HSE Definition and More

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Table of Contents
HSE MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
Safety: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Hazard..............................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Risk: .................................................................................................................................................................................................................1
HSE Policy: .......................................................................................................................................................................................................2
Health, Safety & Environment Management Systems (HSEMS) 8 Elements: (LPORPIAM) .............................................................................2
Safe System of Work (SSOW): .........................................................................................................................................................................3
HSE Plan: ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................3
HSE Audit: ........................................................................................................................................................................................................4
Active and Reactive monitoring in terms of H&S: ...........................................................................................................................................5
What is Safety Inspection? AND it’s Types? ....................................................................................................................................................5
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Accident Investigation .....................................................................................................................................................................................5

Types of Accidents in Construction: ................................................................................................................................................................6
First Aid: ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................6
Accident ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................6
Incident ............................................................................................................................................................................................................6
Near miss .........................................................................................................................................................................................................7
TBT (Tool Box Talk) ..........................................................................................................................................................................................7
Method Statement: .........................................................................................................................................................................................7
Emergency and its types? ................................................................................................................................................................................8
Emergency Planning? ......................................................................................................................................................................................8
Briefing Of HSE Induction Included But Not Limited To: .................................................................................................................................9
Mandatory Trainings as Per ADNOC Requirement: .........................................................................................................................................9
Safety Signs ......................................................................................................................................................................................................9
Standard Safety Signs: .....................................................................................................................................................................................9
EXCAVATION ACTIVITY ............................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Excavation: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................11
Hazards of Excavation: ..................................................................................................................................................................................11
Controls of Excavation: ..................................................................................................................................................................................11
Protective Systems for Excavation: ...............................................................................................................................................................12
Types of Protective Systems: .........................................................................................................................................................................12
Types of Soil: ..................................................................................................................................................................................................12
Trench: ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................13
Inspection of Excavation: ...............................................................................................................................................................................13
LIFTING ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Hazards of Lifting: ..........................................................................................................................................................................................14
Controls of Lifting: .........................................................................................................................................................................................14
Lifting Plan: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................14
Safety Devices in Crane: ................................................................................................................................................................................15
Types of Cranes: ............................................................................................................................................................................................15
Parts of Crane: ...............................................................................................................................................................................................15
Types of booms: ............................................................................................................................................................................................16
Lifting Equipment: .........................................................................................................................................................................................16
Types of Slings: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................16
WLL (working load limit) ................................................................................................................................................................................16
SWL (Safe working load), RC (Rated Capacity) ..............................................................................................................................................16
Load Chart: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................17
PWASS (Proximately Warning Alarm System) ...............................................................................................................................................17
Types of lifting: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................17
Where tandem lifts are used? EXAMPLES .....................................................................................................................................................17
Sling hitches used during lifting and their effect on Working Load Limit ......................................................................................................17
Effect of sling hitches on WLL ........................................................................................................................................................................17
Pre-engineered lift .........................................................................................................................................................................................18
Rigger: ............................................................................................................................................................................................................18
Responsibilities of Rigger:..............................................................................................................................................................................18
CONFINED SPACE ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 19

