Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11 : ClA-RDP80TO0246A015500030001-6 ‘50X1-HUM Next 2 Page(s) In Document Denied rod Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/11 : CIA-RDP80T00246A015500030001-6+ Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11 : CIA-RDP80TO0246A015500030001- 262 fone another onty by the amplitude of vibration, TE can oe concluded from tie above investigation that te phase of Uie modulation of light {rom an interfero= zmictrle modulator retains a practically eonatant value ‘long the cross section of a beam of light obtained by ree ection from one vibration zone of the piezo-electric murror, This property of the interferometric modulator g STAT ADRIANOVA, POPOV, and LAPINA REFERENCES 1. A. A, Lebodey, V. V, Balakov and V. G, Vatladl, Doklady Akad, Nauk SSSR 108, 488 (1958), 2, Ya, V, Popov, Kand, diss, Leningrad (Candidate's Dissortation, Leningrad State Univ.) 1955, 3. Yu. V, Popoy, Ievest, Vysshikh Ueheb, Zavedentt Geodes. | Aezofotos"emka (Reports of Higher Edu cational Institutions, Geodesy and Aerial Photography) No. 2, 57 (1952). Ya. V. Popov and 1.1. Adrianova, levest. Vysshtkh + Usheb. Zavedenit, Geodez. 1 Aerofotos"emka No. 1, 49 (1950). ust be considered as an important advantage over the Kerr cell and diffraction modulators. X-RAY MONOCHROMATOR FOR ULTRASOFT RADIATION WITH THE RECORDING OF i THE ABSOLUTE NUMBER OF QUANTA A.B, Lokirstit, M. A, Rumsh, and L. A. Smirnov Received 26 January 1980 ‘The construction of a diffraction-grating, vacuums, x-ray monochromator for the spectr’ xeplon rom Sn 120 Ais described, ethos of acjting the monochromator and metas of obtaining electronic regulation of the monochromatic radiation are presented, A method for the absolute counting of the number of quanta withthe aid of a Geiger counter ts developea, ‘THE MONOCHROMATOR ‘The monochromator to be deseribed is designed for the study of the efficiency of various radiation detector A focusing autraction grating* is used as the dispersive "The GraUing, made Ta COT (Sate Optical TASTES) soled on glass. has 600 lines/mm and a radius of curva sre of 1 meter. The grazing angle of incidence of rays o& the grating 1s equal to 2.5". clement fn the apparatus. The souree aleadistian -demguntable x-ray tube which makes it possi {0 0 Tain a series of characteristic lines without breaking the vacuum. A raving of the monochromator ig show: circle between the x-ray tube and the dtfraction grating, ‘and the diaphragm D is set near the grating. ‘The mona. ‘chromatic rdiatlon 1s selected by the detector silt behind witch the radiation detector 1s located. The Ge ker counter is placed between the Gatector slit and the etector to be studied and with the aid of special scces+ sories can be removed from the beaim withoct breaking ‘he vacuum, thus allowing the radiation to fait oa the other detector. The detector alit and the detectors are mounted on the platform P, which ean be transl ‘without breaking the vacuum, In two mutually perpendiew- lar directions, thus maxing { possible to place the de- tector slit at different points of the Rowland eivele, ‘The platform with the radiation detectors ean be rotated bout an axis coincident with the detector silt, also with= aphragm; ‘allt; CmGelger separator slit; cathode, ‘Tox-ray babe; A-anode} Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11 : CIA-RDP80T00246A015500030001-6Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11 : CIA-RDP80T00246A015500030001-6 Stee aces es pa former; V20-200 —kenotren; V- ‘supply for countor; RM—cowing- moter; B-2~scaling circuit of a B-2 radiom- ter, ‘The section within the dotted outline {s located in the vacuum chamber of the Bonochromtor, xt breaking the vacuum, Such motion Is necessary to rection ofthe beam ie particulary imadmssable, The : point the dotectore toward the Qilraction grating. The egteange si, elfenction gratis, and dgigcian at ra, j Eorochromator iw enclosed in a vacwuin chamber. Be- __SS0unlGT Gp Cone Witch were Teerted (conical sockets, tween the xray tube andthe