseers, shall, other meetings to know all Friends who are widows,
for or others, that have
three months after such advice and direction, refuse or neglect children f^t to put out apprentices, so that you may
to put forth'and set forth four in a year in
bind out such poor child or children for such a number of
years as the said
justices and overseers, in their discretion shall think proper, .
loPatterson: Laws of New Jersey, 31; That these provisions were generallv
for a male person incorporated appears in old township books. Stewart,
till they shall arrive at twenty-one in his Notes on Old
years of age, and for a female, till they Gloucester County pp 58-9, describes the indentures
arrive at eighteen years of age,
found in the back of an
and no longer; and the said justices or any old township book of Great Egg Harbor, near the
close of the eighteenth
Ubid., 447. ^Ibid., 477. ^Ibid., 642. 'Ubid., 41 1. 12LAWS OF N. J., for the respective years.
 26o Quaker Education in New Jersey
Apprenticeship Education 261
each county, or more, if there be occasion.
This apprentice, when out of his
time, may help his father or mother to support the family leadersand within the laws of the colony.
that is decayed, and The ioliuwiii,L; extracts
in so doing all may come to live comfortably.
This being done in your deal with individual cases.
quarterly meetings, you will have a knowledge through the
county in the In 685 the following agreement was
monthly and particular meetings, of masters fit for them, and of such
J
made between two members
trades of Burlington
as their parents or you desire, or the children most inclinable Monthly Meeting:
to. Thus being
placed out to Friends, they may be trained up in truth, and by this In pursuance of an agreement made with William
means you Atkinson at a monthlv
may preserve Friends' children, and enable them to be a strength and help to meetmg of Friends at Burlington the eleventh month,
1685, I, the within
their families, and nursers and preservers of their relations named Francis Collins, do hereby further promise and engage
in their ancient Vith inbounden
days. Thus also, things being ordered in the wisdom of God, you will take Thomas Atkinson to teach him the carpenters trade during his
said apprentice-
off a continual maintenance, and free yourselves from much ship so far as he is of capacity to learn the same,
cumber. For in and at the expiration of said
the country ye know, ye may set forth an apprentice for a Httle to several term to give said Thomas fifty acres of land. Witness my hand this twenty-
trades, as bricklayers, masons, carpenters, wheelwrights, plough wrights, first day of the twelfth month, 1685.
Francis CoUins.
taylors, tanners, curriers, blacksmiths, shoemakers, nailers, Witnesses, James Budd, George Hutchinson. i^
butchers, weavers
of linen and woolen, stuffs and serges, etc. And you may do well to have who had oversight of the poor, sometimes a standing com-
Those
a
stock in your quarterly meetings for that purpose. All
that is given by any mittee on that subject, frequently took charge of
friends at their decease, except it be given for some placing out the
particular use, person or
meeting, may be brought to the public stock for that purpose. children of those who were unable to educate them,
This will be a paying a sum
way for preserving of many that are poor among you; and it will be a way of money, at times, to enable the master to give them
of a school
making up poor families. In several counties it is practiced already. education. In 1762, Burlington Meeting recorded:
Some
quarterly meetings set forth two apprentices; and sometimes
the children of A friend from the committee appointed to consider the case of a poor
others that are laid on the parish. You may bind them widow
for fewer or more wanting assistance reported they thought it necessary to
years, according to their capacities. advance ten pounds
In all things the wisdom of God will for bounding out one of her children and to enable
the person taking him to
teach you; by which ye may help the children of poor friends
that they may give him proper schooling, on consideration of which the meeting doth agree
come to support their families. the proposal.
to
. .
.that proper care be taken with respect to
London,
.
the child's educa-
P p tion and any
of her other children can be assisted with
if
regard to the means of
The first of the eleventh month, 1669.1^ gaining sufficient learning, they are desired to look
into it. is
. .

The above advice of Fox found favor in the meetings, and, Nevertheless the minutes assure us the meetings
being in harmony with laws already mentioned its rapid were not all
spread able, or perhaps zealous, to look after
apprenticeship carefully.
was to be expected. In all meeting advices on the subject In 1775 the minutes of Biu-lington Quarterly,
of
speaking of the
apprenticeship there was an emphasis on the moral influence
that situation in the several lower meetings, informed
that:
might be secured by placing the apprentice under the care of
one Fifth, this query nearly complied with in respect to the poor, but
of their own members. The following is representative of advices some
omissions mentioned in placing out of Friends' children among Friends.'^
on apprenticeship of the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting :
Likewise in 1784 Upper Springfield Monthly stated
Advised, that Friends be carefull not to put their children the fifth
apprentice to such query was complied with— i. e. poor cared for— "except
as are not Friends, whereby they are often led away,
through evil examples,
one in-
but as much as in them lies to bring up their children and stance of a youth being placed from among Friends,
all under their care
of which some
in the fear and nurture of the Lord, that none may be blameworthy in a thing care has been taken. "^^^ Two were reported "placed
from among
so greatly necessary. i'*
Friends" in 1795; two, likewise, in 1803 and so on.
These cases,
The minutes of meetings in New Jersey contain many cases in which were brought up for treatment by the meeting,
might be
which the meeting assisted in putting young members out added to indefinitely if space allowed, and it were necessar^^
as for
appre ntices, thus keeping in harmony with the injunctions
of i^Min. Burhngton Mo. Mtg., 4/XI/1685
13
Fox: Journal, 424-5.
''Ibid., 4/X/1762.
^^Ms. Advices, p. 2^. i^Min. Burhngton Q. Mtg., 28/VIII/r77S
i«Min. U. S. Mo. Mtg., 4/VIII/1784.
 :

262 Quaker Education in New Jersey ^4 ppren ticesh ip Education 263

the problems of one meeting were ver>^ similar to those of another. ^^ Preston Carpenter requested a nificate for liis son, Thomas Carpenter
( c

The preparative meetings had the most intimate concern with who is put an apprentice to Philadelphia, to a merchant, a Friend of that
city,
these cases, and made answer therefore this meeting appoints Bartholomew Wyaii to prtj.are
relating thereto in their replies to one and brinp
to next meeting. 2''*

the fifth query^ Upon

a difficult situation arising a committee
Request was made for a certificate for Isaac Hause.(Hanse?)a minor placed
was named in the monthly or preparative meetings as the case
apprentice with a Friend of Pilesgrove Monthly Meeting.
Jonas Fricdland
warranted. and David Smith are appointed to make the needful enquiry prepare
one and
Apprenticeship of the youth to a desirable trade often necessi- bring to next meeting. ^i
tated his leavinghome and going to the city. In such cases, the Upon some occasions it was necessary that the meeting take
meetings prepared the usual certificates,^^ in order that he be re- charge of the direction of financial affairs— i. e., to settle affairs
ceived by Friends in his new home. The following are examples among themselves without assistance of law if possible—. The
John Hoskins. .requested our certificate on behalf of his son Caleb to be
. following is a case in point, which involved the disposal of children
directed to the Monthly Meeting of Philadelphia he being put apprentice to a as apprentices:
Friend of that meeting. Joseph Wetherill and John Cox are appointed to
Friends that were appointed to speak with widow Nicholson gave
prepare one.^^ testimony
that according to Friends' desire, they have spoken to her, but
have received
Thomas Schoolfield, apprentice to John Welding at Trentown brought a little that was of any satisfaction. So this day Friends having her before the
from Buckingham Monthly Meeting to this meeting, recommending
certificate
meeting advised her and proposed to her to put forth four of her children
him to the care of Friends in his minority, which was read and approved. ^^ and
she and the youngest of her children might have house room and
firing freely
Request was made tothis meeting by one of the overseers of Pilesgrove for a for one year with Matthew Grange; and to call in her creditors
and give them
Anthony Sharp, young lad who has gone apprentice to Phila-
certificate for satisfaction out of her goods. And also to resign up the plantation that is
delphia. Therefore this meeting appoints Preston Carpenter and John Reeve engaged to James Marshall unto him.25
to take an opportunity with him before a certificate is granted.
Fewer cases of apprenticing of girls were recorded, vet this cus-
^^Ibid., 5/VIII/1795; and 9/II/1803. tom was frequently followed. In 17 17, at Chesterfield,
20The use of certificates was a regular rule in the Society of Friends numerous
directions for their issuance and use being given by the London Yearly Meeting. Jacob Doughty, one of the executors of the last will of Anne Beck, deceased,
Likewise Philadelphia advised concerning them repeatedly after its estabhsh- applied to this meeting for their advice concerning the putting out
the daughter
ment. Their use was necessary for all members who desired to remove to of the said Anne Beck as an apprentice to Margaret Howell,
at Philadelphia
another meeting; ministers who travelled about preaching, and of course, the
and this meeting advises to make as good terms as can be for the child,
apprentices who went to a distant town. In the case of the last named it was and if
not so much because the law required it (after 1774) but because it was de- nothing appear upon enquiry but it ma>- be well, this meeting advises'
to jjut
manded by the meeting. See Ms, Christian and Brotherly Advices of (Phila- the child out accordingly. ^b
delphia Yearly Meeting, pp. 25!?. and 30 iff.) On the subject of certificates
the discipline of 1744 stated: "When apprentices or persons under age, are Woodbridge Aleeting, in 1 7 18, dealt as follows with the girls and
under a necessity of going from one place to another, their parents or guardians, boys of William WiUis:
masters or mistresses, should apply for certificates for them, recommending
them to the care and oversight of the monthly meeting whereto they remove." Benjamin Wade and John Willis were appointed by this meeting for the
(Reincorporated in Rules oj Discipline (1834), p. 30). service aforesaid of putting out the said William Willis' children
. . . .

apprentice.
The giving of certificates was provided by the law of 1774: "That if any (He being here and consenting thereinto) One of which children being
person or persons shall think proper to remove out of any one city into another, a boy
they are to take care that his master be obliged to give him two suits
there to inhabit and reside, and shall at the same time procure, bring and of apparel
dehver, to the overseers of the poor of every such city. att the expiration of his time, be taught to wnght a legible hand, and instructed
.a certificate under
.

the hands and seals of the overseers of the poor, or any two of them, of his, in arithmetick so farr as the rule of three. The other being a giri, to l)e i)ut
her, or their last legal settlement, attested by two or more credible witnesses, apprentice until she arrives to the age of eighteen years, obliging her
etc., etc.,then, and in such case it shall be lawful for every such person and
master to
give her at the end of her time two suits of apparell and teach
persons, with their families upon deHvery of such certificate as aforesaid, to her to read in the
Bible.27
continue, abide and remain in any such city. ." (See Patterson: Laws of
.

N, 28-9.)
J., 2^Mm. Salem Mo. Mtg., 24/VI/1771.
2iMin. Burlington Mo. Mtg., 3/XII/1787.
--^Ibid., 27/^1/1796
:!^j!"- Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., 7 IX 1689. ^'Ihid.\ 4/II/1717.
22Min. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., 1/IV/1749. 2'Mm. Woodbridge Mo. Mtg., 25 VI 1718
 : :

264 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Apprenticeship Education 26^
The case of the son of WilUam WilHs well illustrates the persis- meetmg contmues the said friends and lets them know it
is a l^vad. r.f .,„r
tence with which meetin^^s sometimes strove to get children placed discii)hne and that Friends expect they
will attend this meetmg and
make
in Friends' families. This case occupied about two years. In friends satisfaction and appoints Mark
Reeve to accompany the said over-
1 7 meeting stated that "no place as yet presenting the
19 the
seers mthat service.=»2

child ordered to go to John wShotwell's house until a place does

is marriage either of the contracting parties had
If at
children bv
present. "28 A few months later, 'This meeting appoints John an earlier union, themeeting gave sj^ecial attention to see that
Laing and Benjamin Smith to speak to Thomas Cawood and his their rights were properly safeguarded.
In 1 76 Salem recorded1 ,

wife to see whether they may be willing to take William Willis To this meeting came Thomas Copperthwaite
and Marv Willis the first
his child until the age of twenty-one, and if so, upon what terms, time and declared their intentions of
marriage with each other. are ap-
.

pointed to enquire into his life and

and make report to the next meeting. "^^ conversation and clearness in relation to
marriage and Charles Fogg to join them to
see that the rights and propertv of
This was not successful and, the said Mary Willis' children by her
former husband be taken care of and
in the sixth month (1720) an agreement by order of the meeting was made report to next meeting.^^
with Daniel Shottwell for the taking apprentice Nathaniel Willis, son of Another example of the same concern for children
William Willis, while he come of age; the meeting being to pay him sixteen occurred in
the case of Benjamin Griscom and
pounds at several payments with the child, that is to say, five pounds in Rebecca Thompson, who
"declared their intention of marriage" and
the sixth month next, five pounds in the sixth month 1722 and the residue in Friends were at once
the sixth month 1723.^" appomted "to see that the rights of her former husband's
children
are attended to ."^^
the father or guardian did not take steps to apprentice the
If . .

child at the proper age (at thirteen or fourteen years) or failed to 'mm. Salem Mo. Mtg., 24 TX/1759.
^Ibtd., 29/VI/1761. ^'Ibid., 20 VIII
ask the meeting's assistance for so doing, the latter took the case 181 1.

into its own hands.

Thus, in 1773, Woodbridge Meeting was
Informed that a son of Abraham Thorn, a lame lad, is arrived to a proper
age to be put out apprentice and said Abraham Thorn not taking proper care
to put him out the meeting appoints John Webster. .John Haydock to
.

look a place for him and on what terms and report to next monthly meeting. ^i

A breach of the rule that children should be "placed among

Friends" brought the individual so offending under the eye of the
overseer. The following random selection illustrates the point
The overseers of Pilesgrove informed this
meeting that they had visited
the Friends that had bound children under their care from amongst Friends to
learn trades, and that one of them, viz., Thomas Barber, said that he knew it to
be contrary to Friends' rules but did not think of it at that time and was sorry
ithappened so, but that he had obligated the master to let his son go to meeting
on First days and other days of the week when his business would admit.
The other, George Colson, (being brother to the child) said he was unac-
quainted with the rules of Friends on that account and was sorry he had dis-
obliged his friends, but was not sorry if his brother should do well that he had
—
placed him to the man he had and that he had desired the master to restrain
his bro ther from speaking evil words and other bad practices. Therefore this
''Hhid., 21/III/1719. ^^Ibid., 17/VII/1719.
^Hbid., 15/IV/1721. ^^Ibid., 19/V/1773.
 1 ^ ^

Education oj Inferior Races 267

wise bes])oke ecjiia] n-hts for iliai (ies|)isc(l and much ^^•ronged

CHAPTER IX part of humanity. In ail cases his arguments are based upon the
supposition of equalit}' from the Christian viewpoint:
EDUCATION OF "INFERIOR RACES" The color of a man avails nothing in matters of right and equitv CcPMder
Christianity has proclaimed in the most solemn and exalted terms the ab- color m relation to treaties; by such, disputes betwixt nations are somKimes
solute equality of all men. There is neither Greek nor Jew, circumcision nor settled. And should the Father of us all so dispose thmgs, that treaties with
uncircumcision, Barbarian, Scythian, bond nor free: but Christ is all and in all. black men should sometimes be necessary, how then would it appear
among
The precepts Christianity delivers, might have been expected to soften the the pnnces and ambassadors, to msist on the prerogative
of the white color:-'
feelingsand tame the pride of the stronger race. It must however, be ad- Whence is it that men, who believe in a righteous omnipotent
Being to
mitted that in all or nearly all the countries, where white men and black men whom all nations stand equally related, and are equallv accountable,—
remain
dwell together, Christianity though it has brought from without not only so easy it m
but for that the ideas of negroes and slaves are so
;
interwoven m
devoted missionaries but such a band of noble and self-sacrificing women as the mmd that they do not discuss this matter with
that candour and freedom
went after the war to the Southern states to teach the newly liberated negroes, of thought which the case justly calls for.^ .-»
.

has failed to impress the lessons of human equality and brotherhood upon the If those who were spoiled and wronged,
should at length make slaves of their
whites established in the country. Their sense of scornful superiority resists
oppressors, and continue slavery to their posteritv, it would look
rigorous to
candid men. but to act that part toward a people,
its precepts. when neither thev nor
their fathers have injured us, hath something
Thus wrote Lord Bryce, and there are exceedingly few exceptions. m it extraordinarv, and re-
quires our serious attention.
Upon examination of the principles and practices of the Society
He also sees in the institution of slavery a source
of ill effects
of Friends, however, it appears that they, as a small part of a
in the education of children of the slave owning class.
superior white race, did recognize the principle of brotherly equality
It appears by experience that where children are educated
and sought to practice it. In the pursuit of this liberal policy and idleness, evil habits are
in fulness, ease
more prevalent, than is common amongst' such
they were guided by the vision of their great leaders. who are prudently employed m the necessary affairs of life; and
if children are
In the letters of Fox there is a clear indication that the religious not only educated in the way of so great temptation,
but have also the
welfare of the Indians and Negroes was as near his heart as that opportunity of lording it over their fellow creatures, and
being masters men
of the white brethren. In one instance he points out that Christ's
m their childhood, how can we hope otherwise than that their tender ofminds
will be possessed with thoughts too
high for them, which bv continuance,
death offered "propitiation not only for the sins of Christians, bus gaming strength, will prove, like a slow current, graduallv
separating them
for the sins of the whole world. "^ In another, writing to Friendt from (or keeping from acquaintance with) that
humility and meekness in
in the ministry, who had gone to America, he charged them: which alone lasting happiness can be enjoyed.
Let your light shine among
the Indians, the Blacks, and the Whites; that Woolman incorporated his belief in practice. Upon a certain
ye may answer the truth in them, and bring them to the standard and ensign, occasion a request came to him to write the will
of one who ex-
that God hath set up, Christ Jesus. .And, Friends, be not negligent but
. .

pected to dispose of slaves, among other things.

keep up your Negroes' meetings and your family meetings; and have meetings
I told the man that I believed the
with the Indian kings, and their councils and subjects everywhere, and with practice of continuing slaverv to this
others. Bring them all to the baptizing and circumcising Spirit, by which people was not right. .and had a scruple in my mmd against doing
.
writings
they may know God and serve and worship him.? of that kind. .and desired to be excused from going to write the
.
will.-

Woolman in his Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes,

Anthony Benezet, a teacher of long experience both in schools
like-
for wh ite children, and that established for Negroes in Philadelphia,
^Bryce, The Relations of the Advanced and Backward Races of Mankind,
*'
40-1. nVoolman's Journal, (1837), 229-30. Hhid., 2^9-40
-Woody: Early Quaker Education in Pennsylvania, 234. n\oolman's Works (Philadelphia, 1806) p. 224.
^Letter dated ii,X/i690, in Fox's Journal, 642.
¥• ^^ ^^^-^ ^^'^^^'^y ^Meetmg Advices followed the principle of
266 John V\oolman saying ^Y
T i/^w'
that none ought to act as executors or admmistrators
to such estates where slaves were bequeathed.
 :

268 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Education of Inferior Races
269
was an indefatigable protagonist of their cause. In laboring
to effectshave already been expressed, but those which
promote it he wrote voluminously: brief tracts, articles in news- more particularly call for
the notice and redress of the government
arise from its inconsistency with
papers, and also more pretentious publications everything that is just and humane, whence
served to spread the worst effects naturally flow to
abroad his contention that human slavery was utterly the religion and morals of the people where
it prevails. '»
incompatible
with the most elementary Christian principles. By his Concerning his experience as a teacher of the
vigorous Negroes, Benezet
campaign he was able to stir up the Society, of which he was stated:
a
member, to greater activity. Upon one occasion, when a new I can with truth and
sincerity declare that I have found amongst the
movement against slavery was being discussed in the Yearly Meet- Negroes as great variety of talents as among the
like numbers of whites- and I
ing, and a trifling opposition was made, he am bold to assert that the notion, entertained
bv some, that the Blacks are
arose and cried out
inferior in their capacities, is a vulgar i)rejudice, founded
"Ethiopia shall soon stretch out her hands unto God."^ on the pride or
Ignorance of their lordly masters, who have
Among the more pretentious works against slaver\^ were A kept their slaves at such a distance
as to be unable to form a right
judgment of them."
Short Account of that Part of Africa inhabited by the
Negroes, of The same liberal sentiments characterized BenczeUs view of
which a second edition appeared in 1762, A Caution and
Warning the Indian natives.
to Great Brtiain and her Colonies on the Calamitous
State of the
Upon the whole, it is a matter of
undoubted i)ersuasion, with impartial
Enslaved Negroes in the British Dominions, published in 1767, and people who have been conversant
with Indians, that if their dispositions
An Historical Account of Guinea Twenty years after publica- natural power are duly considered, they will
and
be found to be equally with our
tion of the Caution and Warning, the Yearly Meeting own, capable of improvements in knowledge
of London and virtue, and that the apparent
caused it to be distributed widely among the regular and difference between us and them, is chiefly
owing to our different ways of life
dissenting
clergy, officials of the realm, and different ideas of what is necessary and
and the most important schools. desirable, and the advantage of
education, which puts it in our power to gloss
Benezet was impressed by the fact that men failed to be over our own conduct, however
logical evil; and to set theirs, however defensible, in the most odious point of light. 12
in their advocacy of freedom and equaHty.
In 1767 he wrote:
The philanthropy towards both Negro and Indian,
At a time when the general rights and Hberties of mankind, and that so
the preserva-
tion of those valuable privileges transmitted characterized his whole life, was evident after
to us from our ancestors, are His will death.
become so much the subjects of universal consideration, provided that the residue of his small estate
can it be an enquiry should be used:
mdifferent to any, how many of those who distinguish to hire and employ a religious minded
themselves as the person or i)ersons, to teach a number of
advocates of liberty remain insensible and inattentive to negro, mulatto or Indian children, to read,
the treatment of write, arithmetic, plain accounts
thousands and tens of thousands of our fellow men, who,
from motives of needle work, etc., and it is my particular
desire, founded on the experience I
avarice and the inexorable decree of tyrant custom,
are at this very time kept have had m
that service, that in the choice of such tutor,
m the most deplorable state of slavery in many parts of the British dominions?^ had to prefer an industrious careful person, of
special care may be
true piety, who may be or l)e-
In the Account of Africa, he concludes: come suitably qualified, who would undertake the
•
service from a principle of
chanty, to one more highly learned, not equally
Upon the whole of what has been said it must appear to every disposed.'^
honest, un-
prejudiced reader that the negroes are equally entitled
to the common privi-
leges of mankind with the whites; that they
have the same rational powers, Yearly Meeting's Attitude towards Slave Holding
the same natural affections and are as susceptible
of pain and grief as they!
that, therefore, the bringing and keeping them
in bondage is an instance of The statements which embodied the sentiment of
the superior
oppression and injustice of the most grevious nature, meeting of the Society on the subject of Negro
such as is scarcely to be
paralleled by slaverv, were all in
any example in the present or former ages. Many of its woeful harmo ny with individual views already discussed.
These state-
^Biographical Sketches of Friends, 301. -
^Caution and Warning to Great Britain and her Colonies, ^^^«««^ of Africa in Views of American Slavery
in Views of American
»
n^if}^^^ 63
Slavery taken a Century Ago, 29. y * Observations on the Indian Natives 40
i3^r
"V^aux, ^A~
Memoirs ofZ^;?^'"^
' •
^
Benezet, 135. '
 270 Quaker Education in New Jersey
hdiication of Inferior Races 271
ments, issued from time to time, are indeed the crystallization of
the best thought on the subject.
hand or concern in bringing any out of their own countr}'."^^'
In 7 15 the lower meetings were advised that
As early as 1688 the Christian Advices stated that a paper was
1

Ifany Friends are concerned in the importation of Xegroes,

presented by some German Friends concerning the lawfulness let them l)e -lealt
with,and advised to avoid that practice. .and that all who have or keep
and unlawfulness buying and keeping of Negroes, but it was
of
Negroes do use and treat them with humanitv.
.

judged not to be proper for the Yearly Meeting at that time to

Yet it is necessary to recognize in these eariy advices
give a ''positive judgment" as it had so ''general a relation to a very
cautious attitude. The Yearly Meeting received
many other parts ..." numerous letters
from lower meetings, which urged more drastic action
During the succeeding eight years the opinion of the meeting than it at-
tempted. Thus, in 17 16, in answer to a vigorous
became more crv^stallized and the following advice was given out in proposal from
Chester, the Yearly Meeting advised:
1696:
This meeting cannot see any better conclusion than
Whereas several papers have been read what was the judge-
relating to the keeping and bringing ment of last meeting, and therefore do confirm
the same— and. Friends
in of negroes, which being duly considered, it is the advice of this meeting as may be, avoid buying such Xegroes as
. .

. . .
shall hereafter be brouglit in,
that Friends be careful not to encourage the bringing in of any more negroes,
rather than offend any Friends who are against
and that such that have negroes be careful of them, bring them to meetings or it. Yet this is onlv Caution
and not Censure.''
have meetings with them in their families and restrain them from loose and
lewd living as much as in them lies, and from rambling abroad on first days The advice of 17 ig was a little more specific-
"or other times."^^ Advised that none among us be concerned in the fetching
or importing negroe
slaves from their own country or elsewhere.
In 1 7 1 2 the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting received a letter from .treat them with humanity. .

make them acquainted with the principles of Truth and

London Meeting concerning Negro inculcate moralitv
slaves. In this, reference among them.
was made to their earHer advices of 1696, notwithstanding which However, many years were to elapse before all this could be
achie\'ed •

traders flocked in among us over whom we had

no gospel authority, and such In 1730, the monthly meetings were directed to
have increased and multiplied negroes amongst us, to the grief of divers admonish and cau-
Friends whom we are willing to ease if the way might open. tion those who offended by the practice of purchasing those newly •
. .

miported or to be imported. This advice was repeated year after

Since Negroes were more numerous in other provinces than here,
itwas thought desirable to have an expression from the provinces.
year, and m
1737 the lower meetings were charged to send in an
account to the Yeariy Meeting. On the receipt of the
Hence the epistle closed with a request for counsel from Phila- forthcoming
reports
delphia.^^ In 1 7 14 the reply of Philadelphia
Meeting adverted
Divers Friends. .expressed their satisfaction m
to the law passed by the Quaker Colony laying a duty of £ 20 .
finding bv the reports of the
Quarterly Meetings that there is so little occasion of
on each head imported "which Law the Queen was pleased to offense given bv Friends
concerning. .encouraging the importing of negroes. •^
.

disannul." Furthemiore,
This feeling of satisfaction, however, gave way, after
we could heartily wish that a way might be found nearh- 20
to stop bringing in more years, to a recognition that the "number is of
here, or at least that Friends may be
concerned in buying or selling of any
less late increased amongst
that may be brought in and hope for your assistance with the government if us." This reaHzation brought forth along pronouncement
ad-
any further law should be made discouraging- the importation. dressed to all quarterly metings. Essential
i^ortions of the advice
It seems that at this early date Friends in New Jersey and are quoted:
Pennsylvania were clear of the practise only in part many held : .
.if we continually bear in
.
mind the Roval Law of doing to others as we
slaves but "we know not of any Friend amongst us that has any would be done by, we shall never think of bereaving
our fellow creatures of
th9t v aluable blessing. Liberty; nor endure
to grow rich bv their bondage.
^^Ms. Christian Advices of Phila. Yearly Meeting, 171. ^^Ihid., 172.
'"Ibid., 173. ^"^Ibid., 174. ^^Ihid., 176.
 :

272 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Education of Inferior Races 273
How can we, who have been concerned to publish the gospel of universal
love
and peace among mankind, be so inconsistent with ourselves as to purchase In spite of these measures it appears by the advice of 1 776 that
such who are prisoners of war. .and thereby encourage this .
unchristian "many and complicated cases" of Negro slaves still
diflficult
practice? And more especially, as many of these poor creatures are stolen required attention, and it was therefore urged that "all such cases
away. -Do we consider that they are called, and sincerely desire that they
. .
might well be submitted to the quarterly meetings where they
may become Heirs with us in glory, and rejoice in the liberty of the sons of
subsist, whose advice and judgment should be obser\^ed ."
God, whilst we are withholding from them the common hberties of mankind? . .

Or can the spirit of God, by which we have always professed to be led, In 1778 Friends were urged to
be the
author of those oppressive and unrighteous measures? Or do we not
thereby advise and assist them on all occasions ijarticularh- m
|)romoting their in-
manifest that temporal interest hath more influence on our conduct
herein than struction in the princij)les of the Christian religion and the pious education of
the dictates of that merciful, Holy and unerring Guide?
their children
And. .you who by inheritance have slaves now in your families.
.
.con- .

sider them as souls committed to your trust whom the

Lord will require at
as also to advise them
in respect to wordlv concerns; and a year
your hands. .watch over them for good, instructing them in the Fear of God
. later the quarterly meetings were directed to encotirage "a con-
and the knowledge of the Gospel. .and train them up, that. .
.should (you) . tinued care for the instruction of these people in schools ..."
thmk it your duty to set them free they may be the more capable to make a
By 1780 there were but "few remaining in bonds with any of our
proper use of their liberty. Finally, .we entreat you. .seriously to
.

members" and most

.
.

weigh the cause of detaining them in bondage; if it be for your own attention of the higher and lower meetings
private
gain, or for any other motive than their good, its much
to be feared that the
was given to their education, since, with freedom, came op]3ortunity
Love of God. .is not the prevailing principle in you and
.
your hearts not to profit by an education. In the local meetings it is evident that
sufficiently redeemed from the world. .
.^^
little difference was made between the poor child of Negroes and
The pointed statement obviously laid a firm basis upon
last those of white parents.
which meetings might act, and disown those who still refused to
manumit or properly care for their slaves. Action by local meet- The Negro Question in. Local [Meetings •

ings was much more vigorous during the last half of this century.
In 1758 the meeting found a "unanimous concern prevailing In the following ])agesis set forth the activity of local meetings

to put a stop to the increase of the practice of importing, buying, relative to the freedom and care of the Negroes. No attempt is
selling or keeping slaves .," and approved of John
. .
Woolmani
made to deal with this question as fully as its importance well de-
John Churchman, John Scarborough, John Sykes and Daniel serves, but sufficient material will be presented to indicate what
Stanton, who were to visit Friends in all meetings who held slaves. the efforts were, and how nearly they measured up to the ideals
It was also specifically stated that "the respective held by leaders in the Society and expressed in the injunctions of
Monthly Meet-
ing .. should manifest their disunion" with such as refused to
.
the ofhcial meetings. In general, the records that have been found
comply with the advices, after admonition had been given. 20 This show there were efforts (i) to secure freedom (2) give religious
was further emphasized in a committee report of 1774, and education (3) advise them in material affairs and (4) to give an
specific
mention made of instruction elementar>^ school education such as was common at that time.
and .where there are young ones, or others of suitable age that The official interest of the superior meeting in the welfare of the
. .
they
excite the master. .to give them sufficient instruction and learning in order
.
Negro was expressed in a query^^ relating to them, concerning
to qualify them for the enjoyment of the liberty intended, which mention has already been made. Answers were made to
and that they be
instructed by themselves (the masters) or placed out to such
masters and the query by the monthly meetings and forwarded by the quarterly
mistresses who will be careful of their religious education, to
serve for such meetings to the Yearly Meeting.
time, and no longer than is prescribed by law and custom for
white people.21
In 1757 Burlington Quarter reported;
^Hbid., 177-181. ^Hbid., 182-3. ^Uhid., 186.
^In 1765 this was the 7th query.
 :

274 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Education of Inferior Races
275
One of our i.art.cular Meetings say they
have no negroes among them all
c ear of .mportmg them for term desire still to attend thereto until the \Nork
of life. They are generally well fed 'and is perfected or judgment is placed
c loathed; some are taught to read
and taken to meetings but others are where it belongs. ^^
taken
little care ot m these respects.-'
780 the number of slaves held in this meetin^^ had been reduced
In 1

Though from the above report the situation to one, under ao:e, who, it was thought, would soon
be set free.
seems to have been
fairly under control, it was Furthermore, regarding
necessary to remain vigilant. It was
customarj- to deal with members in their instruction in schoolsand in the principles of the Christian religion do
case they infringed upon the
discipline of the society by dealing report that a degree of religious care has been taken; one
in slaves. A case of this kind meeting has also
been appointed for them which, agreeable to an invitation given.
appeared in 1761 when T. H. of Mt. Holly .the most .

was reported to have of them attended and. .we may express our having received the reward
purchased a Negro and certain Friends .
of
were named to speak to satisfaction.''*^
him and report to the ne.xt Meeting.^^
Similar action was taken By 1782 the committee was able to report:
concerning a member of Old Springfield
in 1764.2= Ten years The committee
of the manumission of negroes reports that they have
later the Yearly Meeting urged gone
greater attention to the
still through that service and that there is now none remaining amongst
us in
practice of individual members, in reply bondage that they know of. They are therefore released from that appoint-
to which Burlington made
the following minute: ment.'^

The Meeting taking under consideration

the recommendation of last
Though freedom was secured there remained a great problem
Yearly Meetmg to extend further labor in their education. The intimate concern for the Negroes' educa-
to such members among us who
hold negroes in bondage, after deliberating
thereon it was concluded for the tion is in part evidenced by the fact that the committee on
present to recommend it to the several schools
Monthly Meetings to enter on that was often given charge of Negro affairs. Likewise the Yearly
service as they find the way open and
to report at next Quarter how far they
have proceeded.^!! ' Meeting with the same breath usually spoke of education, and urged
a concern for the Negroes. Especially was this true after manu-
In response the monthly meetings
appointed committees to mission had in most places been secured and the greatest problem
deal 'as wisdom and strength shall
be afforded." A year later remaining was education. In 1788 Burlington appointed a school
this committee of the Monthly
Meeting at Buriington was urged to committee of nineteen "who are also. desired to attend to the
give "attention to these matters and
proceed thereon according to concern ... of doing full justice to the Black People."^^ ^^ ^^^
the discipline."" In 1776 they
reported that "as to those who same time another committee of visitation was appointed
hold Negroes we have the satisfaction
to say that a considerable The following Friendsare appointed to join with Women Friends in a solid
number have manumitted their Negroes bv deeds duly executed"
^

visit to the families of such Black people as are among us, and inquire
into
to take effect at the proper age and their situation and pursuits in Hfe, administering to them such advice
in the meantime taking care tempor-
of their education.=« The following allyand spiritually as may arise on their minds agreeable to the sense of the
report of the manumission
committee was given in 1779. lastYearly Meeting, viz., Robert Grubb, Joseph Wetherill, Thomas Buzby,
Joseph Buzby, Samuel Hedges, Asa Shinn, John Brown and Samuel Woolman,'
We of the committee for the manumisson of negroes do who are desired to meet and confer with the committee appointed in this case
report that we have
'^""'^
^^'' ^'^'' ^^' '^^ ^^^^^^ °f ^hree, then reported by our last Quarterly Meeting and make report.
fri^^'.r^'"?
to be withheld from freedom, have
since increased
.of their progress therein.
.

one by birth, yet we are not An

withoiit a hope that some or early minute of Chesterfield Monthly Meeting
indicates a
all may be released in a little longer time and
we hesitation to enforce the Christian principle for fear that con-

mr"- l^^li^g^to" Q- Mtg., 29/VIII/1757. tentions might arise:

ri!v- ^V^^^l'^''
^^- ^^^^- 4/V/1761.
Ihd., 1/X/1764. 26Min. Burlington Q. Mtg..
Dear Friends. This Meeting having considered the proposal of some
-'Mm. Burlington 28/XI/1774
Mo. Mtg., 6/III/1775. ^Uh^d, s/VlU/IyyG
^'Ihid., 2/VIII/1779. »»/Wrf., 7/VIII/1780.
^'Ibid., 7/I/1782. ^Ubid., i/Xir/1788.
 276 Quaker Education in New Jersey Education of Inferior Races 277
Friends to our last Quarterly Meeting to restrict
Friends from purchasing ofmembers, the meeting had still in i 786 to report that there were
negroes imported into these parts, it is the sense of
this Meeting that as two cases of Negroes held in slaver>' and that more
atteiiti(;n was
Friends both here and elsewhere have been mthe practice of it for time past
needed for those set free. A year later they reported none lield as
and many Friends differing in their opinions from others
m that matter we
think restricting Friends at this time and bringing slaves and a "care on the minds of Friends" regarding their educa-
such as fall into the skme
thing under dealing as offenders, will not be convenient tion. In 1789, according to the Yearly Meeting's desire a com-
lest it create contention
and uneasiness among them, which should be carefully
avoided. We hope mittee was appointed to advise and assist them in temporal and
these Friends that are dissatisfied with such actings
will not onlv be exemplary spiritual affairs.
but m a Christian spirit persuade against a practice so
contrary to the noble
rule laid down in Holy Scriptures in doing
to all as they would that they
Upper Springfield reported in 1784 they were "clear of purchas-
should do to us.^^ ing, disposing or of holding mankind as slaves, except some late
Again, even as late as 1775, they recorded that
several were
instances and "there is some care taken for their education. "^s
. .
."
^^
"disposed to set their Negroes free, but most of In 1795, "one minor held" but "education too much neglected,
those are dis-
couraged from the apprehension of incumbrance which both as to religion and learning," was the essence of their report.
it might
occasion to their outward estates and some few refuse "34 at present.
By 1803 the situation had improved:
"\ In 1776 the committee reported: We know of no slaves amongst us and the few black people under our care
We further add that the committee year appointed and this year re-
last
ap})ear to be well used, with some care for their reHgious education.'''*
appointed to the weighty service of visiting those who keep
negroes in bondage Mount Holly Monthly Meeting in 1780 reported two slaves not
report they have made some progress therein
since last year and altho there mantimitted, and that the meeting was interested in "discharging
appears too great a disregard to common justice and
disposition to reject the their duty with those Negroes that are manumitted. "^^
Christian labor of their brethren in favor of that Two
oppressed people in some
whom they have not yet sufficiently discharged their duty to, and years later they re])ort
in others a
small degree of compliance has appeared which the releasement of our fellowmen from bondage is com}jleted and their educa-
gives encouragement to hope
that further labor will be useful and a more tion has been in a good degree attended to, as well as justice done to those
satisfactorv report be made to a
future meeting. ^^ set free. . .