Confined Space: .............................................................................................................................................................................................19
Hazards of CS: ................................................................................................................................................................................................19
Controls of CS: ...............................................................................................................................................................................................19
Hazardous Atmospheres ...............................................................................................................................................................................20
Responsibilities of the Attendant ..................................................................................................................................................................21
Responsibilities of the Entrant ......................................................................................................................................................................21
Ventilation .....................................................................................................................................................................................................21
Isolation .........................................................................................................................................................................................................21
Emergency Planning ......................................................................................................................................................................................22
HOT WORK ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Hot Work .......................................................................................................................................................................................................24
Fire Triangle: ..................................................................................................................................................................................................24
Hazards of Hot Work: ....................................................................................................................................................................................24
Controls of Hot Work:....................................................................................................................................................................................24
Welding Machine Inspection: ........................................................................................................................................................................25
What is the difference between flammable and combustible substances? .................................................................................................25
What are the contents of Welding Fumes? ...................................................................................................................................................25
Safe Use & Storage of Gas Cylinders: ............................................................................................................................................................25
Flashback Arrestor: ........................................................................................................................................................................................26
Chalwyn Valve: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................27
Spark Arrestor:...............................................................................................................................................................................................27
Principle Causes of the Spread of Fire or Transmission of Fire: ....................................................................................................................27
Methods for extinguishing the fire ................................................................................................................................................................27
PASS method .................................................................................................................................................................................................27
Types of Fire: .................................................................................................................................................................................................27
Firefighting Equipment Inspection: ...............................................................................................................................................................28
What is fire extinguisher, its types and application of each, and color coding for different fire extinguisher? ...........................................28
Color Coding for Fire Extinguishers: ..............................................................................................................................................................29
Types of firefighting Equipment: ...................................................................................................................................................................29
What are four legs of fire safety? ..................................................................................................................................................................29
Fire prevention System ..................................................................................................................................................................................29
Fire Protection System ..................................................................................................................................................................................29
What is smoke detector?...............................................................................................................................................................................29
What is Fire Sprinkler System? ......................................................................................................................................................................30
Zone Classification relating Flammable Atmosphere: ...................................................................................................................................30
Emergency Response during Fire Emergency: ..............................................................................................................................................30
WORKING AT HEIGHT ............................................................................................................................................................................... 31
WORKING AT HEIGHT ....................................................................................................................................................................................31
Hazards: .........................................................................................................................................................................................................31
Scaffolding Work Control Measures: .............................................................................................................................................................31
Types of Fall Protective System: ....................................................................................................................................................................32
Safety Net System..........................................................................................................................................................................................32
Full Body Harness ..........................................................................................................................................................................................33
Scaffolding: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................34
Components of Scaffolds ...............................................................................................................................................................................35
Standards: ......................................................................................................................................................................................................36
Types of Scaffolds: .........................................................................................................................................................................................36
Based on Load Capacity: ................................................................................................................................................................................36
Types of Safety Tags: .....................................................................................................................................................................................36
Details in Scaffold Tag: ..................................................................................................................................................................................36
Inspection of Scaffolding: ..............................................................................................................................................................................36
Types of Lanyard:...........................................................................................................................................................................................36
Types of Couplers: .........................................................................................................................................................................................37
Types of Bracing: ...........................................................................................................................................................................................38
Ladder Terminology: ......................................................................................................................................................................................40
Types of Ladders ............................................................................................................................................................................................40
Ladder Hazards: .............................................................................................................................................................................................40
Ladder Control Measures: .............................................................................................................................................................................40
Rescue Procedure for Working at Heights ....................................................................................................................................................40
NDT (Non Destructive Test) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 44
Radiography:..................................................................................................................................................................................................44
Acute Effect: ..................................................................................................................................................................................................44
Acute Effects of RT: .......................................................................................................................................................................................44
Chronic Effect: ...............................................................................................................................................................................................44
Chronic Effects of RT: ....................................................................................................................................................................................44
Requirements for RT:.....................................................................................................................................................................................45
Safety Devices for Radiography: ....................................................................................................................................................................45
Important Definitions: ...................................................................................................................................................................................45
NDT Types ......................................................................................................................................................................................................46
MANUAL HANDLING ................................................................................................................................................................................ 47
Manual Handling ...........................................................................................................................................................................................47
Manual Handling Injuries...............................................................................................................................................................................47
Manual Handling Hazards..............................................................................................................................................................................47
Ergonomics: ...................................................................................................................................................................................................47
Good Handling Technique .............................................................................................................................................................................47
If You Need To Use Lifting Equipment ...........................................................................................................................................................48
CHEMICAL HANDLING .............................................................................................................................................................................. 49
Chemical Hazards: .........................................................................................................................................................................................49
Routes of Entry or Modes of Entry: ...............................................................................................................................................................49
Toxicity ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................49
Health Effect: .................................................................................................................................................................................................49
Acute Effect: ..................................................................................................................................................................................................49
Chronic Effect: ...............................................................................................................................................................................................49
Control Measures: .........................................................................................................................................................................................50
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet): ..............................................................................................................................................................50
Basic Requirement of Chemical Storage Area: ..............................................................................................................................................50
ELECTRICAL SAFETY .................................................................................................................................................................................. 51
Electrical Hazards: .........................................................................................................................................................................................51

Electrical Protection Devices: ........................................................................................................................................................................51
Electric Shock: ................................................................................................................................................................................................51
Factors of Severity of the Effect of Electric Shock: ........................................................................................................................................52
Electrical Fires and Explosions Causes ...........................................................................................................................................................52
Arcing .............................................................................................................................................................................................................52
Safety precautions for electricity: .................................................................................................................................................................52
Control: ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................52
Selecting Right Tool for the Job .....................................................................................................................................................................53
Fuses and Miniature Circuit Breakers ............................................................................................................................................................53
Earthing .........................................................................................................................................................................................................54
Residual Current Devices ...............................................................................................................................................................................54
Reduced and Low-Voltage Systems ...............................................................................................................................................................55
Isolation of Supply .........................................................................................................................................................................................55
Use of Safe Systems of Work .........................................................................................................................................................................56
Double Insulation ..........................................................................................................................................................................................56
Types of Electricity:........................................................................................................................................................................................56
Static Electricity: ............................................................................................................................................................................................56
Dynamic Electricity: .......................................................................................................................................................................................56
Static Electricity Hazards: ..............................................................................................................................................................................57
Method to Control the Accumulation of Static Electricity: ...........................................................................................................................57
Emergency Procedures Following an Electrical Incident ...............................................................................................................................57
Inspection and Maintenance of Electrical Equipment: ..................................................................................................................................57
LOTO: .............................................................................................................................................................................................................58
LOTO Procedure: ...........................................................................................................................................................................................58
Types of LOTO: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................58
When LOTO is applied: ..................................................................................................................................................................................58
Exceptions of LOTO: ......................................................................................................................................................................................58
P.P.E ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 59
P.P.E: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................................59
PPE Standards: ...............................................................................................................................................................................................59
Types of Gloves:.............................................................................................................................................................................................59
PERMIT TO WORK .................................................................................................................................................................................... 60
Permit to Work: .............................................................................................................................................................................................60
Contents of PTW: ...........................................................................................................................................................................................60
Sections of PTW: ............................................................................................................................................................................................60
Types of PTW: ................................................................................................................................................................................................60
Types of Certificates: .....................................................................................................................................................................................60
Formal Procedure Activities: .........................................................................................................................................................................61
Pre-requisites: ...............................................................................................................................................................................................61
Works exempted from requirement of permit: ............................................................................................................................................61
LSR of ADNOC........................................................................................................................................................................................... 62
RISK ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................................................................................................... 63
Risk Assessment: ...........................................................................................................................................................................................63
Steps of Risk Assessment: (IDERR) .................................................................................................................................................................63