vacuum ekamber ofthe mone ‘The-cowiliions of manuacture were such tht ie aves of hromator is placed the separator at 8, of area Sigm, the conical sockate wore steiely parallel to one another, | ‘Brough vbich radiation from the abe passes ato tie” All unvee cones were made tobe interchangeable, and, in i ‘onoelromator” ‘The volumes ofthe x-ray tbe andthe ation, fourth socket was placed onthe tale ofan 1 ‘onochromator are pumped out by separate dftusion _sutocolimator. ‘The slits and the grating were mounted i pumps, which are eouipped with stainless steel oit bales in turnin thie socket, By clamping a amall plane-parallel ! Frvtcls, Dallutaconygen tape, This purging system perms. glass plate to the jawa of a alt (or by holding it between H Yaewutnegt S840" and 2 iclathe Seray ube the jaws) paralleliam ofthe at anda ans of rostion ay _, ind monsSheniir thanligh rogueeiGb SUSE HERT wav esatloned. Provioe suing of he iotances baleen 8 oly estar the sopay Wb fs Haeeesaey te ta bits snd grating (th distances Between axes ofthe cones i sie Gilon region tat are wore precisely measures) was insured by coincidence of ' é 9) gable aia he vacuum hnnter ofthe monosiroma- to lt ith he tee of the conical twang tin colnel+ | is connectog with apparatis fr filing te Geiger once was got with th aid of microscope, Each elit | counter, Construction details of the monochromator are was placed In auch a way that ite postion did at change | ‘ows ia Figs 3B. 4s a result of rotation in ts conicnl aces Inthe adjustennt of the site the sutocdliinator was sot up such that ite ople atte was porpendievar tothe X-RAY TUBE SUPPLY CIRCUIT AND RECORDING _ axis of rotation ofthe conical Bearing. After thi tho ad= : cucuit Sst sioge with th grating was placed la hoo i Socket on te autocolimator. ‘The diliraction grating was | + ciroutts tor elgetronie tabiliation ofthe anode Tiade oo tat fs ulinge wera parallel tothe Goundary | current of the xoray tube and of the high voltage burfaces ofthe glass Slot. by fastening plane-parallel 1 ‘used in order t atsbllize the radiatlon intensity with plates to these end suriaces and tothe rule surface of i Ue, A block dagram of the x-ray tbe suppy is prox fhe grating, strict parallelism was established between ! sented in Pig. 2. Rogution of We anode errant was the Suing and the as of rotation ofthe cone by means carried out by means of = regulator analogous tothe one of the atocollimator. ‘The remaining steps of the adjust= {nthe URS-S01 Inteumes encept that in our repulstor” ment (eoneidenee of the Tuledaurfage tthe ats of Bo range of emtesion curroste was considerably wider rotation of the Cone, aang ofthe necessary angle of i (Gomtt-sa a 120-pa). Regulation ofthe high voltage __ineidence of rays on the geting, adjustment of the Separa~ Was cccomplished using a agnetic-amplifior stabilizer tor lity ad adjustment ofthe x-ray tabs) were excried i Wich was controlled by the reciled voltage from a sep- out Inthe monochromator with the das of a ight beam 1 Seste rectifier, Ths rectifer was fed ty te same Tnvordor to ilustrate the operation ofthe mono= : ahernating potential ae was to transformer of tho Ngh- _ehromator, Fig. 8 presents the characteristic Keseries woltage apparatus. ‘Ths high-voltage regulator had lines of lorie, elu, carton, boron, and beryl, Suabiliation coeficent cabout 39. The remaining arts which hive wavelengths of Th, 23.8, 43, 61, and LEA { |, of the supply etreit are seen inthe block diagram Fespectively. Thess lines were obtained ing LiF, EO, | “The recording and supply eireut for the Geiger ‘agendag, boon, and beryllun applied to the surTace Oh 4 Gog Sesto san postr in ig. 2 ncrder owas as formal fine swear sueented in sleos de speed “plateau 3 forced-quenching circu of tn al (with vie exception of gO, whieh was suaingd by he GH Sor type! wan hand. inpulaes fem the quenching eit .