THE BONES OF THE LOWER

EXTREMİTY
Os . Coxa
Os . Femur Pelvis

Os Tibia
Thigh
Os . Fibula
Foot bones
Crus

Foot
 THE SKELETON of the PELVIC GIRDLE

Ossa coxae
Os coxa (single)

Hipbones + Sacrum + coccyx = Pelvic Girdle

HIP BONES( Coxa)
• Functions of the pelvis
• Provide attachment sites for muscles
• Transfers or transmits the body weight from vertebral column to the
femur
• Support and protect the organs within the pelvis
 HIP BONE(COXA)

The hip bone is comprised of

the three parts;
ilium
pubis
ischium
Prior to
puberty, the triradiate
cartilage separates these
parts – and fusion only
begins at the age of 15-17.
ACETABULUM

Lunate surface
Acetabular fossa

Acetabular notch
Ilium

the widest and largest

of the three parts of
the hip bone
located superiorly
The body of the ilium
forms the superior
part of the
acetabulum
(acetabular roof).
Immediately above the
acetabulum
the ilium expands to
form the wing (or ala).
 Ilium

The wing of the ilium has two glutealsurface

surfaces:
Inner surface (iliac surface
+sacropelvic surface)
has a concave shape
which produces the iliac fossa (site
of origin of the iliacus muscle)
The iliac surface is the anteromedial
facet of the bone. It is marked by the Iliac
iliac fossa. surface

External surface (gluteal surface)

– has a convex shape and provides
attachments to the gluteal muscles.
 Ilium
Iliac tuberosity
The sacropelvic surface begins at the
posterior border of iliac fossa and
continues to the posterior extent of the
ilium. It houses an anterior auricular
surface and a posterior iliac tuberosity.
The auricular surface articulates with
sacrum to form
Auricular surface
The Iliac tuberosity provides a point the
sacroiliac joint.
 Ilium

External surface of ilıum

Inferior gluteal line that runs just

above the acetabular margin.
Posterior gluteal line just above and
anterior to the greater sciatic notch and
both posterior iliac spines.
Anterior gluteal line that travels
obliquely along the gluteal surface from
the tubercle of the iliac crest toward the
posterior gluteal line.
Ilium

The superior margin of the wing is

thickened, forming the iliac
crest. It extends from the anterior
superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the posterior
superior iliac spine (PSIS).
On the posterior aspect of the ilium there
is an indentation known as the greater
sciatic notch.
 Pubis

The pubis is the most

anterior portion of the hip
bone. It consists of a body,
superior ramus and inferior
ramus (ramus = branch).
Superior pubic
ramus – extends laterally
from the body to form part
of the acetabulum.
Inferior pubic ramus –
projects towards the
ischium.
Pubis

Together, the superior and

inferior rami enclose part of
the obturator
foramen – through which the
obturator nerve, artery and vein
pass through to reach the lower
limb.
 Pubis

Pubic body – located

medially, it articulates
with the opposite pubic
body at the pubic
symphysis.
 Ischium

The ischium forms the

posteroinferior part of the
hip bone. Much like the
pubis, it is composed of a
body, an inferior ramus and
superior ramus.
 Ischium
The inferior ischial ramus combines with the inferior pubic ramus
forming the ischiopubic ramus, which encloses part of the obturator
foramen. The posterorinferior aspect of the ischium forms the ischial
tuberosities
Ischial tuberosity bears the weight of body when we are seated
.

Near the junction of

the superior ramus
and body is a
posteromedial
projection of bone;
the ischial spine.
 COXA (External surface )
Post sup iliac spine

Post inf iliac spine

Ant sup iliac spine

Ant inf iliac spine

Iliac crest
Greater sciatic notch

Ischial spine

Lesser sciatic notch

Ischial tuberosity

Iliopubic eminence
COXA (Internal surface)
Iliac fossa

Pubic tubercle
Arcuate line (pectineal line)

Obturator foramen
(Ramus of ischium+ superior
ramus of pubis + inferior ramus of
pubis )

Symphyseal surface
 BONES OF THIGH
(Femur and Patella)
Femur:
▪ Articulates above with
acetabulum of hip bone
to form the hip joint.
▪ Articulates below with
tibia and patella to form
the knee joint.
 BONES OF THIGH
(Femur and Patella)

• Femur :
Consists of :
• Upper end
• Shaft
• Lower end
 UPPER END OF FEMUR

• Head :
• It articulates with acetabulum
of hip bone to form hip joint.
• Has a depression in the
center (fovea capitis), for the
attachment of ligament of the
NECK
head.
• Obturator artery passes
along this ligament to supply
head of femur.
• Neck :
• It connects head to the shaft.
UPPER END OF THE FEMUR
 UPPER END OF THE FEMUR
NECK HEAD
Greater trochanter

Greater trochanter

Lesser trochenter
Gluteal tuberosity
Greater & lesser
trochanters : Pectineal line
Linea aspera

Popliteal fossa

ANT POST
 UPPER END OF THE FEMUR
Trochanteric fossa
Greater trochanter

Intertrochanteric crest
Posteriorly, the
inter-trochanteric
crest

Lesser trochanter

POST Surface
Pectineal line
UPPER END OF THE FEMUR
Anteriorly,
connecting the 2
trochanters
the
inter-trochanteric
line, where the
iliofemoral ligament
is attached.