Examples of Risk Assessment: .......................................................................................................................................................................65
Risk assessment should be Suitable and sufficient: ......................................................................................................................................65
Types of Risk Assessment ..............................................................................................................................................................................66
Qualitative risk assessment ...........................................................................................................................................................................66
Quantitative risk assessment.........................................................................................................................................................................66
Semi-Quantitative risk assessment ...............................................................................................................................................................66
Risk Management/ Risk Assessment Process ................................................................................................................................................66
ALARP: ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................66
TRA: ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................67
People involved in performing TRA: ..............................................................................................................................................................67
Risk Matrix: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................68
ROAD SAFETY ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 69
Road Safety: ...................................................................................................................................................................................................69
Speed limit: ....................................................................................................................................................................................................69
RAG Report: ...................................................................................................................................................................................................69
Vehicles Check: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................69
Contents of Desert Safety Kit: .......................................................................................................................................................................70
Equipment Checklist: .....................................................................................................................................................................................70
HEAT STRESS ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 71
Heat Stress .....................................................................................................................................................................................................71
Dehydration ...................................................................................................................................................................................................71
Effects of Heat Stress .....................................................................................................................................................................................71
Typical Symptoms ..........................................................................................................................................................................................71
Heat Stress Prevention: .................................................................................................................................................................................71
TWL: ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................72
COMMON WORKPLACE HAZARDS ............................................................................................................................................................ 73
Common Workplace Hazards ........................................................................................................................................................................73
Night Shift Hazards: .......................................................................................................................................................................................73
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE (H2S) ..................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Characteristics ...............................................................................................................................................................................................74
Safety Precautions .........................................................................................................................................................................................74
TLV (THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE)/ TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TWA): ...........................................................................................................74
STEL (SHORT TIME EXPOSURE LIMIT): ...........................................................................................................................................................74
Health effects of H2S: ....................................................................................................................................................................................75
LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) ............................................................................................................................................................................75
UEL (Upper Explosive Limit) ...........................................................................................................................................................................75
Immediate Danger To Life And Health (IDLH):(100 PPM) .............................................................................................................................76
Devices to Identify H2s At Site: .....................................................................................................................................................................76
Emergency Response While Your Personnel Monitor Giving Alarm: ............................................................................................................76
Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA), its types and components? .....................................................................................................76
Breathing Apparatus: .....................................................................................................................................................................................77
CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) ...................................................................................................................................................... 78
What is CPR and process of giving CPR? ........................................................................................................................................................78
Steps to follow: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................78

ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 79
HSE MANAGEMENT
Safety:
It a condition or state of being protected from risk of harm, injury, property damage, environmental loss and
reputation loss.
Why we maintain Safety?

There are three reasons behind it:

 Moral responsibility
 Legal responsibility
 Financial reason
Types of safety:
There are three types of safety.
1. Plant safely
2. Workers safety
3. Consumer safety
Hazard:
Anything that has potential to cause harm to people, property, processes and environment.
Types of Hazards:
PCBPEEM
 Physical hazard (Noise, vibration, Electricity, Temperature &Lighting)

 Chemical hazard (Gas, Dust &Smoke)
 Biological hazard (Virus, Bacteria, Fungi &Mold),
 Psychological hazard (fatigue, stress)
 Ergonomics (strain and work pressure)
 Environmental hazards ( dust, smoke)
 Mechanical hazards (ENTICE: Entanglement, Trap, Impact, Contact and Ejection).
Risk:
Risk can be define as the combination of likelihood a hazardous event occurring and the consequences or severity
of that event.
Risk = likelihood * severity
Likelihood: measure of frequency at which the hazardous event occur

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Severity: measure of adverse effects of the event
Risk Classification:
 High Risk(unacceptably high)
Intolerable losses to people, process, assets, environment and Reputation.
 Medium Risk
Acceptable must be managed to ALARP (as low as reasonably practical)
 Low Risk
Acceptable without any further actions.
 Residual Risk
The risk after applying control measures.
HSE Policy:
It is an important legal document that is signed by higher management and sets out organization’s aims towards
health and safety, how these aims are to be achieved and who is responsible persons for achieving these aims.
There are three main parts or sections of HSE policy:
1. Statement of Intent- In this section importance of health and safety of the employees for the company,
and commitment and leadership regarding health and safety is demonstrated by the top management of
the company. Health and Safety aims and objectives are also set in this section.
2. Organization section- This section highlights the roles and responsibilities from top to bottom within
the organization to achieve the organizational aims and objectives. It shows lines of responsibility and
accountability for managing health and safety.
3. Arrangement section- This section provides the detail on how the organization manages health and
safety. It outlines the general and specific arrangements that relate to health and safety management.
 It is also a legal requirement by many H&S acts and regulations like, Health and Safety at Work
Act (1974) and The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulation (1999).
 It is compulsory to have HSE policy whenever 5 or more people are working in an organization.
Health, Safety & Environment Management Systems (HSEMS) 8 Elements: (LPORPIAM)

HSEMS:
It is the framework of policies, processes and procedures used by an organization to ensure the HSE policy aims are
full filled.
1. Leadership & Commitment.

2. Policy & strategic objectives.
3. Organization, resources & Competence.
4. Risk Evaluation & Management.
5. Planning standards & Procedures.
6. Implementation & Monitoring.
7. Audit.
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8. Management Review.
Examples of Management System Standards include:

 ISO-9001: Quality Management System (QMS).
 ISO- 14001: Environmental Management System (EMS).
 OHSAS-18001: Occupational Health and Safety Management System Standard.
 ILO-OSH 2001: Occupational Safety and Health Management System.