“gaubuson STMeh The ew! oer eaves sabe i uit proceeded to the councingerate meter, nthe fre SY Ho Tasation with time Deeavee ofthe poor heat con H tage of which they changed sign, and then to the scaling tact between the powder and the anode and the low Baa! siren ofa Bs3 radiometer. ondtivity, Which loads to heating of the powder by th i ‘lectron Bean. Hot surfaces are coated toa considerably ‘smaller dogree with carbon whieh results {rom the de~ ADJUSTMENT OF MONOCHROMATOR composition of residial organic vagars (Gifusion pam. ‘sil-ste.) ig the slectrog beam, In adjusting the apparatus withthe curved grating ‘The characteristic lines are obtained by measuring ‘operating at grazing ineidonce it is nocessary fo estab- the intensity daring translation of tho counter along the Ush strict paralleliss between the entrance and detector y-coordinate for fixed values of the X-coordinate corre ‘ Hl ‘slits and the rulings of the grating. Deviation of the slits ponding to calculated valies for the wavelength at the i from the required position in planes perpendicular to the “canter of gravity” of the lines (eee Fig. 1,a). AB can Declassified in Part . Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11 : CIA-RDP80T00246A015500030001-6ot Fr 284 Luxinsxtt, “1 fae wiley ore bbe seen {rom Fig. 3, the characteristic lines have back= round, The considerate excess in intensity of Use lines ‘ver the magnitude ofthe background attests to the favor~ ble operation of the grating and corredt DETERMINATION OF THE ABSOLUTE NUMBER OF QUANTA INTHE MONOCHROMATIC BEAM sott asraziniion ig owRTE UE Terature,>* With spe~ lal recording circuits itis possible to exelude the rain {etleiencies in the operation of counters which there are in te eiiod works and to use counters for absolute meas= ‘urements of intensity. ‘Two drawbacks whieh have been inet in previously used counters are poor counting char= Seteristice (“platens”), which, moreover, shit with UUme along the ToTtze Seale (plateau drift"), and ab Sorption inthe "dead region” of the counter which ean- fot be taxon into aecount- ine the absolute number of quanta swith 2 counter it Ls necessary to satisty te following Conditions: (1) the coustor must have a good “pl: (Gen, a relatively small number of spurious (2) there must ba no “dead region?” (8) It is necessary to know the amount of absorption inthe counter window, the absorption cociticient of the counter gas, and also the “dead tige’” of the counter Ls needed in order to in= troduce corrections for "mlssad counts "The construction of Se counter used by us ts shown. in Fig. 4, As can be Seon {rom the diagram, the wintow S'was giced over the sit In the {rame 7. This frame was connected to the casing of the counter 1 through the robber gasket &. The possibility of removing te frame Shith the window made it eaay to glue on the wintow and to determine its transmissivity, 1a order to do this the ffame and window were mounted in the vertical slider of the monochromator in place of the Geiger couster and ‘could then be moved into and out of the beam. Another Fadlation detector (e.g. photomultiplier of the AUlen type") was attached tn-the platiorm, and with it measure mente wore made of the tzaasmussivity for the charac itrinte [nes Op, Cy, tat Be, Revita ofthe eae ‘Urements are given inthe Table. ‘Transm Lvity of Window Spal [Tomei setae A double sheet of Fetutetd utth a tots] thickness of abot Glu Was seed as g-vindow, Tale hin shect is very peprterpetorinete ‘and ever when glued on & sit of width 0.9 mm tt fem withstand a pressure difference of fi, Tneret Tg the count Simultaneously. Tho gas mixture was peers ‘arate tank, from which It was fed into the co RUMSH, and SMIRNOV Fig. 3. Characteristic K-series lines of fluorine, oxygen, carbon, boron, and beryl= Mum, N—intensity in relative walts; y— translation of detector in y-direction (2 division equals 0.1 mm). jpnaratus. Ia the operation : the aa fess oL oh he composition af He gap. Foread elzcuation of ie = SR PER SRS opicp ine establishment of “putes” Experiment sowed tat freed clreustion of tue eas Sablies ihe operation of te counter, peactcaly iminting “plateau art with me, The copper easing Sfibe ented {has two hose connections 0 for fing a faceet