In 1778 the efforts to secure manumission at

Chesterfield brought
At the same time, the care of Negroes and schools was placed
out seven refusals and testimonies were duly
launched against under a new committee:
those members.36 A year thereafter the Isaac Milliard, Samuel Billiard, Asa Shinn, WilHam Lovet Smith andThomas
Gaskill are appointed to have the care of negroes that are set free and their
Committee appointed by the Monthly Meeting to advise
and assist those education and the establishment of schools for the instruction of our children
negroes and their children who have been restored
to freedom, particularly in agreeable to the direction of the Yeariy Meeting heretofore and in the present
the instruction of the Christian religion and
the pious education of their Extracts, and
offspring have attended to that service and
to report to our Meeting as soon as necessary."
visited all such within the compass
of this Monthly Meeting and advised
them therein as way opened and we Following the urgent advices of the Yearly Meeting in 1754
find there is but few of these people who
attend our meetings having but little and 1758, such members of Haddonfield Monthly Meeting as still
savor of true religion. They are generally ignorant
as to reading and writings held slaves were dealt with. In 1760, the minutes inform that:
both old and young, yet we hope there is an increasing
care among Friends to W. appeared and declared that he did not know that the purchasing a
J.
advise and encourage such of our members who
have the care of their young
ones to be more attentive towards them in these
necessary points and that on
negro was a breach of our discipline or he should not have done it in con- —
firmation thereof he hath set his hand to this minute in the meeting W.)*^
all occasions we show forth a (J.
Christian and benevolent spirit toward them."
The next twenty years w^itnessed great changes. In 177 1 a
In spite of the drastic action, reported above in
the expelling
38Min. U. S. Mo. Mtg., 4/VIII/1784. ^^Ibid., 9 ir/1803.
^ a^z't^w^^"^?^"^- ^^^- 6/VI/1730. ^Ibid., 3/VIII/1775. <oMin. Mt. Holly Mo. Mtg., 9/VIII/1780. ^^Ibid., 4/Xil/i782.
II^!)-
''Ibtd., 1/VIII/1776. ^^Ibid., 10/IX/1778. ^Ubid\ 5/VIII/1779. «Min. Haddonfield Mo. Mtg., 14/IV/1760.
 : : :

278 Quaker Educaticn in New Jersey

Education of Inferior Races
279
committee, appointed to visit such as still held Negroes
reported lay them before the Monthly Meeting in the 8th month
there had been ''good satisfaction to the visitors aniiuallv and at such
and, by what ap- other times as may be required by the sai. mt.
peared, also to the visited."« The efifect on ng and it is our sense that the
1 1 1 ;

"the visited" was giving to this service ought to be a free will ofifenng
and that no Friend should
more tangibly expressed in 1777 when the committee be urged or persuaded to give; all whicli we submit
reported to the Meeting
they had ''gone thru the ser\dce of visiting those Woodbury, 2nd mo. 15th 1779. Solomon Lipi)incott
who have them
and obtained manumission for 18. "^^ They shortly David Cooper
announced the
manumission of 28 more. Thomas Redman, John Hopkins
Samuel Paul
As was the general custom, at this time, religious meetings
were James Whitehall, Jun.''^
established for Negroes, as described in the following
minute In accordance with the above proposal the meetings
of Haddon-
This meeting from a desire to promote religion and
virtue among the negroes field, Woodbur>- and Upper Greenwich
raised within three months
of this neighborhood and from a sympathy with them, appoints
a public the sum of £ 131 /14/0.
meetmg for worship to be held with that people at this house on
the first day
precedmg our next Monthly Meeting to begin at 2 o'clock in By 1782 Haddonfield
Monthly was able to report that "we have
the afternoon.^
The promotion of religious gatherings was followed immediately no negroes held bondage ..." But, though this was achieved,
in
by a more adequate plan to raise funds for Negro education, more attention was needed in other respects. Thereafter, fre-
in
which connection a committee reported quent minutes inform us that "care has been extended
to free
Negroes, to advise and assist them in their temporal
The committee appointed to consider the proper step to be taken for school- concerns."
mg of the children special Negro meetings were continued,^^ and
of Free Negroes, made report in \vriting which was approved assistance afforded
in manner following. respecting the education of their children.^'^ Regarding
education,
The Yearly Meeting having long manifested a concern that the committee reported, in 1 788, money was being raised
the law of and some
righteousness might more unitedly prevail among us,
with regard of doing to had been applied to schooling of Negro children. From all a\'ail-
others as we would they should do to us, and thereby
abolish the unrighteous able records it appears that Negro education was
practice of holding our fellowmen in slavery; which provided on the
concern has been blessed
with success so that there are but few remaining same basis as for other poor children, as indicated
in the following
slave holders among us; but
as their education has been too generally extract
neglected whereby they are dis-
qualified for improving the advantage of The committee appointed reported they had paid some attention
freedom, these with other con- to schools,
siderations induced the Monthly Meeting of kept within the compass of this meeting to good satisfaction.
Haddonfield to propose rai.sing a One large school
fund to be applied in schooling of negro children; and has been kept up at Haddonfield, and a number of
we the subscribers being black children hax-e i)ar-
appointed to consider how this benevolent intention may, taken of school learning with other i)oor children, from
the most effectually the fund provided for
be carried into execution do propose the sum of that purpose.
one hundred pounds be im- '•'•'

mediately raised by subscription, and that the Monthly

Meeting should At Evesham Monthly Meeting in 1771 Friends were appointed
appoint a treasurer to receive said money or notes
payable on demand, and
the committee appointed, agreeable to the to visit those that kept slaves. After four years the situation was
advice of last Yearly Meeting,
should consist of two or more Friends in each Meeting described as follows:
and be distinguished by
the name of the Committee for Negro affairs, Those that hold slaves have been closely treated with
and have the charge and laying and there appears
out of said money for schooling negro children, only two men within the compass of Evesham, and 4 men and women at
buying books, or any other use ^
necessary for their school education, and have stated Chester, that are of suitable age to be set at liberty, that
meetings one in three are held in bondage,
months to confer with and assist each other in perfecting some of which there is a prospect of their being set at
the object of their liberty. ^o
appointment and the treasurer to pay out said money
agreeable to the di- In 1780,
rection of the committee, at any of the said
meetings, for the purposes afore-
said; and he to keep fair accounts of all his receivings and disbursements and ''Ibid., 2^/Ul/i7yc)
^'The
'These religious meetings were held in everv locality
43
Ibid., 9/IX/1771. 44
Ibid., 14/VII/1777. 45 'Uhtd., i2/iX/i785; 8/V, 1786; and 10 XII
Ibid., 11/I/1779. 1787
'Ubtd., 8/iX/i794. '"Mm. Evesham Mo. Mtg., 7/IX/1775
 2 8o Quaker Education in New Jersey Education of Inferior Races 281
The committee in negro cases proposed to this Meeting the raising a sum of
money in order for schooling the children of that people, which, after con-
The number held as slaves at Rahway and Plainfield Monthly
sideration was approved of; and the sum of £ 12 is agreed to be raised for that Meeting in 1803 had been reduced to two:
purpose, which the preparative meetings are desired to attend to and report to Rahway Preparative Meeting informs that Aaron Shot well holds a black
next meeting and said committee are desired to €\xpedite the schooling of such woman contrary to the rule> of our disci}jline. This meeting agrees to rc^frr
children as soon as conveniency will admit. '^^ the consideration thereof next month.
till Also that Daniel Hurley had
purchased a lad to serve he became twenty-eight years of age, and has
Provision was made for religious services as in other localities.
till

since sold him for the same term. Thomas Bills, John Moore Carpenter and
In 1 791 the committee on Negroes reported it had been "instru-
Joseph Laing are appointed to treat with him on the occasion and report to
mental towards the enlargement of some of that people by manu- next Meeting. ^^

mission, admitting of others partaking of school learning, and the The next year these two cases had been disposed of and the
placing of others out apprentices."^'^
meeting reported "no slaves among us" and "care is taken of those
wSimilar reports were made in the northern and eastern Quaker who are set free and are necessarily under our care."^'
settlements. wShrewsburv^ Quarterly Meeting noted in 1756: In 1792 Isabel Hartshome gave in her last will the sum of £ 200
For some time past Friends have neither bought nor imported negroes, but "to be used for the schooling of poor children, particularly those
we fear some that have them do not fully discharge their duty to them in
of the blacks." This sum, it would seem, was never actually paid
training them up in the principles of the Christian religion, some there is that
careful in the discharge of their
to the trustees until i844.-^« Thereafter it was applied to Negro
is duty in that respect. ^^
education, being used to sustain a colored school in Rahwav. This
In 1769 they report themselves ''clear of importing, but one
colored school was apparently under the control of Friends, as a
—
Friend under dealing for buying, a shortness we beheve as to
minute adds "The said trustees on the 31st of the 5th month 1872
their education." ^Similar reports were made for several years.
gave up the colored school to the City of Rahway to be thereafter
In 1 773 it was necessary to deal with certain members for purchas-
under its control." The amount of the legacy in 1873 was
ing Negroes.
$852. 08. -^^
committee except one, appointed by the Quarterly Meeting held in
All the
the 8th month last, to assist the Monthly Meeting of wShrewsbury in a case, In the vSalem Quarter a report of 1 756 stated that "none imported"
depending in the said Meeting relative of some Friends that had purchased but some "not so careful to train them up in the principles of the
negroes for a number of years, reported in writing that they had attended two Christian religion as they ought. "^^ A year later the same report
Monthly Meetings on the occasion and that the >aid Meetings had solidly is made, with the exception "that there has been one purchased
deliberated and considered the case and had agreed and concluded that those
Friends who had purchased said negroes as aforesaid, had acted therein con-
since last Quarter." The purchaser was at once visited:
trary to the rules of discipHne established amongst Friends and were to be This Meeting appoints James Daniel and Joshua Thompson to treat with
treated with on the occasion. ^^ our Friend Samuel Mason concerning his purchasing a negro and endeavor to
convince him of his error therein and report to next Meeting."
Woodbridge, in 1775,
.agreed to report that we have enquired into their situation and we
".
.
The frequent urging of the Yearly Meeting seems to have been
find that some of them are old and incapable of procuring a comfortable responsible, largely, for the movement towards a more liberal care
subsistence were they to be set free by their masters and that some are under of Negroes' education, described in this minute of 1778:
age, and
ncouragement given that they should have learning and when of
<

A concern having prevailed in the minds of many Friends for some years
age that they should be manumitted and that there is one we judge proper for
respecting the education of negro children, at least so far as to be capable of
freedom whose master cannot be prevailed with to set him free.^^

^'Ibid.,7/XII/1780. ^Ubid., 9/XII/1791.

5«Min. Rahway and Plainfield Mo. Mtg., 20/IV/1803. Meeting known as
^Min. Shrewsbury Q. Mtg., 26/I/1756. Woodbridge until 1789.
^^Ibid., 26/IV/1773.
5^Min. Woodbridge Mo. Mtg., 19/IV/1775. ^Ubid., 19/1/ 1 804. 58^\rnounting to $759.53 at that time.
^^Min. Rahway Prep. Mtg. Women Friends, 13/III/1873.
soMin. Salem Mo. Mtg., 25/X/1756. ^'Ibid., 28/XIV1757.
 :

282 Quaker Education in Neu) Jersey

Education of Inferior Races
283
reading the Scriptures and other writings and
being now revived it was pro-
posed to this Meeting to raise a sum of money by Salem, there were stated religious meetings
subscription to be applied in appointed for the
such a manner as Friends may think most Negroes under the direction of prominent
conducive to the end intended and members of the Societ^-
It IS recommended to each
Preparative Meeting to enter into subscription
for Concerning these they often write:
that purpose and Mark Reeve, Samuel
Lippincott, Edward Bradway and appeared they were measurably sensible of the
It
Bartholomew Wyatt are appointed to take the necessary kindness extended tcnvards
care in each Meeting ^ them through Friends' care, by their respectful and
and report to next.^^ affectionate conduct.
The attitude of the Quaker settlers of New
Soon after, some of the committee reported that Jersey and Penn-
"from the sylvania towards the native Indians, forms
unanimity and HberaHty that appeared amongst another "exception to
Friends it is the general truth quoted from Br>xe at
hkely a considerable simi may
be raised that may be sufficient to the beginning of this
chapter. In the liberal, himible spirit of these
answer the purpose. '

Another committee was named to determine

'
settlers ma%' not
be found that "sense of scornful superiority"
how the money should be applied, and make report as which resists the
follows: teachings of Christianity.
Wethe committee appointed to consider in
what manner the monev now
raised for the education
The basis for just dealing with the inferior peoples
and schooling the negroes may be best applied having was laid in
several times met and deliberately considered Chapters XXV and XXVI of The Concessions
the subject matter, their distance and Af^reements of
from each other and the difficulty of settling a West Jersey the text of which follows:
school for them at present by
themselves do agree to report and advise that two That there may Ix' a good understanding and
or more Friends be appointed
m each Meeting to have the care and oversight of
them and to provide schooling
friendly correspondence he-
tween the Proprietors, Freeholders, and Inhabitants
and books for all such as they may think proper of the said Province and
and pay for it out of the said the Indian Natives thereof.
moneys without distinction of bond or free, and to have It is concluded and agreed, that
a care of their conduct if any of the Indian
and morals, to advise and reprove as occasion Natives withm the
may require, that so we may said Province, shall or may do any wrong or mjurv any of the Proprietor.
to
demonstrate that we have their future good and
V isiting such schools at suitable times to
present well being at heart Freeholders, or inhabitants m person, estate, or otherways howsoever upon
inspect their conduct and improve- notice thereof, or comj.lamt made to the Commissioners, or anv two of them
ment and once a year render proper and full accounts they are to give notice to the Sachem or
of all monevs expended other chief person or persons that
and on whom, and what improvement they have hath authority over the said Indian Native
made, unto such whom the or Natives, that Justice mLv he
Meeting may appoint and that such a care and labor
may not become burthen- done, and satisfaction made to the person
or persons offended, according to
some such Friends as are appointed may be released Law and Equity, and the nature and quality of the offence
on application and others
appointed in their room.^s
and iniurv done or
committed. '
"

In 1782, the following report was sent

up to the Yearly Meeting And also in case anyof the IVoj.rietors, Freeholders or
inhalntants shall
any wise wrong or injure any of the Indian Natives there,
Our care has been extended to our fellowmen who
have been released from m
person, estate or
bondage and a visit performed to them in their otherwise, the Commissioners are to take care
several habitations in order to upon complaint to them made or
encourage them m a life of virtue and morality any one of them, either by the Indian Natives
and assistance afforded them in or others, that justice be done
the schooling of their children, ^4 to the Indian Natives, and plenary
satisfaction made them according to the
nature and quality of the offence and injury.
Reports, similar to the above, now became the And that in all trials wherein
general rule. In any of the said Indian Natives are concerned,
the trial to be by six of the
180 1 the minutes inform that ''none are neighborhood, and six of the said Indian Natives,
held in bondage" and to be indifferently and
there ''is an increasing concern for the impartially chosen by order of the Commissioners,
religious and civil benefit and that the Commissioners
of the black people. "«^ This interest use their endeavor to persuade the Natives
was a continued one. In to the like way of trial, when any
of the Natives do any ways wrong or
1852 among items of the financial report we find injure the said Proprietors, Freeholders
that there was or inhabitants, that they choose six of the
^^0.00 appropriated to pay teachers Natives and six of the freeholders or
of the colored school. «« inhabitants, to judge of the wrong and injury
done, and to proportion satis-
_As^ has been found in all other localities, faction accordingly.
so in the vicinity of
It is agreed that when any land is
^9/yi/j778. to be taken up for settlements of towns or
l\i'i''
^Ubid., 26/X/1778. «v^,-^ 26/VIII/1782
'^Ibtd., 20/1/ iHou ee/6i^., otherways, before it be surveyed, tfie Commissioners
31/III/1852. or the major part' of
 284 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Education oj Injcrior Races
285
them are to appoint some persons
to go to the chief of the Natives concerned
in that land, so intended to be taken up, to
earnestly to recommend thesaid testimony to the strict observance of
all
acquaint the natives of their in- Friends, and where any under our profession shall act
tention, and to give the Natives what present they shall contrary there unto, let
agree upon, for their them be speedily dealt with and censured for such their evil practice. "^
good will or consent, and take a grant of the same in writing,
under their hands
and some other public way used in those parts of the world; which
seals, or This was repeated and spread throughout the meetings.
In
grant is to be registered in the
pubHc Register, allowing also the Natives (if 1763 it was further advised, that Friends should
not
they please) a copy thereof, and that no person or persons,
take up any land, purchase nor remove to settle such lands as have not been fairly
but by order from the Commissioners, for the time being.^^ and openly
first purchased from the Indians by those
persons who are, or may be fully
This was the basis of their dealings with the Natives, authorized by the government to make such purchases.
and so .and that Monthly
.

successfullywas it incorporated in practice, that no Indian war Meetings should urge a strict observance of this advice.
filled the pages of New Jersey's history.
Thus, she was unique This was but a reiteration of the principle heretofore adhered
to,
among the 'fires" of the white men.
*

as in the cases of the earliest settlementstheland was first

Throughout the latter part of the seventeenth and most of the
eighteenth centuries most efforts for betterment of the
Indians,
in a religious and educational way, were individual.
of Chalkley, Story, Fox, Benezet, Savery, Richardson,
and many others, emphasize the fact that they came
among the Indian Natives because of an individual "concern."
The sentiment of the society as a whole was favorable towards the
Indian, but was generally believed that instruction of a practical
it
nature would be more efficacious than much exhortation.
The
advices of the Yearly Meeting on the subject of Indians are
always
of very practical import.
Soon after the establishment of the Yearly Meeting at Phila-
delphia and Burlington the following advice regarding
Indians was
sent out:
This Meeting doth unanimously agree and give as their
judgment that it is
not consistent with the honor of truth for any that makes
profession thereof, to
sell rum, or other strong liquors to the
Indians, because they use them not to
moderation but to excess and drunkenness. ^^
The above advice was often repeated, and in 1687 it was directed
to be transcribed in every monthly meeting book ''and
every Friend
belonging to the said Meeting to subscribe the same. '
It was also
purchased
from the Indian holders.
In the last decade of the eighteenth century the Yeariy
Meeting
The works of Philadelphia became interested in practical efforts to relieve
Woohnan, the situation of the Indians of the Six Nations, and to this
work
and went the lower meetings contributed. At a conference
between the
United States and the Six Nations at Canandaigua in New York,
representatives of the Society of Friends were present
upon
request. ^<^The Friends remained there some two months and,
during their conference there was expressed a desire that Friends
might send teachers to them.^^ This was accomplished and the
work thus began was soon transferred to the direction of New
York Yearly Meeting.
In 1798 several Friends went among the Senecas, in the
Alle-
gheny Valley near the southern boundary of New York, and began
the mission work at Genesanguhta, which was later
(1804) trans-
ferred to Tunesassah.72 Here it was that a school for Indian
boys
was set up by Joseph Elkinton and one for the giris by Mary Nutt.
The purchase of land, about 750 acres, and the establishing of
saw and grist mills were necessary steps toward a practical as well
as "literary" education.
Such steps were expensive and it was to
'

added
meet the expense that the Yearly Meeting called on local meetings
in 17 19 that "to avoid giving them occasion
of discontent
for assistance.
it is desired that Friends do not buy
or sell Indian slaves." Three
years later a minute informs that
All monthly meerings in the several Quarters of New Jersey
yet too notorious that the same (advice) hath not been
it is
^^Ihid., 104.
duly observed by ''^Quaker Biographies, 122.
some p ersons and therefore it is become the weighty concern of 7^Some years before Cornplanter, Chief of the Senecas, had requested
this Meeting aid.
and mstruction from the Friends. See Woodv: Quaker Education in Pa.,
^'Signed in 1676-7. N. J. Archives, First Series, 263-4:
I, 2^9-60
'""Ms.Advices of the Yearly Meeting, 102. ^2Min. Phila. Yr. Mtg. Indian Committee, I,
189-90; also Quaker Bi-
ographies, 111-139, and Kelsey, Friends and the Indians,
Ch. V.
 286 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Education oj Inferior Races 28-
responded readily to the request for assistance.
The early minutes and that there is £ 56/15/0 now ready which
their benefit
of a few of them, relating to the is directed to be
subject are given below. In 1 70c put mto the hands of John Wistar to
i)ay for ward. ''^

Burlington minuted:
The support of work among the Indians, though
The important concern of the Yearly Meeting the missions
respecting the civilization were not m their midst, was thus generously
andwell being of the Indian Nations, assisted by Quaker
as mentioned m the Extracts, gaining meetings of New Jersey and continued
our solid attention, it was decided that two even to the present day.
or more persons be appointed in
each Preparative Meeting to raise 'Ubid., 29/Vni/i796.
subscriptions agreeably to the recommenda-
tion of the \ early Meeting's
Committee and forward the same to John Smith
who IS desired to report the sum he may so
receive and forward it to John
Elliot, Treasurer of the said
Committee. The following persons are ap-
pointed to the service-John Cox,
Jr., John Smith,
Robert Smith Jr., Joseph
Buxby, Samtiel Wills Jr., Solomon Thomas,
Joshua Newbold, Cleayton Brown
and Samuel Woolman.""'
Upper Springfield xMonthly Meeting acknowledged
receipt of
mfomiation relative to the Indians in
1795 and, at once appointed
a committee ^m order that that great and
desirable work may be
earned mto effect."^^ A year later this
meeting's report stated
they had raised S295.75 for the ''Indian
Welfare." In similar
manner, whenever requests were made
collections were started
and the work supported. The amounts were
sometimes small
sometimes large. The smallest meetings took
part. East Branch
Preparative mentioned a subscription of
S14.12K for the Indians
m 1806 ;^^ Medford Monthly sent $54.04 to their quarterly meeting
for that purpose in 1806 ;^« and
Haddonfield, at the same time, sent
m S138.oo.77 Salem, in 1795, noted the Yearly Meeting's rquest
for aid, and appointed a committee
to raise money:
A minute of the Quarterly Meeting being produced
and read in the Meeting
recommendmg to the attention of Friends that part
of the Extracts relating to
makmg some provision towards assisting the Indian natives
in the civilization
and the circular letter from the committee
and some copies of letters from
Indian Natives being read, the Meeting uniting
therewith, William Carpenter
and Clement Hall are appointed to hand the
subscription round and amongst
l^nends to report to next Meeting.'^

A few months thereafter,

The committee appointed to t^ke siih.rrintioni. for
the Indian Natives now
r_eported that i 92/12/6 has been collected
and forwarded to tHe Treasurer for
73M n. Burlington Mo. Mtg., 7/XII/17QS
n. U. S.Mo.Mtg.,9/XII/i795.
•5M n. East Branch Prep. Mtg., 20/III/1806.
"6M n. Medford Mo. Mtg., 8/III/1806.
'"M n. Haddonfield Mo. Mtg., 14/IV/1806
78M n. Salem. Mo. Mtg., 30/XI/1795.
 1 1

School Control and Organization

289

actual establishmnii of schoc.ls. with a kai-

i;xce]fii(j]is, was ac-
complished by theniontlily and tlic ])R'|)araiR-f meeting?,
CHAPTER X the agency of s])ecial tnistees or school committees.
through

SCHOOL CONTROL AND ORGANIZATION The London Yearly Meeting, established in 1672, began
toiu-ge
the provision of "schoolmasters and mistresses
wlio are faithful
Central Control Friends to teach and instruct their children ." as . . early as j6go;
were established by the Quaker organization as an
vSchools and repeated the a(h-ice on many occasions thereafter.
ad- vSimilarly,
junct to the church. The common aim of
colonial elementary
education emphasized the religious values to
be derived from r
schools. The education of the Quakers was practical, moral and
religious, above all else ;
a useful education for the life the individual
must lead. As the meeting and its activity bulked large in the life
of the member it was but natural that the meetings
should control 1
the school. This control of agencies, such as the church
and the Q w
school, however, required some years to
develop. The meetings
grew up and schools were later created to help perfect
their control
of the institution over the individual. The most perfect cr^^stalliz-
ation of the educational efforts of the meeting
came a full century
after the first settlement of English
Quakers in New M M M M
Jersey.
Nevertheless, the rising tide of interest in the
question on the part
of the superior meetings can be traced
throughout that period.
The schools being created by the meetings, it is natural
to find
that their external control fell into its hands. — [-L]
Therefore an under- -^ —
standing of the meeting's organization is
essential to a compre- —
1 1
_
hension of school control. The system of
meetings comprised V y
four grades: (i) the yearly, quarterly,
(2) (3) monthly, and (4)
preparative or particular meetings. The relation PLAN OF THE MEETING ORGANIZATION
of the Yearly to
the lower meetings is represented schematically
in the drawing on "advices" were sent out by Philadelphia and Burlington
page 289.1 Yearly
Meeting, when it was established,'-^ but its advices
The functions of the Yearly Meeting were at first advisory and did not in any
way act as a substitute for those of London. Thus Burlington
have continued so; but to the advisory functions there was added in
1 761 acknowledged the receipt of
a more specific control. "forty of the Printed Yearly
Often, as a result of the tendencv towards
Meeting's Epistles of London," which were distributed
centrahzation, advice of the Yearly Meeting to lower
was sent to the meetings and caused to be read in them.^
quarterly, and in turn, to monthly and
preparative meetings. The Upon receipt of the more urgent, and specific instruction from
^'^^"^^oody: Early Quaker Education in Pennsylvania, Philad elphia in 1778, a ver>^ evident concern is
Vnf?'^t''''^i
For a more thorough discussion of the development 18 found in the
of meetings and thei^
relation to educational work, consult 2For fuller discussion of the educational policy of
Chapter Two of the work cited the Quakers see Chapter
288 1. wo.
^Min. Burlington Mo. iMtg., 7/XII/1761.
 : < ' 1

290 Quaker Education in New Jersey

School Control and Organization
29
minutes of most of the lower meetintrs, yet in almost all there is
an their improvement they would prove useful in supporting the dignity and
admission that the\' find the difficulties numerous, and the room of the schools, a strength to the
order
for teachers, and afford encouragement to
improvement quite the
large. The following- comment from the children; and when female teachers are
engaged that these committees be
records of Evesham Meeting composed of both sexes. They would also recommend
is typical of the sentiment in many view the advice of the Yearly Meeting that where
that Friends keep in
localities Friends are so circumstanced
as to be able to keep up a school or schools,
The earnest advice of the Yearly Meeting respecting the education that thev manifest greater liber-
of youth ality towards well qualified teachers in
and the estabhshment of schools under the direction of reHgious
teachers, hath
the prices of tuition; also
such schools with proper books, maps, globes and
m
furnishing
been measurably attended to, and it appears that the cause other apparatus necessarv
gradually gains the for an improved state of instruction; thus way
attention of many friends; and most of the schools are taught by members of might be opened for children
to be admitted into these schools who
the society, under the care of committees appointed might be boarded at a reasonable
to that service. Yet price, and an opportuuity furnished them
there is room for further weighty labor in that respect. (as well as those within their limits)
for a liberal education consistent with
our profession; and thus give stability
not to be assumed from the above that initiative lay
It is and permanency to such schools.
entirely
in the Yearly Meeting. Its guidance was always sought, and its And it is further believed that if we wereall more concerned
to live u]) to the
favorable decision in a matter was necessary for success golden rule of doing unto others as we would
of a move- thev should do unto us under
like circumstances, and look around us, within
ment, such as education; but, far more progressive attitudes the limits of our several meet-
were mgs, children might be found among our members
at times expressed by lower meetings. who are so circumstanced
A case in point was that It IS difficult for them to come at such an
education as would qualify them
Chester's urgent demands that a more definite stand to be most useful to society; much good
be taken might be done bv friends of sufficient
with regard to slave holding.^ Likewise, on the subject ability and hberality in taking such into
their families and giving them their
of educa-
tion, the following committee report of board or otherwise contributing to their education.
Salem evinces a very pro-
gressive attitude on several points. Signed on behalf of the committee,
By David Cooper Hannah Cooper
The committee appointed in the fifth month last on the subject of the re- Thomas Shourds Elizabeth T. Andrews^
hgious guarded education of our children, both at home
and at school, way has
not opened to propose to the Quarterly Meeting Yet, united action was never accomplished
any settled plan or step to without the leader-
be taken or pursued by this Meeting in relation to the
establishment of schools;
ship of the Yearly Meeting. It collected and disseminated infor-
yet It is believed if friends in their different neighborhoods mation, aroused enthusiasm in the back^vard
wouldkeep sufficient- meeting, gave advice,
ly ahve to the importance of this concern a more lively zeal
will be manifested in helped select proper teachers when desired,
the support of our primary schools— and that
as Friends manifest a liberal
made visitations!
arbitrated exceptional casesj and was generally
disposition for the encouragement of these
schools, teachers among the readv to perform
younger part of society of both sexes, will feel their minds such duties as seemed needful from time
engaged to enter into to' time.' In 1839 it
this noble and dignified calling of expanding
the youthful mind and teaching the
young idea how to shoot. And, in neighborhoods where «Min. Maurice River Mo. Altg., Women
friends are so circum-
Friends, (H), 13/XI 'iSu
stanced as not to be able to keep a school the whole '^''''^^ ^^^""^^^ '° ^^^ authority of the Yeariy Meeting may
of the year under well be' mentTon'Td:
qualified male teachers, it is believed that
competent female teachers might be ^^^""^ a portion of the Fund left under the care
fh7\^l
the ?M^^''vr°^.^''"'"u^
Monthly of
obtained especially in the summer season, under whose Meeting, by the will of David Bacon, for school
religious feeling care, purposes to
our children might be profitably instructed in school learning assist m
sustammg Friends school at Mullica Hill, having come bSore the
and their precious ^^^^.^^^^us^ion ?f the matter, it was thought best to
mmds preserved in a good degree of innocency. The committee have ?afh'^%l^\7f-
to the Representative apply
felt Committee for its advice in the case The friends
particularly desirous that this part or view of the continued last month in charge of the matter,
subject should claim the concerning the Bacon School
close attention of friends, everywhere being
persuaded it would prove a blessing
bvthip^'"''
by ^^fl^h^y ^^^^^^^d the subject to the subcommittee appointed
the Representative Committee who made a
to the children not only of Friends but others. clear explanation. The report
And it is also believed that if isaccepted and directed to be recorded. And the
such schools were visited by committees of friends who Bacon School Fund directed
felt a lively concern for amongst all pay schools under the care of Friends
withm th^f^>^P?'.^i°''A^
withlrf the limits of the Monthly Meeting, agreeable
%Iin. Evesham Mo. Mtg., 6/IX/1781. Pilesgrove Mo. Mtg., (H.), 28/VnT/i877 and
to said report." Mm
^Ms. Christian and Brotherly Advices, 30/X/1877
pp. 195 and 198,
 292 Quaker Education in New Jersey School Control ayid Organization
^y^
stated that "a lively interest was manifested for the welfare of the branches are taught in it; and the price charged for tuition; and what
youth . . ."in the several quarterly meetings,^ and urged number of Friends' children attend it.

7th. What Public or District schools are there within the

that those who have received a hberal education might turn their minds limits of your
Meeting; and what number of Friends' dnldrcii attend
towards the improvement of the condition of the ignorant and destitute by them? State what
proportion of the year those schools are kept open,
. promoting schools for their instruction; that there may be none of any class the numlx r of scholars
usually in attendance, and the general character
to whom our influence can extend, without the means of obtaining at least of the schools and of the
the teachers.
rudiments of education.''
8th. What family schools are there among Friends of vour Meeting;
are they
In 1842, recognizing the difficulty experienced by local meetings taught by members of the family or teachers hired for
the purpose; do they
in the country "in procuring for their children the opportunity of receive other children than those of the family; and
a if so how many :^
State
alsowhether the persons who teach them are Friends.
guarded religious and literary education consistent with the
Any other information which may tend to elucidate the state
principles and testimonies of our society of education
.," a large committee
. .
within your Meeting is also solicited.^^
was appointed to investigate conditions and to find ways "of
In 1854 a similar Hst of 9 questions was answered
affording efficient relief to Friends so circumstanced." This com- bv the quarter-
ly meetings belonging to the Yearly Meeting of Hicksite
mittee undertook to gather full information as to the status of Friends. ''-^

This was to secure additional information to that

meetings educationally, by means of a questionnaire, given below :^o furnished by
answers to the second annual quer\'.
Query ist. What number of children of each sex is there belonging to your
During the last quarter of the 19th centur\' the Yearly Meeting
meeting of a suitable age to go to school, say between five and sixteen years
old? State how many are in the way of receiving education and how many
resorted to visitation as a more efi'ective means for maintaining a
;

are not and the age and sex of the latter.

;
close relation with local schools, and a vakiable supplement'^to
2nd. What number of them reside near enough together to attend con- written communication. Pilesgrove, in 1874. mentioned the ar-
veniently at the same school; and how many are situated so far from the rival of a "portion of the Committee on
Education from Phila-
others as to render this impracticable?
delphia Yearly Meeting" and adjourned their meeting
3rd. Is there a school within your limits taught by a member "to hold a
and super-
intended by a committee of the Monthly or Preparative Meeting? If there is
conference with them."^-^ In 1881 the Educational Committee's
state the whole number of children who attend it, and what proportion Report stated apropos of this point:
of
them are members; and what is the price charged for tuition. Feeling the continued importance of the concern
entrusted to our care, and
4th. What school houses and school funds are there belonging to your fully realizing the inestimable value to the youth
of our Societv of a truly
meeting; and how are they situated and used. guarded religious education, we have endeavored, during
the i")ast year to
5th. Does any school under the care of Friends within your limits receive aid labor in the work as ability was afforded.
from the public funds? If it does, state to what extent; and how far the Small committees set apart for the purpose, have visited
school officers of the district or township consider it under their jurisdiction;
Friends in several
neighborhoods, and earnestly urged them to gather the
children within the
and what account is rendered, and to whom of the disbursement of the fold of the Society, and surround them with the
friendly
atmosphere of Monthly
money so received. and Preparative Meeting Schools under the care of
religiously-concerned
6th. any school (except the Public District Schools) within your
Is there
teachers, in membership with us. These visits have always been received in a
limits, taught by a
member of our Society, which is not under the care of a spirit of kindness, and the appeals regarded
with thoughtful consideration,
committee of the Monthly or Preparative Meeting? If there is state what ending in some places in the starting of new schools,
or in the more general

^Extracts Phila. Yr. Mtg. Minutes (H.), 1839, pp. 5-6. Hbid. ^^Copied from the Min Burlington Mo. Mtg.,
should be mentioned, in this connection that the increased centraliza-
i^'It 1842. These queries were
answered by the lo9al school committees of the Preparative
tion of control m
the Yearly Meeting in the latter part of the century, was due Meetings, and forwarded to the Yearly Meeting's
and Monthly
m part to the fact that the institution of public schools in Pennsylvania
in
committee. See no 40
^^" ^''^''''^ Trustees' Report at 142 N. i6th Street, Phila-
1834, and the withdrawing of public funds from church schools in 1866 in delphm
New Jersey, necessitated a more perfectly organized system that could offer ^2Min. Burlington Q. Mtg., (H.), 28 /II/1854.
effective competition. See also Chapter Thirteen. i^Pilesgrove AIo. Mtg., (H.), 29/XII 1874.
 294 Quaker Education in New Jersey
School Control and Organization 29-
and united support of those already in
existence, but languishing for want
help and ^^'here there has been no of or preparative meetings and it was accordii],-]>-
; outward evidence of good resulting from the known generally as
spread of the concern we have reason a mc)nthly or preparative meeting scIkm.I.
to believe it is owned bv individual The rictual task nf
mmds, who, by faithfulness, can promote its looking after the school affairs, however, was
growth given into the hands
The difficulties at first encountered do not
seem to diminish. Friends in of school committees or trustees, who were
their neighborhoods are often widely responsible to the body
separated, other schools are numerous
good teachers are not always to be had, that a])pointed them. This school committee became a most
and many Friends, apparentlv well
quahfied to serve on School committees, nccessar>^ factor as life increased in
do not seem willing to accept the complexitx-; atid es])ecially.
^'''' ^^'''"'' ^"'""'^""^ ^^'^ '^ "^^df^^ to the proper success of
when the Yearly Meeting urged better schools in
TsToof 1778 was "it
essential. Not only did the committee become the most important
The methods of instruction, the branches to
be taught, what constitutes the agent of control, but in some cases functions were
proper qualifications of teachers, and
how shall the schools perform the best specialized some ;

work for the head the hand and the heart were to look after buildings and grounds; others,
of the rising generation, are subject the visitation of
worthy not only of the attention and close schools, and hiring of teachers; while some
study of School Committees but of committees, to judge
parents and guardians, who are from their reports, did little more than handle the
encouraged to manifest their interest bv financial matters
frequent visits to the schools, and by
giving their hearty support to rightlv^ for the meeting.
concerned teachers, in their interesting
but arduous work The committee was never anything more than the
The subject of a General Superintendency meeting's
over all our schools, bv a thorough-
ly competent person, though agent, which was directed to exercise certain powers. But. having
not as yet fully united with by our"
Committee
continues from time to time to claim
our attention, and press with great
performed its functions, it was bound to report results
force to the meet'^
upon many, who, m the visits made to ing for approval. Thus in 1791, "the report
several localities during the year have of the committee of
seen where such service might be
productive of much good schools" at Chesterfield,
We have expended during the year, in aid of schools
$400, and for other being revived. .the meeting.
expenses $17.98, making a total of . .recommends the Preparative of ChestcTfield
.