ISO-50001: Energy Management System.
Important Elements in HSEMS:

 Leadership & Commitment.
 Risk Evaluation and Management.
Safe System of Work (SSOW):

The Analysis of a task or process considering the hazards line to be present and details the precautions necessary to
avoid or minimize the risk to the health and safety of the individuals.
Elements of SSOW:
The SSOW elements are Pre-Planning meeting, RA(Risk Assessment).PTW (Permit to Work System),Competent
Person, Roles and Responsibility allocated, IT IS (Instruction, Training, Information and Supervision),Maintenance on
equipment, Recovery measures, Emergency Response Plan, MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet), Control(Technical,
Behavioral and Procedural), PPE(Personal Protective Equipment),TBT(Toolbox Talk) and Isolation.
HSE Plan:
It is the systematic procedure which describes how to carryout work in a safe manner by protecting health safety
and environment. HSEMS (LPORPIAM) is the base of HSE plan.
Contents of HSE Plan:

P6_R2_SHEET_SHIT_FIRE_PM
1. Purpose
2. Project Scope
3. Project Duration
4. Project Objective
5. Project Targets
6. Progress meetings
7. References and Guidelines
8. Responsibilities
9. Site Rules
10. Health & Safety Policy
11. Environmental
12. Emergency plan
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13. Toolbox Talks
14. Site Access
15. Housekeeping
16. Inspections and Audits
17. Training
18. Fire Prevention
19. Incident Investigation and Reporting
20. Records and Document control
21. External Laws and Regulations
22. Personal Protective Equipment
23. Monitoring and Review
HSE Audit:
HSE audit is the systematic, objective and critical evaluation of an organization’s health and safety management
system.
Audit is based on three different types of evidences:

 Documents and records
 Interviews
 Direct observation in the workplace.
Objectives of HSE Audit:

The objectives of health & safety audit are to evaluate and inform the company that,
1. How well it is performing in Health & Safety,

2. Whether managers and others meeting the standards set by the company itself,
3. Whether the company is complying with the H&S laws
Types of Audit:
1. Internal Audit: That is normally performed by internal team to evaluate current status and effectiveness of
management system.
2. External Audit: It is second type of audit which is usually conducted by third party certifying body and
Insurance companies to evaluate and examine effectiveness of current management system.
Auditors use three methods to gather factual information:

1. Documents and Records (e.g., method statement, HSE policy, procedures, training record, maintenance
record, inspection, record risk assessment, incident records, civil claims, accident investigation reports,
statutory examinations record etc.)
2. Interviews (of workers and management)
3. Direct observation (of the site, activity and behavior of individuals)
4
Active and Reactive monitoring in terms of H&S:
Active / proactive Monitoring: is the type of monitoring that is performed before any unwanted event for ex.
routine safety inspection of the workplace, safety sampling safety survey, safety tour, health surveillance,
benchmarking of the performance, etc.
Reactive monitoring: is the type of monitoring that is performed after things gone wrong. For example,
investigating accidents and incidents, monitoring the cases of ill-health and sickness absence records.
What is Safety Inspection? AND it’s Types?

Safety inspection is the process of looking for safety hazards, unsafe acts and unsafe condition at the workplace.
Safety inspections are based on 4Ps:

 P- Plant e.g., Machinery, equipment etc.
 P- Premises e.g., Workplace and working conditions.
 P- People e.g., Acts and behavior.
 P- Procedure e.g., System of work.
A safety inspection may be concentrated on one, more or all above aspects.
Types of Safety Inspection:
 Routine inspection of a workplace to determine if general standards of health and safety are acceptable,
or if corrective action is necessary.
 Statutory inspection of an item by a competent person to fulfil a legal requirement (e.g. the annual
thorough examination of an item of lifting equipment)
 Periodic inspection of plant and machinery as part of a planned maintenance program (e.g. a mechanic
inspects the brakes on a lorry on a regular basis to ensure they are not excessively worn).
 Pre-use checks carried out by workers before they use certain items of plant and machinery (e.g. the start-
up checks carried out by a forklift-truck driver).
 Safety inspections look for hazards and risks. Meanwhile, safety audits examine whether programs
and strategies are meeting a company’s goals. Both are important components of a workplace safety
plan.
Accident Investigation
Accident investigation is the process of determining the immediate and root causes of an accident, so that corrective
action can be taken to prevent similar incidents from happening again.
Benefits of investigating an accident/incident:
 It identifies causes of the incidents.

 It identifies corrective actions to prevent reoccurrence.
 Records facts of the incident for future evidence.
 Meeting legal compliance.
 Improves staff morale.
 Identifies individuals for disciplinary action.
5
 It enables risk assessment to be updated.
 Discovers trends.
Steps of Accident Investigation.
Basically, the accident investigation is done into four steps that are:
Step 1: Gather factual information about the event. (Location Pics, Witness Statements)
Step 2: Analyze that information and draw conclusions about the immediate and root causes.
Step 3: Identify suitable control measures.
Step 4: Plan the remedial actions.
 Witness Statements in critical and should be obtained there and then. These can change by the
time goes.
How to Investigate an Accident:

 Date and Time of the accident;
 Location of the accident;
 Details of the injured person (Name, Role /Work history);
 Details of Injury Sustained;
 Description of activity;
 Assessment of Immediate and root causes of incident;
 Assessment of any breaches of legislation;
 Details of witness and witness statement; and
 Recommended Corrective action.
Types of Accidents in Construction:

1. Near miss case
2. First aid case - PPP(preserve life, prevent deterioration, promote recovery)
3. MTC(medical treatment case) - requires treatment by a physician
4. RWC( restricted work case) - temporarily unable to work (2 days as per OSHAD)
5. LTI (lost time injury) - Unable to perform duties (more than 2 days)
6. Fatality Case
 LTI is a work related injury or illness that results as in individual that is unable to work on subsequent day
or scheduled shift.
First Aid:
The purpose of first aid is to preserve the life of an injured person and prevent his condition from worsening until
qualified help arrive
 Aim PPP (Preserve life. Prevent deterioration. Promote recovery).
Accident
An unwanted, unplanned event which leads to injury, death, property loss or environmental damage.
Incident
An unwanted and unplanned event that may or may not results in injury, death, property loss or environmental
damage.
6
Near miss
An unwanted event that had the potential to cause harm, but, in fact did not do so. Or, an incident that does not
resulted in injury or loss.
 Note: Every accident and near-miss are incident.