elzeulation, The diameter ofthe eylndeial tore ot the casing eqs 18m. Fig. 4, Construction of Geiger counter, Incasing (copper); 2=glass insulators Smepring; 4—pleeiay Stungsten wire (2i- ameter 0.05 mim); 6hose connections for lling: Tmframe; 8—rubber gasket; 9 cellulold window. ‘As the counter gas we used either a mixture of arnon ad inethane (003 A-and 20% GH) or a mixture of gam. ol 05 A and WW CHO). The ise offoresd quenching provides a extTaton. “pttecu"to2a0 voile wily aslgoa af Sbauh 22 por 100 wits. Consequently, “spurious impulses” could be dis= Fegarded. ‘A study of counter efftcloncy was carried out by reaouFing tn Inensly for alfevent ges pressures, Figure 5 gives curves of counting rate as a fanctton of {as pressure (G0% A and 20% CH,) for K-radlation of Be, B, C, and O, From the graph It Is evident that for pressures grestar Shan 80 mm lip ll curves approach Hiaturanie? tale alentets he bet Gat entee ese onditions total absorption af radiation occurs within the {288 of the counter. The absence of a falling off for high Pressures indicates that there {8 no “dead rezion’” In the polation of the curves into the region of the Inu 1 e-%7, whore p is the pressure and k ton coeticlent) shows that the eurves pass Uhro ‘This indleates that photocleetrots from the isin agrees Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11 : CIA-RDP80T00246A015500030001-6Beciassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11 : CIA-RDP80T002464015500030001-6 X-RAY MONOCHROMATOR FOR ULTRASOFT RADIATION 285 the counter Is chosen such that practically total absor tion of te radlation occurs within the gas. W und enn = Fig. 5. Dependenee of relative counting rate M of Geiger counter on gas pressure p for constant intensity of radiation. Absorption in the window was determined experi meniaily. ‘Corsection for “missed counts” was introduced "The “dead time” tally by the mothod of two Sources (as sources wo used two radioactive prepara~ ‘one of CoM) and for ou: couater amounted to about 2.5 10-* sec. It Is evident that the maximum counting rate for such a counter {s about 500 impulses/ece. For counting a larger number of quanta an attenvator con ff a series of raster seroens with about $0-y sesh laid one on top of another was placed before the counter. Such an attenuator produces the same attenuae tion for all wavelengths. ependeace of the counting rato oa Uie point of incidence of the beam in differen parts of tie attenuator showed uation was the samie indifferent spots, Calls shod in the same possible to 9f monochromatic rad ‘second, The possible terror in determining th se number of quanta 1s {etltuated fo be no moze wan 105%. “hn conclusion we wish to express our thanks to A. A. Lebedev for ciscussions and his interest inthis Work. REFERENCES 1, 1. B, Dorovakil, “Fizicheskie Osnowy Rentgeno= Speiteal'nylch Issledovanit” (Physical Principles of ‘X-ray Spectral Analysis). Iad, Moskovsk. Univ, Moscow, 1956. 2.5, “Schetchiki Elektronoy | Yadernyh Chastite”” (Electron and Nuclear Counters). ted, Inostrannot Lit, Moscow, 1947. a 5, ER Piore, GG. Harvey, E. M, Gyorgy, Kingston, Rev. Sei. Insts. 25, 8 (1952). 6. M.A, Bloidin, “Metody Renigenospektral’ayia Tsoledovanl. (aethods of X-ray Spoctral Analysis) ‘Moscow, 1959, MEASUREMENT OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC YIELD FOR ULTRASOFT X-RADIATION cake ‘A, Romsh, and A. Smimov “Received 25 Janvary 1960 ‘A method for measuring the photoelectric yield trasoft x-radiation is deseribed. The method is based on a system devised for absolute counting of very small numbers of photo~ Cleetrone using an electron multiplier and (or absolute counting of quaata using a Geiger Counter, Resuite of measurement of the photoelectric yield for series of metals and non ‘metals are presented. INTRODUCTION Stuy ofthe phtoesine eld niet ation of short wavelengivuieaviniet ight and ultrasoft xeradtan Sggeig aciateren from tho point of ew of both Try SSE ateatone Some wonior rave GaTeIa te pousl- Bing Sr wane photomltipliers of the Allen type for the sbsolute measurement of intensity In these spectral re= gions, “Pre external photoeffect for short wavelength ultra~ tet light has been investigated many times.