$417.98.'^
they are hereby authorized to open a school.
From ..and make rules. .for the
general visitations, visitation by government.
.

small special committees .of the institution, which rules and

.
regulations shall ahva^•. he
and a general superintendent it was but inspected by the Monthly Meeting's committee for
a short step to entire con- their approbation or dis-
trol The Extracts for 1887 stated the Committee allowance, .'*'
.

had supplied
both pemianent, special, and
substitute teachers as occasion re-
quired and that "in three instances,
at the request or approval of
monthly or preparative meetings, our
committee assumed the . .
Voluminous illustrations could be cited to
show this dependence
of the trustees or committees
upon meetings, but it is perhaps
sufficient, in view of material presented elsewhere,'^ to quote the
.

entire responsibility of the rules devisedby Salem, late m the 19th century but which are quite
schools for the year, with theview of
placmg them on a fimi basis .", with the view representative, and show the limitations placed by
. .
however of "re- the meeting on
tummg them again into the hands of the local its school committee:
committees
when thus established. At this stage of Rule That the school shall be under the charge of 6 trustees,
development of the cen- 1st.
appointed
tralized control on the part annually by the Monthly Meeting whose duty it shall
of the Yearly Meeting one may be to emplov a teacher in
well ^
turn to an examination of the such manner as they may think best for the benefit of
local control exercised bv the the school.
trustees and school committees Rule 2nd. That the teacher so employed shall charge and
of the monthly and prepamtive collect the price
per Qu arter for each pupil as fixed upon by the
meetings. ^•'
trustees.
i«Min. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., i5/XII/i79r.
Local Control '-The account of educational activities of committees
of various Meetings m
Chapters Three, Four, Five and Six contains further
__The local control of the school was in the and limitation
evidence of dependence
hands of the monthly It may be added, however, that
committees alwavs desired
the approval of the meeting, and that treasurers'
;^Extracts of Phila.
Yr. Meeting (H.). 1881 dd q-ii accounts were alwavs care-
fully reviewed before they were released
-Extracts Min. Phila. Yr. from service or named for another
MtgV(H.Vi88;^,'?o-23 year. A minimum of dissatisfaction was the result.
 2Q6 Quaker Education in New Jersey
School Control and Organization
297
Rule 3rd. That in case the trustees think it proper, to contract with the
Rule I2th That the above rules be posted in a
teacher, allowing him or her a stipulated price for each term, and if
there should
conspicuous place in the
school room to remam there and be
be a deficiency after collecting the price fixed upon for each pupil, the observed until altered or otherwise directed
teacher by the Monthly Meeting."
may make out a bill for such deficiency, w^hen, if signed by 4 trustees it may
be presented to the treasurer of the Preparative Meeting for payment. The school committee was a,.pareinh- eom,,osed
of members of
Rule 4th. The trustees should be careful to employ a teacher who is a unusual abihty, whose judgment and
inte«rits- were held in hi-h
member of the Society of Friends or a professor with them, having
a good esteem. Often m the .selection of a
moral character who will use the plain language to the pupils. He
committee "on this interesting
or she subiect'' the meetmg emi.ioyed such tenns
should also be thoroly educated in the various branches and be well of appreciation as
recom- sohd,
mended. "weiKhty," "concerned," "suitable." and
"of ripe judg-
Rule 5th. It will be required of the teacher to attend Mid-week Meeting ment." As to the nimiber composing a committee
there was
with his or her pupils, having a guarded care over them while there,
that
great irregularity-, as no ijrojjer mimber was ever specified Tliere
their conduct may be orderly and the meeting not disturbed, were committees of as few as three members,
that the object
for so assembling may be realized.
but others ran as high
as ten, twenty, or thirt>- members.
Rule 6th. That the number of pupils instructed by one teacher shall not As a general mie. we may
sa>- that when an investigation
exceed 30, when an assistant may be employed as is the judgment of the was to be made or a concensus of
trustees. opinion arrived at, a large committee was
appointed the commit-
Rule 7th. That preference be given to children of Friends; if there should tees actualh- m
charge of local schools, howe\-er, usualh-
numbered
be more applicants than there are seats to accommodate. Parents and three to ten members.
guardians of other children should be informed by the teacher, that they will
In some localities these committees
be received only on condition that they comply with the rules of the school, a were composed of men and
copy of which should be shown them.
women; again, there was a men's committee and a women's com-
Rule 8th. That the school be divided into terms of 55 days each 2 sessions mittee. If a girls' school existed, or if a woman teacher
;
was em-
to be taught per day, having a recess in each, if thought proper of
15 minutes.
ployed, at some time of the year, then the o\-ersight of the
actual
Parents or guardians should be encouraged to send their children at the opening school activity was placed in feminine hands. Thus in i?,ox
of each term and have them punctual in their attendance, as the charge
will be Burlington noted that.
by the term without loss of time, except in a clear evidence of sickness.
Rule 9th. The school should be visited by the trustees once a month at a
The Trustee.s of the School des.r.ng the company
of some women to joh,
stated time, and it is recommended that they call at other times when con-
them m v.s.tmg it, Margaret .Smith, Martha
Smith, Oel,«rah Smith, Eh.ahcU,
venient; also that they attend jointly at the end of each term and have the
Coleman, and Susanna Emlin are ai)[)ointed
for that purpose.'"
teacher (review?) his or her pupils thoroly, and evidence to the trustees that Two volumes of their rect)rds, co\-ering the jjeriod
from 800 to 1
they understand and can explain the various branches they have studied. 1818 and 1828 to 1870, show that women were
Rule loth. That it be the duty of the teacher to enforce strict discipline in regularlv chosen
to visit the school with the men.
the school and preserve good order. Also to have a care over the school The women made reports to
their meeting, as did the men to
property that the desks be not defaced during recess and that each pupil re- theirs. In this instance their
place damages of minor importance such as breaking windows, lights, etc. visitations occurred once each month.
It In 1802 the committee's
is also enjoined upon him or her to have a guarded care over
the morals of his report on schools at Evesham stated
there were five of them in
pupils, to allow no corrupt unbecoming language used out of school whilst charge of trustees annually appointed, with
under his or her care,
whom, in some places
keeping those from the country as much as possible out women had usually joined; and "as some of their sex
of the streets of the town. It is also recommended that the teacher be absent have en-
gaged as teachers, which we have not visited,
from the house for as short a time as possible at noon, especially during the we think the care of
winter term. them ought to rest on the Women's Meeting."-"
Rule nth. That the teacher keep a correct list of the children of Friends 'Mm. Salem Mo. Mtg., (H.), 2; IX 1876.
attending school each term and the length of time they attend as also all other ^urhngton Prep. Mtg. of Women Friends, 29/XII/180V
20M-"- Evesham
^«Mm.
children, to be furnished to the trustees for the information of the Monthly Meetmg, 5/111, ,802: For ,,rominem mstances of
com.ttees over schools see .Alloway's Creek women's
Meeting. Min. Greenwich Prep Tug
'^^fe, and Mm. Maurice River
Women p"™h'^''J'?-''ff'^'I .Mo' M f'
^"^"'^" '"-^^ ''"' «4.'>: indeed women played an
!^wf"
-school y.s.tat.on, m important role in
every locality during the nineteenth centiry
298 Quaker Education in New Jersey
School Control and Organization
299
The
duties delegated to committees to be performed covered a
Thetrustees "hired and fired" the
teacher, but the last named
wide range, almost ever\^thing that had to be done for the school,
function was not often exercised,
or. at least the ninuite.
except actually supporting it. The first duty in point of time, ineinion
few cases. This was due in part
came t.) the care with y.-hicb the
i. e., after schools have a permanent foundation, was to
to
teacher was selected and also the fact
that it was extremelv hard to
secure a lot of ground on which to build a schoolhouse, a master's hold teachers a long time. If the teacher was at
house, or for a playground. In 1802 Evesham's committee la- all capable of
maintaining the "school in a good
mented the fact that 'The advice of the Yearly Meeting respecting degree orderly" he wa. en-
couraged to remain. The agreement or
making suitable accommodations for teachers, appears so little contract was usuallv for
one, two or three quarters, or
for the summer tenii, often
attended to, there is but one house erected for that purpose ." in the
. .
case of women teachers, and the
Yet they mention that they have provided five good school houses tendency was to adhere to a ri^nd
contract, though was sometimes waived.^^^ In securing
it
which are under trustees of the several Preparative Meetings.-^ a teacher
advances were made, with equal
In 1800 Upper Evesham Preparative instructed a committee defin- propriety hv tmstees orbx-the
teachers. T. Bennet, in 1791, infomied
itely that it should secure a lot on which to build a master's dwel- a member of the com-
mittee he would engage "to teach a
ling.22 All accounts for building houses, fences, and purchases of year, provided he could have
36 subscribed scholars. "^« At another tmie initiative
ground had to be reported to the meeting. Thus the committee was taken
by the meeting, which entered the following minute:
at Upper Springfield, in 1793, after being reminded of the fact
The necessity of procuring a teacher
for our school (which hath
that no settlement had been made for building Friends' school considerable time vacant) being now
been some
urged as a matter requmng speedy
house, were charged to bring in a report. They reported a few attention Samuel Sykes and Wilham
Xewbold are directed to write to those
months later a total disbursement of £ 80/1 5/1 1.23 Friends of Philadelphia appointed to
receive applications and inform
situation and the probable salary
them ou
Not only did the trustees secure the building and lot, but we can give a suitable master.-
in
some cases it was specified they should provide the firewood, i. But the teacher once hired was by no
e., means dictator of the school
unless they could unload the job on the teacher.^^ On the whole it
Very frequently it was a part of his
contract that he should follow
a definite list of niles in the
seems to have been a matter of small concern who should actually government of his school the prepara- ;

tion of such list of rules was

purchase fuel or other supplies. Numerous bills were presented by
mittee^ The following rules were
masters for purchases they had made for the school.^^ In one case
the school at Evesham
often perfonned by the school
com-
drawn up for the obserA-ance of

—
the trustees agreed to get wood if the teacher would provide ink, in 1792:

quills, and paper and charge them to the pupils.^^ Articles agreed upon, and
to be observed by the trustees,
Repairs were teachers and em-
made by the trustees, especially
any considerable nature,
if of '^^"^ ^^ '^^^"^ '^'^^^^^ '-'''- ''' ^-^^-
MrhV^^^ ^^
but small tasks were frequently done by the master. Bills for
'^°' ^"^^ ^-^^'^"^^ -^-^
repair work, no matter how insignificant the charge, were brought Of Sar::a:s;ft::s ''- --^-
Second
"
before the meeting. The hours of teaching shall be in the
11, 12. i, 2 and 3rd months
^'Min. Evesham Mo. Mtg., 5/III/1802. from eight to half past five, allowing two hours at noon
22\iin. u. E. Prep. Altg., 3/XII/1800; More evidence, if desired,may be
found in the activities of school ^^' '^'" '''''^''^' ^^^^^ ^^^^'^^^^^ ^'^P^^' ^"^^^^ ^"d
committees described in Chapters Three. An?nn;. 'T^"" ink.
Four, Five, and Six. ''"''' '"""' """^' "''"^^^^ ^^°P°^^-" °^ ^he expense
2^Min. U. S. Prep. Mtg., 25/VIII/1793. who th"same.
vvno use the .

~^Mm. East Branch School Trustees, 6/XI/1819. In 1820 the teacher was
authorized to charge employers for the wood used at school at the rate of h.thT^'- 7^' ''''!"'' "^^^^ '"^'' "°
hath a ny infectious
''^'^'' ^^ ^^"^^""^ ^^^ ^he school that
'*
distemper.
.50 per cord.
2^See page 306. '"''Urn. U. S. School Trustees, 10/IV/1813. 2^More is said of contracts on i)a^e 302
'mm. U. S. School Trustees,
30/XI/;79i. 297^,-^^ is.lhijgj.
 300 Quaker Educaticn in New Jersey
School Control and Organization
601
The teacher shall not dismiss any scholar without a sufficient cause,
Fifth.
approved by the trustees, and if any employer from dissatisfaction incline to school to a good degree of satisfaction, finding
considerable improvement
the order and regulation of the school as well as in
m
take away a child, the trustees are to be informed thereof that they may the learning— had a season-
attend to the case. able opportunity with them before they
separated— when some edifving
Sixth. As the Scripture Language council was given.*''-'
is most gramatic and consistent with
plainness, desired that parents and guardians will unite in promoting the
it is However, there were extenuating circimistances. In 178S
this
same in those they send_, also to habit them in a decent plain dress becoming same committee reported that "six trustees atttended the
our religious professions and principles. school
it being now agreed that we perform rmr \'isit to the
And it is desired that the teacher will constantly bring with him
Seventh. school for
the scholars to our week-day meetings where the school house is within
the future on the fourth day in each month at 2
all o'clock in the
convenient distance. afternoon." Other reports stated they did not consider
it wise
Eighth. The teacher, if not engaged for a limited time shall not leave the to make a visit as a new teacher had just
begun the school, or
school without giving the trustees three month's notice of his intention in that the teacher had been there too short a time to
writing, nor shall the trustees dismiss any teacher without giving him the same
allow a judgment
to be made on the school's progress. Reports are generallv too
notice, except for a non-compliance with the Rules of The School, or a mani-
fest deficiency in the duties of his station.
brief to give a real insight as to the
methods of school work, but
Ninth. When the teacher intends taking any time to himself, he shall give some mentioned that we "examined the copy books," "heard
the
the children a clear timely notice thereof, and also let them know when to children recite their lessons," "found the school in
a good degree
attend again. orderly," or "in a progressing way," and "some
Lastly, And it desired that when
advancement is
is the morning school ends, the teacher sec
evident in their learning." Less frequently, the school
that sobriety be observed by the scholars when at their dinner, spending the was "not
as orderly as could be desired" and we "formed
intermediate time between schools without rudeness.^^*' such rules and
regulations for the observation of the scholars as
It was duty of the tmstees to pay the school bills for poor
also a appeared to us
most suitable."
children, and if necessarv^ bring the care of the poor to the meeting
But it must not be assumed that the trustees were at times
before so doing. Account books contain numerous entries of ex- all
careful in the performance of their duty. On man\'
penditure for this purpose; indeed many of the funds established occasions they
frankly acknowledge remissness. Mickle, at \Voodbur\', recorded
under the care of school trustees were described as being for the
in hisDiary that on a certain day of visitation not one trustee was
education of poor children. It often happened that after the
present ;33 and at Upper Springfield they stated that
meeting ceased to conduct a regular school of its own, its trustees paid "Whereas it
has so happened that for some time past there has been
for the education of poor children out of the old funds. In the but little
attention paid to the school by us, it is thought expedient to renew
following minute,
•
our attention thereto ."34
The treasurer informs he has paid Joshua Bullock two bills for the tuition of
. .

Joseph Cox's children, one in 3rd mo. 1838 and the other in 3rd mo. 1839—
amounting to $7.56 which is now approved.—And the Trustees now order Teachers
the Treasurer to pay the sum expended in fitting EHzabeth Cox for West-
town school amounting to $18.98.'''^
As a general rule teachers were secured from the locality of
the
school. Being well known to the members it was much easier to
The trustees kept in touch with the schools' progress by means
select one of sound moral character, and this qualification was
of visitations. The visits must have, at times, been a severe trial
to a teacher. A report of 1790 says that,
chiefly desired.When there was no one available in the neigh-
borhood and no wandering master presented himself as a candidate,
In company with a large number of spectators the Trustees all attended the
,

the committee had recourse to advertising, which

was commonly
30
Alin. Evesham Prep. Mtg. School Committee.
3iMin. U. S. School Trustees, 10/IV/1840. ^Uhid., 8/H/1790. ••'•'Page 140.
^^iMin. U. S. Sch. Trustees, 30/XI/1791.
 302 Quaker Education m Neip Jersey
School Control and Organization
303
practiced by the middle of the i8th centurv. But few instances but the school being small and he having
have been found, however, where this some expectation of .-nt.Ting in
means was emploved by another place to more advantage to his
interest requests to be di.en^^aged
Fnends. In 1761, Joshua Thompson, in
a member of Friends in three weeks, which will be upwards of t wo months short
of the expiration of his
Elsmborou-h Township, advertised for a teacher, time; after mature consideration it ,.
fully agreed to leave him at his lihertv.^s
as follows but
It IS not certain that he was The above assures at least that a contract was
acting either for the meeting- or for a
so binding that a
school committee: teacher desired to have his release
fonnalh- agreed upon. This
Notice is hereby given, that a schoolmaster experience of having a teacher leave
is- wanted in the Township unexpectedly even thou-h
of
Elsmborough, in Salem County, and Western he was careful enough to ask a release,
Division of New Jersey One and another more question-
that can come well recommended,
may meet with good Encouragement, bv able case, at length caused stipulation
the Inhabitants of said Township, Signed
on Behalf of myself and Neighbors}^
tobemadcthatthreemonth's
notice of leaving or ''firing" had to be
Joshua Thompson. given. A case that caused
considerable trouble was recorded in
Other instances occurred at Mt. Holly and 1804, as follows:
Burlington, and later
Information was communicated that we were
at Rahway. In 1875 they advertised: likelv to he deprn-ed of our
^^ ^ ^^^''' ''^ solicitation
from a Friend or Fnends of
Wanted, a female teacher, a member of the
Society of Friends for Rahway
pTm r/'l-'"''"''''^"''"'^
i^hiladelphia, who having drawn him there without our consent or knowledge
Preparative .Meeting School, which is expected to open about the ist of oth have prevailed on him as he rei)resents by
pressing entreatv to enter into a
month next. Apply Js
positive contract to teach the school
of black children there-which
proceedings
Thedesire of the superior meeting that both of the Friend above alluded to
schools should be and of our master, being altogether new
on a unexpected and really surprising to us, and
permanent basis made it more necessar>^ that m our view verv unfriendlv and
teachers be bound nisingenious. It is concluded and directed
by a rather definite agreement.
After the beginning of the last to said Friends acquainting them
that the Clerk write on our behalf
with our sentiments relative thereto, as
quarter of the 18th century, contracts are now
generally mentioned dictated-and to facilitate the business, it is
judged suflRcient that the letter
but It IS not clear that there was always be shown to Thomas Gaskill and if
a written form— perhaps api)roved by him to be forwarded without
m many cases a contract was no more than a verbal
agreement.
delay.

In others, however, it was a written

agreement, having terms
A month later:
clearly stated. In 1798 Upper Springfield recorded: William Newbold reported at a special
meeting that he had wrote and for-
As the time warded a letter to those Friends in Philadelphia
of our teacher
expired some time since, and a subscription
is in the manner directed at last
paper set on foot by our direction,to obtain meetmg a copy whereof he produced which was
scholars for the year next ensuing read and unitedlv approved
being now returned with about twenty-six as suitable to the occasion-he
further informs that after waiting some
subscribed, it's concluded safe to time
hire him for one year, commencing on the seventh and receiving no answer, he forwarded a
day of this present month at note containing a request that thev
which time he opened school. The terms would favour us with one, but none still coming,
of the contract are: He to have Thomas Gaskill waited on one
ot the said Friends who informed
thirty scholars made up at three pound
per year counting both the subscription
him that they disapproved of the letter and
and all others that come. Then if the school had therefore concluded not to give us any
fall short the deficiency to be
answer; and at the same time mani-
made up out of the profits of the fund and if it tested an entire disinclination to
recede or withdraw from what thev had
exceeds 30 scholars the teacher done relative to drawing Charles Roberts
to have the benefit provided the from us, or to relinquish thei; claim
terms of the subscription is adhered to by
him.'^' " upon him. After maturely considering the
subject and the extraordinarv part
which these Friends appear to have acted
from the beginning throughout it
Another reference to a binding contract appears to us a matter, that in its effects and
is found in 179 1 when consequences is of great concern-
Titus Bennett informed: ment and requiring our further attention.
Therefore Thomas Gaskill
t^hat^e had a prospect of leaving us Thomas Sykes and William Newbold are appointed
at the end of his present engagement, to go to Philadelphia as
early as they can, and if they find
on a further investigation of the business
^^' that It cannot be adjusted on fair
Z^?-- ^Sf'i^^^
1 72 1, Dec. 17, 1 76 1. and equitable principles with the Friends
^}'^- Sch-,C^"^"^ittee, i5/Vir/i875. themselves who have thus acted, they are to
lodge a complaint with the over-
3^\
Aim.
In" U
u. S^'Zlf'?-
b. bch. Trustees, 16/V/1798.
'Ubid.
304 Quaker Education in New Jersey School Control and Or ionization
.> ^ ^

seers of theMeetings whereof said Friends are members That they had, as we— Nci much need be said of the salaries paid.
—
conceived, clandestinely drawn our teacher from us and they are also directed
great variation at different times and
There was alwavs
to pay such further attention to the business as they may judge needful.-'^^ places. The usual rule was
to make as "good temis" as possible.
A month later a letter came from the overseersof the "Black John Wright was paid .v, r
for four weeks and one day, to
School" that they had released Charles Roberts from his en^i^ap^e- act as assistant to the master
when
the school was too full. In ,814 the tmstees agreed to
ment After this experience the trustees stipulated a three months'
. make up
*36o, if the school, by rates, should
notice must be given before leaving."*^ not vield that amount to the
master. Moreover, the living could
The schoolmaster of early times was occupied with many things be eked out in various wa^•s•
one minute states that the "treasurer
is directed to pa^• to
besides school teaching. John Woolman learned tailoring. IVIany the
teacher four dollars for carr>enter work
others tilled the land, carried on the trade of carpenter, or other he has done to the ^^T^ting
tabes at the schoolhouses."« Moreover,
or "mystery." it seems, strong argument
*'art" Sometimes their ability in other things
could cause the tmstees to raise a
was made salary. Thus, on one occasion
clear in the contract between teacher and school com-
Burlington stated that the tmstees
mittee. agreed to raise the salan' to
• 150 as requested.
The Yearly Meeting's suggestion that a house, garden, cows
and so forth be supplied was in some cases carried out and oppor- In Rahway. .878, the salar>' paid was usuallv 400^,00 dollars
timity offered for even renting more farm land of the committee. In but m one case, it was proposed that
1834 Old Springfield Trustees contracted with Watson Pickering We u-oulcl be ^^Mm^^ to p^>- .Sjoo.-x, and that, should the school .0
improve
for I year, giving him the use of 2 lots containing 5 acres, more or '"''' '' '° "'"'"' "'' """''' '^'"'
$600.00"
'*' ''" ""' ''"'«' '"'h^' '''«™' °f
less, and the buildings. He was to pay "S20 for the clover lot
over the run, at the expiration of the year; the dwelling house etc. The salary might be goiaranteed by the
tmstees. or it might not
and lot containing 2 acres more or less belonging to the school to ihe following minute made it clear
that no guarantee was to be
have gratis while he teaches the school ..." It was specified he expected
should "not remove hay, straw, grass, dung, ashes, soil or compost
The subject of the school under the eare
of the Meeting be,ng under
thereon, made
during the said term."^^ The following is the con- SKlerafon tt was united that the trustees con-
should not be author.'.ed ,0 guarantee
tract with Franklin B. Haines, 1853: the teacher any ,,xed salary as
heretofore, but ,n other respects to
be continued
This is to certify that we do hereby agree with Franklin B. Haines to teach as formerly, with the understanding
that all the children accompanv
their
the school belonging to Old Springfield Preparative Meeting on the following teacher to our mid-week meetings. "^
conditions viz. —
said Haines is to have all the property belonging to said
Women teachers were often obtained to teach in
school (except 3 acres of land lying south of the run) rent free; and for the the summer
and were desirable because their
other 3 acres, south of the run, he is to pay the sum of $20 per acre, and is to ser^-ice could be secured more
farm all the land as the committee having said school in charge may from time cheaply than that of men. In 1825
Hannah Craft was to teach
to time direct, and said Haines is not to take off any hay, straw or manure during the summer at ".fi.;., per scholar
for three months " but
except as much as he may bring on; and is to teach the school for .03 cents per she was only secured after agreement
had been made "to procure a
scholar per day, (Mathematics, such as mensuration, surveying, and algebra female as teacher for 6 months, if it
also all fuel, stationery, etc., excepted) and in case of a change, each party is to
can be done on reasonable
terms. In 1832, Mar>' Craft was guaranteed
give the other party three months notice. is scholars at 2
dollars per quarter, deficit to
Franklin B. Haines Clayton Zelley be made good by tmstees if the
Daniel S. Zelley Joseph Hancock^-
William C. Hancock l''^j!"- V.-?- ^^- Trustees, 20/X J8os.
«m'"- ^'T •'^"S- ^"^^ Com-, I6/VII/I878.
^Hhid., 22/11/ 1804, and 2i/ni/i8o4. ""Mm. ^l^^'TJ
Woodbury Prep. Mtg., (H
'"'For the text of this provision, see Art. 9, p. 108. 2^'V'/i8-8 )
«M,n. East Branch Sch. Trustees, I'oil
^i.Min. Old Springfield School Trustees, 5/III/1834. 1825' and ii/VI/182,5.
'Hbid., 21/IV/1853.
 7
1

3o6 Quaker Education in New Jersey

School Control and Organization
307
number of scholars was not found.'*^ In 1877 Caroline Gibbons years; 6 .ii)i)eared three years;
received $100 for teaching a 60 dav term.^^ . a]:,|K.ar.a luur, i appeared
five-
I appeared six; and i appeared ten rear..
The teachers' duties comprised many things besides teaching. Thi< makes a total of
Purchasing supplies of varied character seems to have been an im- 95 cases m
s> years. As the school year at tliis place was ^en-
erallv 3 quarters long ^v, max-
portant one. estimate that the teachers mem
In 1808 the teacher at Upper Springfield presented
one year probably serxxd the school
led i<

the following for a little (verfi^-e months-

bill to trustees which was approved and paid: those who were mentioned in two.
three, frmr. iW,, six or ten veir.'
100 (marbles ?) 40 (hat pins ?) i (lb. ?) figs, (lbs. ?) raisins sen^ed approximately two, three,
3 1.44
frmr. five, six r,r ten tunes
Glass and putty, hooks and rings
K ^ve
95 months plus. The calculation, obvioush'
Washing school house l_lo cannot be mnr., than
Ciphering board and 8 pieces .for (hat pins ?) an approximation and suggestive.
1.75 For instance the temis of nn-
2 benches and women were not usualh- equal;
5 q^^,
tho thex- vaned much where
2 (quarters ?) to subscription and entrance money specific mention is made, the
6.30 men seem to have taught in the
Si7.54M^^ winter from five to 6 months while
the women taught summers
In 18 13 a bill was presented for 2 dozen spelling books.
of Si 7. 10 tor three or four months. •'^^

T2 lights of glass, 2 lbs. ofputty and glazing, i dozen ink stands,

teaching, cash for chopping wood.^o and also a stipulation that
the teacher get ''ink, quills, and paper and charge the cost to the ^^^^ ^«"^^ Date Name
pupils. "^^ East Branch directed that their teacher charge the '^'^^ ^^"^'^^^ Brown.
JsJo YfTrTR^^^'^^"-
patrons for the wood used in his schoolhouse, at the rate of S4.50 « ? T ' u-'^T'- '^^^ ^^'ni. Thorn
1811 Isaac Hmchman. js^ti
tSt-7 Qorv.,,..! r>
^^^-^ Isaac PKi^
Tcnar^ f.
iMitcraft.
per cord.^-
In spite of
8^
82 wT
\Vdham ^f T;
MK-kle.
^^^^
X834
^^^^^-
Edward
A .
Paul.
R. Bullock
attempts to improve the conditions of living for
all
"^^^
teachers and thus retain them longer, there does not seem to have I8I4 '*
Tl'-1,-
\\ilham Thorne
^
igjZ ,1

been any remarkable success. The teachers of Colonial days and i^j5 «.
I^v36 Thomas H. Bond
t«ta
1816 Ar^
Alary -pi ^^^7 Wm. Haines
the transition heeded the call of the Wanderlust with great readi- Thorne. V\\7:,hf.fh Pir.^
1816 Benjamin Shmn. 1818
ness. Evesham stated in 1798 ''the school has been kept up the 1 81 "

most part of the year, under the tuition of several teachers to a 1818 Beulah P Hancock. ,839 slrah W°"B"rown
1819 Joseph Whitall.
good degree of satisfaction."^ Thirty-five years later the yearly 1820 Isabella Paul.
WmRiinp/
,8.0
"* Sa?,'h \v R
report stated: 1820 Wm. Mickle. fohn P Rr.^r"
182 James Haines.
the school has been taught nearly ever since our appointment, about 2 .82, Solomon W. Lewis.
.g.j
"*' Sara^,WR°™
months foTn H ine/"^"
by Benjamin M. Haines, and about 7 months by Hannah Gillingham, and at
present by William R. Lippincott. . .
^-^ X
182.,
fsSa'^aT-
Charles Brown.
'«^^
'i^^'r^::^
Jo^n P Brown
In the case of Upper Greenwich we have a of teachers from
list
\fA
1024 iSenll'/^;"-
'«« Prisc.naHa?ne"s
Joseph Borton. • P
Tn^Pr.^ h,.
josepn tto,%,^
18 10 to 1865. In this list there are 28 teachers
whose names ap- tSoc A«»,t^ xj.,- names
pear in but one year; 10 whose names were given in two different ^82^ wTl'Tal: "^ Burwood.Moore

Wff. 4^""^?n"?- ^^46 Samuel Ogden

826 Samuel Ogden.
^Ubid., 1832. "sMin. Woolwich Prep. Altg.. (H 5 /IV/ 1 880. ^i ^^^^^^
^^Min. U. S. Sch. Trustees, i6/ni/i8o8.
) 1 1827 Anna Haines. 1847 ^
1827 Griffith Hinchman. p tTo;^«.
^^Ibid. i3/Xn/i8i3. ^^Ibid., 31/IV/1813. Tn<iPnV,
s2Min. East Branch Sch. Trustees, 4/II/1820.
1820' Wm^^TH^^^""-
''^' i^^tollZT
^Min. Evesham School Trustees, 9/VIII/1798.
' ' llll ^"^T.^^^"^- Mary Moore
^'Ibid.2 1/1834. ^^49 Elizabeth Warrington
TS^n
1830 no •
r> J u
Darnel Bradshaw.
1

Charles Brown
 3o8 Quaker Education in New Jersey
School Control and Organization
,09
There is no reason to believe that the above list does not fairly
represent the tenure of teachers generally in the Quaker
schools of his school an,
1,.. P...glects clear.,,. i„mself
the period. In every case in which data are available therefrom, on account of which
it is clear charges he has been treated mil, by
the overseers."
that "one term" was generally the longest acquaintance Two months later a note e.vplained that the
a teacher
had with his job; the frequency of two, three or more terms charj^^es .vr-re v.Jth-
is by drawn and did n„t k- to the monthh-
no means great. At Upper Springfield, Titus Bennett meeting (18/XI/1802) Imt
taught m jantiary ,80,5. "faihng to clear
himself before the meeting' of
probably four years between 1789 and
1795; Tucker Earl was charges brou^'ht aK'ainl him some
time past, a c,,p^- of the
mentioned in 1797 and 1799; Jonathan Mendenhall in 1800; and
cltar-x-s
this minute are to go to the Monthly Meetin^.."-^'
Charles Roberts in 1803; Ethan Conley in 1804; Lateral
Townsend the centurj- a teacher condemned his conduct before the meeting.
Speakman, four years 1806 to 1809 inclusive; Charles Gaskill
. .
.do hereby, sincerelyand honestly conden,,, ,„v „„n,oral
1810; for 181 1 and 1812 there were no minutes of the trustees. condu. ,hat has t
given rise to censure and reproach, during
the past year .1 ,0 f'rihe
Samuel Gummere taught from 18 13 to 18 15 inclusive, at least; . .

then for two years there were no minutes entered,

though some
meetings were probably held. In 182 1 Wm.. Sykes is mentioned ?W " " ' " """"'' " ''" P™'""' "^ "°' f^''«"">- "^-d\,p to

as having been using the school for a time as teacher.

Jane Harris
is mentioned once in 1826, while Luisa Bennett taught terms in The School
1827, 1828 and 1829.^^ In the period of school development in
first
Quaker communities
With the exception of extremely few cases the character of these of JNew Jersey it was common to hold
it in the meeting house
if no
early teachers was above reproach. A few breeches other building was ready for it. Vice
of professional versa it was just as common
ethics have already been mentioned, but these do a practice to hold meeting in
not appear to the
schoolhouse. Burlington in
have been entirely the fault of the teachers. In one case, at 1756 Pemtitted a school to be held in the
least, upper meeting house;
the distant school committee was just as much to blame. Mansfield Neck was allowed to hold
In the meetings at the schoolhouse
other the school committee appeared entirely satisfied
that the
m 1761; and Fnends at Upper Springfield held
meetings bv per-
teacher should be at liberty to go where he could have mission of their Monthly Meeting,
a better "at the School House' nigh
school. Shreve s Mount." In 1766 an additional meeting
was pennitted
Two
cases of immorality, serious enough to be taken into
ac-
to convene at the "schoolhouse
near William Bishop's " So far
count by the meeting, appear on the records examined. In as cases are concerned, that came
under the writer's observation
1802,
This meeting informed that the number of pemiits to hold
is charged with conducting himself in- religious services in schoolhouses
exceeded those peiroitting schools in
houses of worship. However,
1850 Zillah Aloore 1856 Elmira T. Ogden the latter custom was commonly
Bur wood Moore Benj. Heritage accepted.
I85I Priscilla P. Haines 1857 Elmira T. Ogden Just what the earliest schoolhouses were
like one cannot say with
1852 Burwood Moore Benj. Heritage more precision than that they were usually
Priscilla P. Haines 1858 Benj. Heritage of logs, but sometimes of
Edwin Craft Anna stone small, low, inadequately lighted,
Potts and heated. Ko comfort-
1853 Zillah Moore 1859 able desks or seats made the long
Augustus Sailer Benjamin Heritage school dav more tolerable In
1854 Emily Lewis i860 Sarah Taylor the second period that of educational
expansion which began about
Edwin Craft Benjamin Heritage
t ^ 1778, there were many more substantial buildings
1855 1861 Rachel Borton erected Some
Eliza Gaunt —
Benj. Heritage continued o^hese were of stone and brick, while many
Benjamin Heritage
were ordinary frame
50
teaching to 1865.
•^Min, Trustees U. S. School. •^''y- ^^'S- 23/IX/1802.
"nP^ ?,^5"S''
'»Mm. ^»IHd
Old Springfield Sch. Trustees, io/H/1855. 20/r/i8oi
 3IO Quaker Education in New Jersey
School Control and Organization
, j i
buildings; in shape they were general!}^ rectan^^ular, but also
jeeryour school fellows for being corrected;
octagonal, and possibly hexagonal schools were it is unkind and mayj happen
1' to be
built, though the your own case. 1

writer has seen none of the latter. Most of those 5th. Behave yourselves
built just following a gentle obliging manner, becoming
in
virtuous
the Revolution or in the early nineteenth centur>', children, the boys to treat the girls uitl. t],at
which have come respect and decencv which is
due
down to the present were of brick, brick and stone to their sex. and the girls the boys with
a becoming reserve and mode.tA-
combined, and
wood. Some in more recent years have been coated 6th When you receive anything of another, observe to
over with make .<mi^
grateful return for the kindness done
stucco. you. r.ver return^, n.niries,
It is probable that the several but
photographs which illus- learning nobly to forgive, thus showing by
examples how all might'io Ik l^ave
trate the pages of this book do not fairly represent
the schools of 7th. If disputes at any time arise among
you. w
are not Xn u,v provoking
Quaker NewJersey in the nineteenth century, for, undoubtedly,
words or blovv-s, or give way to a sullen, revengeful
tem^K-r, but refer the matter
only the best buildings have been preserved. to be decided by the master.
In many of the 8th. Carefully avoid speaking evil of any.
smallest communities no building may now be found standing. treating aged j.erson. wn'r; .h\-
respect, jesting with those of weak
abilities, making a mock of
Within this simple house of brick, lo^^^s, or stone, the the- lame de-
master or formed, or those deprived of their senses.
But behave yourselves modestly
mistress presided over a number of boys and civilly, and kindly to all. ^'
girls, sometimes as
few as ten or as many as seventy or eighty. 9th. Not only avoid committing anv indecent behaviour,
The winter school or .ueli ann^.o-
was under a master, generally, and was made up of older, ments as are rude, dirty or dangerous vourselves.
bigger hut Aran the pernicious
company and conversation of those wlio are accustomed
boys. The sumimer school was often specified as being for thereto, (.peciallv t^e
the shameful and exceedingly sinful practices of Ivmg
"girls and and swearing, rnnvdenn^
little boys." This does not mean that ''girls and httle you are always in His prc-senee wlio made you,
and notices all'yuur words and
boys" were not schooled in the winter, but that big boys had to actions.
work in the sumimer. Be careful to observe true grammer. and Scripter
loth.
_
plainness of speach
To assist master or mistress in the control of the school
m using the singular number (as thee and
thou^ to a single per.on and in
no every other respect, avoid sueh additions
stone was unturned, judging from the rules which were pre-
left m vour addresses to oOier. •.. are
mconsistent with truth. I>lainness of api)arel is also most
pared for Its government. These rules were usuallv consistent wnii nur
drawn uj) by rehgious principles, it is therefore desired that
vou mav be liabited acv(,r<]-..]v
the school committee, thus setting the standard Lastly. And
of conduct which it is desired that you carefully avoid sj.ending
vour t^m(>'on
they hoped to witness upon their regular visitations.
The rigor of
hrst days m sport, or any way that tends to disturbance, but dulv
attend ou^
the regulations appear to harmonize with the religious meetingsand when there, be still and sr.ber; remembering
severity of school the awful-
the occasion that >-ou are there met to
ne.ss of
architecture, and the lack of comfortable worship the IJivine bei-..^ who
furnishing in 'the school cannot be deceived and will not ijc mocked.«o
Itself. And, from the usual report of the school committee
that
"the school appeared to be kept in a good degree In a few instances the trustees took
orderly" it may special action regardin<^
be surmised that the rules were strictly regarded. damage to property. In 1820 East Branch si)ecified that:
The' following
were drawn up for the school at Evesham about such scholar or scholars as may or shall hereafter
commit or do an^• damage to
1792.
the school house either wilfully or carelessly,
Rules to be observed by the scholars in Friends' to repair to make good .ueh
Schools within the compass damage at his or her own expense, or the exi)ense
of Evesham Monthly Meeting, of his or her parent or
guardian, .and the teacher is requested to attend
1st. Be at school at the hour appointed with
your faces and hands washed
. .
thereto from time to
time.^*.
and (heads combed).
2nd. With cheerfulness and attention observe the All of the records available, that deal
instructions of the in anv wav with details
teacher and always pay him due respect. of the operation of the school seem to indicate that a great deal of
3rd. Study your lessons in silence, avoiding unnecessary
each other, making your movements with ease,
conversation with attention was given to keeping the school clean. On this it is
and as little noise as possible.
4th. Be not forward to divulge anything passed in
school; mock not, or «"AIin.Trustees of Iivesham School.
«^Min. East Branch Sch. Trustees,
6/ni/i82o.
 312 Quaker Education m Neiv Jersey
School Control and Organization
impossible lo write, save concerning a few schools. 2>n
East Branch -of articles purchased for
noted the purchase of pails, tub, and brushes; the Hasten School between
Mt. Hollv paid ^827 and
Daniel Wills S2.26>^ -for cleaning school house
and some repairs The length of tlx. school t.rn, was
and later entered an item of S.33 for a "dusting
brush for school variable n, th. ex.rerPe
In the case of L>per Greenw.eh,
house. "«2 Earlier Daniel Wills directed Samuel as before stated, it was
Carr, as follows: uenerallv
about nine or ten months of the
Thee will please to pay Mary Coom, or order, one year,- but „, other places thev
dollar and twentv-five were not so re,.,har. Eastbranch
cents for scrubbing and cleaning the school in X8.4 n^entions a
house and charge the same to the sehooi foV
SIX months while Rancocas
school house.^'^ speaks of holding school ten
months m
J845. The Br,ck School" at Chester was
The Easton School purchased similar cleaning utensils, held three months in
mentioned 1 79 and ,804;
four, nearly, in 1805: six,
whitewashing the school (1827), and purchased 1 nearly, in .So6- ei-^ht
which were evidently washable. In 186 we find
curtains in 1857, nearly, m
.808; four, nearly, in iS,o; four,
nearly, in ,8,8- nine
the item of 1
m 1820; SIX m
,826; mne in ,8.7 and ,838;
"Si. 62 to cash for cleaning school house and si.x in 1846; and
ten
window curtains.
'
'"'^
washing and ironing about, 1862. m "Moorestown
-wouiescown ^cnool
Schor,!" was
,vo.. t m six months in
held ,

m
.

