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EXPERIMENT NAME : Verification of THEVENIN theorem.

OBJECTIVE : The objective of this exercise is to examine the use of Thévenin’s Theorem
to create simpler versions of DC circuits as an aide to analysis. Multiple methods of
experimentally obtaining the Thévenin resistance will be explored.

THEORY : Thévenin’s Theorem for DC circuits states that any two port linear network may
be replaced by a single voltage source with an appropriate internal resistance. The Thévenin
equivalent will produce the same load current and voltage as the original circuit to any load.
Consequently, if many different loads or sub- circuits are under consideration, using a Thévenin
equivalent may prove to be a quicker analysis route than “reinventing the wheel” each time.

The Thévenin voltage is found by determining the open circuit output voltage. The
Thévenin resistance is found by replacing any DC sources with their internal resistances and
determining the resulting combined resistance as seen from the two ports using standard series-
parallel analysis techniques. In the laboratory, the Thévenin resistance may be found using an
ohmmeter (again, replacing the sources with their internal resistances) or by using the matched
load technique. The matched load technique involves replacing the load with a variable
resistance and then adjusting it until the load voltage is precisely one half of the unloaded
voltage. This would imply that the other half of the voltage must be dropped across the
equivalent Thévenin resistance, and as the Thévenin circuit is a simple series loop then the two
resistances must be equal as they have identical currents and voltages.

COMPONENT :

1. Digital Multimeter.
2. Electrical and Electronic System Trainer Kit or power supply.
3. Breadboard.
4. Resistors (R1=4.7KΩ, R2=5.6K Ω, R3=0.2kΩ )
5. Wires.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE:1. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure (3) With DC voltage = 0V and
R1=4.7KΩ, R2=10K Ω, R3=(load) and R4=0.2kΩ then using the digital multimeter and
measured resistamce at a-b terminal=3.20 KΩ

2. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure (2) With DC voltage =10V and R1=4.7KΩ, R2=10K
Ω, R3=(load) and R4=0.2kΩ then using the digital multimeter and measured voltage at a-b
terminal=-6.80V

CLCULATION:

Determine thevenin resistance at a-b terminal..

For this we must set voltage source equal to zero.now R1 and R2 are in parallel connected.
Hence Rth=(R1 ||R2)

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Rth=(4.7||10) KΩ

Rth=3.20 KΩ

Again,for thevenin voltage at a-b terminal

Using nodal analysis at point a
(Vth+10)/4.7 +Vth /10 =0
or, 10Vth+100+4.7Vth=0
or,14.7Vth=-100
or,Vth=-6.80
hence Vth= -6.80V

Now,
Resistance Error(%)=(Rpv-Rtv)*100/Rpv
=(3.2-3.2)*100/3.2
=0
and Voltage Error(%)=(Vpv-Vtv)*100/Vpv
=(-6.80+6.80)*100/-6.80
=0

DISCUSSION: This experiment is to verify the Thevenin’s theorem in a circuit that a linear
two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit that consist a voltage source
VTHinseries with a resistor Rth.Some formulas and methods have to use to find Rth of the
circuit.Firstly a formula which can parallel resistances combine together in the circuit. The
resistances of circuit have to calculate by using this formula because R4 is shorted. According to
Step 1 we get combine resistance Rth that is 3.2kilo ohm.Step 2 is to get using method of nodal
analysis rule to calculate the voltage. Vth of this circuit is the -6.80V. Lastly, the linear two-
terminal circuit with Rth and Vth can be used to find Vl and RL across the load of the circuit.

Conclusion :Thevenin’s Theorem states that it is possible to simplify any linear circuit, no
matterhow complex, to an equivalent circuit with just a single voltage source and series
resistanceconnected to a load. Throughout this experiment, the resistances are simplified into
only onethat is Rth. The value of Rth obtained from calculation is the same as the value obtained
fromthe measurement, so the Thevenin’s Theorem is verified.