*"* Inthe Contiguous, ultrasoft x-ray region this problem has untit row’ buen discussed in only a few works."™ fa these ‘works only the relative stotoelectrleeitcieney of = Eeries of metals for polyehromatic radiation was deter- . The lack of detaited quantitative studies of the slectric yield is explained by the experimental dif- ficulties connected with (1) tho necessity of ether obtain~ Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11 : CIA-RDP80T00246A4015500030001-6 ing powerful monochromatic beams or else measuring very weak photocurrents, and (2) the determination of the absolute intensity of beams causing the photoemission. ‘These ditiesities are relatively easy to overcome whea working in the short wavelengih ultraviolet part of the Spectrum since discharge in a eapillary (Lyman source™) DPoufficteatly sable and provides tie nocdvary MIGTALy of the moncehromatized beam to allow measurement of the photocurrent by the usual elestrometric methods. Ta this case messuroment of the absolute intensity 1s made ‘using sensitive detectors which have been calibrated rola five to an intense source of thermal radiation. In this work a photomultiplier of the Alle typet op- crating ina systems for counting separate photoelectrons ‘was used for the measurement of the photocurrents, ‘The possibility of counting separate clectrons enabled us to {soa special x-ray tube of relatively low power as a Fadiation sourco, Wo used the elaracteristic K-series~ Se 286 radiations ofthe elements ea Secylium, wnich have wave 113, respectively. 4X monochromator wth a curved difeation grating was used for monoehromatisntion ofthe radiation, Measurements of the intensity of the monechsomite ration were mace withs spcialy constructed Geiger unter, for whieh the operating conditions Unt mse Sosoiis to determine the abeokite number of quanta Passing through the detector ait wore found experinene Ey. Se construction of the monociromntore mate Ce ‘STiie construction and Operation OU THE HORGRTORSGE— and algo the technique of measuring the absolute nusiber ‘St quanta are described in the preceding article, following operations possible without breaking the vacuum: {isolation of different monochromatic ines by the detector slit; placing of either the Geiger counter or the photo ‘multiplier Behind the detector slit; and amall shite of the counter or photomultiplier relative to the selected ‘monochromatic bears. ‘The x-ray tube supplies (Le, high-voltage and fila ment suppiles) were regulated by’ special electronic. stabilizers, which in combination with the high vacuum in the x-ray tube (5 10-7 man Hg) kept the monochro- matie radiation suffieiently constant during the measure rent time. The width of the monochromator sit was, chosen such that the Isolated spectral interval amounted fla, MEASUREMENT OF THE PHOTOCURRENT ‘garbon, boron, and gths 0f 23.8, 4, 64, and ‘An Allen-type multipiler was weed to record the plowelectrons, These multipliers possess a compara Ehialy stable "=upistiestion factor, vory low background, ind also permit alr to be let iato'te apparatus. lectron multipliers with dmodes of a Cu-Bs alloy" were used Bhs work, Eee aE Fiiocatiode was mounted inthe fest dynode in such a way that it practically duplicated the form of the plane middle part of the dynode, The angle of incidence ot the beam on the photocathode was equal to about 60". ‘The power supply and recording circuits are shown : " roitage Gos mpglied to the dynoces Oras ‘which was connected to a source of regulated tage, the magnitude of which could be varied between $100 ana $400 volts The TIFst resistor of the voltage divider was varlable sand was placed ovtside the monochromator 80 that the i voltage between the photocathode and the second dynode could be varied. From the collector of the photomalti= plier an impulse passed to a preamplifier, which was placed in the vacuum chamber of the mongehromator