1804; eight 1805; nine in ,8h;; eleven in

Certain articles of equipment for the schools have ,827; six in ,846-
Itwas sometimes purchased by trustees, but might
been mentioned. three m
1847, ten ,n ,85,,; and six in ,86.V=» Ko complete set
be provided o facts IS available on this point
by the master, and then charged to the trustees. but the above irregularities are
Upper Spring- probably representative.
teacher in 1791 produced an account for "sundrv
field's
repairs in Until the nineteenth centur>- the
the house and materials for the promotion of Quaker institutions of learnin.^
the school," which were scarcely, ,f ever, called anything but
was laid before the preparative meeting for direction ".school;" in the schoo'l
therein.^-^ provision was made for girls and Ixns alike,
The
following items refer to the Mt. Holly Preparative but
separate probably
School.
Meeting ma majority of cases. Thus, there were girls' schools
In 1820, $4.13 was paid Daniel Wills ''for
Barrell on
and hoys
schools. Likewise there was a winter
school house stove. :,.^d>, and stand 25c." an<i a summer schJol,
J. J. Warner (1821)
received .75 for "turning on (e) dozen inkstands." ^'Easton School Account Book
In 1796 a lock Date
and staple was bought for the door, and a ''light of Items
glass" put in. 15/ni 1827 Sweeping Brush
A year later the windows were glazed for £ i /6. and in 180 1 the 30/111/ 1827 Cleaning school & whitewashing .62
00
/s To putting in 2 lites of glass 1.
house was plastered at a cost of 1 1 Below is given a list 24/IV/1827 To cash paid for water pail .15
/3 /4K.««
25/1/ 1 828 To ca.sh for 3 "Expositors" .37K
16/11/ To cash pd. for Inkstands for school •75
^^^^^ ^""^P- ^^^S- ^^^^^^ Fund Records, 1820 and 1822
I/)J^:.
*'Uhid., 1 81 7.
3/XI/1828 ^""'"'^^ (Cornwall?) Stevenson
•31
for map
•'Uceount BookEaston School, 1861.
of fo?schooi
«^Min U. S. School Trustees, 13/VI/1791.
Later items of expense shed
To cash for 6 lights of glass and puttv ,S.oo
and puttintr
.ome light m 1793 "The Hearth and some parts of our in - f s
;
school hous^e wanting
^"^ get them done and make report of
To repairing wrighting forms etc. •47
expense.''
'^"^^'L.'^l^^^Vu
.in 1806, rhe ^^^T^^.^
teacher is authorized to get made two benches for 1 o one tin cup • 25
the use of I /V/ 1 830
To drawing water and attendance .10
the school, to have a distinct seat for each scholar,
in form of a stool " A bill 30/IV/1830 at school house
ot $9.28 was entered m
1808 for plastering the school. The teacher in
i8n itf.^/
Cornel (Cornwall./) Stevenson for
wood
•50
was directed to get ink, quills and paper, charging them left at school house
to the scholars, while
the trustees promised to "find firewood." In 1819, the school having been
1836 To making new legs to writing desk
discontinued for a time it was proposed to dispose of 19/IV/1837 1 o making stove door •50
"the maps, and gazateer 22/X/ 1 839 To one lock on the school house door ?>7y2
^'1?^T''?T' u '\ '^^°^V ^^^^^ ^'^^^' however, retained until 1825^
22/XII/1853 Pd. for blackboard
««Mt. Holly Prep. Mtg. School Fund Records.
21/XI/1856 Pd. for a new stove for school .40
4/XI/1857 house 16.00
Pd. for small table and curtains
1/XII/1875 for school house
i'a. tor a globe for school 3-95
house 10.00
««Page 3o6f. «^AIin. Chester Prep. Mtg
 314 Quaker Education in New Jersey

recognized at least in the last quarter of the i8th century But in

the nineteenth ceniiir\- a number of terms became common even
though the ''learning" offered was the same. Such terms as ''Board-
cifA.p"ri-:R XI
ing School," "family school," "Seminary," "Academy," "Select
School," and "graded school" became common. The difference
between some them was only in name; and the latter is, in most
of
CrRRICULUM AXI) TEXTBOOKS
cases, clear. The family school was commented on in 1834 by the
Yearly Meeting as follows: Curriculum
There is a class of schools which has increased within a few years, that may From the many
references to a "guarded religious
edticaiion"
be termed family schools, and are generally taught by females. They furnish and mjunctions against the reading of
'pernicious books" and
useful employment for a number young women, and are calculated to
of heathenish authors," which appear in
develop female intellect; their great utility is obvious and we believe much ^ the records of the meet-
ings and m the loregoing ])ages of
good would result from their being still further extended and encouraged."'* this studx-, one is led to under-
stand that the curriculum was alwa>-s
A"Boarding School" had been operated since 1799, at West- closelv scrutinized and the

town, andmany others were patronized during the centurv'. The

books used m
instruction careful]^' selected. This was for the
purpose that the aim of a moral and religious
term "Seminary" and "Academy" was at times applied to the education accord-
ing to Friends' standards, might
same be secured. A second guiding
school. "Bacon Academy "^^ offered the most advanced principle m selection of subjects
and books was the belief in an es-
course of any of the New Jersey schools. In 1854 the committee sentially
introduced co-education, uniting the
realistic education.
-\Ve are pam to make them m
scholars, but not men," was Penn's
criticism of current education
male and female departments, formerly kept distinct, .under the superin-
. .

Quaker practice followed his suggestion by seeking

tendence of a female principal. .suitable teachers to assist her.
.
The school to give a useful
has been opened ten months of the year, attended by 102 pupils, 53 males and
education, early showing a preference for
scientific studies. Yet
49 females."- m schools of higher grade the classic and
modern languages were
In 1873 a committee was appointed at Salem to consider grad- taught; but a careful selection of materials
must have been alwa\-s
ing the schools and co-education. insisted upon. Penn deplored the fact that books had not
The next report of the school been
committee stated that: composed for youth, "b>' some curious and
careful naturalists
There is one graded school of the description queried and also mechanics, in the Latin tongaie, to
after, with two teachers, be used in schools
whole number of pupils in attendance, 73. ''^ that they might learn things with words ."^
. .
In thishe repre-
. .

A graded system was established at Aloorestown early sented distinctly the Realist point of view,
in the and was far bevond
last decade of the centurv.^^ actual school practice which, m
the Colonial period, was limited
to the four R's.
'"Extracts, 1834, pp. 8-9. "iSee pp. i55ff.
-Mm. Pilesgrove Prep. Mtg. Women 20/IV/1854.
Frds., (H.), Though the question of teaching Latin hardlv enters
'•^Mm. Salem Mo. Mtg., into a dis-
(H.), 30 IV/ 1873, and 25/11/1874. cussion of the earlier New Jersey schools, as
'^See page 224. they were elementary,
the Quaker viewpoint ma>' be mentioned,
as the subject was
taught m^some schools of the gth century.
1
Haddonfield reported
m 1865, "the usual branches continue to be taught
as heretofore
with^the addition of Latin which has been
studied by one class for

'Reflections and Maxims, 16; see also Chap. Two.

315
3i6 Quaker Education in New Jersey Curricnhtm and Textbooks
.j^
the last three months."- In a Latin text of elementan- <,^rade, not avai]al)]e it was impossible to
answer the third quer>^ as the
published by a Friend in 1676, the preface stated that disciphne of the society desired it
should be. The followMi- ex
Friends met and agreed together in language teaching to lay aside the heathen- tract is typical of the answers of
meetings. The restraint fn-m
ish books and the corrupt grammars taken out of them, and to set up the
pernicious books" was made ],ossil,le b>'
scriptures of truth, and what may be savory and good m.atter that ma\- not sup])]^-in. a large number
of approved character.'
corrupt childrens' minds.
We
believe Friends are in a good degree
Prom thisand other strictures we may safely assume that, where- careful t.> brmg up those under
their direction m
plainness of speech, behavior and
apparel: in the frequent
ever taught. Latin and Greek were limited in scope reading of the scriptures: and to restrain
them from pernicious books and the
Efforts were continually made, especially in the Colonial period corrupt conversation of the world.**
when books were extremely scarce, to provide books of religious Not only were books distributed bx' the meetings, butsubscnp-
and doctrinal character, not only for use in the schools, which is tions were made from timeto time to provide for their
sometimes specified, but for distribution among members. vSuch publication
It IS useless to catalog the well-nigh
numberless instances of this
distribution was free in case of poor members. In 1772, Wood- practice, but space may
be given to a few. In 1774 Chesterfield
bridge stated: received proposals from the Meeting for
Sufferings for "promoting
There are divers who have not Friends' Books, one of which has no Bible subscriptions for John Woolman s
Journal ;^^ in 1700 Burlin^rton
and they think a Bible should be procured for that Friend and That this urged subscriptions for publishing Cough's
Meeting should procure for such Friends, Penn's Rise and Progress of the Historv of our Rel^ious
Society and that preparative meetings
People Called Quakers, Barclay's Catechism, a Treatise Entitled, Reasons for buv several sets to be loaned
not Paying Tythes, Richard Davis' Journal, Alice Halls Legacy, Harmony of to poor members; further, that
subscriptions be made "for the
Mankind by John Woolman and (of) these there should be Bible printing by Isaac Collins."^"
vSix of each sort. Upper Springfield in 1797
Jos. vShotwell Jr. is desired to Purchase and Deliver them to said Committee reported subscriptions had been taken
for Job Scott's Journal and
for said purpose. The further consideration of rejiort is Referred to next a year later, that the>' subscribed for
Meeting.-* the Journal o/Ceorge Fox
and the Memoirs of the Life of Catharine
PhilUp ^ The'se are
Burlington, in 1776, received a large collection of books, mostly sufiRcient to indicate the manner in
which publication of "a])proved
for mature minds, and ordered that they ''be spread among poor books" was supported.
friends and such others who manifest a desire to be instructed in The revival of educational activity after 77S is
our religious principles ."-^
evidenced in the
1
. . Similarly, action was taken in 18 13 comments on books for schools, which became much
more numerous
to provide Bibles for members in need of them: Efforts were made to supply school
books in the same manner as
The subject respecting the procurement of Bibles for the use of such of our religious literature for adults was
provided. Regarding books for
members as may not be furnished with them being brought into view it is
schools, Woodbridge wrote in
thought best to make an addition to the Committee formerly appointed: 1789:
accordingly Stephen Pike and vSamuel Emlen are named to the service.*"' Our Meeting for sufferings l>eing
informed that a new impression of Robert
Barclay s Catechism
wanted and enquired after in divers places
is
The reason for distributing books may be found in the minutes the introduction thereof into our
and that
schools and families mav be instructively
of every Quaker meeting. If books of authorized character were useful to the youth have directed
the reprinting a number of them
for the
service of Friends within the compass
of our Yearlv Meeting
2Min. Haddonfield Mo. Mtg., i3/n/i865; tradition has it that Day taught • -^^^^ ^^^ Alonthly Meetings would appoint
Latm, Greek and Hebrew at Haddonfield. The records (1803) make specific
•
suitable friends for a proper
reference to the fact that Latin and French "are or may be taught."
"^For lists of books supplied at various times, see
^Moon's Master's Thesis on Early Quaker Education in New Jersey, 11. Mm. pages ^^6ff
Great Egg Harbor -Mo. Mtg., 6/III/'i820.^ ^ ^^ '
Teachers College, Columbia University. ^Mm.
^Min. Woodbury Mo. Mtg., 15/I/1772. Mo. Mtg 2 VI 1774
Chesterfield
5Min. BurHngton Q. Mtg., 25/XI/1776. Hbid., i/ V'I/1813.
;«Min. Burlington Q. Mtg., ig
1790! XL
Mm. Upper Springfield AIo. Mtg., 7/VI/1797 and 4. I V/ 1798.
3i8 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Curriculum and Textbooks
319
distribution of them particularly to the
schools under the care of Preparative
or other Meetings enjoining the tutors

CATECHISM AND
learning.

The
Meetm^r
12
, .

lack of suitable school books

for Sufferings.
to have them read at seasonable times
by such of the children in classes who have
made due advancement in their

was reliex-ed in i7<h \n- the

Evesham infomicd that:
Confession of Faith In consideration of the great want of
schools m
suitable book> for tlu use of the
our Societv the Meeting for sutlenngs had,
for that purpose, directed
a selection and impression of Wni. Penn's
APPROVED OF AND AGREED UNTO, Reflections & Alaxim. relatin^r to
the conduct of Iniman life, and 29 volumes
were now received from the Monrhlv
BY THE Meetmg, being our proportion, which were divided
between Evesham Crop'-
well and Pine Grove Schools.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY have ten each.''

.Note Cropwell has Inn nme hook, the' other.
.

In the same year. Mt. Holly stated:

OF THE
Thirty-one books printed for the use of
schools was produced to the
PATRIARCHS, PROPHETS and APOSTLES, meeting, which were put into the care of
the school eommntee.'^
CHRIST HIMSELF Chief Speaker Some meetings felt advantage would result
from greater uni-
IN AND AMONG THEM.
formity m books used and that thex- should have the
approval of
the school tmstees. Evesham Monthl)- Meeting
Which coniaineth a true and faithful moft clearly demonftrated by fome stated in iSoi
Account of the Principles and Doc- plain Scripture Teftimonies. (with- that
trines, which are moft furely belie- out confequences or
« Commen- Some
ved by the Churches of Chrift in « taries) which are here our number have visited tlie schools
of
collected, established hx thi. Meetincr
Great Britain and Ireland, and inferted by way of Anfwer to several of which are in an improving
who are reproachfully called by the state, anrl we 1)elieve it "would
a few weighty, yet eafy and fami- conduce
Name of Q U A K
E R S yet liar Queftions, fitted as well for the
much to their advantage if the trustees or teacher of
;
eaeli school would keep an
are found in the one Faith with the wifeth and largeft, as for the weak- assortment of schoolbooks from the interest
«
Primitive Church and Saints, as is « arising on the funds, or otherwise-
eft and loweft Capacities.
and that no employer may introduce any l)ook
into our schools which.is not of
TO WHICH the same kind, without the api)robation
IS ADDED of the trustees, that the master
mav
An Expostulation with, and Appeal have the advantage of fixing his whole school in
to, all i,roper classes, which we think
would much forward the children's improvement.
other Professors. i-^

The question more uniform books came before the Yearly

of
Meeting in a report made in 1845. and a special
By ROBERT BARCLAY. pomted to see what might be done. The report
committee was ap-
Search the Scriptures, {or, ye fearch the Scriptures,) for in them ye
think ye have
makes clear that
eternal Life, and they are they which teftify of me. And the purposes of uniformity are chieflv
ye will not come unto (1) to get rid of certain ob-
me, that ye might have Life. John v. 39. 40.
jectionable books, and (2) to make a change from one school to
P H I L A D E L P H I A : another less harmful to the impil.
PRINTED BY JOSEPH JaMES, IN CHESTNUT-STREET.
The report follows:
The attention of the committee has been
directed to the mixed character
m.dcc.lxxxviii and great variety of school books in use.
As it was thought important
to
^^'^^^" "'^^^ "^^"^^^ information
on the sul)ject, than was then m our i)ossession
TITLE PAGE OF BARCLAY'S CATECHISM
'^'^' ^'' ^"^'""^^' '""^'^ Woodbndge Mo.
mI^ ^^nl^TrA^^^rS^^ ^^''"^

^^Min. Evesham Prep. Mtg., 7 11 1707

i%Iin. Mt. Holly Mo. Mtg., 10 I
179I
^^Min. Evesham Mo. Mtg., 10/IV/1801.
>3
20 Quaker Education in Neu^ Jersey
Curriculum and Textbooks
321
INTRODUCTION several queries relating thereto were
addressed to the teachers of schools to
which Friends children are sent. Replies
were received from ninety of these
TO THE ENGLISH READER schools which confirm the reports
received last year, and include' the
class
books used m
teaching, as well as the reading books.
The want m
the different departments of education
of standard works of
such excellence as to insure their general
PART I.
as It renders the change from one
adoption, is much to be regretted-
school to another, in which other
books and
PIECES IX PROSE. other modes of teaching are in use, a
temporary and often a permanent dis-
advantage to a child. Arithmetic, for
example, is taught from 20 different
books and geography from 14. and so on,
CHAPTER I. m most of the branches taught
It IS much to be desired that this
evil should be remedied, and
if means could
SELECT SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS. cooperation of teachers in bringing into
general use in
IT' T""'"
our schools the same system of elementary books,
1

either selected from those

vSECTION I.
m
now use, or prepared under the direction of
Friends by competent authors, it

TO be good is to be happy. those higher and larger institutions, such

as Westtown. to which many of
Vice soon or late, brings misery. the
children of hese primary schools are
ultimately sent. Most of the positively
We were not made for ourselves only. objectionable works are found under
the head of reading books or history,
A good person has a tender concern for the happiness he former of which often contain,
with other objectionable matter ex-
of others.
^'"''''' ^"^ ^^^^' ^^ ^^'^°^' '^'^'^y
Modesty one of the chief ornaments of youth.
is orth IT "llTf" promoting a taste
for that hurtful description of reading;
and the books of history abounding
Deceit discovers a little mind. with accounts of warlike achievements
which are calculated to produce a very
Cultivate the love of truth. injurious effect on the susceptible
minds of youth, and powerfullv to cherish
No confidence can be placed in those who are in the the corrupt propensities of the natural
man.
habit of lying. Although it appears as if no adequate remedy
could be applied until reading
Neglect no opportunity of doing good. books are prepared, adapted to the safe
instruction of Friends
children, vet as
Idleness is the parent of vice and misery. there are many m use which contain comparatively little objectionable matter,
Cleanliness promotes health of body and delicacy of and some (such as Lnidley
Murray's Compilations) which may be safely
mind. recommended, it very important that teachers and
is
such Friends as have the
The real wants of nature are soon satisfied. care o schools, should be careful to
procure only works which are known to be
A contented mind is an inestimable treasure. ot that character.'^
Deliberate before you promise.
The result <,f this in. .xrnicTit was the
Boast not of the favours you bestow. establishment of central
Merit the approbation of the wise and good. book sup,)K- houses In- l„,,h hranches
of the Society of Friends
It is a great blessing to have pious and virtuous parents. t ,s but another ,,hase of the tendency
towards
centraH.alion '-^

The most secret acts of goodness are seen and approv- In i«43 the Friends at 15th and
Race Streets proposed the "ap-
ed by the Almighty. pointment of a standing' committee to
encourage the establishment
of libraries in Monthly or Preparatiye
SECTION II. Meetings" and recommended
the appointment of members in 1,
,cal meetings to ascertain
Our reputation, virtue, and happiness, greatly depend "wants
mrelation to books and to correspond
on the choice of our companions. with the standing com-
B2 "Extracts Yr Mtg. .Min. (O.), 1845, pp. 2-,.

-^''^ Street, I^hiladelpli.a, was

cMduiisneu m i»io,
iTTT.7,°^ •*,' •\"-'
e.tablishJd™m and the ^T™',''
Textbook \';<iopiatioti .« ,wa/ t^i: . ,
Murray's "Introduction", Edition of 1828
iviin. 01 tnc Mtg. for Sufferings, ^^
15,111/1844.
322 Quaker Education in New Jersey Curriculum and Textbooks
323
mittee of the Yearly Meeting."^^ This
central book supply was
CUXI'KXIS. created at an early date; books were
obtained froin it f-r sdioois
and when a school was closed, they mi^^ln ]).,
retiinied to l)e sold ^»
As above stated, tlie elenieiitar>- ciirricuhmi
PART I was made up of the
lour R s, and u-c ma>- ^^-ell ^tdd, with emphasis on ReWgicm
PIECES IN PROSE. The
scarcity of comment on
subjects of instruction makes it impossible
to describe with certaiiUy when
additions were made generally
The East Branch School trustees stated,
CHAPTER 1. in 1S20. they had ex-
ammed the 'Various branches of learnin- and their
Page. writin- books
SELECT SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS, 37
and order ."; . . m
1825 they mentioned writing, "several books
of
CHAPTER anthmetic/' spelling, reading, reciting, etc.;
II. a similar report was
NARRATIVE PIECES. made m 1831:

Sect. 1. No rank or possessions can make the All attendedand heard the scholars m their spelling,
reading etc ex-
guilty mind happy, - amined their ^Titmg and cyphering books^it
- . 61 bemg the first visit paid to the
school by us since it has been under
2. Change of external condition often the tuition of the present teacher,
Thomas
Warren. Any remarks as to improvement
adverse to virtue, - .
- 62 at this time could hardh' be ex-
pected. Edward Taylor, Jr.20
3. Haman; or the misery of pride, 64
Ortogrul; or the vanity of riches,
At Eveshamin 1801 the committee
expressed the behef that
4. 66
giris schools -should be conducted in the
5. Lady Jane Grey, - - - _ 69 summer, when men
teachers discontinue," and "a female
6. The hill of Science, - - - 73 as usher in steady schools
7. The Journey of a Day; a .
who might teach needlework and obviate the
. .
picture of necessity of
human life, - - - - 78 going to other schools to learn that art.^^i
It is difficult to determine from an v one statement
CHAPTER III. in the minutes
DIDACTIC PIECES.
just what was taught.
For instance, in the case of Woodstown,
later m the century, (1852) there were
Sect. 1. The importance of a good education, 83 mentioned "reading writing
anthmetic, grammar, geography, botany,
2. On gratitude, - - - . 85 phvsiologv, philosophy'
history and drawing ." in the female
3. On forgiveness, - - - - 86 department and to these
. .

were added -chemistry- and the higher

4. Motives to the practice of gentleness, 87 branches of mathematics"
for the boys' department.
5. A suspicious temper the source of These subjects do not seem unusual
misery to possessor, for a school that was called "academy"
its 89 and at other times "Sem-
Comforts of Religion, inary- " but they certainly were
6. - - - 91 more than a "common school"
7. Diffidence of our abilities, a mark of education. Yet, in another report, the
trustees stated: "theusual
wisdom, - - - . 92 branches pertaining to a common
school education have been
8. On the importance of order in the dis- taught," and again "most of the branches
pertaining to a common
tribution of our time, 93 sdiool education, together with
mathematics and drawing have
G 2
^^'''- ^^-^ '^43, 9-10.
\'^^'^x^r^ T'- u^^^-
A
letter to the School Committee
From Murray's "English Reader" Published in i8o8 Mm
m!.' East
f'^fZ'"'^ ?SP; ^^f^' ^^•)'
Branch School Trustees, 6/V/1820; 5/111/1825;™/!/
1881
831:
 '

324 Quaker Education in New Jersey

Curriculum and Textbookt
been taught. "22 There can be doubt, however, that the term
little
325
"common school education" was used rather looselv and that more
than that was provided. Tlie school about the end of
the century-, I*ART 11.
stated as its purpose,

.a thoroughly practical education to all

. .
desiring to finish their scholastic
course near home; also to prepare students intending
KXERCISKS IN ORTHOGRAPHY.
to take a course in college.
The instructors w\\\ endeavor to arouse in the minds of the
pupils a desire to
gam a thorough education for the good it will be to them, and
with this end in
view, the best individual results can be
obtained. Independent thinking is
especially encouraged. . .

<^HAFrER I.
The school, at this date, comprised kindergarten,
intermediate
department, and the high school, and granted a diploma, Containing instance,'
a feature of fal.se \^rinogra
'Orthnnmnh. j
pfnj, arrafined
^,..,7 41
just estabhshed, which admitted the holder vnder the respective
to Swarthmore Col- Rules,
legers
The above curriculum had much that indicated harmony
with
the ideal of Realistic education, but thorough-going
realism de- Kl LE I.
veloped slowly so far as general practice was concerned.
Early in
the centiu-y, thirty years before Spencer's views Mono,syllahle.s ending with
of education had f, or

3 .r^i preceded hu a
.
I, s,
attracted public attention, Jonathan Dx-mond
had laid his stric- consonL^'Tfll
tures on the classics, so far as moral education 7nilf pa,s,; dT.'"It
7 he ^'V^'"^
only exceptions are
was concerned, and of if as
expressed preference for an education of the
people that should
inculcate "the love and habits of inquiry-,"
beheving, in general,
that ''science is preferable to literature, the
knowledge of things
to the knowledge of words." The purpose of
education is social
for, "as the education of a people prevents political '"' ^''^"*"'-' '•"""i"^' °" the to,,
evil, it effects of hlrlr'"''"'"'^
political good. Despotic rulers well know that knowledge is
inimical to their power. "-'^ upon^^Sf " '"^ ""'"• ^''^ "^" - '- --h stres
Dunngthe nineteenth centur>^ science began to occupy a
greater
place in practice, as Realists had long declared
it should. In 18 14
the teacher of the little school at Upper
Springfield recommended
the mtroduction of geography, and as the house HILE
was not sufficiently II.

roomy for hanging maps, etc. it was decided necessary to

make an
addition of about ten feet at the end of it.^^ Mono.nillable, ending with
Maps were purchased any conxonant hut f 1

^^•^' 29/IV/1851: Min. Pilesgrove Prep. Mai consonant; excepting only,

add. ebb, butt
Mr^^^r'J'lv'^^'^^''^ ^l^'^^-
^^ °'^'^'' Friends, (H.) 21/IV/1852 and 20/TV/1854. odd, err, inn, bunn, eua
^^'
l^A purr, and buzz.
- Uescriptive catalogs of Bacon Academy for
lurnished the writer by Annie E. Pancoast.
1894^5 and 1896-97, kindly
^
Woodstown, N. J
"""'^'^ '''' '^^ Principles of Morality, Chapter on Education of
the PeoTe
"
From Murray's "£.ngi.ish Ex ERCISES" (1813)
2^P. 108.
326 Quaker Education in New Jersey Curriculum and Textbooks

for Burlington school in ,822-3,=^ and,

CONTENTS. IX as above „„tc,l Bacn
Academy was emphasizinK a scientific course ni , S , i .
It probabls.
Men's Understandings, p. 150; Fading of Ideas from the dul so tron. the tin.e of its
founding, ten ^•ears earlier
n the
Mind, p. 154. meeting s school at Old Springfield.
Franklin
Haines was empk.-ed
BOYLE.— Critical Notice, p. 155; The Study of Natural Philo-
toteachmathematics,suchasn.ensuration,sur^-evingandaIgeb;a-
sophy favourable to Religion, p. 15(5,

STEELE. — Critical Notice, p. 159; Quack Advertisements,

'' ''"' purchased for the use of the school "
''

p. 159.
tI ^ I f"
'""""' '''' ^"^ ^^ ^^^'^ '^' 500 vol-
ADDISON. — Critical Notice, p. 103; Vision of Mirza, p. 103; lies /, tT ^;r''"'"'
Endeavours of Mankind to get rid of their Burdens, p.
T«
1883,
\descnbes some
^°""^""^' "i'™te from
u
Chester Orthodox Friends
assistance given to encourage
science teach-
169; The Works of Creation, p. 176; The Planetary and
Terrestrial Worlds comparatively considered, p. 181;
Importance of a Good Education, j). 184; Gratitude, p.
miere.ttd in the school, funds were raised to purchase
a human skeleton
and a man.km and they were ,.laeed in the school.
186; Contentment, p. 187. .an.l suitable
constructed to preserve them;
.
coset-'
DEFOE.— Critical there ha.s also been received
Notice, p. 19^2; The Great Plague in London, school a valuable collection
and ^ac d " t e
of fossils, mincTals, shells
p. 19*2. ormer pnncpal teacher Edward etc Lf s om or
Forsythe, and a c.ti.en of M;o?e
SWIFT.—^(Vitical town I'o
Notice, p. 198; The Inconveniencies of

abolishing Christianity, p. 198; Adventures of Gulliver

science, and good use has been made by
the teachers of the --hemical
chemical
philosophical apparatus in possession and
in Brobdingnag, p. 204. of the school =«

POPE.— Oitical Notice, 214; Death of two Lovers by Light- ^ ?"''"" "''""^"'^ '^^' "''^'^'"^' instntctive
lectures on
s.i"t'f
ning, and Death, Autumn "'"
p.

Scenery, p. 218.
214; Sickness p. 216;
ear -'^Tb
past year. '"T' '" '''' ^^^'^°°' b"'''^'"^
These scientific lectures in local
schools were part
'^--^' '^e

of a program undertaken by the Yearh-

ARBUTHNOT.— Critical Notice, p. 220; Epitaph on Chartres, Meeting, concerning which
p. 220.
It Stated m
1887,

BOLINGBROKE. — Absurdity of Useless Learning, p. 221 Un- ';:'''^ "' ^?'' """^- '-"^^ ^™"" " ^l^- «t"dies m
;
Physfc^'chTmlTr!"
fny.sics, '^r
Chemistry, etc., properly illustrated
with suitable ai>narflt„« =.„
reasonableness of complaints of the shortness of Human apparent and for this purpose
lectures on scientific and ot
Life, p. 224. er su ^^^^ ;, the

MONTAGU.— Critical Notice, p. 229; Inoculation for the Small sThltdl- S^r^-.'^^-^'
'- '-'-' - --<^ '™- ^-"« -e V- -
Pox, p. 229; Female Education, p. 231. The reports of the several meetings,
_ shown in pre^•Ious chapters
JOHNSON.— Critical Notice, p. 236; Preface to the Dictionary, indicate that a considerable
nuinber from New Jersev s
hoo s
p. 236; Letter to Lord Chesterfield, p. 241; Reflections
''"' '"""*"" ^' '''^^"°^™ «°-^'"^' «^hool.
on landing at lona, p. 242; Parallel between Pope and Sntylvir"""'
Dryden, p. 243; Schemes of Life often illusory, p. 246. Regarding science instmction at
Westtown 1846 was stated
in it
CHESTERFIELD.— Critical Notice, p. 250; Good Breeding, _^he departments of mathematical science. Natural Philosoph>-,
Astronomy
p. 250.
''-"^I'ffJ'aneous papers of Old Springfield
2wf'*k-
"Ms. ,
History of Upper Grecnwirh Mfo- K,. iv-ii
Prep Mt?
"S-, ,n-,
lo,-i3.
j"""'^'' ^''g- ^J William Vi
' •

Wm. Borden, Mickleton, ^ Haines, ,n hands of

From Hart's "Class Book of Prose" (1845)
"Extracts of Yr. Mtg. Mins., (H.), '
.88;, 20-23.
328 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Curriculum and Textbooh
329
and other studies, the pupils acquitted themselves in a very creditable manner;
and we believe there are few seminaries in our country, which afford better *^ CONTEXTS.
opportunities for acquiring a knowledge of the useful branches of education. ^^

In 1858 the course was described as follows: Sect. L Krniark^ on tlu- [x.frntial mood '^70
5. Ot the tenses. '

The same course pursued as has heretofore been the case; embracing all
is
' '

7i
<^- Th.' <M,nju^rati„„ of thr
au.xiharv xerhstokave
the branches of a good English education, with instruction in the Greek and and
'
fo be, . , , -q
Latin languages, and lectures during the winter season; and the progress made /. i hv auxiliary verbs nmjufrated
in their siin{)]e
by the pupils is as great as could reasonably be expected. The usual instruc- torm; with observations on tlieir
peeuliar
nature and force.
tion in the Christian principles and testimonies of Friends, is also given.
•'^•^
u-r
«. I he conjugation of regular
verbs. . . 91
In 1862, ,; '/'>^'**''^''i<'<>"s on j>{issive
verbs. qq . .

The course of studies, and the number of teachers employed are the same as lb
0. Of irregular verbs.
Of defective verbs: and of the
... 102
last year. As heretofore, at stated periods, portions of the Holy Scriptures, different vVavs
'" 7^'^-'' verbs are conjugated.
CHAP. -
'.
THAP ]08
Barclay's Catechism or Bevan's View, are committed to memory by the
. .
/ ()t adver})s.
^^g
pupils; and the Bible and other religious books are frequently read to them
when assembled in the collecting rooms. A thorough knowledge of those
CHAP. 8 Of j)repositi()ns. ..*.!]* us
CHAP. 9 Of conjunctions. ...'.'.'] 115
branches of an English education, which are of daily practical utility being CHAP. 10 Of interjections.
very important, particular care is taken to give instruction in them, with CHAP.
' * '
no
11 Of derivation
probably as much success as at any other school. Lectures have been de- Sect. 1 Of the various ways in which
.
words are deriv-
livered the past session on Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and Natural c(i from one another.
jjy .

History; and 50 boys and 12 girls have studied Latin, and 15 boys have given
2. A sketcli of the steps, by which the
English
language has risen to its present state of
some attention to Greek. ^'^

refanement.
j^^
Ten years
in one, Latin
*
later the scientific and classical courses
and Greek being assigned as optional studies so that
whose time is limited, may complete a Scientific Course as
'those
were combined
PART in. — SYXT..X. no
Of the syntax of the article.
heretofore and obtain a corresponding certificate."^'^ i ti
Of the syntax of the noun.
Of several nouns joined by
copulatives. . 1
0,,
Textbooks Of nouns connected by disjunctives.
Of nouns of multitude. .
.
.... '
" '
H?,
i.i.j

Of one noun governing another in

It is almost impossible at the present day to reconstruct the entire the 'possessive case' 15'1
Of the syntax of the pronoun.
curriculum or the list of textbooks used in schools a hundred or Of pronoun.s agreeing with their
antecedents 1 <..
more years ago. But a beginning can be made that is very sug- Of the relative being nominative
to the verb ' * *
sq
^""'^'^"'^
gestive of the atmosphere of the class room so far as that is reflected son's.'
."'' ^''' "^""'"-t»ves of diflFerent'pe;.

in the books used. In the frequent warning against "reading per- Of the .syntax of the adjective.
'.*.***
nicious books" is found the guide books for class
in the selection of Of the syntax of the verb.
... * *
ui
1*^
^^''^^"^.*^"* ^';t*>
use. The following list of textbooks is made up from items con- Of tlZ^'K"
verbs active requiring the
the nominative aise. . 126
objective case. ^q
tained in minutes of vSchool Trustees, Committees, and Meetings ()f one verb governing
another in the infinitive
Of verbs related in point of time. mood" i 1
!'
in New Jersey between 1788 and 1869, which specified that the Of the syntax of the participle.
.

books were for the use of schools. It is probably incomplete. icr

Of the rules respecting adverbs. *
• • .
f

Of the position of adverbs. . ,^,,

Of two negatives. '^'^
32Extracts Yr. Mtg. Min., (O), 7-8. .