TBT (Tool Box Talk)
It is an n informal meeting that is done prior to commence of an activity describing the details of work, associated
risks and control measure that are to be taken in place.
There Are Majorly 3 Contents
1. Details of the activity + Activity related hazards and Safety precautions as per JSA/TRA
2. Safe Work Procedures
3. PPE
a. Mandatory PPE of site
b. Work related PPE
4. Emergency Procedure
a. Emergency contact number
b. Position of Assembly point
c. Emergency Procedure
Method Statement:
It is a formal written document that is prepared by an op pointed person describing how the work is to be done in a
safe manner and as per standard including the contingency plan if any anomaly occur in the process.
Typical Headings of Method Statement:

 Title e.g., Method Statement.
 Brief description of work, task or process.
 Company details (name, address etc.).
 Start & completion date.
 Site address and contact details including emergency numbers etc.
 Document no., issue date, revision date etc.
 Permit to work.
 Staff, training and PPE.
 Risk assessments.
 Machinery/plant shutdown and lock off procedures
 Site access and egress.
 Material handling.
 Scaffold and access to height.
 Welfare and first-aid. Etc.
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Emergency and its types?
A serious, unexpected, and often dangerous situation that requires immediate action.
Types of Emergency:
 Fire/explosion emergency.
 Dangerous chemical spillage.
 Toxic gas release e.g., H2S
 Natural calamities e.g., flood, earthquake etc.
 Security threats.
Emergency Planning?
Emergency planning can be defined as a control measure. It can control the accidents safe guard people and provide
information to media. An emergency plan specifies procedures for handling sudden or unexpected situations.
Emergency Pre-requisite
 Convey Emergency Plan in HSE Induction
 Presence and display Exit Plan
 Fire detection systems (fire alarms, smoke detectors)
 Rescue team
 First aid room
 Fire protection systems (water sprinklers, fire extinguishers, water hose)
 Access muster point
 Notify the place of Fire extinguishers
 Weekly testing plan
 Display of emergency contact number
 Display of exit signs
 Emergency Evacuation drills
 Sirens / emergency alarms
 Trainings
 TBT
 Emergency reporting procedures
Emergency Response Plan:
 Types of Emergency.
 Types of Siren;
 Weekly Testing Plan;
 Emergency Contact Numbers;
 Location of Assembly point;
 Emergency evacuation procedure;
 Emergency drill schedule;
 Emergency Reporting Procedure
Types of Emergency Drills:

 Walk- through Drills.
 Functional Drills.
 Evacuation Drills.
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Emergency Response While Listening the Siren:
 Stop the activity what you are doing;

 Shut off all the equipments; (to avoid any other emergency because of running equipment).
 Use buddy system;
 Watch wind direction and proceed to assembly point by cross wind direction,
 Employees should stay in the group they were working with in order that an accurate head count can be
obtained;
 Check the head count and inform as per incident protocol.

 Monitoring for sign or symptoms of injury;
 Providing or requesting assistance if needed; and
 Being prepared to direct employees as to instructions given by senior management.
 Note: “DO NOT return to the area until the all clear siren has sounded and it is safe to do so.”
Briefing Of HSE Induction Included But Not Limited To :

 HSE Policy
 Emergency preparedness (Mock drill plan, Evacuation Plan, Assembly point, First aid facility, Ambulance,
Medical clinic, Emergency contact Numbers.),
 PTW system of the site
 Welfare facilities
 Work related procedures
 Mandatory PPE and Work related PPEs.
Mandatory Trainings as Per ADNOC Requirement:

 HSE induction
 H2S
 First Aid
 Fire Fighting trainings (from Approved Institute)
Safety Signs
Safety signs are the describing signs to convey specific health and safety information or instructions.
Standard Safety Signs:

The standard safety signs are divided into five categories:
1. Prohibition - directed at stopping dangerous behavior, e.g. “No Smoking”.

2. Warning - tell people to be careful of a particular hazard, e.g. “Fork Lift Trucks Operating in The Area”.
3. Mandatory action - instruct people to take a specific action, often relating to wearing personal protective
equipment, e.g. “Eye Protection Must Be Worn”.
4. Safe condition - identify safe behavior or places of safety, e.g. “First-Aid Station”
5. Fire-fighting equipment - identify particular items of equipment, e.g. “Hose Reels”
9
Color Meaning or purpose Instruction and Shapes Example
information
Red Prohibit Dangerous behavior;
ion sign stop; shutdown;  Round shape
Danger emergency cut-out  Black pictogram on
alarm devices; evacuate white background,
red edging and
diagonal line

Yellow Warning sign Be careful; take Triangular

Amber precautions; shape
examine  Black
pictogram on a
yellow
background
with black
edging
Blue Mandatory sign Specific behavior or  Round shape
action, e.g. wear  White pictogram
protective on a blue
equipment background
Green Emerge Doors; exits;  Rectangular or
ncy escape routes; square shape
escape equipment and  White pictogram
First-aid facilities on a green
sign background
Return to normal
No danger
10
EXCAVATION ACTIVITY
Excavation:
A man made cavity, depression or trench made by earth Removal.
Types of Excavation:
1. Manual Excavation: without using powered equipment
2. Mechanical Excavation: The excavation work using Electrical or mechanical Equipment.
Hazards of Excavation:
CUT_FALL_FAIL
1. Collapse of walls of excavation (Cave in)