in the immediate vicinity of the multiplier. ‘The preampli- fler consisted of single stage amplifier and eathode follower. The gain of the preamplifier was egsal to 6 { nmuises go shorter than 3 usee; TEADIOG Ie pre Emplifier produced an approximately 4-5 uece lensthen- ing of impulses arriving trom the multiper. This lengeh- ing Was necessary for triggering of the Sealing elreult, From the preamplifier an impulse was fed to a wide~ band, two-stage amplifier with variable gain (from 0.5 to 50}, alter which it proceeded to a B-2-radiometer Scaling elreuit, The “threshold of operation’ of the r cording apparatus for Suusee rectangular impulses fed Into the prearptitier and for maximum gain of the band amplifier was equal to 2 mv. ‘A multiplies with the above deseribed recording clr cuit registers all photoelectrons under the conditions t that (3) all impulses of tie multiplier are greater than the “threshold of operation’ of the cireult, and (2) all Deciassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11 : CIA-RDP80T00246A015500030001-6 LUKIRSKIT, RUMSH, and SMIRNOV oS (es ei bs fove! 7 — Fig. 1. Block dlagram of recording cireuit ‘sing electron multiplier (part in dotted Out line is located within the vacuum chamber of the monochromator). photoelectrons fall on the second dynode of the multiplier. Inorder to find the conditions under which these require ments are fulfilled the following dependences were in vestigated: 1. The dependence of the number N of registered + ‘mpulbes on the gain G of the wide-band amplifier was studied for a sufficiently large voltage between the photo cathode and the second dynode for x-rays ineidsnt an tke middle of the photocathode, ‘This dependence is presented fn Fig. 2. From the graph itis seen that beginning with a certain value Gy of the gain, the number of registered m= pulses ceases to increase (saturation), whlch verifies that Draciicaly all impulses are being counted. ‘Thus, for G>> G, practically all impulses are recorded by the de scribed apparatus. 7 Fig. 2. Dependence of the number of m= see 2 Bs lle on the gn of the wide-band amplifier. 2, The dependence of the number N of registered {impulses on the voltage U applied between the photo~ centhode and the second dynode was atudied for values of G > G, and for rays incident on the middle of the photo cathode. This dependence was investigated with regard to different wavelengths and for all photocathodes, ‘Figure S proseats curves corresponding to a Nt photocathode for the extreme wavelengths Ky of O (A= 23 A) and Ky of Be (\ = 119 A).* From the graphs it can be seen that be= ‘SRECOrUTg wo Bie Wate Of HOGER, UG OT TE BTS electrons arising under the action of carbon K-radiation have energies of 20-30 ev. Such an encray distribution of photoolectrons explains the shape of the eurves of Fig. 3, which exhibit a sharp rise as the magnitude of U ap= proaches a value that insures the collection of photoeloc= rons atthe second dynoce, Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11 : CIA-RDP80T00246A015500030001-6PHOTOELECTRIC YIELD FOR ULTRASOFT X-RADIATION 261 gunning with U =U, = 250 volts alt photoctectzons fat tthe sccona dynode and ead to the appearance of photo~ ‘current impulses, In order to make more precise the a? 8. The dependence of the locizons rosistered by the ml the magnitude of the voltage between the ‘photocathode and the second dysode. afor Bo K-radiation; b=for © K-radiation, conditions under whieh all photoelectrons are collected, At tho second dysode, the dependence of the number of impulses N on the point of incidence of rays an the photo cathode was studied. This dependence is presented in 1-4, From: the graph it caa be soen that there are re- ns on the photoeathode, considerably larger than the ray beams, from which photoelectrons are completoly collected by the second éynode, Thus, ifthe gain of tke wide-band amplifier G > Gy, the voltage be= tween cathode aud second dynode U> Uy, and the beam falls ata spot an the photocathode corresponding to the suddle of the horizontal