^Ubid., 1858, 4. ^^Ibid., 1862, 11.

35
Ibid., 1872, 23-4. 174

From Murray's "English Grammar"

(1826)
330 Quaker Education in Neu,! Jersey
Curricuhim and Textbooks
331
American First Class Book.
INDEX. American Practical Catechism.
Barclay's Catechism.
Bibles.
Books on common things.
Comley's Si)elling Book.
Page
Cowper 's "Task."
Decrease of the Red Men Red Jacket 7 Expositors.
Speech of Complanter 8 Greenleaf's Arithmetic.
Perilous Adventure 13
Lessons for Youth.
The Close of the Year 16
James Alford 17 The Monitor.
—
The Deserted House Poetry Thomas Hood 20 Maps (Wall Maps, jtresumably).
James Corson Chambers' Journal 22 Murray's English Reader, Introduction,
Courage well Employed Eng. Magazine 26 Sequel, Grammar abndged.
Oeconomy of Human Life.
The Close of the BXghieous— Poetry— H. F. Gould 29
The Falling in of a Coal Mine— N. Y. Com. Adv 29 Penn's Reflections and Maxims, and
Advice to His Children
The Banian Tree 33 Pike s Arithmetic.
Faithful Testimony against War 35 "Reading Books."
Habit —DuGAL Stewart 38 Scripture Lessons.
James Ferguson 39
continued 42
A Name in the Sand —
Poetry H. F. Gould 46 by the Tract Association of Friends at Philadelphia
)
Pine Forests 47 Spelling books.
A Summer Morning in the Country Poetry —W. H. Burleigh 50 Testaments.
Ice in the Arctic Regions 51

— —
The Holly Tree Poetry R. Southey
The Prairie Poetry Bryant
57
58
The books were frequently sent out by
the superior meetings and
—
The Last Month of Summer Poetry Gallagher 61 distributed to the schools by the local
school committee
—
Perseverance Poetry R. S. S. Andros 62 schools the trustees controlled the
In some
books, making purchases and
The Death Bed— Poe/rj/— T. Hood 63
The Effects of War Evenings at Home 64 reselling to the pupils.''«
—
Wisdom and Knowledge R. Southey 67 Besides these books there were others
War —
the Cause of Misery R. Hall 68 which we would expect
—
W'ar Injurious to Morality R. Hall
— 70 were used in the schools, though no
specific reference is made to
Time Poetry Knox
—
72 them m
the meetings' minutes that remain.
Such were Bene^et's
South African Desert Poetry T. Pringle 73
The Common Gnat British Naturalist 74 Fnst Hook Jar Children (nyS), S. M.
Day's Pronouncing Spelling
Morning Thoughts Poetry 76 Book (i8ii). Art of Spelling facilitated
Kelp— C. Darwin 78 for the use of school,- (1804)
Salt— C. Darwin 79 and Lessons in Reading (1804). Fox's
Introduction for Right Spelling
Night-Po^frz/— W. H. Burleigh 82 (1762), and Woolman's First Book for Children,
Speech of Red Jacket, the Seneca Chief, to the Agent of the (1769) The
Ogden Land Company 83 preference for books by Friends would
certainly have' caused these
Speech of Farmer's Brother, a Seneca Indian 84 to have been considered in making
William Cowper 86
a selection. A copv of Murray's
Slavery Poetry—Cowper 87 Engksh Exercises (18 13), Evans' Examples
of Youthful Pi etv (iS^o)'
Drought in Buenos Ayres Darwin 88 U^rls Classbook of Prose (1845), Cotton
Effects of Severe Cold 90 Mather's Essa.^s to do
Christian Freedom Poetry —
Cowper 92
Good, addressed to all Christians
whether in public or'private
(iii) capacities, and Beecher's Suggestions
Respecting Improvements tn
Education (1829J, doubtless for the use
From the "Select Reader" number published by
iii,
of teachers, were found in
the tract Association of Friends
'"iVIin. of Trustees of Easton School Fund, 1S61, 70.
332 Quaker Edtication in New Jersey Curriculum and Textbooks
333

EXA MPLES
SEQUEL OF
TO

THE ENGLISH READER: YOUTHFUL PIETY

OR,

ELEGANT SELECTIONS
Elizabeth C. Secor was born at New Rochelle in
IN PROSE AND POETRY. the State of New York, in themonth, 1814.
first
In very early Hfe she manifested
DESIGNED TO IMPROVE an uncommon gra-
vity and seriousness in her
deportment, was scrupulously
THE HIGHEST CLASS OF LEARNERS IN READING; careful not to do anything which
she thought ^^Tong
TO ESTABLISH and was remarkably cleanly and
neat in her person
A TASTE FOR JUST AND ACCURATE COMPOSITION; and habits. Towards her parents,
she evinced a ten-
der and affectionate attachment,
AND TO PROMOTE cheerfullv obeying all I
their commands, and avoiding
THE INTERESTS OF PIETY AND VIRTUE. whatever she apprehend-
ed would give them uneasiness.
\\'hen about two years and a
half old, she desired
BY LINDLEY MURRAY, her uncle to read in the Bible for
her; he accordingly
Author of an "English Grammar adapted to the dtjlerent read the narrative of Abraham's
Classes of Learners," &c. offering up his son
Isaac, at which she was greatly
affected, and requested
him to read no more, as she could not
help crying.
STEREOTYPED BY L. JOHNSON, PHILADELPHIA Some friends intending to have a religious
opportu-
nity m the family, she appeared anxious
for the time
to arrive; sat with becoming
gravity while it con-
$i)tlatielphia: tinued, and expressed a wish
that thev might have
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY PROBASCO. more such seasons, saying, "I had no
S. ^dea that we
should have such a good meeting."
1831 It was her wish to attend
religious meetings, but the
delicate state of her health mostly
prevented her from

TITLE PAGE OF A FAVORITE TEXTBOOK

IN friends' schools FROM THOMAS EVAXs' "EXAMPLES"
PUBLISHED IN 183O
334 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Curriculum and Textbooks ,,r
o6 5

an old cupboard of the sclior,] room at \\V)(.c]burv,

A N Some of the
books are inscribed "Friends Female

APOLOGY FOR THE

Adult education was assured l)y :t
SclirH)! at W-cjodlmr)- "

supi)}^' of religious and doc-

"1

'- - " ,< f I '> ,1 .,

» / 1 - <

/( /.
y .r / / / I

True Chriftian Divinity: -p^^- A-

•
<-» .^ /"./

BEING AN . ? . . .
'
.
/ .
'- "-r.- ...

,.T ...

Explanation and Vindication / ..

OF THE

PRINCIPLES and DOCTRINES

'.-V
^•5 ,..J.^

. •
•"'-•'••.../. . . .

OF THE PEOPLE CALLED

^'-. -.' I.
";''•' '''••"•"•- • '<>.'
".,;/, V

QUAKERS.
.

:>
« '•.-
l-,*c'

/.'
/. •r.T.-.-^;,^., _. •;..->., ,.,^, //,__. .,

•''' 'y '^. i^'^'/l4c/,,,, ^

'-<--,//> '/,,v;i., .. ., •.,,., .,...;V. ^

Written in latin and English / *) //:

By ROBERT BARCLAY,
And (ince tranflated into HIGH dutch, low dutch, French
^ /.'.;/.
and SPANISH, for the Information of Strangers,
r .
/^/^7C
<}*-?• ^/^;,
PHILADELPHIA: y/-.-/.
>"

PRINTED BY JOSEPH JAMES, IN

CHESNUT STREET
M.DCC.LXXXIX Catalogue of books in Woodbury Meeting

trinal books, which were sent out either to be sold, or distributed

free to those who could not buy. Libraries were established in
TITLE PAGE OF BARCLAY'S "APOLOGY" some places, with a book committee and librarian to loan books and
 336 Quaker Education in New Jersey CMrrindnni and Textbooks
OOi
see that they were returned. Such libraries were mentioned at
Woodbury^ (1789), Alloways Creek (1845), Little Egg Harbor
(1844), Upper Greenwich (1834), Woolwich (i860), Chesterfield "Books on Slavekeepiiur -
-oesse ^, ff"^^"^'"^?'>^^'^
B(.s.P'.s vSurfenngs ^'''h.-
of Friends
(1870), Upper Springfield (1838). Libraries were not mentioned Biography of Scholars.
at all meetings but it seems that books were sent to all alike and Blain's Lectures.
Bordhead Charles. Memoirs.
distributed as above indicated. One meeting, Upper Greenwich, Book for Boys.
was said to have 500 voltimes under the care of its Library^ associ- Bownas, Samuel, Journal.
Brooks, AL, Silent Waiting
ation.^^
^y^^^' ^""- ^^^ ^^'ork name.].)
In some of the libraries
it appears that great care was taken of Chandler's Works.
Christ's Gracious Invitation.
the books. Several catalogs of the books at Woodbury^^ and Christian Instruction.
other places were made and
those in charge urged to keep them Christian Memento.
Christianity and Infidelitv
in order. Modem librarians would not be expected to show more contrasted
Classbook of Xature.
persistence in following delinquent borrowers of books than did Cockburn's Review.
Collection of Memorials
Samuel Mickle of Woodbury. In a letter to a Friend at Evesham Colley's Apology for Silent
\\\iiting.
he wrote in March, 1824: Comb s Moral Philosophv
Comley's Reader.
when our Friend Esther Ballenger may be at Evesham, she will enquire
If
forSamuel Inskeep, and get Barclay's Apology, which he hath had in posession "'' °^ '^^ Product.on of Slavery.
perhaps 25 years or more, she will greatly obHge the Preparative Meeting of SwpfrTSr''^'
Woodbury and particularly
S. AIickle.39 Daboll's Arithmetic.
The character Daughters of Britain
of the collections of books, whether a fomial
n^n''w^r ^"^ "Journal."
library association was formed or not, may be seen from the list Dell, ^^'^.'e'^^'^^"
\\ilham, "Small books wrote bv "
Discipline books.
below, made up from about seventy sources. ^°
Distinction of Jerusalem.
Doctrines of Baptism.
^"'Ms. Hist, of U. G. Mtg. Xo list of the 500 titles is available. Douglass, P., Narrative.
^sPacsimile of such a catalogue of 1802 is shown on page Drunkard's Looking Glass
335.
30Letter in a package of papers in School House Cupboard, Woodbury, Dymond's Essavs.
T\. J. Early Impressions.
^"A Kiss for a Blow. Edmonson's Journal.
A short examination whether War is lawful for a Christian. Emblem of Nature
Account of Joseph Harris.
Adam's Atlas. ivans'?ourn?r'
'" "^'' ''°"*'' °^ ^'°--''-
Adam's Geography.
Advices.
Advice against Swearing. Extracts from Pennington
Africans, books on the status of the oppressed. Farmer's Instruction.
Alexander Ascate's "Books." Fay, Samuel, and Shipway,
Ancient Christian's principle or Rule of Life. Ann, Short Account of
Anarchy of the Ranters. FirirE^fc^^'-^-"-^-^^"^-- ^n LruLfhings.
Andrews, Edward, Life of. Flowers for Children.
Anecdotes of Gamblers.
Arnold's "Wheat" (?) and Learning to Think.
^- ''""' '"' Considerations relating to War, Hyn.ns,
^°v2us: Songs, and
Barclay, R. Apology. Follen, Ruth, iMemoirs.
Catechism. Fox, G., Works—Journal.
Church Government. Friends' Family.
Barclay, J., Letters. Friends' Miscellany.
Fruits of vSolitude.
338 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Curriadnu: and Textbooks
339
Catechism and "Writings."
JSf- - Fundamental
Fuller's
Geography, Modern. '^T;i^^^^i:^i!:r g Pnnc.ples and Doctrines
Gleaner, The. Pennmgton. Isaac, Memoirs
Gough's History. ^^'orks— Select Essavs
* T, >r
Griscom, Animal Magnetism and Physiology. Penny Magazine ("nearlv torn up")
Grover, William, Selections.
Ph^^im^'^rMf
°''
^''fr'''^^'
^"^ ^^^^'^ ^'^ improving.
^
Grub, Sarah, Journal. i^n^ilips, Cathenne, Memoirs.
"

Hall, D,, Compassionate Call to such as have gone out from the Unity of Phipps, Original and Present
State of Man.
Friends. ^^ Christian Baptism
-n- ^
Haldane, Catherine, Life of. Piety -r,
Promoted.
Heaven, The way to. Power of Religion.
Heavenly Pilot. Present for Children at School A
Hersey's Treatise. Price, Phillip and Rachel,
Memoirs of
Hicks', Sermons. Primitive Christianity.
History of Mary Watson and Jane Mortimer. Proceedings of the Joint Comminee
Holmes, B. Serious Call in Christian Love. Reason for the necessity of Silent Waiting.
^
"Books." Recket s and Gough's Journal
Hour I live in. The, Reflections on Christian Temper
and Character.
Hymns. (Sent gratuitously for use of the Sunday School of Woodbury.) Religious Duties.
Imitations of Christ. Religious Tracts for the JJescendants
of Africa.
Improving Stories for the Young. Richardson, John, Journal.
Indian's Speech in Answer to a Sermon. Life of.
Janney's Life of Penn. his Enquiry into the effects of
^^f^^^^' ^^"^ Ardent Spirits
Conversation.
Jefferies, John, Serious Address to the Churcli of England.
r!!?!";
bcnool Jf H'"'^
School ot v^'
""^^ P^^^^^^ °^ ^'^^^^ds in Ireland
Good Manners.
^ '

Judge, Hugh (No work named). Scott, Job, Journal.

Kersey's Narrative. Scott, Samuel, Diary.
Knapp's Female Biography. Select Anecdotes.
Letters from a man of color. Seneca Indians, A i)amphlet on.
Literatus, Ancient and Modem, by the Author of Peter Parley. Seneca Indians, Further illustration
of case of
Little Jane. Sewell s History of the Quakers.
Little Sins. bhotwell, Mary, Some expressions
of
London Epistles. Slavery Address on, to the Society
of Friends.
McDonnell, Memoirs. bmith, Martha, Letters.
IVIentor, The, Spirits address to Public on the use of
ardent
Michener's Retrospect of Quakerism. , Spauldmg, John, Convincement.
"Missalaneys." Stanton, Daniel, Journal
Mite in the Treasury, A. '"'"'^"'^'^ °' ^'^""^ ^^^^^ °'' '"e mind.
Mothers of England. iumnef-romron"'
Music, Essay on. Teacher's Gift.
Narrative of Peter and John Hay. The Great Audit.
Nature and Efhcacy of the Cross of Christ. The two Lambs.
Natural History, A. Thoughts on ye importance of Religion.
Natural History of Animals. Time and Eternity.
Naturalist on Books. True way of Turning to God.
New England Judged. Turford, Hugh, Grounds of a Hoh-
Life
Ocean Work. Twilight Conversation.
On Prayer. Union Questions.
Pamphlets, collected by A. Benezet. Universality and Efficacy of Divine
Grace
Pamphlets of Memorials. Vindication of the Religious Society
Called Quakers
Pamphlet on Scripture Help. Well Spent Day. ^
Parley's Columbus and Tales about Africa. West, Moses "Books,"
Parlor Book, The. Witty, G., Farewell Address.
Paul, Marco, Adventure in Maine. Wood, Margaret, Journal.
Peace and War. Uooman, J., Works.
Penn, William, Xo Cross No Crown. Yearly Meeting Extracts.
Rise and Progress of Quakers. Young Chemist.
"Writings." Youthful Piety.
 School Support
OH"*
and sufficent
enadition) to undertake the
business mil be to have some
certam mcome fixed, m
consideration of which they
CHAPTER XII
should be owLdT
TeKe theZefi ?""'' '° '^' '"''^^>' ""<^ '^^' "° P<='-«°" should re^
'
SCHOOL SUPPORT ce>ve the benefit offf^
the salary without the
appointment of the said meeting

A people has as good schools as it is A\illini^^ to support. The tunds of thts character were
tlien established. S«eh advice was
difficulty of sectmno^ f^ood teachers is often incident to the fact
repeated often .n the next
tuent^-five vcar., ttn-il the
that they are not well paid. This fact was early realized in the on education m ;;-, ^vith cot^mtttee
,
Anthony Bene/.efs influence, ur.^ed
Quaker schools of New Jersey, but for a long time no decided still

efforts were made to secure more certain and larger salaries. The ^^hlch followed 1777 is reflected in the
uncertainty of pay (in full) was often as strong a deterrant to the maiu- provisions made h^
meetmKS for establishing schools
with pennanent funds
teacher's enthusiasm as the small salary itself. sothatthe
poor miKht be educated free of cost,
During the the master well
latter part of the eighteenth century a movement and supplied with such comforts paid
of that he
would be induced
life
was set afoot to secure more unified action in the financial affairs to render a longer temi of
of schools. Advices of general nature were first sent by the
ser^-ice. The efforts of some of these
meetiiiKS will be presented here as
briefl^• as possible As space
Yearly Meeting to the lower ones; these advices gradually became
does not allow ,>re.sentatiou of the
steps taken hv all mectmjrs to
more definite in character and specific plans for school foundations
establish funds, it ma>- be stated
that between i;Soand iSooeftorts
were drawn up. were made m almost all (X.aker
During the entire period covered by this study the support of communities to establish such
tunds^ Some of these were monthl>-
schools was accomplished by some of the following methods, or meeting school funds. r,thers
were d,stmctl.v under the preparative
variations of them: (i) subscriptions, (2) money distributed from meetings, l- xception should
be made of Great Egg Harbor and Little Egg Harbor, where
central stocks, (3) legacies and donations, (4) portion of state
seems, practically no efforts were
it
,)ut forth at this early
school fund received, (5) fees, (6) loans, usually arranged for in time
The educational efforts and accom])lishments
case of urgent need, and for a short period, and (7) income from of the various meet
ings, however, are presented in
other chapters- though witliout
investments. Some space will be devoted to each of these methods particular attention to support of schools,
in theabove order. Little, however, need be said of some of them and will not henecessarx-
here.
as they are self-explanatory. The legacy or donation depended In 1790 Salem Monthly Meeting
on the generosity of an individual, largely; fees or rates were a received the report of a special
committee on the adM-sabilit>- of creating a
commonly accepted mode of support at that time and loans were ;
school fund according
to the plan offered by the Yearly Meeting. Tlun- reported
accomplished then as now, only in case of emergency, and with thev
had not seen their wa>- clear to adopt the
more or less difficulty. These three methods fail to show any recommended plan ''

and were continued tr, rejx.rt to a future meeting.-'

growth of united action or conviction on the part of the rehgious About a year
thereafter, "a plan for raising a fund
for shooling ,)oor childi-en"
body with regard to education. In the estabHshment of perma-
was proposed, and adoi)ted In- the meeting, in these terms:
nent funds by subscription, however, may be seen a crv'Stallized
St. That nine Trustees :i„,la Tn.,-<s„r.r be annually appomted
sentiment favoring schools of enduring character. to have the
care and management of the said fund, wl,o are to be
called and known bv the^
In 1750 the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting advised that name^of the Trustees and Treasurer of the Srhool
F„n,) ,,f th.- .\b,n,l,h- M,..t-
. . .the most likely means to induce such persons (i. e. of moral character,
'Ms. Advices 250 ^See chapters Three, Four, Five
^Min. Salem Mo. Mtg., 30 A'lII 1790. and Six
340
342 Quaker Education in New Jersey
School Support
343
ing of Salem and are now appointed Trustees and Treasurer for the ensuing 1813 ^2.6I
year. S663.76
1815
2nd. be taken for the money subscribed in the name of the
Bills or notes to
27.63K 656.67
1816 37.46
Treasurer of the school fund of the Monthly Meeting of Salem for the time 771-85
being at six percent, interest, the principal not to be called for during the sub-
1817
40.33K 771.70
scriber's hfetime and residence in this Monthly Meeting, but may at any time 1822 40.66
be paid. 1823 77965
52.75
3rd. The Treasurer shall provide a book wherein he shall enter a list of 820.26
1824 84-23
said bills or notes, children's names, schooled out of the said fund, with full 818.90
1825 99.90
and clear entries of all moneys received and expended, etc.
862.91
4th. The interest arising shall be strictly applied to the schooling poor
1826 104.24
843-86
children and to no other purpose but by direction of the Monthly Meeting to 1829
.^61. g2
be drawn by an order from the Trustees or a majority of them who are en- 1832
joined to meet every three months or oftener as they may find occasion. 1833
934-48^
4-87>^ to erect house
5th. The treasurer and trustees shall lay their accounts and proceedings 300.50 842.36
1850 30.00 (to teacher of colored school)
before the Monthly Meeting in the fifth month annually or a committee ap-
pointed for that purpose, and the appointment of Trustees and Treasurer
1852 30.00 (ditto)
shall be in the sixth month following, and the interest always paid in the 1854 79-33K
firstmonth yearly. 1855 61.42
6th. The Treasurer shall call in all sums falling into the hands of Executors
The following report of the tmstees
or Administrators, and such who remove their residence to another Monthly of the fund in 1854 will give
a fair idea of their financial
Meeting, and put that, or other parts of the principal as may be paid in, out concerns.
again in safe hands by the advice and direction of the Trustees or a majority Since our last statement was
]>resented we have
of them. received of interest
^^
7th. No part of the principal shall at any time be made use of except by Rent from farm due 25th-3rd mr.ntli 853
'

i
60.0^
direction of the Monthly Meeting for the purpose of raising an annuity.*
Amounting to
In 1794, due to the division in Salem Monthly Meeting, it was '?i44-8o
And have expended m payiiK nt of school
agreed that six trustees would be sufficient in the future. In 1 796 bills (Not con-
hned to Friends children
«
£6/8/6 had been expended
,
the treasurer reported that for school- For materials for fencing on farm
\,^^^^
ing poor children. "Poor children" seems at all times to have in- Balance due our Treasurer, last report. .

7o6
"

cluded black as well as white ones; occasionally it is stated, as for Amounting together to
Leaving a balance our treasury (3rd month
example in 1798, that a certain sum was spent for schooling black of
in
^sth)

children.^ £ 14/4/10 was expended "in school-

Likewise in 1801, The farm isagain r.nU.i for $6o.(X,, and ihe
amount of ,he f,.n,l fro'r w^"^
ing poor white and black children."^ The sums thus spent varied our ,neome denved
,s is S700.00, of this
S.oo has recentlv ,,.,. ";
:;,i;h 1
from year to year. This may be seen from the following table,
"
It IS desirable again to ,,Iace at munst.'

made up from minutes of the monthly meeting for the years men- In the case of Salem it was customar>- to ha^•e a report d
the
tioned. It is understood the fund is still in existence. school tmstees each year.
These reports ahnost i.n-anabh-
dealt
Date. Spent for Schooling poor Children Ami. of Fund. "'"'"'
"""" '^' "''"'"' ^"^^"^^« orproKressof schools
1804 £ 22/3/9 remams £ 37/1/6 r«h r!r'
n whtch they were cottcernc.i. After making their
annual report
1810 £ 27/3/9 32/0/6 he comm, teee was tisttalh- released
and a new one appointed for
th^ucceedtng year. This custom was
^ihid., 31/X/1791. 'Ibid., 28/V/1798; 16,4 was spent on one child. followed fairly closely m
Hbid., 25/V/1801. 'Ibid., 29,111/1854.
 344 Quaker Education in New Jersey
School Support

other meetings, though some give greater attention to the school meeting necessary tor to appoint
either Treasurer or Trustees or hnth ,1,
itself. already appointed shall deliver
up all the monevs ha^^fy
toge her w.th all the books, hive n'hanT
In 1790 Haddonfield Quarterly Meeting drew up a plan for rais- parchment, and papers'in any wise
mst, ut.on to their successors bdong,ne to tV^^
ing funds, according to that proposedby the Yearly Meetin.^^ and m office which successors shall rbsete and an
m all the,r proceedings to what is here prescribed."
nd
similar in some respects Salem quoted above. The full
to that of
The instmmem aI:,ove mentioned uas drauT, on parchment and
text of Haddonfield's plan is given in Chapter Six.^ In 1791. they
subscnpt.ons to the amo„„t ,„ f ,s/:s/o were
stated there is "a fund established in this meeting the income where- entered thereo.t
by the end ot ,^oo. As elsewhere
of to be a]jplied to the care of poor white and black children, and tttentiotted cooperation amon.
the meetms. was strongly
emphasized, AccordinKh-, since
some attention paid to the schooling such children ."'^
By 1798 . .

Branch had earher contributed to Ea«

the value of this fund had risen to £ 239 /18 /o, plus £ 5 h /^4^ the a school fund at'chesterfield
they now requested help from
interest in the hands of the treasurer. that meelittg particular, a
^<^
In 1800 the total value
mittee being
com-
i,i

named to suggest to them "whether

was £ 700/0/1.^^ might not be it
right for them ,n some ^vay to contribute something
In 1803 the school treasurer spent £36/8 /4 for books and school- towards ad-
vancing ours at this place .'- Chesterfteld
ing poor children, while in 18 14, $155.75 ^^as spent for "schooHng
.
replied bv naming a
.

committee to endeavor to receive

poor white and black children."^- In 1837 the fund schooled 18 subscriptions from their mem-
bers^ and these subscriptions were entered
children, most of them for six were mem-
months. None of these
. .
on the back of the
parchment noted above, under the following
bers of the society. In 1841, $198.30 was expended for education
^'"^ statement:
We the subscribers, members of
Chesterfield Preparatue .Meetin.
of poor without the circle of membership.^-* Though never as „, \ew
Jersey, do hereby severally for
ourselves, and our hers, promise
large as some of the funds, it was ver\^ considerable for the time. to ,m on
demand and .n specie unto Samuel Craft,
Treasurer of Fr ends Schoo Fun"
In 1855, without the difficulty of a loan, the trustees paid $1,781.41
for building a dwelHng house for the teacher, and expended $78.49 omce, th?""'7
o'ffi e^' the
''''''"' '''"' •^°"'"^' "'
sum of monev ^'^''
sevprallv
'-i^'i'O
-
\^\-
'" '-
i,c e,,K^
'>> u.s t
^—- - n
subscribed aeanist our n^mf^c «Mt;^
3 •
-- -
mterest therefore after the rate of
for the regular schooHng of the poor.^^ five pounds for the'hundred
r.ea. I
wh,ch money so subscribed by us
shall be deemed to l,e a
A preparative meeting school fund was begun at East Branch in „- part of ,1 thm
t8oo, when Wm. Satterthwaite, Jr., Elijah Field and Samuel and for the purposes therem expres.sed and not otherwise."
Craft were appointed to ''prepare an instrument in writing for the A new subscription was agreed upon in
regulation of said fund" and asked to report to next meeting. ^^ ,804. Bv iStothefund
amounted to,S5so.n; in 18.,,, .S683.40;
,8.6, t.r^-^:. "of which
Two months thereafter, the instrument was produced, read and sum there is of pemianent stock .S49,?.29.
leaving the neat sum of
-agreed and Samuel Craft made treasurer to "collect and dispose
to.
interest accnted to .stock of
fc;;.88;' 1830, $8;o.6o; and in i8„
of all the moneys given or in any wise belonging to this fund, as
he may be directed by a majority of the trustees." Other trustees Upper Springfield Preparative .Meeting
in ,702 undertook the
-were named and directed establishment of a fund as follows:
to keep fair minutes of all their proceedings in a book provided for that purpose The promotion of a permanent fund
for the use of Friends school
which those now appointed shall procure and they shall report to this meeting place agreeable to the repeated at this
and pressmg advices of the Yearlv
from time to time as occasion may require and whenever it shall appear to this ajohd foundat.on, coming now before
t mg on M
this meeting, and the 'sentiment
o"
'^Page 167. ^Min. Haddonfield Mo. Mtg., 12/IX/1791; see p. 168.
/^'?^' ''?""• "^''^. 27/V/I801. 'mid -6 vrii ,Xo,
i«/6i^., 12/III/1798. ^^Ibid., 13/I/1800. "/w"
12/HJ., 14/11/1803 and 14/II/1814. ^Ubid., 13/II/1837. Schoorfrom"", "^^ ^-s'te;' of^ias't^Braneh
; t'o'.H^^r^xTf \'"t""''-^ °!,
^*Ibid., 8/II, 1841. '-^Ibid., 12/II/1855.
i^Min. East Branch Prep. Mtg., 27/VIII/1800.
346 Quaker Education in New Jersey
School Support

divers Friends being agreed that the Clerk of this meeting

had thereon, it is
Eveshan> Monthly Me.uu, ,„
procure a subscription (drawn on parchment) for that purpose, and produce it ,yg^ adopted the plan proposed
by Haddonfield Quarterly- Ak-etin,. n
at our next Preparative Meeting, the expense thereof to be paid out of this k rred =' to above
meeting's stock.^^ Pilesgrove Month!- Meeting <ireu-
u,, a plan for n.is.n,.
an edu-
In 1793 a further minute stated:
cational fund m
;94.- AccordniK U. the folk.vin.,
,
minute,
perma- of estabhshing a John Barnes, Samuel Ogdcn Elihti {><^,lrirL- u
A subscription drawn on parchment for the purpose a- ,,

nent fund for the support or benefit of the school at this place being produced
at a former meeting was subscribed to by a few Friends, but was not dated at
that time; the meeting now thinks it best and unites that the said sub- The fund was valued at $34^.,, hi
1819, and continued tobe small
scription be dated on this day —
(to wit, the sixteenth of the first month, one The success ot the school, however,
was assured bv the lar^cnft
thousand seven hundred and ninety-three.)"^^
of David Bacon-"' which was
used to found the "BacV.n Acad^m; -
The fund Upper Springfield outdid most of the preparative
at In 1783 the Monthly Areeting
at Woodbridge proposed
meeting funds and many of those established by monthly meetings. the rais-
ing of a fund or a school at
Rahway" Many other cases mi^ht
In 1835 a report stated that the total value of it was $3,196.02, be cited here, but would be
superfluous for our purpose
mostly invested in bonds and mortgages.
-'"^

cientnumberof localities havebeenmentioned

A suffi-
to indicate the
Chesterfield minutes of 1793 informed that a fund of "several ^-e.^-
movement, the unity of punx.se, the
°' '''
hundred pounds" was made up, and Joseph Lawrie and Wm. m wShT"!^
S! which funds were established, and
manneV
the ser^ice thev rendered
Abbott were appointed to receive the subscriptions as well as the i he foregoing
pages refer to the lndi^idual efforts
central stock distributed to them by the quarterly meeting for
made b^- local
meetings to establish funds for
the support of schools m
the purposes of education.-^ In connection with their fund, the midst. Another phase of school
their
support by subscription should also
following memorandum of the account of Robert White is interest- be touched upon, though the
school in question was not located
ing, showing as it does the uselessness of paper: m New Jersey. It did, however, provide educational
1706 Dr. Robert White — in account 1 796-1 803. ties for many of New Jersev's citizens, after
opportuni-
£ S D rhe school at Westtown, Pennsylvania,
1
ygg
loth mo. 1 8th, To his subscription to the School Fund 25 o o was established in iryo
after a long campaign in its
loth mo. 8th favor, by the leadership of
1
the Yearly
iHoo To three years interest due, 5th mo. 14th, 1800 3 15 o Meeting and the loyal cooperation of
all lower units. This support
oth mo. 8th, 801 To one year's interest on his subscription i 5 o of a central school
I 1 1
"
evidence of a greater unitv of
is
actlvit^ that
loth mo. i8th, 1802 I 5 « had been developing during the last
" I
half of the eighteenth century
I oth mo. 1 8th, 1803 5 « The occasions when .support of the
" I o Westtown school was
loth mo. I8th, 5 urged
''' '°''''' "''^"''"^^ ^^•^'^ ''' J"«^ prior to
£ 33 15 o^* ^hool
school s TAi-T
establishment,
(.) about ,800, when an
the
effort was made
to clear off a debt of
By 1828 the fund at Chesterfield Preparative Meeting amounted $4000, (3) about .8,2, in order to
increase the
pay of teachers and, again for the
to S3655.38; 1829, $3841.97; 1830, S4036.26; 1832, $4116.18; same purpose in 18,4, and (4)
at times when special obligations
1839, $5316. 37K; and in 1841, $5521.59--^ had to be incurred in order to
'%''''"'"' '" '""-' "'"'^^ "'^^'^^^'^ ^"d ™-^-«'
2iMin. U. S. Prep. Mtg., 18/VII/1792. ^Ihid., 1793.
29/X/ 1835.
sucnas m iS^o.
s'^.Tasin^i' In an examination of the
a^-ailable records of
23Minutes Trustees of U. vS. Friends' School, all
2^Min. Chesterfield Mo. Mtg., 7/V/I793. ^ ^^ ^ ,, .

-^Loose papers in volume "D" of ongmal Ms. Almutes of Chesterheld^ ter'sfx ^„''X'^"'°" ?^ 'fr^
development ,n Evesham .\to. M.g
see ^'
Chan
on Trenton Meeting House, Trenton, \. J. ->% • ? ^Vf.^ ^'^° -^''"- Evesham Mo. Alttr Q VII .-on
°f "^'^ r>'3" ^''^ page IS2. ^' ^' '^°-
^6Min. Chesterfield Prep. Mtg., for the years named. ^r?'' *^n',
-Aim. '

P,lesgrove Mo. Mtg., .„,,XI/,;94. '"See page :.p.

155. 46.
348 Quaker Education in New Jersey
School Support ,.^
349
meetings in New Jersey no case was found in which the meeting central fun.l all meetings contnlaucl.
Arai,,, there were cases in
failed to raise money to assist the new central school. vSome
wh.ch surplus funds were .iivuled bv
tlic superior meeting
meetings that had no local school directh- under their charge, paid and
distnbuted tor a particular pur,x.se to
those of lesser rank as the
the quota assigned them by superior meetings to secure the welfare tollowmg extracts illustrate. In
1 792, Burlington stated-
of one at a distance. Yet there was no compulsion used to secure Please to pay to the Monthly
Meet.nK of Upper Springfield sevcntv-one
the cooperation of members. The minute concerning the collec- pounds, seven sh.IIings and three pence
was usually stated "...
K
being the said meeting's share
of "he
tion of money for the puq)ose to receive surplus of the stock to be distnbuted
for the use of schools in
^
,h. ! or.
subscriptions from such of our members as feel disposed to con- Preparat.ve Meetings where funds are or
,nay be established agreeable
to the
tribute thereto . .
."^" or "to open subscription papers for that
dtreetton of the Quarterly Meeting.
Signed on behalf of eon.mktee. V
pur]3ose and offer to the members generally.
"^^ Later the same meeting, through its school committee infomied-
Haddonfield's minute on the subject in 1797, gives a fair picture Please to pay to the monthly meeting
of Little Egg Harbor nineteen
th,rteen sh.llmgs and nme pence, pounds
which they entered upon the under-
of the cooperative spirit with ,t being their quota
of the surplu of the
-^I-'-g f- the express purpose of
taking :
Tt '"''jT^'^^'y
by the estabhshment of funds within the same .Monthly
promotmg schools
^^eeting,''
Divers friends of the committee appointed by our last Quarterly Meeting to
Chesterfield, in the following minute,
unite with and afford assistance to the Monthly Meetings, on the subject of the ackiKnvledged receipt of
her part of the fund distributed
Boarding School as recommended by the Yearly Meeting, attended this meet- :

ing and the subject being now opened, the Minutes of the Yearly Meeting and The Friends appointed to receive this meeting's quota arizen from the
report of the committee to that Meeting read, it is recommended to the Prepara-
tiveMeetings to open a subscription to forward the design of the instituting of amount of £ 63, . 19. .h>^ reported they have received it."
a boarding school; and that they produce their subscriptions to this meeting.-^* Likewise, Upper Springfield in the same rear:
A few months Haddonfield Preparative
later had raised Upper Springfield Preparative .Meeting
received 20/16/3K as their i,irt of
£ 39/18/9, while Newton Preparative contributed £ 15.-"'^
"y B-lington Quarterly .^^eeting, thissum was directed to b
adtirtT*'
added to their subscription for the schools."