2. Hitting by underground utilities (electrical cables, telephone cables, pipeline)
3. Presence of toxic gases
4. Falling of person/vehicle
5. Falling of material
6. Flooding of water accumulation
7. Unstable Adjacent Structure
8. Improper access and egress
9. Lack of Oxygen in deep excavation
Controls of Excavation:
PA_ASM_TAG_BSF_PASS_W
1. Permit to work
2. Authorization
3. Area survey report (Use Cable detectors, service plan, trial pits to avoid underground utility) - duly signed
by the Surveyor and HSE
4. Soil testing (According to which protective system must be employed)
5. Method Statement
6. TRA
7. Maintain distance from Adjacent structures
8. Vehicle Pathway should be provided (Gaarri) - 25ft
9. Hard Barrication 1m
10. Safety signage
11. Flickering/Flashing signs
12. Protective system like shoring, sloping, benching whenever the depth is greater than 1.5 m (5ft)
13. Access every 7.5m
14. Scaling/Clearance 1m-store material away from all the edges
15. Supervision
16. Wind speed less than 20 knots
11
 Protective system shall be employed whenever depth exceeds 1.5 m/5 feet
 Heavy machinery shall be kept 3 meters away from excavation
 Whenever depth Greater than 1. 2 m ladder shall be provided every 7.5m distance. And if depth is
less than 1.2 m excess ladder should be installed at every 30m.
 Ladder must be 1m above the excavation
 Mechanical Excavation shall not be used within 3 meters any underground obstruction
 No mechanical Excavation closer than 5 meters to any hydrocarbon carrying pipeline.
 W/D less than 2 is confined space
Protective Systems for Excavation:

As soon as excavation reaches 1.5 meters protective system should be employed that shall be based on the
evaluation of;
 Types of soil
 Potential depth of the excavation
 Possible variation in water content of the material being excavated while the
 Excavation is open.
 Loading imposed by structures, equipment, overlying material, or stored material;
 Vibration from the equipment, blasting, traffic, or other sources.
Types of Protective Systems:

Shoring
A structure that supports the sides of excavation and protect against cave-ins.
Sloping
A technique in which sides of excavation are inclined to a specific angle.
Benching
A technique in which sides of excavation are excavated in one or a series of horizontal steps having vertical
depression.
Types of Soil:
Compressive strength: Resistance of a material to breaking.
Rock Type:
12
 90 Degree Slope
Type A:
 Compressive strength is 1.5 tons per square foot or more

 Highly cohesive
 Clay, sandy clay
 53 degrees slope
Type B:
 CS between 0.5-1.5 tons/square feet

 Medium Cohesive
 Gravel and silt
 Sloping angle is 45 degrees
Type C:
 CS less than 0.5 tons /square feet

 Least cohesive
 Sand
 34 degrees sloping angle
Trench:
A narrow excavation, where depth is greater than width. (Width should not be greater than 4.5 meters/15 feet)
 Any trench having depth greater than 1.2 meter is considered as Confined space.
 For stable Rock type sloping angle should be 90 degrees.
Inspection of Excavation:
 Start of every shift or work
 Environment change, heavy vibration changes the strength and stability of soil
 Accidental fall of rock, sand or material
 Every 7 days for open excavation
13
LIFTING ACTIVITIES
Hazards of Lifting:
CH_W_FFOOL
1. Collision with adjacent structures and overhead power lines

2. High wind (greater than 17 knots/32 km/h)
3. Working under the suspended load
4. Failure of load bearing lifting equipment

5. Failure of support
6. Overturning
7. Overloading
8. Loss of load
Controls of Lifting:
PTCL_BOSS_RT_WON_PPSC
1. PTW
2. TRA, approved method statement
3. 3rd party certificate and Color coded of Equipment.
4. Approved Lifting plan
5. Barricading with signage
6. Outriggers with baseplate
7. Sole board
8. Do not exceed SWL (load chart, color coding, ASLI)
9. Rigger should be present
10. Tagline
11. Wind speed should be monitored 32km/ 17 knots
12. Proper distance from overhead lines - 3 m
13. No unauthorized person allowed under the lifting
14. Proper height
15. Proper speed
16. Supervision
17. Communication
Lifting Plan:
It is a document prepared by lifting supervisor/Crane coordinator and approved by safety department to prepare a
critical lift by calculating and considering all the factors which is going to effect the lift.
Elements of Lifting Plan:

1. Overview of the area (working area, Environment, nearby objects and overhead live utilities)
2. Weight of the lift
3. Dimensions of the lift
14
4. Centre of gravity of the lift
5. Crane and its capacity, SWL
6. Lifting tools and equipment
7. Boom and sling angle
8. Risk Assessment
9. Responsible person and involved persons
10. Good work practices
Safety Devices in Crane:

AAALLO
1. ASLI (Automatic safe load indicator) - All jib cranes with a Safe Working Load (SWL) of over one tone shall
be fitted, third-party inspection authority (LEICC) shall be permitted to make ASLI adjustments.
2. Anti-two-blocks devices - It is an electro sensing device to prevent the contact of boom sheave assembly
point and hook assembly.
3. Anemometer - It is mounted high up (top of the boom) on the crane
4. LMI (Load movement indicator) – Also known as RCL( Rate Capacity Limiter) ,a system which warns the
equipment operator by sensing (directly or indirectly) the overturning moment on the equipment, i.e., load
multiplied by radius
5. Limit switches
6. Out- Riggers - Outriggers provide a solid base for the crane
 If ASLI is activated during the lifting equipment, operator shall stop the lifting activity and return the load
to its original place
 1 m clearance should be there between lifting appliances and any adjacent fixture
 3 m distance from live cables
 Boom angle indicator: A device which indicates the crane boom angle.
Types of Cranes:
1. Mobile crane
2. Crawler Crane
3. Tower Crane
4. Overhead crane
Parts of Crane:
1. Boom
2. Flying Jib
3. Main hoist
4. Auxiliary hoist
5. Pulley
6. Lifting gear
7. Sling
8. Hooks
9. Shackle
10. Out riggers
11. Anti-two-block device
15
12. LMI (Load movement indicator)
Types of booms:
1. Telescopic
2. Lattice
3. Articulating
Lifting Equipment:
HLPSS
1. Hooks (Hooks open 15% of normal throat are unsafe)

2. Pulley
3. Lifting gear
4. Slings (slings shall be rejected if found 1/3 of original outside diameter eroded or twisted more than 10
degrees from the plane)
5. Shackles
Types of Slings:
1. Wire rope sling
2. Synthetic/Nylon Slings
3. Chain Slings
WLL (working load limit)

The max load that a lifting equipment is designed to sustain.
Formula for calculating WLL of slings at specified angle
WLL=vertical hitch WLL X no. of legs X sling angle factor
Example:
WLL of grey nylon sling with 2 legs at an angle of 60°
WLL=vertical hitch WLL x no. of legs x sling angle factor
= 4000kg x 2 x 0.866
=6928 kg
SWL (Safe working load), RC (Rated Capacity)

The max allowable safe load that is allowed to lift through a lifting equipment.
Work Radius:
The maximum distance where a certain activities of lifting and rigging are in progress.
16
Load Chart:
A systematic & graphic device to indicate the amount of authorized work yet to be performed by the machine.
 It shows how much Boom angle and radius is required to lift the load.
PWASS (Proximately Warning Alarm System)

It is installed in heavy equipment like excavator, bull dozer etc. This system automatically give alarm when anybody
come in touch within 5 meter radius of equipment.
Types of lifting:
1. Normal lifting ( Load less than 20 tons)
2. Heavy lifting (load greater than 20 tons)
3. Critical lifting (tandem lifting-use 2 cranes, load greater than 75% of SWL, over the Existing live utilities)
Where tandem lifts are used? EXAMPLES

 Long components where movement of lift from horizontal to vertical is needed.
 To lift structural beams for bridges
Sling hitches used during lifting and their effect on Working Load Limit
Mainly three types of sling hitches are used to attach load to the crane hook.
1. Vertical hitch
2. Choker hitch
3. Basket hitch
Effect of sling hitches on WLL

 Vertical hitch- When a sling is used in a vertical hitch, full lifting capacity of the
sling is utilized.
 Choker hitch - In case of choker hitch, 25% of the capacity is decreased due to stress created at the choke
point.
 Basket hitch (90°) - The capacity of the sling in this hitch is twice that of the same sling in a vertical sling
because two ends (legs) of the sling function as they were two separate slings. It requires two hooks or a
spreader to attach both end of the sling.
 Basket hitch (less than 90°) - When slings or sling legs are used at an angle during a lift, the sling
capacity is reduced. Lesser the angle, lesser the capacity. There are Sling Angle Factor that is used to
calculate the capacity
17
Pre-engineered lift
A pre-engineered lift is a repetitive or routine lift performed for assembly or disassembly of components or systems
in which the item to be lifted are identical in terms of dimensions, weight, center of gravity, load path, attachment
to the lifting equipment and selection of the lifting equipment. In this type of lift all items can be lifted in adherence
to a specific routine step-by-step procedure that eliminates rigging decisions or calculations.
Rigger:
 Rigger I – Required for lifts over 40 tons
 Rigger II – Can’t Rif a load over 40 tons

Rigger III – Can’t Rif a load over 10 tons
Responsibilities of Rigger:
ISSB_ATC_API
1. Inspection of lifting Equipment and filling daily checklist

2. Safe use of lifting equipment
3. Safe storage of lifting equipment
4. Barrication of work radius
5. Attaching and detaching of load with lifting equipment
6. Put Tagline
7. Communication with the operator
8. Aware of the Hazards of lifting
9. Proper positioning of load
10. Inform supervisor in case of any contingency
18
CONFINED SPACE
Confined Space:
Any place that has limited access and egress and is not designed for continuous human occupancy .
Examples:
Pit, vessels, tanks, boilers, Manholes
Hazards of CS:
LADDER_FILL_PIT
1. Lack of access and egress