part of the curve in Fig. 4, then all electrons will be registered, Possible sources of 6 ror may be “miscounts,"" which depend on the finite length of the impelses, and the natural background of the multiplier, 1, nowever, courting rates of les than 1000 impulses/sec'aro used, thon for impulses 10-* see long issed counts amount to a fraction of a percent, The ma tural background of the multiplier. alzhough acgiigibly, sccall, can easily be measured and taken ino secount in the final results, i ot Sh cn Fig. 4. Dependence of the numba of regis~ tered ctectroas Non the point D of inei~ dence of the monoehromatie beam on the photocathode. One division corresponds to 4 translation along the eathode of 0.18 mm; the width of the beam is no more an 1'mm. ‘Thus, in general, the number of registered impulses equals the number of photoelectrons if we neglect the probability of the appearance of two electrons 45.8 20 Sult of the action of @ ingle quaature, MEASUREMENT OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC YIELD yield in our ease amounted to counting with the multiplier the number of photoelectrons arising exch second and determining te intensity of the x-ray beam in number of quanta per second using the Geiger counter. Slice measurements of photoemission and x-ray intensity ‘were conducted successively in time, they wore repested ‘any times, and average values were usod in the calcula ton of the photoelectric yield. The ratio of the number of Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11 : CIA-RDP80T00246A015500030001-6 record by she multiplier in some interval of lume to he number of quanta incident on the photocathode for the same interval was takon as the magnitude of the photoclectrie yield, The value thus obtained ropresents the fraction of quanta leading to photoemission fram the cathode. This quantity 1s equal to the photoclectric yield witha precision set by the probability of she appearance Of several cloetsons under the action of a single quantum, For large photooloctric yields this probability is, appar~ ‘ently, consigerably liferent from zoro, and tho actual, velue of the quaniues yiold may prove tbe higher than the valves deterimince by ua. Results of measurements for various photoeathodes are presonted in tho Table. 1 should be noted that tke ‘etic potocathoses whieh we uaed were not subjected to outgassing (their suriaees were cleaned witha fine abrasive). The nonmetallic photocathodes were made by ‘vacuum evaporation on a nickel substrate. ‘Values of Photoelectric Yields of Various Cathodes (1) rracatan naa EAE Mga ey, ‘We must also note that the results obtained should be considered as preliminary since, according to the data of ret. 15 for ultrasoft x-radiation and rel. for short \wavelongth ultraviolet radiation, a strong dependence of the photocloctrie yield on the degree of auigassing of the photocathode surface should be expected. It is very prob Able that for sputtered layers a dependence of the pnoto= sloctrie yleld on the thiekness of the layer should also, Le observes. 1 conclusion, we wish to express our gratitude to A. A. Labedav {oF discussiona and for his constant ine terest fa this work. REFERENCES G.G. Harvey, EM. Gyorgy, and R. H. 3,8 (1352). zye umnnozhiteli” (Electron Multipliers). Gosudarst, 1d, Tokd.~Teoret, Lit, MoscoM, 1987, 3. C.Kanty, Phys. Rev. 44, 891 (1933). 4. ReBaker, J. Opt. $oe. Am, 28, 55 (1938). 5. HOE, Hinloreager and K Watanabe, J. Opt, Soe. Am, foo 6, HE, Hinteregger, Phys. Rov, 98, 538 (1954). TR Waian, W-G. Walter, and GL, Welsses, 3 : r, C, Waintan, and G, L. Weissler, rnr pintate 8e5) 9.L-Davies, Proe. Roy. Soc. A119, $43 (1928). 30: GB Bandpadyayy Prod, Roy oe. ALR, 04 1928) 11, S.R Rao and KS. 8. dyer, Proc. Indian Acad. Set, Aigant (1541). 12, 5, R Rao and Ramsmurtl, Current Sei (India) 11, No, 12 (1042), 13, 7, Lyman, ‘The Spectroscopy of the Extreme Ultra violet” Londoa, 1928. 14, Ard, Tyutlioy aad A. 1, Efremov, Doklady Akad, ‘Nauk SSSR 119, 206 (1980). 15, E, Rudberg, Br0e, Rov, Soc, A120, 285 (1928), i | | | |