intertrochanteric
line

ANT SURFACE
 CLINIC ANATOMY

Hip dysplasia is an abnormality of the hip joint where the

socket portion does not fully cover the ball portion, resulting
in an increased risk for joint dislocation.
Hip dysplasia may occur at birth or develop in early life.
it does not typically produce symptoms in babies less than a
year old.
Occasionally one leg may be shorter than the other.
The left hip is more often affected than the right.[3]
 CLINIC ANATOMY

Femoral neck fractures can interrupt

the blood supply to the femoral head

It may lead to necrosis of the femoral head

SHAFT OF THE FEMUR
• Anteriorly : is smooth and
rounded.
• Posteriorly : has a ridge,
the linea aspera.
• Posteriorly : below the
greater trochanter is the
gluteal tuberosity for
attachment of gluteus
maximus muscle.
SHAFT OF THE FEMUR

• It has 3 surfaces:
• Anterior, Medial
and Lateral.
• It has 3 borders:
• A Triangular area,
the popliteal
surface lies at the
lower end of
shaft.
LOWER END OF THE FEMUR
• Has lateral and medial
condyles, separated
anteriorly by articular
patellar surface, and
posteriorly by
intercondylar notch
or fossa.
• The 2 condyles take
part in the knee joint.
• Above the condyles
are the medial &
lateral epicondyles.
 LOWER END OF THE FEMUR
POST SURFACE
ANT SURFACE

PATELLAR
SURFACE

Popliteal surface
 LOWER END OF THE FEMUR

Medial epicondyle

Lat epicondyle Adductor

tubercle
Lat
epicondyle

Intercondylar fossa
PATELLA
• It is the largest sesamoid
bone (lying inside the
Quadriceps tendon in
front of knee joint).
• Its upper, lateral, and
medial margins give
attachment to
Quadriceps femoris
muscles.
Its anterior surface
is rough and
subcutaneous.
Its posterior surface
articulates with the
condyles of the
femur to form knee
joint.
Its apex lies
inferiorly and is
connected to
tuberosity of tibia by
ligamentum patellae.
PATELLA
 BONES OF LEG
(TIBIA AND FIBULA)
• Tibia :
• It is the
medial bone
of leg.
• Fibula :
• It is the lateral
bone of leg.
• Each of them
has upper
end, shaft,
and lower
end.
UPPER END OF THE TIBIA
Upper end has:
• 2 tibial condyles:
• Medial condyle : is larger
and articulate with medial
condyle of femur. It has a
groove on its posterior surface
for semimembranosus ms.
• Lateral condyle : is smaller
and articulates with lateral
condyle of femur.
It has facet on its lateral side
for articulation with head of
fibula to form proximal
tibio-fibular joint.
• Intercondylar area :
is rough and has intercondylar
eminence.
UPPER END OF THE TIBIA

Medial facet

Lateral facet

Intercondylar eminence
SHAFT OF THE TIBIA
• 3 borders :
• Anterior border : sharp and
subcutaneous.
• Medial border.
• Lateral border interosseous
border.
• 3 surfaces :
• Medial : subcutaneous.
• Lateral
• Posterior has oblique line,
soleal line for attachment of
soleus muscle

• Tibial tuberosity

Soleal
line
 SHAFT OF THE TİBİA
ANTERIOR POSTERIOR Lat condyle

Tibial tuberosity
Soleal line

Fibular notch

Medial malleolus Inf.art. surface

LOWER END OF THE TIBIA

• Articulates with talus for

formation of ankle joint.
• Medial malleolus:
– Medial malleolus is
directed downward and
medially.
• Fibular notch: lies on its
lateral surface of lower end
to form distal tibiofibular
joint.
 FIBULA
Posterior surface
APEX

HEAD

It is the selender NECK

lateral bone of the
leg.
It takes no part in
articulation of knee interosseous
joint. border
Its upper end has
Head : articulates
with lateral condyle
of tibia.
Apex lateral
malleolus

Malleolar articular
surface
FIBULA
Shaft has :
• 4 borders : its medial
‘interoseous border gives
attachment to
interosseous membrane.
• 4 surfaces.
Lower end forms :
• Lateral malleolus :
• is subcutaneous.
• Its medial surface is
smooth for articulation
with talus to form ankle
joint.
 Medial Malleol

Lateral Malleol
Tarsal 7

metatarsal bones 5

Phalanges 14
 THE FOOT

• 7 tarsal bones
1. Talus,
2. calcaneous,
3. navicular,
4. cuboid,
5. three cuneiform
• 5 metatarsal
• 14 phalanges
 THE FOOT

• 7 tarsal bones
1. Talus,
2. calcaneous,
3. navicular,
4. cuboid,
5. three cuneiform
• 5 metatarsal
• 14 phalanges
 THE FOOT

Cuboid
Navicular
1 2
3
Calcaneus
PLANTAR TALUS
SURFACE

DORSAL
SURFACE

Heel of the foot

 TALUS
Sup surface of the Talus inf surface

Sulcus of talus
Trochlea tali
(Tarsal sinus)
CALCANEUS
Calcaneal tuberosity

Sustentaculum tali