Funds from Central **Stock" The distribution

to which these minutes of
meetings of Buriin<r-
ton Quarter refer was rather
The use of "stocks," estabUshed for particular puri^oses, was unusual,--certainlv not a general
practise at that time. In the late 19th centun-,
early recommended by George Fox and became a regular practice however, with a
still greater degree of
centralization, a central educational
of the religious society. Thus there were stocks or funds for the and a central educational committee,
fund
rehef of the poor, relief of the Negroes, relief of Indians, for putting
the expenditures made for
local schools by the Yearly Meeting
out apprentices, and so on. The funds might be either central or
were more common, and some
schools could not have operated
Thus, a local meeting had a stock for the poor, without this assistance Thus
local,or both.
for example, Woolwich Preparative
butitalso contributed towards a "general stock." This "general" Meeting, in ,876 received .^200
from the central source for the use of
their school; that amount
or central stock might be used to relieve a situation which a local
was to be used for salaries, books, furniture,
meeting was not able to meet. As a rule the support of schools and building '«
«f the central authorities in
was by been seen in the foregoing pages. There
local funds, as has « charge of education
m Ti",'^-7f"^.'^"f
Philadelphia Yearly fleeting, in both branches of the
were, however, central funds made up for special purposes, for in- society
amou nted to $2,587.99 in 1890."
stance creating: the Boarding School at Westtown, and to this
^'^""^--
Ip:^: ^i: prep.-'?,^- ?o-i'i?;r^;V:'°- ''''-
32Min. U. S. Mo. Mtg., 7/XII/1796. ^Hhid., 6 VII/1803.
3^Mm. Haddonfield Mo. Mtg., 9/I/1797. ^Hbid., 11/IX/1797.
3*^Min. BurUngton School Committee, 1792.
^^Yearly Meetmg Extracts, Orthodox and Hicksife. '
350 Quaker Education in New Jersey
School Support
^ ^j

Legacies and Donations in 1799 mentions a legacy of £

50 given by Joseph Sloan for
among the schooling poor children of any color ."«
Individual philanthropy was strongly encouraged . .

and one Legacies not left for specific

members of the early society of Friends, of the objects purposes frequently found their
of it was education. Friends were, from the beginning of their way into the school fund as the following
minute indicates:
organization, urged to make the proper disposition of their proper- And as it doth not appear that the said
money was given for any specific
purpose the Meeting after dehberate
ty during days of health and to "lend to the Lord, who will repa}'." consideration feeling desirous ,n gratitude
to the memory of the giver to dispose of
Following this injunction we are not surprised to find nmnerous it in a way that may
be of lasting
' ^^'''
bequests, some large for the times, some small, made for the and/f^ f r,','f
that ,t shall
'^^' '^^ "^'^ '"""^y be added to our school
be deemed as a pan nf the permanent
fund
stock thereof and dis-
benefit of the schools, the poor, Indians, and Negroes. The follow- posed of by t!,.. Trustees appointed !,y ,his
Meeting to the care of our school
ing extract is representative of the meeting's warning, to those fimd ,n ,he same way and manner as
subscriptions given for .h. advancenu.n
of said tund, and n..t othcrwuse,
who are rich, that they do good with their wealth: and the said money is at present to be
lodged "
with the Treasurer to said fund.^'
Warn those that are rich in this world that they apply not the blessings of
God to the indulging their appetites in pleasure and vanity; but that they be In 1806 William Wilkins and Sarah
Wilkins deeded to Joseph
ready to do good, and to communicate to the relief of those who are in necessity. Haines, Obadiah Engle, John Engle and
John Borton, ground for
The principal, if not only, satisfaction a man of truly Christian disposition the benefit of Easton School and other
religious purposes of Friends
can have, in affluence, and the increase of the things of this world, must arise
and no other use whatsoever.''^ There is
from the greater advantages and opportunities put into his hands of doing also a deed giving title
to land for the use of Easton School
good therewith. But, alas, it is most melancholy to observe, that the very under Lower Evesham Pre-
superfluities of apparel of one person might sometimes be sufficient to cloathe parative Meeting in ,847. but whether
this ground was a gift or
the nakedness of several fellow creatures. '*-
not, IS not e\adent." Easton School was also benefitted bv the
members the propriety legacy left by Samuel Shute, in
To keep before the minds of of disposing 1823:
of property, the following queny^ was early adopted: Item. I order and direct my executors
to pay to the Treasurer of
School of Friends, or to his successor in Easton
Are Friends careful to settle their affairs and make their wills in time of health?*^ office, the further sum of five
hundred
dollars to be put out at interest, on
good security, the proceeds whereof to
many members disposed of be
Pursuing the advices so often given, applied at the d.scression of the trustees,
of said school, for the time being
for
part of their goods for the support of schools. The following ex- the education of Fnends children and
others in lowish circumstances:
u^dnn
tracts are representative of the various bequests made for that '''' ^'-- «-
purpose.
ZnZ\Tl7- ''"' '"'^'^'^'^ ^"^'^ "^^ -''-'^' ^'^

In 1 791, the stun of £ 20, bequeathed by Ann Tomlinson "to The following bequest of £ 25 was made to Rancocas School in
any purpose desired by the Meeting," was added to the fund for 1620 by Hannah Buzby:
"schooling poor Friends' children."''^ Six years later, the will of First, after payment of my just debts and incidental charges I gi^e and
Sarah Hopkins being read, it was found that she gave "... fifty bequeath to my executors and to the survivors,
or survivor of them,
i 23 to be paid over by them, as soon after th'e sum of
pounds to be put into the fund of Haddonfield Meeting for the my decease as convenient to the
treasurer of Fnends School at Rancocus, or to his successor
purpose of schooling poor children ..." and the treasiu-er was di- in office for the time

rected to receive it.^^ Similarly, a minute of the same meeting, "Ibid., 14/X/1799.
°^ '^" ^^°''' "'^' ^^^'S/rK; Min. East Branch Prep. Mtg..
^Epistles of London Yearly Mtg., 1681-1817. (1818), 253. .9m/i8T"'
'*3\Iichener: Retrospect, 256; from the list of queries approved in 1743. ^^Min. Evesham IVIo. Mtg 5/II/1808
^''Min. Haddonfield AIo. Mtg., 10/I/1791.
*^Ibid., 8/V/1797.
'"liaston School Fund Minutes. 1823, i.
352 Quaker Education in New Jersey
School .Support

being, duly appointed by the trustees of the said school, to be applied by the
^^
said trustees to and for the benefit of the same, and to no other purpose.

In the same year, George Dilwyn gave £ 20 for the same school: From the x-en- meagre school reports
that are now
T give and bequeath to my said executors and the survivors of them in trust, deahng wnh the finances of these ax-ailal ^ie
early Quaker schools,
£ 20to be invested in the fund of the school under the care of the Preparative theTnte'r
has taken the items relatinK
Meeting of Friends in Rancocus. George Haines, Treasurer of the school fund to aid received from the
state fund
The reports extant relate to but few
is appointed to receive from the executors of George Dilwyn, deceased, the schools, but others, ,f found'
legacy left. .and give his receipt on behalf of the Meeting.^^ would unquest>onabh- present
.
s:m,lar items of money
receh-ed
'"^^^^^^^
In 182 1 Upper Springfield School mentioned
the trustees of X from the State fund. -

acre of land, bequeathed by George O'Neal for the benefit of the The following table shows items
of school monev
f^aston School between
received bv
school.^^ This land remained a part of the permanent foundation 1831 and i854;-^fi
and the income from its lease was regularly applied to education. ^^^^ Memoranda
Amount
Other benefactions, to select certain notable cases, were made
83 Received on state school fund for
by David Bacon and Samuel Nicholson. About 1840 David
1

Margaret Jovce S
Received on state school fund for O.
'
.48
Bacon provided in section 13 of his will, that a certain simi of Boston
48
money and the residue of his estate, after paying other bequests, 1832 Received on state school fund .48

should be given for education. This was stated later to amount 1833 To a balance on the state school
fund
$ 1.22
12.66
to $5,956. The simi was used to further Bacon Academy at 1836 Received of the township school
committee
1846 Received from state school fund 14-95
Woodstown, which was one of the best schools supported by 18.43
1 847 Received of the state school fund
Friends in New Jersey in the middle nineteenth century.^"* An- 1 848 Received of the state school fund 20.99
other prominent school was that at Haddonfield which was bene-
summer term 11-35
Received of the state school fund
winter term
fittedby a bequest of Samuel Nicholson in 1880: .29

1854" Received of state school fund balance 10-55

. . .1 propose to donate the one thousand dollars to the meeting for
sum of on bills
.og
the purpose of promoting the guarded education of the children of its members The following report made by the treasurer of East Branch
in schools under the care of Friends. ^^

Public School Fund

of r:td^:^"""
'-''" "' "^'^' ^'- '-- -- ^^^ ^—
A amount of support of Friends' schools prior to
very' material
TJu i
that be,ng Stony'f * """""y ' '"^'^^"^'^
'° P™"'"'^ the schooling of children
Brook School's and district
1867 was derived from the public school fund of the State, after it .Xo. , proportion thereo h"h
was established. Just how valuable this income was it is difficult hrst 1Ann Taylor who taught said school six
pa.d .Mar>
months beginning; in
to say, but it was certainly regarded by some schools as a great
'"' "°"' "''' °" ^^™""* "^ *«-->' ^^ -Molars "f Z^Z
assistance. Moreover, when the use of the public funds was cut ethrd°ollarT
'""
off by law there were protests made. The questions were: ' '""' '^='=^^- C-f' -ho taught said school
'
thi's'llT'"''"''''"™'''
th,s umter, on account of deficiency of scholars the remaining
can the state levy a tax, and yet withhold support, and can the money balance
of ,sa,d .n my hands, to wu, ten dollars fifty one cents
state support, and yet exercise no control over, the institution it ,„,„
$18.51
siMin. Rancocas Prep. Mtg. 30/III/1820; in vault at 15th Race Sts., & Samuel Craft'*
Phila.
^Min. U. School 7/III/1821. °^ '!"' '^^^^^^""^^ «^ ^he Easton School Trustees
^Hbid., 28/IX/1820. S. Trustees, -Afte^^^^^^^^^^ ftS^^''receipts are mentioned.
s^See p. 154. 5^Min. Haddonfield AIo. Mtg., 13/XI/ 1880. 68\T-^
^«Mm. p ^.^D^
East u o^,"^
Branch School Trustees, 1838.
354 Quaker Education in New Jersey
School Support
355
The treasurer of the school fund of Upper Greenwich (Mickle- ment made with us, that is we enp-atrpH T,o^ ro t, 1

registered the following item: scholar, for ^ ''^''^^'' ^^ ^^° ^^"^^^ Per
ton, N. J.) ,
KJi three
Liiifc month. I^JIAI
monrns, and if there was more to naA- v.^*. ;« i-u
portion for half a year-and
we to collect the ^ ^ ^"^^ P"^'
Public School money received during the year 1854— $i55-00, wholly used .
'"^"^^^^ thT^L
money for
. u
her quarterl v.«4
T> ,
for the purposes of education. ^^ In 1853 Franklin R ,

Haines was employed hv -n^.t "

.-
..1.
The JMinutes of Old Springfield show that the treasurer in 1850
acknowledged Si. 68 ''borrowed from township to pay Asa Foster's
Other items were ''8/VII/1864 to Cash paid Daniel
bilL^^f'

—
Zelley out of township money $9.75 ;" "22 /VII /1864 to cash paid
t '"'''*''^™'«-^- mensuration,
h,t these subjects
but u
did not con^e .vithin the
sun-evin^. and al-^eh-!
three'cent lim t
Anna M. Baker per order out of Township money $61.72," and, -Much vanafon ,s found in
amounts pa:d for rates dTp ndi„.
18/V/1864, ''Received of Benjamin R. Lamb, School Superintend-
ent of township money, $88. 06."^^ The school at Woodburv^ also now e\er. are not at all as lull as desirable
received assistance from the state fund. In 1858 we find an item After public funds ,vere
withdrawn as a means of support
of the church schools manr
of $100 received from that source. *^-
languished, or even became
became public schools. Others defun 7 Ce
Fees pubhcly supported institutions.
contmued in compe with t"e S"
"
In this competition
dent two necessmes recognized fi^d e^
by the private school C
Fees or rates levied on each scholar, unless he or she were too to lake
•
,

themselves as good or better

than the public institution
poor to atlord it, were a most common soiu"ce of income to the keep tumon low enough to and f" ) to
earh' teachers, and continued so in the nineteenth century, though
compete successfulh- with t
extract below indicates The
partially the eflect of
in some cases a regular salary was guaranteed. The teacher was competkion
.The pnce for tuition appears
. .
to he a.s high as it is
not only allowed to charge so much was also a part of
per child ; it the compet.t.on of pubHc prudent .0,1 f
schools an.:i otl,ers is tuch as
his function to collect it. Often he was unable to collect and Its to fill our ou-n, .'«
t„
'
^ I «-
,1 f
""''^'' ", •'''^™" ^°'
even at present rates. .

there was a deficit. On such occasions he might suffer the loss, {

or ask the trustees of the school to make it good. The latter were
LOAXS
also called upon to make good a deficiency resulting from too small a
munber of scholars. Thus in 1838 and 1839 Samuel Craft paid "^ '^' ^"'^^^ription method, the
Ann Taylor and Isaac Craft $10.51 and $8.00 respectively
?r '"'^'"''''T
of bequests g.ven for schools, and the
large number
JMary
for "deficiency of scholars.
"^-"^ pay a teacher, tt was onh- in
common reliance
rare cases that loans
to otX
to as the only way out of
were esorted
The following minute describes the function of the school trustees,
and points out that they paid the teacher two dollars per scholar
for three months:
Edward Taylor, Ezekiel Combs, Samuel Bunting and Edward Taylor Jr.
'ZtsTJ^:''
was that
that^.^ch ^^Tl^'y
which accrued
V difficulty. In fact

"'°i
l°^"ed out or invested
through subscription funds
^'"^^^^^^

"safely"
le^cies
monev seems eJeno
°" ^°"^ ten::!;:,;

attended and after examining the writing books and hearing the scholars in >^' "^^ *'^^ ''^^"^ ^^--^
sc^",
the school "'f usedoccasionalhtoLn-'
their different branches of learning and observing the order of said school, we It may be cited
that Salem in 1880 recorded
are united in saying that the same appeared to us satisfactory. This being the an item of
first visit paid since the commencement of the present teacher (Betsy Watson)
''' ''^' P-n^oseTan/a^lSa
whose services began the i6th of last month, agreeably to the following agree-
Lrntat W°"dT "'T'"''"
mstance at Woodstown^' m
1896 described in this minute-
John G. Borton in behalf of the trustees of Bacon School
^^Prep. Mtg. Book for use of Schools, Upper Greenwich. asked the' consent
^"Miscellaneous Papers of Old Springfield Prep. Mtg., dated 19/I/1850.
^^Ibid., 1864. ^'-See p. 147. ^sAIin. East Branch School Trustees. '«''-
•"(nn:'sL?e"- .Mo.^'Ali"g
u. -Mtg., "jof
31, aiT
{ui, T. HI, 1880,
t'i«'^- ^"^-pV^'"
'•Pilesgrove Meeting.
356 Quaker Edttcaiion in New Jersey School Support

of this meeting toborrow a sum not to exceed $300 to meet their running ex- tnistees and Watson f^irki-rincr
^vtv^iui,^ for Uvn Ir^fe
if)r iwo lots ^^ ^
contammg
• •

penses, stating at the end of school year,if nothing appears unforeseen they
more or 1 , fivp arrf^c
''
less, and bu.ld.n.s. The latter
would be able to liquidate all debts. Request granted after being duly con- was u. pav s '1,, '
clover lot 'over the mn,'
at the expiration of the
sidered.^^
house ptr p>-nf^ i^-f ^ 4-
• *
^^i^.vtai, thrd
iruawelline
i \a- ,

^°"'a"""^' two acres more or

Income from Investments and Properties the school to have
V,
less belon-nn. to
«rat,s while he teaches
the school •^>
,
Income from investments in property, sale of property, and .53 the teacher, Franklin B. Haines, was
allowed to ha^.
the property- belonging
all
interest on funds loaned, played a considerable part in the support to said school (except
three acre, nfu ,
of the run) rent free; '-""S «-'"-1i
i

of schools. Income from property disposed of was often added and for the other three acres
run he is to pav the sum of «2n „er
oHh,
'^ '^''"*^ '°""^ °f the

to the school fund. A case in point was that of East Branch Meet- T- !
^"™
mittee, .nlay d.rect
. « ' " '° "" ">^' '^""^ ^' '^e com-
ing which in 1802 w^as informed by Samuel Craft:
"°*^ ^" '''^ °f --^t- dollars
that in consequence of the order given him at our last meeting, he has received tt"n"
from ''fl.^^t/™''''^^
Daniel Kunble as rent from the school propertv "
received
of Samuel Middleton the sum of six pounds, eight shillings, and six pence, it
being our full dividend of the moneys arising from the sale of the old Meeting
house at Crosswicks in Chesterfield, which moneys agreeable to the minute of a rent mcome of go dollars a year ts recorded to the school's ^^
our Monthly Meeting is to be considered as a part of our school fund and to be credit
disposed of or applied in the same way as the subscription thereunto is directed,
to be disposed of. The clerk is directed to furnish the Trustees of the school
fund with a copy of this minute in order for them to transcribe it in their book. ''Ibid., 5/Ul iHu.
''Ibid.,21/ rv, 185:5.
The Clerk produced a number of addressed and subjoined forms of a bequest 'Uhid., 27/111/1866.
from the school committee to this meeting, which is directed to be distributed
among our members.*'^ (0),'Ta^%^8^ST
^ ''''^- '^^ ^- ^ P-^-^- year. Mm. Salem Mo, Mtg
''Ibid., 27 rir 1850.
After the emphasis of 1 on the necessity of permanent houses
778,
grounds, etc., for the school, had begun to take effect, there may
be noted many properties secured for schools. Sometimes only
enough land was secured, suitable for the house and playground,
but some contained enough acres to occupy a part of the teacher's
time in agriculture. Such was the intention of the Yearly Meet-
ing.
This land was sometimes given to the teacher, free of rent, as a
part of his salary, so he mightmake a better living; in other cases,
and these more frequent, he was allowed to rent the school land
for a consideration mentioned in his contract. Thus Old Spring-
field in 1829 rented Joseph Kimble two lots of land at fifty -four

dollars a year. In this agreement it was specified that a certain

nimiber of acres were to be tilled, that he was not to remove any
straw, grass, dung, ashes, soil, or compost, but might have two
tons of hay.^^ In 1834 an agreement was made between the
G^Min Pilesgrove Mo. Mtg., (H.), 1/XII/1896.
69Min East Branch Prep. Mtg., 23/XII/1802.
^^Miscellaneous Papers of Old Springfield.
 Transition to State Schools
3^
nve, six, and nine, were rene^lpr!
^^L'" icpedien rQ^rN.-? t>
ii^
111 t.s^o'* "\- 4\
the enactment nf
o -,

X830, ,

schools already established

CHAPTER XIII he assurance that "thev shall

.en. ei^en a measure ^^Znl
rema.n unaltered ,f a n.a," y
of the mhabnants shall so
elect." The law of ,.s,, .-as a n.,re
TRANSITION TO STATE SCHOOLS deeded victory- for the advocates
of cln:rch schools Ih- n U .

acts of ,8., and >S,o were

hoth repealed, though
Pi'BLic School Laws provisions werere.ncon,orated.
certa.n of 1

Twenty thousand dollars was ap-

In the adoption of her state constitution in 1776, New Jersey P opnated tor school support,
and apportioned aecordin, to
paid; townships were taxes
made no provision relating to education. Herein she was neither privileged to raise additional
amounts- hut
alone, nor unfaithful to tradition established in the colony. For the greatest opportunity given to
church schools la^• in the provision •

during Colonial days, with the exception of legislation for special

schools, nothing was accomplished. Reliance was placed upon
private institutions. However, early in the nineteenth century,
'" '"'*' ^"'"'" ""<^ "'^""'^^'
(18 16) an effort was made to begin a state school fund, by provid- number
nurabrr as theyXv may deem proper;
,
'''
and >t shall
^"^ consisting o such
U- .he duty „f
ing an annual appropriation of $15,000 to be invested in six per trustees so organized to -.nv ho.rd '.f
transmit to the school committe of he re
cent United States bonds. Changes in the constitution of this
^

lZut''ri:''''lT :'
""" -«— •™. -hereupon ev
'
u '
<
fund were made from time to time. In 1820 townships were em-
mcnt of the money
powered to levy a tax for educational ends, but excepting in 1830- c osen freeholders
ass.gne.l to sueh
township I,v the res,„.,.,,v,.
from the appropnat.on of Ihe'
1

"
if
183 1, money so raised was used solely to educate "such poor and also of such
s^l? '

h t^
sum or sums of money as may be
children as are paupers belonging to said township and the children
raised by the .sl.d tl"
of such poor parents resident in said township as are, or shall be, A law, less reactionar^- in
was passed in „S,«, grantin.^
tone,
in the judgment of said committee, unable to pay for schooling an
• ''"""-" '"'''-
the same."- irnsmrort ;'"
censmg oi teachers optional. •" -""•'^ --^
Support of education was not
^-^
The law of 1829attempted the establishment of a complete
system, authorizing an annual appropriation of $20,000 from the alTnd
al
77'"^'"^?'-' '"™^'^'^' "^^ ^"^^-^^ ^"
funds If desired. The essential
addition- --
contention of the friends of
income of the school fund, (or, if such source was not sufficient, to church schools was admitted,
however, and section i. pr,n-idcd:
draw upon the treasurer to make up the deficiency), and distribu-
"' P™""''''°'-« °f an>- school alreadv
tion to counties on the basis of tax paid by the county. Town- Ps,Ihr^''!]'''i''' u""™"'
stabhshed under the care of any religious society-
organized and
or denommation of Chnst.ant
ships were authorized to determine "by the vote of the town meet- «hose church d.scphne provides
for the establishment of
schoo s a The
ing so assembled, whether or not any additional amount shall be "" """"""«
raised by said township by tax or otherwise, for the same object."
subTt r,?^'"^'""-
subjeet to all the provisions of this
act,
•" "•™'"-'' --'^ school td : „
it shall be the dutv of ihe tru.t' l of
Provision was made for the election of a township school committee "
''^^^'°°' ™'"'^'««- "' "^^ -pect.t
h
TeenTfiel
a certihcate of 7h"^""
their organization, together :: ,

with a li.t of the childr, „

and three district trustees to have immediate care of the school. patrons and proprietors between '
i i

the ages of ,ive ;and ^l^eln

Teachers were to be licensed by the township committee. The apable of attending school;
whereupon everv .sueh sehool sh
.r:', .

to receive its ju.st and e .J,

law of 1829, however, had little effect as the essential sections, four, rateable proportion of the
money as 1
Unvnship out of the income of the ed Vo
school fund, and of s.:, a
^LaWS of N. J., I816, 21; 1817, 20. ma5_l,e raised or apportioned by
„?' ,

^Ihid., 1820, 125-6; 1830, 120; 1 83 1, 146. .said township for

the support of pubh"
358 •
Ubid., 1829, 105 108. *Ihid., 1831, 146.
 : '

36o Otiaker Education in New Jersey

Transition to State Schools
361
schools; which apportionment shall be made by the school committee of the
pressed." In the meaiunne tlu-
respective townships and a copy thereof filed with the township collector, "nii^tniderstanding" of its in
terpretauon grew apace. In '
whose duty shall be to pay to the trustees of said school their just proportion .s.., the superintendem's co
it

money for the use and benefit of said school.'^

of such nation of section 2 was
more severe:
,
^<^n<icm- I
The above section was retained in the more pretentious law of . .1 have been appealed to bv town
.
superintendent.; n.i-^r. v .t
1846, which provided for state supervision, made licensin<( of
authonzed by law to require the ^4""^^^^ V ' '\ '?" "^^^
trustees
teachers obH^atory, and required that the local township tax be
organized in accordance whh
schools to the u.spect,on of
the
the
pro^dJ^^^TT'
su^ntendem "
"'
'^
double the amount received from the state school fund.^
l^quested to notify the trustees
h' r^^^VT;" w
of religious sel.^J ^
But and "misunderstanding" soon developed,
dissatisfaction become subject .
;; ^^ ;;;^"V^^^
to the yearly examination,
regardint^ section That there was "considerable
12 especially. forfeit their portion
of the public
or else t^ ^
':'''\''''^'^'^^
^^^^ f"V^
^hou d
^'-"i*^ monev
niunc\ h.v
tVioi- ^^ *, 1 .
[
1 na\t' been further a^k^H
I
tn rl.-.
misunderstanding" became evident, in a very definite manner, as
early as 1847. In his report for that year the Superintendent of
Public Schools stated:
been e..e.e.y .iffieuU
oTXr' Tli'r^rv:^,^.^^:;;^'^ ''-^
d.spos,t,on among members of certain rel,g,ous " "
m every poss.ble manner of the privilegetexorgan zao'
'.

. . have also been made to the uncertain wording of the 12th

.objections selves ]''"''
section. I have always entertained the opinion that the said section had law referred to- and fhk ,-o.,. ( en «nby the section of
""^s'^'' extended ,

,u •; the
reference exclusively to the schools of Friends, whose church discipline alone the trustees of seve a re^J^o K ?' '™'' '^'™""^ '^="-^' "-" --'^- ^-
of all the religious denominations, provides for the estabhshment of schools and
appointment of trustees." schools were organt.ed
and in actu7o,St o
Others however inter|)reted Another question
it differently. the proof of their organization
o.'
'.

'::::X^ '':::;'^-
^ "'
arose as to whether under section 13 it was the town superin-
is hardlv as conclusive
a th, '. ' "

tendent's duty to visit the school of a religious society which was

adjud cation Whether or nn, ,h v J ^ ' "''' """"* ''»
receiving state money. On the interpretation, which had been ^attons, of which th,Irdes who
,

°' ""' ""^^'^"^ -i^—

authorized that they be not subject to visitation the superin-
hav" I"?'""'
tendent wrote:
Here
cannot agree, even with the high authority, who has sanctioned a
I

different course. The 13th section makes it the duty of the town superin-
tendent to visit every school in said township. .And makes no exception of
.

any kind; nor are those schools exempted by section 12, whilst the evident in-
tention and spirit of the law is that supervision should be extended over all the
"^ developments was reached in :S66 when
schools receiving public money. If such is not its intention, it should be . J^,'"'^'"^''^"
as the legtslators recited,
because of "considerable
more plainly expressed."
The superintendent,
that his attitude was not one of hostility to
in another place, attempted to make
any particular church
clear
:e:ea"ed^'^l' This
repealed. T^ls action
^
T "'"^ '
'^
was followed
.
misunders and
^^"^-^' ''^-'"^

In- a mo^-ement to secure

^^^
'^°"'^^^"^^ ^^--'^"^d
organization
. . .Let however, be understood that I object to the privileges of the
it not,
oelTT"' '"t^ the following,
cember and memorialued -' Camden in D
legislature to that effect'
Society of Friends, for in no section of our state is more attention paid to Th s memonal was acknowledged by
the Senate in fonnal fashion
education than in the districts occupied by them; but as a principle it is
wrong that any preference should be given to the members of any one society
over another. "*
w;ifSrh:;^d:t-s:rhtr
Pubbc school law. On motion
Considerable time elapsed before the law was "more plainly ex-
'Ibid., 1864, 31-2.
of .Mr. U-urts'la,Jmtor .^t^ o^ Z
JoLaws of New Jersey, 1866,
^Ibid.,1838, 249-50. ^Ibid., 1846, 164-70. 971
^^bee page 367.
'Ann, Reports Supt. P. S., 1847, 25-0. "^Ibid., 1847, 24.
 ; -

362 Quaker Education in New Jersey

I
Transition to State Schools
Z^Z
table and ordered to be printed for the use of the Senate. It was read by the
to tlie lunner and thtis
secretary Tuesday, Feb. 12th, but no action. ^2 strengthened it. After publicsci. . -]. bec^an
to be established Imi
- ^^^dn
,.
lV\'
^'^' mtetmgs
niPPtinrrc witu
.,- t- ;i
able ^
to report that thev
, ^ ,
did not have an>- children
The Question attending them. Some kept
.uch \
tendeno- to a minmnmi, reporting
but one or two children ^'.^hn
An established institution yields ^^round gnidgin^^^ly to a com- go to a common school," but
others, Burlington for
instance, had
peting newcomer. ]\Ien are prone to believe one thing is good be- rouble in keeping a school open.
Glover, theteacherin 184, ob-
cause it is\ and another bad because it is not. The problem of jec ed that the tnistees. while
promising him a hundred and
do lars, had only paid that fUu^
\-ielding always raises questions. The proposal that private amount for one ^^ear and had rh^n
church schools should give way to state supported institutions cut his pay to one hundred
dollars. He urged them to make good
raised, among others, question as to: (i) the possibility of continu- the one hundred and fifty
dollars promised, asking
whether'^itmav
ing moral and religious instruction not under church control; not be a subject worthy of the
consideration of the tmstees
or not anything can be done whether
(2) possible evil results from mixed associations in public schools; to increase the interest of
our school "
the justice of taxing citizens who already supported good schools On the cause of the lapse of "mterest"
(3)
The decrease in my school has been
m his school, he savs-
in their communities, and (4) relating particularly to the law of caused by the establishment
1866, the justice of withdrawing pubHc support from the church of the public school. >«

school. ^^ It seems that all the questions raised might be placed The educational committee of the Yearly Meeting
(Hick.ite)
under one or the other of these heads. Loyalty to the Society m ,852^ stated that of "4500 children requiring
school education
and its traditions dictated the answers in many cases. only 998 were taught ,n schools
under the care of che soaet^- '
In 1834 the Yearly Meeting commented on the public schools and that "2600 (these figures it
must be remembered refer' u,
as follows:
attend^^h!
attend
?' ^'^^f-^-^- --tings) of these children
pubhc schools, thus T
. .The present most common methods of instruction in public schools, are
.
showing an amount of encouragement
generally admitted to be defective, so that many parents object to sending on the part of Friends to the
pubHc school system, which musl
their children to them; alleging that from the manner in which the hours of materially influence the prosperity
of the schools of Friend.
relaxation from study are most usually spent, or from some other cause, ' ,^s
contemplated by the discipline.""
many manifest a strong disincHnation, after leaving school again to engage
manual labor employments. .^^ ''™"''' ^*"«'« ^"'^ the increasing
in .

In 1845, the same source informed through a committee's report

the
the^nlrt T'"
part of members,
k' m out of the way districts, especially, to
tendenc^ on
iend
their children to public .schools,
that in a Pennsylvania county (it may well be pointed out in this caused a greater effort to be
made
by the \ eariy .Meeting to arouse
connection that the earliest opposition was aroused by the public local meetings to action
For
ji
as they stated • ,

school law of Pennsylvania in 1834) the parents are "unable to

tho operation of the public
pursue any other course, especially with their younger children, school I.-nv has very niateriallv
d fficu ttes, and ts hkely mcrea.ed these
,0 continue a very serious obstacle
than to send them to the common neighborhood or district schools to'the pr .p" .,
uc
although many Friends who do so seem aware that they are sub- dera io™:r'h'.""'T
stderattons «h,ch are alleged ^T'T' """"«
,he reason
a,.
'° ^^
for accepting
-''^^ "^^ pecumarv
„s provision^ «
t
"^^
jecting them to associations of a very hurtful tendency. he Statements
1 made in connection with the problem
One effect of public schools on the church school was inevitable. in Penn-
sylvania described New jersey's situation as well:
In localities such as that metioned above, the parents sent children .In many sections of
. . the country there arc no
than other the district
'-Senate Journal, 1867, 168 and 178. '•\See page 360. sehools to whteh Fnends can
conven.ently send the.r ehtldre^.
i^Yr. Mtg. Extracts, 1834, (H)., 5-10.
{n se"on!
^•^Extracts Yearly Mtg. Minutes, 1845, 3-4. "v:^ ^Mf;.i;tracts, ''''• "^^^ ^-^'
;;ri4',!vr^^"^'
364 Quaker Edncatiou in New Jersey

——
Transition to State Schools
365
where there is -a sufficient number of children to form a school Friends allege

that they are obliged to pay the school tax, and they give way to the idea that choX :
'
l"^'' ^'! "^^^'^. ^--. -evitable in the public district
""''''': '"^'^'''^^^^'^^ -ould lead to the establishment
they cannot afford to pay it and for the schooling of their children also. of schools, "
school sH
select, or otherwise, nnd.r th. car. of meetings;
Hence they have been induced to convert schools under the care of the prepar- inmherstothe
ative meetings into district schools, greatly,
their children. We
we fear, to
cannot doubt, that if Friends were impressed with a
the disadvantage of
emi^oyment of teachers .n famd.es. or
n other ca.es .t wHl lead, and
n. some
bv a f.w famUies combmn.g
measure quahfv men.bers of a
^^
t'
'i

just sense of what appears to us to be the unavoidable injury which must

result to the children from the mixed associations of such schools, and the
^l^^
Igiou
rc

w^^ntsel,
T then.selves the instruction.
concern, faithfully to discharge,
In all cases, the awak.nn.g
our dutv to the nsing generation
of

difficulty which must be experienced in bringing them up in conformity with

greatly dm.msh the seemmg diffieultK-s of
the uncStaLn nd ^
our religious profession and discipline while they are subject to such influences,
.there would be a greater willingness on the part of some to make the needful
pecuniary sacrifices to insure the more guarded education of the youth. ^^ The beginning of the movement toward
state education, and the
The answer Meeting to the subordinates' objection
of the Yearly passmgof laws to secure it, almost coincided
with the division in
to supporting two systems of schools, suggests that "we ought not the Society of Fnends. Both of the events greatlv influenced
the
to hesitate at making the sacrifice, however great it may be .," tendency to centralize control over
. .
education; centralize control
but pay the tax and redouble efforts in the establishment of m order to stand fimi against the
foe from without and restrain
family schools, select schools, preparative meeting schools, or other tendencies to follow strange doctrines
within. In 1845 the Educa
agencies. The text of these suggestions follows: tional committee expressed its
views on the benefit of a centralized
. .Although the number of families has increased since the last report, the
.
educational fund as follows :

principal causes of embarrassment continue unabated. Over one of these, It was stated in aformer report to the Yearlv Meeting
the scattered situation of our members, —
we have no control. The difficulties siderable funds set apart for the purposes of education
that there are con-
fn differen d
which have arisen from the operation of the public school law, are not of this ;n the aty of Philadelphia, and in Burlington,
r ct

character; and if we act in relation thereto, on the principles which have

always guided the society in similar cases, we shall not hesitate about the
t7
ly Meetings The usefulness of these funds is in
and Haddonfield Quart
many cases much itssened
r!

course we ought to pursue. Friends have always paid the tax levied for the have been raised by preparative
meetings for the exclusive use of the
support of the poor without complaining of the double burden thus imposed and It has in certain instances members;
happened that the fund has been allowed
upon them, of assisting to maintain the poor not of our own vSociety, while at to
the same time we support our own without calling upon the public for aid;
For we have always regarded the assistance given to our own poor members as
h::rft Fr>
sm
no small portion
1 t
t
': '^^^^^^ ^^ ^'^ -^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^' -^-^-- ^^ ^^^
"] r' r^'
"'^''''^ "" "'""^^ ^° '""^''^^ ^he
of these funds throughout the
interest; so that
---^
If then, the religious and guarded educa-
Yearlv Meeting is Iving almct
the performance of a rehgious duty. ldle^ while the Society
is suffering for want of
means to educate its child;en
tion of our children, so as to train them up in the knowledge of our doctrines ^^^^^^ the consideration of Fnends, whether
similar trusts should
and the practice of our testimonies, is a duty not less incumbent than the herl'r h^\^^"^^y^^'^y ^'^'^^^'^^^
^vhether it would not in all cases be
support of our poor, we ought not to hesitate at making the sacrifice however vi^^fr ad-
"^"' ^'^^^^'^ ^" '^' ^""'"''y '^' ''^'^^'^
great it may be, which is necessary to accompHsh it. Many of the difficulties d r n o T °^ the funds, with
directions to appropriate it for the benefit
of the nearest meetings needing it
which seem to oppose the attempt, would, we are persuaded, lessen, and even m case the particular locality intended
to be benefitted in the first place,
disappear, before a resolute and persevering effort. In those cases in which not require the assistance. should
select schools cannot be supported, schools conducted under the charge of The committee again press upon the
meeting, and upon Friends generally,
suitable committees, in conformity with our principles and testimonies, would he importance of creating a fund
for the general purpose of education,
in all probabiUty be resorted to by our sober neighbors, and thus become the ar:d
^°""«i°"
that as their ability to aid meetings,
bv procuring
means of sustaining and upholding our rehgious principles. IndH-Tt.
and distributing suitable books, and in
the establishment of schools, depends
The whole subject deserves the earnest and continued attention of Friends; p-eatly upon the possession of
such a fund, their labors must, without
and we believe, that as they dwell under a sense of the obligations due to the it
°^ ^^^' '' "'""^ ^°' ''> "'^ "-^"'^ °f F"^"ds in x-ariou^
Society, and to their children, they will be enabled to find some way of avoiding XcTn
^Hbid.
"Ibid. "Ibid.
366 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Transition to State Schools
35^
The Answer
Zto': 1^:11
''-' °^ '^^"^^ ^^°"^ ''^ ^~'^ -cunt book of
In the foregoing page?, the analysis of the problemby the Yearly
Meeting, in one way. suggested what the answer would be. These
'"' ''''"" " "*^ '''"-' ''^'-"-' '-' i" -S^« -^thdrew
staTeVT"
state funds as a means of support for sch„.,ls
suggestions, however, were only partial answers. Many localities controlled In- re
did, indeed, seek to follow its directions and maintain church schools ' ^'7 "' ''^""" ^^'^^ '^-'' --ediateh'a ain ;
r^Jtt'n Tnd ' ^"^"^ called to meet in Camden
of one kind or another.The complete solution is often a compro- ber of fZ' ^j,^"*f
in Deeem-
mise, and so it was in this case. The most urgent inducements, senta ives "tH ,^f
^h."^«"^.'^'>- --^'"^' -- asked to send repre-
to a compromise, it seems, were financial. As the yearly report
mentioned, "... Friends allege that they are obliged to pay the
A paper was received from Woodburv
AJnnfh)^' \r
school tax, and they give way to the idea that they cannot afford ^- r t^

to pay it and for the schooling of their children also." Moreover,

the New Jersey law made the way of compromise easy, by allow-
ing church schools to receive public school funds until 1866. The
was one step towards their con-
schools' acceptance of state funds
version into public schools. Having received state funds, for a
long period of years, a number of the Quaker schools capitulated
completely in the few years following 1866 and became thus the
foundation of public institutions.
Few books are now available, but most
of the old school account
of those that have been found in New Jersey show entries of money
Cleanup meeting, and were
received from the state school fund. The record of the Old Spring- united m
memonali^ino- fV,^ i 1 .
subject of reenacting the '"'"'"" °" '""^
field School Trustees shows in 1850 $1.68, "borrowed from tp. to ,.th section of r'ZJT"'.
pay Asa Foster's bill," in 1864, "cash paid Daniel Zelley out of
The above metioned memorial
was unsuccessful in so far as
township money, $9.75," and "Cash paid Anna M. Barker per "^-^^-" -' -- concerned: and the"
was no: ""^"^^^Tf
order out of tp. money, $61.72," and also "received of Benjamin ^'^1' " ^"^^ transfonnation
" ?' ""''
Thor Th'Tl ''""'^ of
R. Lamb, school superintendent of township money $88.06."-^ "^ ''""'"'«" '" "'h'* ""'"crous Quaker
sctoo be !
Other cases, notably Woodburv^ Easton School, and Upper Eve- '"' °''^" "^^^ l''^^"^ - --^ and fact
sham may be mentioned. Only one reference was found in the case each toT; I

of the last named, but the school account book if still extant would
o cert.m
of cert in of ^h"""". Tu
'' '"'^' ""' "^" '" "^''^^ the cases
these schools that passed
into public control.
J he earliest example
probably reveal more. In 1845, the school trustees reported the that has been noted was
that of Penn's
school was kept open "... nearly all the year past, and taught by "^^ '"^^-^ '''' '- .8,;" A
members a part of the time and we have received our portion
st ittr "'.f
m Mansfield
sirn^ar change
Township, school
'"^^ Public in
. . .
district Number
of the school money from the township and apportioned it amongst Three, is descnbed m the following minute
the scholars as we thought most advisable. "^^ Elsewhere in this
_^the ,.me appointed all of the committee convened
together with about

"-misc. Papers of Old Springfield. "?r P^ge

»Min.
197. Salem
='-Min. Mo
Mttr ti'Y/,sfifi
^*-
Pilesgrove Mo. .Mtg fH) r r .sA-.*^,'! ' i
2^Min. U. E. Prep. Mtg., (H), 27/II/1845. '"'""'^ ''^-^- ''' Hick.Jite'Fnendr"'"^"'^'^ ^"^"^^^^ ""
-LeTagr.t':'''
368 Quaker Education in New Jersey Transition to State Schools
369
ten adult male residents of the vicinity, when a full explanation of the powers April 1866, the tmstees
were "instructed to ascertain what
of the committee and the situation
of the property was made by reading the is the
best ^disposition they can iriak.
foregoing minute report, andmemorandum, and also by a free and full inter- ^^•it]l ..ur school house for
the
change of sentiment. Whereupon it was agreed and assented to by the ensuing year .," and two months
. .
later it was reported "rented
committee on one hand, by the trustees of the school district number three of trustees for one year, beginning
*
' 4th month.
Mansfield township on the other, that so far as they are concerned, the said fi;s; '^;^''/"'f ''''^'"'''
subscription money amounting to $65.00 shall within thirty days from this f
school '
1
'. ''^'"^ ^''''' ^^^^^' indicated that
was still controlled ''subject to the
the
direction of the meeting
time be paid to Empson Haines. ^
trustees.
And that the said meeting house shall be used for educational purposes by
the residents of this vicinity, as heretofore, and without any additional charge, The schoolhouse has been rented to
,he ,],.ir,ct trustees for 11,.
year for the sum of S,oo, payable r.n.e-t
subject to the regulation and restrictions as set forth in the report aforesaid quarterly, subject to the san,e'
regulattons that governed the school ru e nd •

dated nth month, 5th, 1855. And also that no use be made of the said when Friends l,ad charge of
The dtstnct trustees subject to the direction e same
house inconsistent with the testimonies and principles of the religious society of the meet.ttg trustees «
of Friends.
'^' ^'""''^ ''''°°' *™^'^<-^^ ^°"^'ht to lease
And further, that the said house will be delivered up on six months notice to ,^Tv^^^T'
the 'I 'f?'
Friends school, but a committee of fourteen, having
the said committee or their successors, or the said Monthly Meeting of Burling- considered
It reported "waj- did
ton, in good repair whenever they may demand the same, with the understand- not open for leasing' the house
and j^Tounds
ing that if the occupancy thereof for the purposes aforesaid has not been
for a public school, and the
applicants were so notified "^^
The
equivalent to the money subscribed as aforesaid, then the said committee, continuance as a Friends' School, and
without state aid was not
their successors, or the said Monthly Meeting will return such amount as without reason. It was. in 1872.
composed of "male, female and
justice and equity may require. primary departments," and had 126
It being represented to the committee that certain alteration in the seats, studentsenrolled. The ponu-
lanty of the school declined,
forms, and in the house would be needed for the better accommodation of a however. In lyoo there were 4-
Empson Haines was appointed students and in ,905 it was discontinued '

school, to give attention to the subject, and as a Friends' School -'

make such alterations for school purposes as in his opinion may be needed, Concerning the school in Delaware
Township. Haddonfield re-
provided the school district furnish him the necessary funds, with the under- ported 1874: m
standing that the district may remove such improvements in case they abandon
The committee appointed to enquire into
or leave the house. ^ the s.tuatmn ot the school nronertv
m Dc aware township (late Waterford) belong.n,
And provided also that the fixtures, benches, and so forth belonging to the report that they have been to he
,„ ,h,s prep.nrat^ve neetng
house at the time be restored in as good condition as they are now in. 2s premises and examined
t
There. .rt^erW i .

two and a half acres of land upon which

a small frante school house
dwelhng house are erected; the schoolhous,. an 1 also a
The following minute regarding the "Bacon Academy" at is rented to th,-
dtstrtct for twenty dollars per
puhh Acl ool
Woodstown describes how the meeting still retained "entire con- annum and the duelhng house to a te,
an fo
trol of the school," yet was able to "receive its proportion of public "° "/"
""''' '"'""" "°"
Fr end res.dmg ,n that vtcnity.
Fnends f "'^"^'""S the school an.i In. few
Both the houses need new roofs and
money ..." until the passage of the law in 1866. fences around the land are in poor the
condition.
On again resuming the consideration of the case of the Bacon School the The deed for this school propert^• was
committee reporting that the district trustees of the school situated in the
made in 178; The report
closed with a suRRestion that since
same district, are willing to rent the Bacon School House, and allow it to the district .school now pro^ided
an education for all others,
and but few Friends resided in
receive its proportion of public money and our meeting still have the entire
the
control of the school. After free expression thereon the report of the com- neighborhood the property should be
disposed of and the money
mittee was adopted. 29 used^to school Friends' children when
necessar>-.-^
In the case of Chesterfield Preparative Meeting School, in

^^'^'r f'''"P- -^''«-' 25/111/1869.

2«Min. Burlington Mo. Mtg., (H.). 2/II/1857. »Mm.
32\i'^' Salem
Mo. ''''',
.Mtg., (H,), 29/V/i872 and 26/VI/1872
29Min. Pilesgrove Mo. Mtg., (H.), 25/IX/1866. "See page ,,„. 3,Min. ffaddonfield Prep, .Mtg
4 n-/,8-4
370 Quaker Education in New Jersey

In 1887,
The trustees of the public school m Woodbury, desiring to rent Friends'
Female School on Delaware street, this meeting authorized the trustees of
that school to act in the matter as in their judgment seems best.^^ CHAPTER XJV
In 1889 the rent of the school house was entered as $25.^^ After
1890 there was no item of rent entered, nor was it continued as a IN CONCLUSION
Friends' school. Contrary to the statement that "from
_ the first New rer.e\- was
in advance of every .American
State in education" it "is evident
that but httle was accomplished
durinj,. the earHer vears, and
that
mostly through individuals or individual
congregations Where
Aew England elements dominated, efforts
^^•ere made to create
the town school system. In the four large Quaker centers,
Salem
Burlington, Shrewsbur>- and
Haddonfield. educational activitv
became dependent upon their local meetings.
In 16.S2 however
education was encouraged by act .,f
Ic.gislature. when the Island
ot Alatimcunk was granted to
BurHngton for "educational pur-
poses forever. Prom
the beginning the Quakers
dex-oted them-
selves to element,a-y education,
bu, <l,d not encourage higher
in-
stitutions of learning. The English government, on the other
hand, after a inne sought to
encourage projects of higher, but
neglected elementary education. Its educational policv is further
shown m
the instmctions to Combury on
the "inconvenience that
may anse by the liberty of printing" and, in
1757, in the instruction
ttiat no one be allowed to
keep school in the "Province of New
Jersey without your license first
obtained." The constitution of
Upper Greenwich Friends' School now occupied rv District School 1776 made no provision for education, leaving it entirely in private
hands; in this penod of Independence,
One other instance of this transformation may be mentioned, Quaker Schools increased
greatly m number, and a more uniform organization and centraliza-
one of the twentieth centur^^ At Upper Greenwich Meeting, in tion was perfected.
1908, the school opened with ten scholars, but increased later to
Educational developments in Ne^^•
fourteen. This was the last year it was conducted as a Friends' Jersey were at all times in
accord ^^-.th the Pietistic, Realistic,
School. In 19 10, and Philanthropic ^iewp,„„ls
expressed by such leaders as Fox. Pe„n,
The matter was discussed at some length, put to vote and carried that Boneztt, WMohnan Tuke'
Gnffith, Phipps, Bellers, Bu.ld
we lease the property for one school year, at a compensation of fifteen dollars. an,i others. All Ix-lieved in a
The secretary was ordered to notify the board of education to that effect."" •guarded religious education," which
was to be secured throu-h
A minute of 19 12showed that the school property was rented
many prohibitions,
and carefully limited associations
Neverthe-
to the district trustees year by year.^^
less, we
find the children of other
denominations, and of Ne-^es
often attended the Friends'
schools. It was always stipuFated,'
35Min. Woodburv Prep. Mtg., (H.), 24/111/1887. ^^Ibid., 24/1/1889.
3'AIm. U. G. Prep. Mtg., (H.), 6/Virr 1910. S7I
^^Mr. Wm. Borden, Mickleton, N. J., informs that this practice is still
continued.
372 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Conclusion
3 73

however, that they demean themselves ''according to the rules of for the education of their children. J Yobably the most
prominent
the school." Official advices of the Yearly and local meetings philanthropic organization was the Friendbr Institution of
Burling-
always emphasized the idea of a guarded religious education, ac- ton (1796); but each preparative, monthly, and quarterly
meeting
cording to the interpretation of Quaker leaders. had its poor fund and took care of those in need of assistance.
Regarding classical learning "they acknowledge the understand-
In their dealings witli the Indian and Xegro in the new
ing of Languages, especially of Hebrew, Greek and Latin formerly colony,
the Quakers sought to exemplif\' the doctrines of
was, and still is very useful yet not . necessary to make a
. . . . .
Christianity.'
Not only did the\- aim to avoid dissension by pro\'ision for proper
minister ..." As colleges in that day wxre largely ecclesiastical
purchase of land from the Indians and fair trial of those impHcated
in character and purpose, Quakers did not encourage them.
in wrongdoing, but alsomade attempts to encourage their edu-
Languages, for and '*to answer the just desires of
realistic ends,
cation. As
for the Negroes, the first effort was, necessarily,
to
those that desire to read them, and for other very good reasons, as
secure freedom for those held as slaves, and to discourage
maintaining commerce and understanding among divers nations the im-
portation and purchase of others. The movement was gradual,
by these common languages ..." were thought worthy of cultiva-
beginning in the late 1 7 th century and becoming decidedly
tion. There can be little doubt, however, that to some members, effective
between 1750 and 1780. At the latter date there were but "few
opposition to classics and colleges on the basis of being non-
remaining in bonds with any of our members." From this time
essential or even harmful for the training of ministers, became co-
on, the education of the Negro became a grave concern
them for he
extensive with opposition to generally.
now stood in need of it. Religious education was offered in
Quaker policy in the 19th century endorsed greater centraliza- special meetings held for Negroes and in conferences with
them;
tion in the control of schools, but continued an emphasis on "a Friends were on various occasions appointed to advise with manu-
guarded religious education." The movement for more "real"
mitted Negroes as to "their temporal affairs;" and their school
studies in the curriculum, and the idea of "manual labor institu- education came under the care of the school committee, though in
tions" both found support among Friends. Nevertheless, the some cases special committees were named. In face of their best
number of their schools declined, and many that were maintained efforts the minutes often admit failure, or partial failure,
as
were attended largely by other denominations. After the middle there is "a shortness we believe as to their education."
and "edu-
of the century, many of them declined while others became partially cation too much neglected." Butwere apparently never-
efforts
or wholly public schools. ceasing, and while there is frequent admission of room for
im-
In the great Philanthropic Movement in Education the Quakers provement, there is always "some care taken for their education."
played a prominent role. Leaders such as Bellers, Budd, Wool- As a rule it appears that Negro children were educated on the
man, Fox, Benezet and Penn viewed it as a "reproach to religion same basis as children of the poor. Special funds existed for
and government" that poverty on the one hand and excessive their education in many places.
luxury on the other should be allowed to exist. With their pious
In accord with English law and practice, the Quaker colonists
sentiments the meetings concurred officially as early as 1695 and
of New Jersey provided for education through apprenticeship.
desired that "care be taken, that poor Friends* children may freely
Fox, in 1669, advised the "putting out poor children to trades"
partake of such education, in order to apprenticeship." Mem-
and Philadelphia Yeariy Meeting advised putting out children as
bers, "endowed with plenty of outward substance," were frequently
apprentices to such as aremembers of Friends; and the fifth query
urged to contribute to philanthropic projects, especially education. was instituted to ascertain whether children were placed among
The minutes of the local meetings invariably point out that care Friends or not. Certificates were given to those members who
was taken for the maintenance of the poor, and funds were raised were apprenticed to trades at a distance from their home meeting.
374 Quaker Education in New Jersey Concliision --» ™ ^

After 1774 this was necessary to ftilfill the letter of the law. If proach. The school
year varied greatlv in length: some
were
parents or guardians failed to take steps to put out children at the open three and some eleven months, but the
maioritx-, ])rol)ahly
proper time, the meeting took the affair into its hands; likewise at six or seven. (;irls and boys attended, but
ap])arentlv, se]3aratel\'
a second marriage, the meeting sought to safeguard the rights of for the most part. Girls and little boys had their best
(.importuni-
children by the first marriage. ties m the spnng and summer when
older bo>'s had to do farm wr,rk.
Education of Colonial days existed primarily for religious ends. Schools were generally elementary in
character, but a few such as
The school was an auxiliary of the church and the curriculimi Westtown Boarding School in Pennsvlvania, Bacon
It is but natural, then, to find
Academ>' at
reflected this religious purpose. Woodstown, the .Moorestown Academy and High
School in" the
the Quaker schools controlled by the religious organization, which 19th centur>', gave attention to secondarv
school subjects Ad-
consisted of Yearly, quarterly, monthly and preparative or par- vanced studies also found a place in manv
schools due to an unusual
ticular meetings. The functions of the first two were advisory, master or mistress who was capable of teaching
a language or higher
and to an extent supervisory, and directive. They helped to unify mathematics. After completing the regular
elementar^' school of
sentiment and action, to collect information, and to formulate the meeting the youth either went to
Westtown Boarding School
programs, through the labors of educational committees. The —m Pennsylvania-, attended private schools manv
of which ex-
great movement for better schools and more uniformity and cen- isted under Quaker tutors in New
Jersey, or else continued his
tralization, about 1778, was successful largely because of the in- studies no further.
fluence of superior meetings whose vigilance stimulated lower meet- Support of schools, at first very haphazard
and dependent on
ings to action. Individual schools of New Jersey were either under local desire, became more uniform
in the latter part of the 8th 1
a school committee of the monthly or preparative meeting. These centur>^ At one time or another the
^ following methods, or a
school committees sought to provide school lots, playgrounds, combination of them, were used to maintain
schools: (i.) subscrip-
houses, masters' homes, occasionally land for tillage by the school tion, (2) money
distributed from central stock.
(3) legacies and
master, a master of "solid" qualities, or mistress as the case might donations, (4) state school fund,
(5) fees, (6) loans, and (7) income
be, rules for schoolgovernment, the necessary equipment of the from investments. After
7 78 most meetings established permanent
1

schoolhouse, and the opportunities for education of poor and school funds, some
which increased to the amount of several
of
Negro children. One committee did not always suffice. Some- thousand dollars. These funds were managed
bv special com-
times there were school fund committees apart from those who mittees, usually, appointed by the meeting,
and bound bv definite
actually had charge of immediate school affairs. The committee regulations drawn up by it. A
remarkable degree of cooperation
w^as at all times the meeting's agent and made regular reports to obtained between meetings m
the establishment of these school
that body. It was composed of men, women, or a combination of funds, as also m the creation of those for relief of the poor,
Negroes,
both sexes, usually determined according to the nature of the school and the education of Indians.
and the sex of the teacher. The simimer school, under a woman besides the religious note in the curriculum,
If,
we can detect
teacher frequently, was visited by a committee of women. another, it is unquestionably a realistic one.
'*We are in pain to
Teachers, as a rule, came from the local district, though some make them men" was Penn's terse judgment of
scholars, but not
came from distant cities. Tenure, save in a few unusual cases, current practice. Practice seems to have followed his suggestion
was brief and salaries slender, so it was natural that the teacher m a preference for scientific subjects. Classic
and modem lan-
should continue to be also a farmer, blacksmith, carpenter or tailor. gaiages were taught, but, keeping in mind
the stern prohibition
Contracts seem to have been generally used. With a very few against the heathenish books, gods, and
goddesses, we must believe
exceptions the character of masters seems to have been above re- that such study was limited for the most
part to "what may be
376 Quaker Education in New Jersey
Conclusion
o7/
savory and good matter that ma\^ not corrupt children's minds." did not «-,sh to support a church
school and pav for a public one
While the curriculum of the elementary school, in most cases, at the same tune, and
(4) there was a dissension amon^ the
could not have been more than religion, reading, writing, and Quakers
themselves which divided their
streriKth and punx«e, education-
ciphering, some specific references are made to spelling, history, ally. In a majority of cases, after
1S27, there was an attempt to
geography, mathematics, "such as mensuration, surveying, and mamtam two schools where before there had been
algebra," in the first quarter and middle of the 19th century. but one This
period of division amonj,' Friends
coincided with the movement
Needle work for
girls was mentioned at Evesham in 1801. for state free schools. Allegiance
to the church school, on the
The Westtown Boarding School curriculum at its founding in ot many, was transferred to
part
the state institution. A few of
1799 seems to have been elementarv^ in character, spelling, reading, theold
foundations, however, still remain and have large enrollments.
writing, arithmetic,and bookkeeping being specified as the subjects
The transition was gradual, and accomplished, apparentlv.
to be taught. In the first half of the century the following sub- with
httle bitterness and less genuine opposition. The state
jects were gradually added: Mathematics, Arithmetic, Writing, free school
movement may be said to have begom
French, Reading, Latin, Grammar, vSewing, Surveying, Trigonom- in 1 816 when the school fund
was created and reached its fulfillment in
etry, Conic Sections, Astronomy, Chemistry, Physiology, Psy- 866. Definite provision
1

was made m 1846 that schools, established

chology, and Greek. In the latter part of the century emphasis bv religious bodies
whose discipline provided for the
was placed upon mathematical science, natural philosophy and establishment of schools, should
receive aid from state funds.
astronomy, chemistry and natural history. There was also "in- and jealousies flamed up
Rivalries
and many and embarrassing questions came
difficult
struction in the Greek and Latin languages." In 1862 the report before the
State Superintendent of Schools.
states "50 boys and 12 girls have studied Latin, and 15 boys have So difllcult was the adminis-
tration of the law. and especially
given some attention to Greek." section 12. that the superintend-
ent m1866 recommended the repeal of the latter, which
In the Bacon Academy, 1852, girls were taught "reading, was ac-
complished.
writing, grammar, geography, botany, physiology,
arithmetic,
An official step was taken
by the Alonthlv Meeting at Camden
philosophy, history, and drawing," and to these were added
and participated by a number of others, to secure the reenact-
in
"chemistrv' and the higher branches of mathematics for the boys."
ment of Section 12, but the efTort was
A charming "old, old lady" admits the subjects in the female inefTectual.
transforation of some Quaker schools into
Though the
department were as formidable as they appear on paper. public ones has been
noted before 1866, the changes were
A study of all available records of the four centers, Shrewsbury,
more rapid and numerous
alter that date. Some properties were sold, and others rented
Burlington, Haddonfield and Salem, reveals the fact that schools to
public school authorities. In some cases, apparentlv,
of elementary character were set up in practically all local com- Quaker
control continued in fact for a
number of years after the schools
munities by the close of the eighteenth century. Some, however, were technically public institutions.
were not continuously in operation, due to lack of teachers, or Viewing the whole period of growth and
_ decline of these schools
scattered membership, and the consequent difficulty of supporting m connection with modern state education, it is apparent that the
a school. Against all was steady ad-
obstacles, however, there pnvately established schools, which were
so widespread, rendered
vancement numbers and popularity from 1778 until
in point of a great service to education in
a da>- when no more universal in-
the influence of the public school movement was felt. A gradual stitutionhad entered the field. The idea of
decline then took place, due to the fact that (i) many members
extended education
was pnmarih^ based upon religious philanthropv; it
sent children to public schools because they were better situated, yielded
necessanly, to a broader conception
of education for all, dependent
(2) many preferred the public school because it was free, (3) others not upon chanty but the common
wealth of societv.
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Cape May Preparative M.vtin, Minut.s,

1797 1817. (H.) 15th and Race
Streets, Philadelphia.
Catalog of Books belonging to Woodbury
BIBLIOGRAPHY cupboard at Woodbury School.
IVq.arativo Meeting m 1802 In

Manuscript Material Cheney, Eliza A. Report" of the Boarding

School at Tunesassa, from -,xh
month 2nd, i«74-3rd month 13th, 1875.
Sources Chester Preparat^ Meeting Minutes, 785-1 889. 1 Three Volumes. 302
^
(Note: (H.) refers to Hicksite and (O.) to Orthodox Friends' records.) Arch Street, Philadelphia.

Allegheny Reservation, Account of Schools on the Sixth Month, 1872.

Alloway's Creek Preparative Meeting Minutes, 1 783-1900. Two Volumes (H.)
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Friends Meeting House, Woodstown, N. J. Chester Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1827-1898.

Two Volumes .02 \rch
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volumes. (H.) 15th and Race Streets, Philadelphia. Chester Monthly Meeting Minutes. 1804-1912.
Three Volumes (H )

Ancocus Preparative Meeting, Miscellaneous Papers. (H.) 15th and Race Meeting House, Moorestown, X
J
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,8.7-.9<>o. Two N'olumes.
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J
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fe
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Chesterfield Monthly Meeting Minutes,

N.J. 1684-1896. Seven Volumes (H .y • )

Bordentown Preparative Meeting Minutes, i860- 1878. (H.) Meeting Meeting House, Trenton, X. v

J.
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^ ^^

Volumes. 142 N. i6th Street, Philadelphia. Chesterfield Preparative Meeting Minutes,

1809-1883. Three Volumes
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X J
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1 1827-1841. Two Volume. " i_l2
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Three Volumes. 142 N. i6th Street, Philadelphia. Collection of Christian and Brotherly
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1834-1852. Rutherford
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Easton School, Treasurer's Account Book, 1 824-1 900, though irregular. 302 Hardwick and Randolph Montlily Meeting, Women's
Minutes, 1840-1840
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Educational Committee of the Yearly Meeting, Minutes of. 15th and Race Hardwick and Randolpli Monthly Meetin.tr Minutes,
1795-18^^ Ruther-
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Elkinton, Joseph. Letter to Halliday Jackson on Indian education. Tune- Little Egg Harbor Monthly Meeting Minute^
1715-^1762: 1784-1881. Four
sassa,month 3rd, 1820.
1 2th Volumes. Also miscellaneous ])apers. 142 Xonli i()th Street. Phila-
Evesham Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1827-1884. (H.) 15th and Race delphia.
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1

Race Streets, Philadelphia. Mansfield Preparative Meeting Minutes, 1818-1845.

142 Xorth i6th Street
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'

Streets, Philadelphia. Mansfield School Fund, Treasurer's Account Book,

1797- 1858; also Parch-
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Evesham Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1 760-1908. Six Volumes. 302 Arch Maurice River Preparative Meeting, Minutes of
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Evesham Preparative Meeting Minutes, 1 761-1836. Two Volumes. 302 Maurice River Preparative Meeting, Women's
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Evesham School, Trustees' Minutes, 1 795-1 840. 302 Arch Street, Phila- Maurice River Monthly Meeting, Women's Minutes,
1833-1854. (H ) 15th
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Great Egg Harbor and Cape IVIay Monthly Meeting, 1726-1843. Two Vol- Maurice River Monthly Meeting Minutes,
1804-1823. 15th and Race
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1790-1826. Ruther-
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Greenwich Preparative Meeting, Women's Minutes, 1 804-1 884. (H.) 15th Columbia University, 1904.)
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Haddonfield Quarterly Meeting Minutes, 1697-1919. Five V^olumes. 302 Mt. Holly Preparative Meeting, School Fund Records,
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Haddonfield Monthly Meeting Minutes, 17 10-1897. Eight Volumes. 302 Mt. Holly Preparative Meeting Minutes, 1816-1850.
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J.

I
382 Quaker Education in New Jersey
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House, Mt. Holly, N. J. i6th Street, Philadelphia.
Mt. Holly Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1 776-1903. Four Volumes. (H.) Quakertown, earlier Bethlehem and Kmgwood, MoMthl}- Meeting Minutes,
Meeting House, Mt. Holly, X. J. 744-1905. First National
1 Bank, Newtown, Pa.
Mt. Holly Monthly Meeting, Women's Minutes, 1 776-1 880. Three Volumes. Quakertown Monthly .Meeting, Women's Minutes, 1744-1885. Fir^t
National
(H.) Meeting House, Mt. Holly, N. J. Bank, Newtown, Pa.
Mt. Holly Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1776-1793; and 1827-1828. 142 Rahway Preparative Meeting Minutes, i«45-i.S7,s. (H.i Meeting
Hou=;e
North 1 6th Street, Philadelphia. Plainfield, N. " '

J.
Mt. Holly, Early Settlement of. Richard C. Shreve. H. S. P., Phila- Rahway Preparative Meeting Minutes, 1884-1910. 142 North i6th Street,
delphia. Philadelphia.
Newton Preparative ^Meeting Minutes, 828-1 838 and 1847-19 13.
1 Three Rahway and Plainfield Monthly Meeting. Miscellaneous Paper, of 14-^
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1

Camden, N. J. Rahway and Plainfield Monthly Meeting. Women's Minutes,

1848-1865;
Newton Preparative Meeting, Women's Alinutes, 1 845-1 903. Six Volumes. 1872-1875; 1879-1903. 142 North i6th Street, Philadelphia.
(H.) Office of Howard Cooper, 106 Market Street, Camden, N, J. Rahway Preparative Meeting, Women's Minutes, 1838-1878. Two X'olumes.
Old Springfield Preparative Meeting Minutes, 1835-1851. (H.) 15th and 142 North 1 6th Street, Philadeli)hia.
Race Streets, Philadelphia. Rahway and Plainfield Monthly Meeting Minutes.
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1802-^1910. Two Volumes.
Old Springfield Preparative Meeting, Miscellaneous Papers. 142 North 1 6th Street, Philadelphia.
Streets, Philadelphia. Rahway and Plainfield Monthly Meeting. Book of Accounts, 1802-1869
Old Springfield Preparative IVIeeting, School Fund Book, 1 849-1 872. 15th Meeting House, Plainfield, N. J.
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15th and Race Streets, Philadelphia. Rahway and Plainfield Monthly Meeting, Women's Minutes, 1828-189-,.
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting Minutes. (H.) 15th and Race Streets, Phila- Four Volumes. (H.) Meeting House, Plainfield, N.
J.
delphia. Rahway and Plainfield Monthly Meeting Minutes, 1771-1781:
1784-17S9:
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting Minutes, 1681-1908. 302 Arch Street, Phila- 1796-1799: 1827-1829. Rutherford Place. New York Citv.
delphia. Rancocas. (see Ancocus).
Pilesgrove Monthly Meeting, Deeds and Miscellaneous Papers belonging to Representative Committee. Minutes of, 1827-1898. m.) 15th and Race
^Meeting House, Woodstown, N. J. Streets, Philadelphia.
Pilesgrove, Book of Records for Legacies and Investments. IMeeting House, Salem Quarterly Meeting Minutes, 1827-1904. Two Volumes.
(H.) Meet-
Woodstown, N. J. ing House, Woodstown, N.
J.
Pilesgrove Preparative Meeting, Women's Minutes, 1 851-1886. Two Volumes. Salem Quarterly Meeting, Women's Mimites, 1827-1901.
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(H.) Aleeting House, Woodstown, N. J. (H.) Meeting Plouse, Woodstown, N. J.
Pilesgrove Preparative Meeting Minutes, 1860-1901.(H.) Meeting House, Salem Monthly Meeting Minutes, i676-i9rx). Six Volumes.
(H.) Meet-
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J.
Pilesgrove Monthly Meeting, Women's Minutes, 1794-1822; 1827-1893. Salem Monthly Meeting, Women's Minutes, i828-i855and
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\i\
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 INDEX
Aims of Education, in accord with
sought, 319; in hbrarics, list of
tendencies of the day, 8 according to
;
336f.
views of Penn, Fox and others, 8ff.;
Book supply house- established, 32 iff.
religious, 374.
B or dent own, 93.
Apparatus, used in instruction, 327. Bryce, J., quoted, 266.
Apprentices, put out by parent, Budd, Thos., proposals of, for educa-
guardian or meeting, 264; put out to tion, 235, 238.
Friends, 264f.
Burlington, report on schools, 26;
Apprenticeship education, 45, 373f.; Friendly Institution
at
of, 246; Monthly
Burhngton, 57; 256-265; pro- Meeting, 55ff.
vided for in 1774, 258ff.; recom-
Burhngton Preparative Meeting, se-
mended by Fox, 259f.; practiced in cures school property, 63 new
school
;

local meetings, 26off.

erected, 63; special account of
school
Appropriation for schools, 358ff. of, 64; report on status of schools at.
Artificers, Act concerning, 256. 66.
Attendance, at Friends' schools, 30-31,
Burlington Quarterly Meeting, 55ff.;
33, 36, 129, 147, 174, 180, 192, 194, appoints school committee,
59; de-
214,218,224,226,228. cline of schools in, 64, 116-7.

Bacon Academy, I54ff., 376. Camden School, 178-180.

Bacon, Davnd, will of, 155.
Catalogue of books at Woodbury,
Bancroft, quoted on the rise of Quakers, 335.
Censorship, exercised by the Society,
7.
21.
Barclay, R., on education in colleges,
Central "Stock," used for -upport of
education, 348ff.
Barclay's Apology, 334.
Centralization, beginning of move-
Barclay's Catechism, 318.
ment towards, 1777, 24; tendency
Barnegat Preparative Meeting, 115.
towards, 34ff., 365, 372.
Belcher, on the establishment of the
Certificates, given to members going
College of New Jersey, 4. from one place to another, 262.
Bellers, J., proposals of, for education,
Character of teachers, 3o8f.,
374.
235-
Chester "Brick School," 2i5ff., 227.
Benezet, A., views on education, lof.;
Chester Monthly Meeting, 2i4ff.; in-
influential in the establishment of
crease of schools, 224.
schools, 24f.; on educatipn of poor, Chesterfield Monthly Meeting, 78ff.
238f.; on Negroes and their educa- Children, of school age, 30; rights of,
tion, 267f.
safeguarded at second marriage,
Boarding School, discussed, 204.
265.
Books, distributed for schools,
94, Church school vs. state school, 362ff.
131; for famihes and schools, 316;
Circulating Schools, 233.
subscribed for, 317; uniformity Classical training, 372.

393
 ;

394 INDEX
INDEX
395
Co-education, 156. Easton School, i94fT.
Great Egg Harbor and Cape May Libraries,
College education, not of first im- Education, early efforts to establish, mentioned 336f.; maintained
Monthly Meeting, i8of. by meetings, 135.
portance for ministers, 372. iff; constitutional provision for,
Greenwich Monthly MeeLmg, I3lff.; Library Association, 127
College of New Jersey, 4. lacking, 5; according to community's
distribution of children in, I33f.
Committees, to be named to consider Licensing of teachers,
choice, 6; practical, urged by Penn, Griffith,
5: obligatory/
John, advice on education. 360.
schools, 26; agencies by which meet- Fox, and others, 8fT.
I3f.
ings controlled schools, 295; com- Educational Legislation, in 1682, 2;
Little Egg Harbor Monthly Meeting,
Guardians and masters, to take care of ii3ff.
posed of most reliable members, in East New Jersey, 2; at low ebb, 3;
children, 21.
297; duties 298.
Loans for educational uses,
of, 358-362. Griscom, 355.
J., schoolmaster at Burling- Local control, 294ff.
Concessions and Agreements, pro- Eldridge's Hill Boarding School, I58f.
ton, 246.
visions in the, 2; on putting out Elementary education, encouraged by Lower Evesham School, 188, 194.
children, Lunches, ])rovided at school, 224.
257; relating to Indians, the Society of Friends, 18.
Haddonfield, Monthly Meeting, i63ff
283f. English government, attitude towards i

Quarterly Meeting, i63ff. Mandeville, quoted, 233.

Conclusions, 371-377. education, 3f.
Hallowell, B., teacher at Westfield, 226.
Conferences, for teachers, parents, 35. Mansfield Preparative Meeting School,
Equipment, for schools, 312. Hard wick, 53.
Constitutional provision for education, Evening Fireside, The, 172.
no.
Hartford School, 204. Manual Labor
lacking, 358. Evesham Monthly Meeting, 18 iff.; Institutions, 29.
Hart's Class Book of Prose, 326.
Contracts, with teachers, decline of schools, I93f.
Manumission of slaves, urged, 274ff.;
9, 302ff., 374. h "Heathenish" books, reading of, dis- members refusing to manumit
Control of schools, by the town, 3; Evesham Preparative Meeting, 182; slaves,
couraged, 21.
at Newark, by committees, released from Society, 276f.
6; 374. plan for permanent school at, 183.
Higher Education, attitude of Quakers
Cooperation the establishment of Master's dweUing, 69, 77, 184.
in Examples of Youthful Piety, 333. towards, isff.
funds, 345. Matinicunk, Island of, to be for educa-
Fees, 108-9, 354-5-
Home, provided that teachers might be tional purpose, 2.
Crop well school, 185, 207-211.
Female School, rules for, at Wood- more permanent, 304. Maurice River Monthly Meeting, I36f.
Cross wicks, financial report on school, I H
bury, 146; at Evesham, 189. Increase of Friends' Schools, in Chester Medford, Monthly Meeting, 20off.;
83.
Crouch, W., on learning of language, Fixed income, importance of, 341. Monthly Meeting, 224. school, 213; reestabUshed,
214.
i6f.
Fox, on educational aims, 8; on educa- Indians, care for, 181 care and educa-
;
Mendham, 53.

Curriculum, at Burlington, 66-68;

tion for poor, 238; on welfare of tion of, 266-287; treatment of, dis- Mickle, Samuel, influential in Wood-
at Upper Springfield, 108-9; ^t Indians and Negroes, 266. cussed in the Concessions and Agree- bury school affairs, 140.

Bacon Academy, i54ff.; at E1(J- Frankesche Sttftungen, 232. ments, 283; welfare of, urged by Midweek meeting, attendance of school
ridge's
Free School System, for Friends* Fox, 266; dealings with, 373. children at, 144, 148.
Hill, 160; at Haddonfield,
i69f, at Evesham, at West-
children, recommended, 33. Infant Schools, 233. Moorestown, Elementary School, 220;
; 189;
town, 327-8; elementary, 323f.; the, Free Schools, of Woodbridge, Trustees "Inferior Races," care High School 221; union of Friends'
and education of,
of, incorporated, 5. 266-287. schools at, 225; Academy, 219.
315-328, 376.
French, taught, 67. Investments and Properties, income Mount, The, 96f.
Dancing, prohibited, 21. Friendly Institution of Burlington, 246. Moral education, urged, 21.
from, 356-7.
Day, Stephen M., 170-3. Friends' schools, decline of, 363; union Mount Holly Monthly Meeting, 93ff.;
Decline, of schools, in Burlington of, Moorestown, N. J., 225.
at Kingwood Monthly Meeting, 5 iff. school established, 94; school closed,
Quarter, 116-7; in Evesham, 193; in Funds, raised for Negro education, 96.
Medford, 207-8; 214; in Haddon- 278f. for work among Indians, 286f,
Lancasterian System, 232. Murray,
; L., author of favorite text-
field Quarterly Meeting, 230-1. Lands, to be purchased fairly from
books, 22, 29.
Donations, 35off. General superintendent, need for, 294. Indians, 285.
Murray's Introduction, 320; books,
Girls, admitted to Haddonfield School, Latin, 67, 68, 3i5f., 328.
Dymond, J., on education of poor, preferred, 321; English Reader, 322;
239ff- 176; put out to apprenticeship, 263; Laws, Public School, 358ff. English Exercises, 32 5 English Gram-
1

schools for, 323. Lectures, illustrated, 223.

mar, 329; Sequel, 332.
Earl, J. T., teacher at Upper Spring- Graded School, at Salem, 131; at Legacies, a form of school support,
70, Music, prohibited, 21.
field, 105. Moorestown, 224; 314. 79, 103, 149, i68f., 197, 217. 35off.;
East Branch School, 86ff. Greek, 172, 328. given to educate Negroes, 281.
National Society, 234,

'I

n
I
 ;

39^ INDEX
INDEX
Needlework, 323.
397
Poor, cared for and schooled, 38; Ragged Schools, 233.
Negroes, education of, 169, 177; care legacy for schooling, School sanitatioD, 228, 3uf.
48; schooled, Rahway Friends' Select School, adver-
for, at Salem, i26f.; at Haddon- School support, 95, 161, i68f.,
92; supported, 113; educated, 132, tised, 49. 197, 201,
field, 177; care and education of, 136, 153, 203; efforts to educate, 217, 34f>-357- 375.
Rahway and Plainfield Monthlv Meet-
266; 287; concern for welfare of, vSchool term, length of,
232ff . ; education urged officially,
of, ing. 45ff. 313.
urged by Fox, 266; concern for, by 24iff.; success of local Science, at Westtown,
meetings in Rancocas, school at, 68ff. 327f.
Woolman, 266f.; welfare, 377; manu- education Scientific lectures,
of, 24iff.; answers to Realism, 327.
stressed by Penn, 8-9; Section 12, Law
mitted, 274ff. ; families visited, 275; fifth query regarding, 246; public of 1846, condemned,
stressed in official suggestions,
religious meetings held 19; 361; repealed,
for, 278f. stocks to be raised for, 258, 342; m 361; objections to
19th century, 27; in curriculum,
Negro School, at Philadelphia, 107; opposition to education of,
repeal of, 361 f.
233. 315, 324ff., 372, 375-
at Salem, 121. Select Reader, Number IH,
Powell, Thomas, agreement with, at Religious Education, urged by 330.
New England, influence on educa- Quaker vSelect Schools, urged, 30.
of, Burhngton, 58. leaders, 8ff., 3if.
tional legislation, 2f. Printing, to be Hcensed, Senecas, work among, 285f.
3. Rehgious meetings, held for Negroes
New Jersey, early settlement and Private Quaker schools, mentioned, 278f.
Separation, effect on schools, 7of.,
divisions, i. I58ff. 128, 134, 206, 217, 218, 226.
Removal, certificates of, 262.
Newton Meeting, 163, 177. Servants, provisions concerning,
Prohibitions, 21. Repeal of Section 12, law by
of 1846, law, 257L
North Hampton School, 203. Property damage, to be made good by opposition to, 377.
Northern School, 204, 207. offenders, 311.
Settlers, type of, in early New Jersey, 6.
Rules for the conduct of schools,
Proprietors, purchase New 87, Shrewsbury Monthly Meeting, 42ff.
Jersey, i.
Objections to Law of 1846, 360. 91, 99, 100, 107-8, 145, 186, 222-3,' Shrewsbury Quarteriy Meeting, 38ff.;
Protest, on repeal of Section 12, law of 295ff., 299, 3 1 of.
Old Springfield School, 75ff. unable to meet standards of yeariy
Organization, 288, 314.
1846, 367. Rum selHng, to Indians, advised meeting, 40; starts subscription,
Public Funds, received for support of against, 284. 41.
Orphans, early provisions for their Six Nations, efforts of Friends
Friends' Schools, 147, 197, 366; Rutgers College, to re-
education, 2. 4. Heve, 285.
opposition to withdrawal of, 130,
Slave holding, meetings'
Parrish, Edward, on Quaker education, I56f. attitude
Salaries, of teachers,
305. against, 269ff.
18. Public schools, to be avoided, 31; pre-
Salem Monthly Meeting, ii8ff.; new Society of Friends,
Pauper Education, purposes of, 233f.; ferred, 42; competition of, 68, 72, no objection to
school erected at, I28f.; decline of privileges of the, 360.
discussed by various 235- leaders, 135, 177. school, i3of.; protests against
repeal S. P. C. K., 232.
241 success of various local meetings
; Public School Fund, 352ff.
of Section 12, 130. S. P. G., 232.
243-253. Public school trustees, lease Quaker
Salem Quarterly Meeting, ii8ff. State School fund,
Penn, Wm., purchases New Jersey, i; schools, 75, 82, 125, 144, 148, I50f., 5; beginning of
School control, 288-314. 358ff.
views on education, 8-9; on educa- 157, 162, 229. vSchool, kept in meeting house,
85, 187, State Schools, transition to, 358-370;
tion of the poor, 239. Puritanism, in education, 234.
309- church schools, 362ff.
vs.
Permanent funds, effort to estabHsh, Purpose of Education, in accord with Schools, advice of meeting on
establish- Stony Brook, 9off.; close of school,
341; plan for, at Salem, 34if.; tendencies of the day, 8; according to 93.
ment of, 25 difficulties in the way of
; Summer School, taught by women, 310.
at Haddonfield, 344; at East Branch, views of Penn, Fox and others, 8ff.;
estabhshing, 28, 32; decline of, 36-7. Sunday School Movement, 232; at
344; at Upper Springfield, 345; at religious, 374.
Schools, kinds of, 3i3f. Woodbury, 253.
Chesterfield, 346; at Evesham, 347; School fund, account book, 62; es- Superintendent, general, for schools,
at Pilesgrove, 347. Quakers, in New Jersey at close of tablished,
35.
86; plan for, at Mount Superintendent of Public Instruction,
"Pernicious Books," avoided, 136; 17th century, 6; where located, 7;
I^olly, 95; at Salem, 120; at
banned, 317. attitude towards establishment of
Wood- 360.
bury, i38ff.; at Rahway and Support,
Plain- of schools, by permanent
Philanthropic education, 232ff., 372. colleges, 4.
field, 46-7; lower meetings, en- funds, 86, I20ff., i38ff., 152,
Phipps, Joseph, on education, I4f. Quaker Schools, leased to public, 75, 82, 167!,
couraged to establish, 60; at Upper 187, 199. 201, 2i6f.; various means
Pietism, in education, 234. 125, 144, 148, i5of., 157, 162, 229;
Springfield, I02f. of. 340-
Pilesgrove Monthly Meeting, I52ff. converted into public schools, 366ff .
Schoolhouses, kind of, 309f.
Pine Grove School, 187, 207-211 rise and decline of, 376f.; function School learning, not essential to
Chris- Teachers,
Plays, etc., prohibited, 21. performed by, in New Jersey, 377. tianity, I4f.; but not discouraged,
difficult to obtain, 174,
18. 187; character of, 3o8f., 374; se-
398 INDEX
cured through Philadelphia Meeting, V^incentown, 97.
2^, 104, 299; persons encouraged to Visitation of schools, S>i, 135, 151, 166,
become, 34, 247; secured by news- 175, 189-90, 195, 202, 214, 223, 228,
paper advertisement 134, 302; source 30of. ; reports on, 301.
INDEX OF NAMES
of 374; usually local products, 301; Visiting teacher, 35, 151.
salaries, 305; duties of, 3o6f.; tenure Abbott, William, 121, 346. Bartlet, Nathan, 114.
of, 3o6f.; agreements with, 49, 58, 91, Westfield, Preparative Meeting, 225ff.; Acton, Clement, 129. Bartlet, Nathan, Jr., 114.
104, 106-7, 186; limited by rules of school, 217. Allen, Hope, 142.
Barton, John, 188.
committee or trustees, 299f.; other- Westtown, Boarding School, 47, 126, Allen, John, 142.
Barton, Mary, 156, 188.
wise employed, 304. 176, 181, 327, 347f. Allen, Martha, 63. Barton, Thomas, 161.
Tenure of Teachers, 150, 191, 198, Women, employed as teachers, 88, Allen, William, 149.
Barton, Uriah, 188.
3o6f., 374. 109, 135, 144, 190, 198, 227-8; on Allinson, Bernice, 63, 68.
Bassett, Elisha, 129.
Term, length of, 198, 230. school committees, iii, 134, 156, Allinson, Samuel, 59, 183, 186, 246.
Bassett, Joseph, 121.
Textbooks, carefully selected, 22; 222, 297; salaries of, teachers, 305f. Allinson, Samuel, Jr., 83.
Bassett, Joseph, Jr., 128.
greater uniformity urged, 29; by Woodbury, Monthly Meeting, I37ff.; Andrews, Elizabeth T., 291. Beck, Anne, 263.
S. M. Day, 170-3; list of those school accounts, 142; School, 166; Andrews, Isaac, 202. Beckett, WiUiam, 149.
mentioned, 331; 328-339- First Day School, 253ff.; books at, Andrews, Samuel, 247. Bedford, Abigail, 191.
Transition to state schools, 358-70, catalogued, 335. Ashead, Amos, 208. Belcher, Governor, 4.
377- Woolman, J., views on education, Atherton, Charles, 63. Bellange, Aaron, 114,
Trenton Preparative Meeting, 84!!. I if.; on keeping slaves, 266f.; on Atherton, Henry, 63. Bellange, Thomas, 114.
Trustees of schools, rules to govern, education of the poor, 236ff. Atkinson, Caleb, 189. Bellers, John, 15, 235.
139; duties of, 299f.; remissness of, Woolwich Preparative Meeting, 160. Atkinson, Ellen, 191. Benezet, Anthony, 10, ir, 24, 2>7, 238,
301. Atkinson, John, 95. 267.
Tuke, H., educational ideas of, I2f.; Atkinson, Samuel, 198.
Yearly Meeting, advices concerning Bennett, Titus, 104, 299, 302, 308.
on education of ministers, 17. Atkinson, Thomas, 57, 261.
"guarded religious education," 19; Bennett, Louise, 109, (Luisa?), 308.
Tutorial education, preferred by Penn, Atkinson, William, 57, 95, 261.
urges education, 22ff.; functions Bills, Thomas, 281.
10. Austin, Caleb, 183, 188.
advisory, 288ff.; collectedand dis- Bishop, Job, 95.
Uniformity of texts sought, 319. seminated information, 292f.; began Austin, Nathan, 197. Bishop, WiUiam, 57, 97, 309.
Upper Freehold, 11 iff. visitation of schools, 293. Bispham, Thomas, 95, 249.
Upper Greenwich Monthly Meeting, Youths' Meetings, for proper educa- Bacon, Ann, 132. Black, Edwin, -jS.

I48ff. tion of youth, I9f.; discontinued, 20,

Bacon, David, 155, 347. Boggs, Francis, 179.
Upper Penn's Neck, i6if. Bacon, EHzabeth, 176. Bolton, Edward, 211.
80, 164.
Upper Springfield, Monthly Meeting, Bacon, Hannah, 307. Bolton, Jonathan, 163.
98ff ; report on schools at, 26-7.
Bacon, Sarah, 134. Bond, Jesse, 129, 203.
.

Baker, Anna M., 354. Bond, Thomas H., 307.

Ballenger, Esther, 336. Boone, Thomas, 5.
Ballinger, Isaac, 166, 188. Booth, WiUiam, 135.
Ballinger, Job, 205. Borton, Abigail, 199.
Ballinger, Levi, 188, 189. Borton, Amy, 192.
Ballinger, Thomas, Jr., 183. Borton, Anna, 161.
Bancroft, 7. Borton, EHzabeth, 191.
Banks, John, 15. Borton, Isaac, 182, 208.
Barber, Thomas, 264. Borton, Job, 188.
Barclay, Robert, 4, 15, 16, 17, 37. Borton, John, 196, 351.
Barnes, John, 120, 122, 152, 347. Borton, John G., 355.
Barry, Samuel, 307. Borton, Joseph, 189, 199, 307.

399
400
Borton, O., 197.
Borton, Pemberton, 193.
Borton, Rachel, 308.
Boston, O., 353.
Bowne, H. H., 48.
Braddock, Barzillai, 201, 202.
Braddock, Elizabeth, 214.
Braddock, Hannah, 214.
Braddock, Job, 213.
Braddock, Robert, 200.
Braddock, William, 213.
Bradshaw, Daniel, 307.
Bradway, Edward, 282.
Bradway, Mary, 135.
Bradway, Rebecca, 135.
Bramin, Cornelius, 200.
Broadle, John, 176.
Brotherton, Henry, 53.
Brown, Abraham, 59, 249.
Brown, Charles, 307.
Brown, Clayton, 199.
Brown, Cleayton, 286.
Brown, David, 139, 166.
Brown, Isaac, 209.
Brown, John, 253, 275.
Brown, John, P., 307.
Brown, Joseph, 245.
Brown, Sarah, W., 307.
Browne, Elizabeth, 48.
Buckman, Benjamin, 191.
Buckman, Elizabeth, 199.
Buckman, Jacob, 199.
Budd, James, 261.
Budd, Thomas, 15, 235, 238.
Bull, Nathaniel, 63.
Bullock, E. R., 307.
Bullock, Edward, 191,250.
Bullock, Joseph, 98.
Bullock, Joshua, 300.
Bunting, Isaac, 59.
Bunting, Samuel, 83, 248, 354.
Burr, Barzillai, 95.
Burr, Henry, 94.
Burr, Joseph, 94.
Burr, Lucy, 199.
Burr, WiUiam, 191.
Burrough, William, 226.
INDEX OF NAMES INDEX OF NAMES 401
Burroughs, Samuel, 208. Collins, Isaac. 317. Darnell, Isaac, 210.
Busby, Abel, 63. Collins, Job, 182, 188, 200, 20T. Davis, Benjamin, 211, 21 •I3-
Busby, Joseph, 59. Collins, John, 182, 187, 205. 216. Davis, Jacolj, 152, 347.
Buxby, (Buzby?), Joseph, 286. Collins, Mark, 90. Davis, James, t^-.
Buzby, Edith, 199. Colhns, Rhoda, 199. Davis, Josiah, 154.
Buzby, Hannah, 351. Collms, Thomas, 64. Davis, Mary, 156.
Buzby, Howard, 70. Colson, George, 120, 264. Day, Stephen, 170, 172.
Buzby, Joseph, 275. Combs, Ezekiel, 354. Deacon, Benjamin, 63, 65.
Buzby, Mark, 199, Comfort, ElHs, 191. Deacon, George, 63.
Buzby, Mary, 199. '
Conley, Ethan, 308. Decou, Joseph, 84.
Buzby, Thomas, 275. Conrow, EHzabeth, 198. Decou, Peter, 85, 90.
Byllynge, I. Coom, Mary, 312. Decou, Samuel, 85, 90.
Cooper, David, 139, 166, 279, 291. Devenport, (Davenport?), Francis,
Caley, Margaret, 157. Cooper, Edward, 149, 150. 247.
Carpenter, John Moore, 281. Cooper, Hannah, 291. Dewsbury, WilHam, 15.
Carpenter, Preston, 262. Cooper, Howard, 180. Diilwyn, George, 58.
Carpenter, Thomas, 263. Cooper, James, 137, 177. Dilwyn, George, 70, 352.
Carpenter, William ,121, 286, Cooper, Mary, 192. Dockwra, 6.
Carr, Caleb, 58. Cooper, William, 147. Domell, Edward, 183.
Carr, Isaac, 95. Copland, Ambrose, 46. Doran, Wm. J., 307.
Carr, Samuel, 95, 312. Copperthwaitc, Thomas, 265. Doughty, Jacob, 263.
Carteret, i. Corlies, Peter, 44. Dubball, Mary, 73.
Cattell, Jonas, 216. Cornbury, Lord, i, 3. Dudley, EHzabeth, 197.
Cawley, WiUiam, 154. Cottell, Jonas, 187. Dudley, John, 193.
Cawood, Thomas, 264, Cowperthwait, Ann, 187.
Chapman, Ambrose, 190, 191 Cowperthwait, Hugh, 187. Earl, J. Tucker, 104, 105, 308.
Churchman, John, 272. Cowperthwaite, Elizabeth, 144. Earl, Michael, 109.
Clair, Joseph, 196. Cowperthwait, Job, 187. Earl, Tanton, 94, 98.
Claridge, Richard, 15. Cowperthwait'e, Job, 185. Earl, Thomas, 98, 103, 109, 248.
Clark, George, 253. Cowperthwait, Rebceca, 214. Eastlack, Sarah, 199.
Clark, L, 253. Cox, Elizabeth, 300. Eddy, Lucy, 48.
Clark, Joseph, 63. Cox, John, 63, 262. Edgeworth, John, 91, 92.
Clark, Thomas, 149. Cox, John, Jr., 286. Edwards, Ann, 217.
Clarke, Benjamin, 92. Cox, Joseph, 300. Eldridge, Abigail, 193, 199.
Clarke, David, 92, 248. Craft, Edwin, 150, 308. Eldridge, Isaac, 152, 347.
Clarke, Elisha, 92. Craft, George, 211, 212. Eldridge, Rachel, 199.
Clarke, J. O., 92. Craft, Hannah, 88, 305. Elkinton, George, 59.
Clifton, William, 52. Craft, Isaac, 48, 353. Elkinton, Joseph, 285.
Coleman, Anastacy, 142. Craft, Mary, 305. Elliott, Maria, 128.
Coleman, Edward, 142. Craft, Samuel, 248, 344, 354, 356. Ellis, John, 98.
Coleman, Elizabeth, 297. Crouch, William, 15, 16. EUis, Peter, 59, 98.
Coleman, Nathaniel, 245. Curtis, John, no. Samuel, 70.
Ellis,
Coleman, Samuel, 84. Emley, Robert, 98.
Coles, Charles, 179. Dalrymple, E. L., 52. Emlin, Susanna, 297.
Coles, Job, 196. Daniel, James, 281. Endicott, William, 199.
Collins, Clayton, 190. Darnell, Ann, 191. Engle, Abraham, 186, 188.
Collins, Francis, 57, 261. Darnell, David, 190. Engle, Asa, 161.
402
Engle, Ezra, 199.
Engle, John, 188, 194, 195, 196, 351.
Engle, Joseph, 154.
Engle, Nathan, 199.
Engle, Obadiah, 196, 197, 351.
Engle, Patience, 189.
Engle, Rebecca, 191.
Engle, Robert, 188, 199.
Engle, Sarah, 199.
Engle, Susanna, 199.
Enochs, Thomas, 59.
Estlack, (Eastlack?) Anna, 199.
Evans, Elizabeth, 196.
Evans, Enoch, 188, 208.
Evans, Jacob, 210.
Evans, Joel, 211.
Evans, John, 182, 188, 196, 210.
Evans, Joseph, (Evens?), 176,
208, 209.
Evans, Joshua, 166.
Evans, Josiah, 191, 198.
Evans, Lewis, 84.
Evans, Rebecca, 207.
Evans, Samuel, 187, 210.
Evans, Thomas, 174, 210, 333.
Evans, William, 226.
Farmer, Abigail, 142.
Farmer, Cupid, 142.
Field, Benjamin, 58.
Field, EHjah, 344.
Flit craft, Allen, 158.
Flitcraft, Isaac, 307.
Fogg, Charles, 265.
Folwell, William, 178.
Forsythe, Matthew, 83.
Forsythe, Edward, 327.
Forsythe, Joseph, 79, 80.
Foster, Asa, 354.
Fothergill, Samuel, 11, 238.
Fox, George, 8, 238, 259.
Franklin, William, 5.
Freedland, Jonas, 120, 121, 122.
Freeman, John, 142. PL
French, Robert, 187, 216. Jf^
Fnedland (Freedland?), Jonas, 263.
Fry, John, 15.
INDEX OF NAMES
INDEX OF NAMES 403
Gardner, John, 94, 96.
Haines, Jessie, 63. Hmchman, Griffith, 307.
Gaskill, Charles, 308.
Haines, Job, 189. Hinchman, Isaac, 307.
Gaskill, Josiah, 249.
Haines, John, 85, 188, 201, 208, 307. Hollinshead, Edmond,
Gaskill, Thomas, 98, 105, 277, 303. 187.
Haines, John, Jr., 208. HoUinshead, Jacob, 187, 216.
Gaunt, Caroline, 161.
Haines, Joseph, 188, 196, 199,205,307, Hollinshead, Rebecca, 214.
Gaunt, Eliza, 308.
351. Holme, Benjamin, 15.
Gaunt, John, 166.
Haines, Joshua, 191, 208, 209. Hopkins, John, 279.
Gaunt, Samuel, 161.
Haines, Kezia, 191. Hopkins, Sarah, 168, 350.
Gause, Ella, 49.
Haines, Mary, 199. Horner, Isaac, 103, 247.
Gibbons, Caroline, 161.
Haines, Noah, 183. Horner, John, 247.
Gibbs, Martin, 98.
Haines, Pricilla, 307. Hoskins, John, 58, 59, 262.
Gifford, William 114 115.
Haines, Samuel, 192. Howell, Margaret, 263.
Gill,John, 166. .
Haines, Simeon, 114. Hulme, James, 250.
Gillingham, Hannah, 191, 192, 306.
Haines, Stacy, 188. Hunt, Abigail, 191.
Glover, Adeline, 63.
Haines, Susan, 71. Hunt, David, 191.
Glover, George, 63, 65, 67.
Haines, WiUiam, 149, 150, 188, 307. Hunt, John, 182.
Glover, Rebecca, 192.
Hall, Clement, 286. Hunt, Joshua, 182, 187, 216.
207, Grange, Matthew, 263.
Hallock, Aaron, 114. Hurley, Daniel, 281.
Benjamin, 38.
Griffith,
Hallowell, Benjamin, 226. Hurley, Denis, 253.
Griffith, John, 12.
Hance, Isaac, 40, 45. Hutchinson, George, 261.
Griffiths, James, 191.
Hancock, Beulah P., 307.
Griscom, Andrew, 367.
Hancock, Joseph, 75, 78, 304. Inskeep, Samuel. 336.
Griscom, Benjamin, 128, 265.
Hancock, Rachel, 135.
Griscom, John, 63, 246.
Hancock, Wm. C, 304. Jeanes, Samuel, 180.
Grubb, Robert, 63, 275.
Hankins, Charles, 307. Jennings, Governor, 2.
Guantt, Uz, 104.
Harned, Phebe, 49. Jessup, John, 139, 188.
Guerrier, M., 172.
Harris, Jane, 308. Jessup, Mary, 190.
Gummere, John, 68.
Hartshorne, Isabel, 281. Jessup, WiUiam, 190.
Gummere, Mary, 63. •
Hartshorne, Richard, 253. Jones, Elizabeth, 137.
Gummere, Martha, 63.
Hartshorne, Sarah, 44. Jones, Job, 249.
Gummere, Samuel, 64, 108, 308.
Hartshorne, WilHam, 40. Jones, John, 191.
Harvey, John, 59. Jones, Joseph, 175.
Haines, Abram, 188.
Hause, (Hanse?), Isaac, 263. Jones, Rowland, 96.
Haines, Amy, 191.
Haydock, James, 40. Joyce, Margaret, 197, 35
Haines, Anna, 307.
Haydock, John, 264.
Haines, A. S., 199.
Hedges, Samuel, 275. Kay, Wm. E., 307.
Haines, Barclay, 199.
Heminway, James, 191. Keen, Abraham, 142.
Haines, Benjamin, 182, 188, 190, 192,
Heritage, Benjamin, 150, 308. Keen, Christian, 142.
208, 306.
Heritage, Charles, 150. Keen, Samuel, 142.
Haines, David, 205.
Hewes, Aaron, 166. Kester, R. Anna, 161.
Haines, Empson, 368,
Hewlings, Lydia, 188. Kimble. Daniel, 357.
Haines, Franklin, B., 304, 327, 355,
Hewlings, William, 188. Kimble, John, 196.
357-
Hilliard, Isaac, 277. Kimble, Joseph, 356
% Haines, George, 352.
HiUiard, vSamuel, 277. King. Nathan, 253.
Haines, Henry, 190, 192.
HilHard, Thomas I., 367. Kite, Lydia, 176.
Haines, Isaac, 211.
Hilyard (Hilliard?), Jonathan, 245. Kite, Rebecca, 199.
Haines, James, 307.
Hinchman, Ehza, 63. Knight, Jacob, 71.
404
Laing, John, 38, 264.
Laing, Joseph, 281.
Lamb, Benjamin, R., 354.
Landis, Louisa, 63.
Lawrence, Alice, 44.
Lawrence, Richard, 96, 249.
Lawrie, Joseph, 346.
Lawrie, Thomas, 248.
Leeds, Xoah, 129.
Lewis, Emily, 308.
Lewis, Solomon, W., 307.
Lippincott, Benjamin, 191.
Lippmcott, Caleb, 129.
Lippincott, Chalkley, 155.
Lippincott, Charles, 226.
Lippincott, Grace, 133.
Lippincott, Henry, 199.
Lippincott, Joshua, 183, 208.
Lippincott, Joseph, 197, 353.
Lippincott, Mary, 190.
Lippincott, Preston, 95.
Lippincott, Samuel, 147, 188, 208, 282.
Lippincott, Solomon, 149, 279.
Lippincott, Thomas, 188, 208.
Lippincott, WilLam, 191, 192, 306.
Lishman, Hannah, 199.
Lishman, Jacob, 191.
Livzey, (Livezy?), Moses, 197.
Logan, James, 4,
^JcVaugh, Mayberry, 63, 65.
Man, Charles, 142.
Maps, David, 1 14.
Marsh, Mordecai, 46.
Marshall, James, 263.
Martmdale, Isaac, 179.
Mason, James, 196.
Mason, John, 132.
Mason, Joshua, 188, 194.
Mason, Samuel, 281.
Mathis, EH, 114.
Matlack, Beulah, 199.
Matlack, Joseph, 188, 226.
Matlack, Reuben, 187, 216.
Matlack, WiUiam, 185, 187, 216,
Matlock, Seth, 147.
Matson, Amy, 156.
INDEX OF NAMES
Matson, Benjamin, 142.
Matson, Elias, 142.
Mattack, Chalkley, 73.
Mathison, H. A., 154.
Mekeel (?), Caleb, 253.
Mendenhall, Jonathan, 308.
Merritt, Abram, 96.
Mickle, George, 149, 150, 307.
Mickle, Samuel, 140, 144, 149, 335.
Mickle, William, 307.
Middleton, Joel, 83.
Middleton, Nathan, 83.
Middleton, Samuel, 356.
Mifflin, Joseph, 63.
Miller, Joseph, 133.
Miller, Margaret, 134.
Moar, (More?), Bethuel,
Moar, Cyrus, 194.
Mooner, John, 253.
Moor, Charles, 199.
Moore, Allen, 198.
Moore, Benjamin, 152, 347.
Moore, Bethuel, 188.
Moore, Burwood, 307.
Moore, Charles, 198.
Moore, Cyrus, 188.
Moore, Edward, 45.
IVIoore, Mary, 307.
Moore, Rachel, 157.
Moore, Samuel, 199.
Moore, Stacy, 197.
Moore, Zillah, 308.
Morris, Governor, 4.
Morris, Joseph, 249.
Morris, Stephen, 195.
Mount, Richard, 353.
Murphy, Prudence, 137.
Murray, Lindley, 22, 29.
Needles, John, Jr., 190, 191.
Needles, Lydia, 191.
Newbold, Caleb, 98, 103.
Newbold, Clayton, 98, 109, no.
Newbold, Clayton Jr., 109.
Newbold, Joshua, 84, 286.
Newbold, Sarah, 59.
INDEX OF NAMES 405
Newbold, William. 102, 103, 104, 105, Porter, Mary, 142.
109, 249, 299, 303. Potts, Anna, 308.
Nicholson, Rebecca, 128. Powel, (Powell?), Joseph, 249.
"
Nicholson, Samuel, 169, 352. Powell, JuHanna, 199.
Noble, Joseph, 58. Powell, Sarah, 135.
Noble, Alartha, 59. Powell, Thomas, 58, 59.
Nutt, Mary, 285. Prickett, Ann, 199.
(Prickitt?), Job, 201.
Ogden, Elmira, L, 308.
Ogden, Samuel, 147, 152, 307, 347. Quicksal, Aron, 198.
Olden, Emley, 92.
Olden, Joseph, 92. Raper, Caleb, 244.
O'Neal, George, 103, 352. Redman, John, 121.
Owen, Joshua, 200. Redman, Samuel, 175.
Redman, Thomas, 168, 172, 279.
Page, Lucy, 196, 199. Redmond, John, 90.
194, 195. Pancoast, David, 155, 156. Reeve, Elizabeth, 134.
Pancoast, Joseph, 98, 99, 104. Reeve, John, 262.
Pancoast, Thomas, 59. Reeve, Joseph, 120.
Parker, George, 40. Reeve, Josiah, 207.
Parker, Sarah, 44. Reeve, Mark, 265, 282.
Parrish,Edward, 18. Reeve, Mary, 250, 307.
Parry, Hannah, 63. Reily, James, 212.
Paul, Isabella, 307. Ridgway, David, 59.
Paul, Jeremiah, 137. Ridgway, John, 95.
Paul, Keziah, 142. Ridgway, Joseph, 249.
Paul, Mary, A., 307. Ridgway, Solomon, 59.
Paul, Samuel, 139, 149, 166, 279. Ridgway, William, 59, 73, 245.
Paul, William, 229. Roberts, Bathsheba, 189.
Paxson, Samuel, 85. Roberts, Benjamin, 197, 198, 199.
Peacock, Joshua, 202, 203. Roberts, Charles, 106, 107, 303, 304,
Peaslee, Amos, 150. 388.
Pedrick, (Peddrick?), 152, 162, 347. Roberts, Ehzabeth, 229.
Peddrick, Hannah, 162. Roberts, E. E., 199.
Pedrick, (Peddrick?), Isaac. 120. 122, Roberts, George, 49, 50, 211, 212.
162. Roberts, Jacob, 190, 192, 199 209.
Peeche, William, 244. Roberts, Job, 198.
Penn, William, i, 8, 37, 90. Roberts, John, 182, 208, 211, 216.
Pettit, David, 367. Roberts, Joseph, 216, 218.
Pharo, Timothy, 114. Roberts, Joshua, 187.
Phipps, Joseph, 14. Roberts, Josiah, 182, 217.
Pickering, Watson, 304, 357. Roberts, Nathan, 197, 198.
Pierce, Joseph, 63. Roberts, Rebecca, 63.
Pike, Joseph, 15. Roberts, Samuel, 195.
Pike, Stephen, 63. Roberts, (?), Samuel, 216.
Pine, Elizabeth, 307. Roberts, Samuel, Jr., 216.
Pine, William, 149. Roberts, William, 187, 188.
4o6
Robins, Ann, 156,
Robins, Hannah, 156.
Robmson, William, 38.
Rockhill, Samuel, 98.
Rodman, Thomas,
58.
Rogers, Joseph, 208.
Rogers, William, 183, 193, 194, 202.
Ross, Margaret, 131.
Russell, Henry,
35.
Sailer,Augustus, 308.
Satterthwait, Jacob, 83.
Satterthwaite, William, Jr., 344.
Scarborough, John, 272.
Scattergood, Thomas, 15.
Thomas, 262.
Schoolfield,
Schooly, William, 38.
Scott, Barzillai, 95.
Shackle, Thomas, 163.
Sharp, Anthony, 249, 262.
Sharp, Benjamin, 142.
Sharp, Hannah, 142.
vSharp, Joshua, 211, 212.
Sharp, Rebecca, 137.
Sharp, Thomas, 163.
Shea, Daniel, 142.
Sheppard, Benjamin, 132.
Sheppard, Mary, 132, 134.
Sheppard, John, 132.
Sheppard, Richard, 174.
Shinn, Aquila, 95.
Shinn, Asa, 94, 275, 277.
Shinn, Benjamin, 307.
Shinn, Earl, 95.
Shinn, Peter, 249.
Shinn, Samuel, 96.
Shinn, Joseph, 84.
Shottweil, Daniel, 264.
Shotwell, Eleanor, 48.
Shotwell, Elijah, 253.
Shotwell, I. R., 48.
Shotwell, John, 40, 45, 264.
Shotwell, Joseph, 38.
Shotwell, Martha, 49.
Shotwell, William, 40.
Shreve, Caleb, 57.
Shreve, James, 103.
INDEX OF NAMES INDEX OF NAMES 407
Shourds, Thomas, 129, 291.
Stokes, Mary, 63, 68. Ward, Geor^'c, 128, 129.
Shute, Samuel, 188, 217, 351. Stokes, William, 213, 214,
Sloan, Joseph, 169, 351.
Ward, Isaac, 162.
Swain, Gilbert, 78.
Smart, Hannah, Warden, Hannah, 44.
123. Sykes, Ann, 191.
Smith,
Ware, Elijah, 121.
Aaron, 95, 249. Sykes, Anthony, 58.
Warner. Charles, 78.
Smith, Andrew, 247. Sykes, John, 272.
Smith,
Warner, J. J., 312.
Benjamin, 63, 264. Sykes, vSamuel, 299.
Smith, Charles, 129.
Warren, John, 248.
Sykes, Thomas, 104, 303.
Smith, Daniel, 59, 63, 96.
Warren, Thomas, 323.
Sykes, William, 308.
Warrick, Deborah, 193.
Smith, Daniel D., 249. Sylvester, Anna, 160, 161. Warrington, Abraham, 217, 22 ff.
Smith, David, 263.
Warrington, Ehzabeth, 307.
Smith, Deborah, 297. Tatem, John, 139.
Smith, Hannah, 115, 156. Warrington, Henry, 188, 226.
Taylor, Edward, 89, 227, 323,
Smith, Henry, 212.
354- Warrington, John, 187.
Taylor, Edward, Jr., 88, 354.
Smith, John, 286. Warrington, Martha, 196, 199.
Taylor, George, 63, 65.
Watson, Betsy, 354.
Smith, Jonathan, 115. Taylor, James, 63, 65.
Smith, Joseph, 63, 97.
Watson, William, 247.
Taylor, Mary Ann, 353. Weaver, Ehjah, 188.
Smith, Margaret, 297. Taylor, Sarah, 308.
Webster, John, 253, 264.
Smith, Martha, 297. Thomas, Solomon, 286.
Webster, Hugh, 45.
Smith, Mary, 176. Thompson, Alexander, 73
Webster, Lawrence, 183, 201, 211.
Smith, Richard, 121. Thompson, Ann, 128.
Welding, John, 262.
Smith, Robert, 63. Thompson, Casper, 126.
West, George, 94, 95, 249.
Smith, Robert, Jr., 286. Thompson, Joseph, 132.
West, John, 94.
Smith, Thomas, 98. Thompson, Joshua, 134, 281, 302. Wetherill, Joseph, 63, 262, 275.
Smith, William, 40, 45, 57. Thompson, Rebecca, 73, 265.
Wheaton, Margaret,
Smith, W. Lovet, 277. - Thorn, Abraham, 264.
Whitall, Joseph, 307.
142.
Snowden, Isaac, 188. Thorn, Edward, 83.
Whittall, Job, 139.
Solter, Rachel, 44. Thorn, George, 248.
White, Joseph, 95.
Speakman, Townsend, 107, 308. Thorn, Josiah, 211.
White, Rebekah, 95.
Stackhouse, Joseph, 40. Thorne, Mary, 307.
White, Robert, 346.
Stacy, Robert, 2. Thorne, Thomas, 187.
White, Wilham, 166.
Stanton, Daniel, 272. Thorne, Wm., 307.
Whitehall, James, Jr., 279.
Stephenson, Camel, (Cornwall?), 199. Thornton, John, 191.
Wilcox, Joseph, 200, 201.
Stevenson, Cornel (Cornwall?), 313. Tilton, Thomas, 40. Wilkins, Charles, 211.
Stevenson, Cornwell, (Cornwall?), 59. Tomlinson, Ann, 168, 350.
Wilkins, Henry, 199.
Stevenson, Joshua, 191. Tonkin, Samuel 139, 149.
Wilkins, R., 95.
Stevenson, Nathan, 75. Troth, Asahel, 179.
Wilkins, Samuel, 199.
Stevenson, Stacy, 75, 78. Troth, Sarah, 191.
Wilkins, Sarah, 188, 196, 351.
Stockton, Job, 98. Tucker, Benjamin, 63.
Wilkins, William, 188, 194, 195, 196,
Stockton, Samuel, 98. Tuke, Henry, 12, 17.
351-
Stokes, Barclay, 214.
WiUiams, Elizabeth, 44.
Stokes, Charles Jr., 73. Vail, David, 40.
Williams, Jesse, 191.
Stokes, Isaac, 209. Vannecomb, Wilham, 95. Williams, Phebe, 192.
Stokes, John, 212.
Willis, John, 263.
Stokes, Joseph, 226. Wade, Benjamin, 263. Willis, Mary,
Stokes, Joshua, 205. 265.
Wain, Richard, 98.
Willis, Nathaniel, 264.
Stokes, Josiah, 147, 149. Walton, Silas, 228.
WilHs, William, 45, 263.
4o8 INDEX OF NAMES
Willits, Jeremiah, 114.
Willits, John, 178.
Willits, Joseph, 248.
Wills, Aaron, 59.
Wills, Daniel, 312.
Wills, Samuel, Jr., 286.
Wilson, Joel, 49.
Wisstar, Rebecca, 131.
Wistar, Clayton, 123.
Wistaf, John, 120, 122, 287.
Wistar, Josiah, 126.
Wistar, Richard, 126.
Wood, Henry, 48.
Wood, Jacob, 142.
Wood, John, 137.
Wood, William, 191.
Woodnutt, Jonathan, 128.
Woolman, Abraham, 154.
Woolman, James, 154, 156.
Woolman, John, 10, 11, 37,
272, 304.
Woolman, Jonah, 59.
Woolman, Samuel, 59, 275, 286.
Woolstone, John, 244.
Wooly, Samuel, 253.
Worrall, Peter, 59.
Worrington, (Warrington?), Henry,
199.
Wright, Caleb, 89.
Wright, Ebenezer, 98.
Wright, John, 80, 98, 305.
Wright, Samuel, 86.
Wright, Thomas, 92, 93, 248.
Write, Jonathan, 40.
Wyatt, Bartholomew, 263, 282.
Yarnall, Albert, 157.
Zelley, Clayton, 75, 78, 304.
Zelley, Daniel, 75, 78, 304. 354-
236, 266f.,
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