2. Asphyxiation
3. Deficiency of Oxygen
4. Drowning
5. Electrocution
6. Presence of Reactive gases
7. Fall, slip and trip hazard
8. Improper housekeeping
9. Lack of communication
10. Lone working
11. Poor lighting
12. Improper isolation
13. High temperature and humidity
Controls of CS:
P_DGISPR_SL_TL_HELL_BSF
1. Permit to work
2. Drainage, de purging or cleaning of the area
3. Gas testing should be conducted
4. Complete isolation of the space to be entered
5. Space ventilation through LEV( local exhaust ventilation)
6. Pre task meeting should be conducted standby person should be there
7. Rescue team should be on hold
8. Standby person should be there
9. Log sheet should be maintained
10. Tripod (Man retrieval system) should be there
11. Lifeline must be installed to cope with any kind of emergency
12. Entrant should full body harness.
13. Explosive Proof / non-sparking equipment should be used
14. Lighting should be provided not more than 24 V
15. Means of communication
16. Barrication
17. Safety signage
18. Frequent breaks
19
 Minimum 4 persons are involved in CS (Entrant, stand by person, AGT, supervisor)
 Oxygen level should be 19.5-23.5%
 Multi-gas detector (H2S, LEL 5%, O2, CO) is used for gas testing and gas testing should be done by
Authorized Gas Tester (AGT)
 0 ppm H2S is required for safe work in CS
 Lighting should be of max 24 volts attached with GFCI and Equipment should be used within 24-110
volts and should be explosive proof
 Access and passage into a confined space should be provided with illumination of not less than 50
lux.
 All portable hand-held lighting provided in confined spaces should be operated at a voltage not
exceeding 55 volts (AC) between the conductor and earth or 110 volts (DC).
 In construction 110V equipment is used due to safety purpose (less current-less potential difference)
V=IR
 Temperature of Cs should be ambient temperature if not use LEV(local exhaust ventilation)
 In case of emergency standby person should no dive into the confined space before the rescue team
reaches
 The main danger to people from an oxygen-enriched atmosphere is that clothing or hair can easily
catch fire, causing serious or even fatal burns. For example, people can easily set their clothing and
bedding on fire by smoking while receiving oxygen treatment for breathing difficulties.
 “Inerting”, or “purging”, means the displacement of the atmosphere in a permit space by a
noncombustible gas (such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere is non-
combustible. This procedure produces an oxygen-deficient atmosphere.
 In Oxygen deficient atmosphere Air purifying respirators cannot be used lt will only cleans the air,
so when oxygen deficient atmosphere, it can't supply the additional air to compensate.
 The 10% LEL level was adopted by OSHA from NFPA 306
Hazardous Atmospheres
A hazardous atmosphere means an
atmosphere that may expose employees to the
risk of death, incapacitation, and impairment of
ability to self-rescue (escape unaided from a
permit space), injury, or acute illness from one
or more of the following causes:
 Oxygen concentration below 19.5% or

above 23.5%
 Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in
excess of 10% of its lower explosive
limit (LEL)
 Combustible dust at a concentration
that meets or exceeds its LEL
 Atmospheric concentration in excess
of any substance’s published dose or permissible exposure limit (PEL) which is capable of causing death,
incapacitation, impairment of ability to self-rescue, injury, or acute illness due to its health effects
 Any other atmospheric condition that is immediately dangerous to life or health
20
Responsibilities of the Attendant
 Knows the hazard(s), symptoms, and consequences
 Aware of potential behavioral effects
 Monitors entrants and maintains count
 Monitors hazards and activities in and outside of the permit space
 Remains outside entry point
 Communicates with entrant(s)
 Controls entry point
 Summons rescuers
 Initiates/performs non-entry rescue if required
Responsibilities of the Entrant

 Knows the hazard(s), symptoms, and consequences
 Uses equipment properly
 Communicates regularly with the attendant
 If the unexpected occurs - alert the attendant
 Exits immediately if hazard(s) develops
Ventilation
Blowers & fans provide mechanical dilution ventilation. Be sure the
blower is appropriately sized, explosion-proof, and its intake is
placed far enough away from any source of contamination - like an
exhaust pipe on a vehicle.
Localized exhaust ventilation is better

suited to capture fumes (welding), dust,
and chemical contaminants.
Isolation
Isolation means the process by which a permit space is removed from service and completely protected against the
release of energy and material into the space by such means as:
 blanking or blinding
 misaligning or removing sections of lines, pipes, or ducts
 double block and bleed system
 lockout or tag-out of all sources of energy
 blocking or disconnecting all mechanical linkages
21
 Blanking or blinding means the absolute closure of a pipe, line, or duct by the fastening of a solid plate
(such as a spectacle blind or a skillet blind) that completely covers the bore and that is capable of
withstanding the maximum pressure of the pipe, line, or duct with no leakage beyond the plate.
 Double block and bleed means the closure of a line, duct, or pipe by closing and locking or tagging two
in-line valves and by opening and locking or tagging a drain or vent valve in the line between the two
closed valves.
Emergency Planning
The three main parts of emergency planning are:

1. Training
2. Creating an Emergency Response Plan
3. Outlining Rescue Procedures.
Non-Entry Rescue
 Review the rescue protocols and discuss Task Risk Assessment (TRA) with workforce.
 Inspect and set-up all needed rescue equipment.
 Review evacuation alarm with entrants/ attendants.
 Mode of communications will be radio/verbal communication
 Maximum entries in confined space will be three (3).
 If worker fallen inside pipe due to absence of oxygen the rescuer# 1will rescue the affected person, Rescuer
#1 will lay the affected person on ground then lifeline will be fastened with Safety harness belt hook and
rescuer#2 stands outside the working platform will drag/pull the affecter immediately.
 Rescuer #1 assesses affected worker for injuries and then decides how to proceed and treat the person
first.
 Once the worker has been brought to a safe location, administer first aid. Treat the person for CPR (Cardio
Pulmonary Resuscitation) for 10 to 15 minutes if worker could not be normal then the worker will shifted
to the nearby hospital.
 Arrange ambulance for transportation of affected person for further medical treatment.
Entry Rescue
 Review the rescue protocols and discuss Task Risk Assessment (TRA) with workforce.
 Inspect and set-up all needed rescue equipment.
 Review evacuation alarm with entrants/ attendants.
 Mode of communications will be radio/verbal communication
 Maximum entries in confined space will be three (3).
 If worker fallen inside vessel due to absence of oxygen Rescuers will enter the confined space with proper
PPE’s then rescuer# 1will enter in the vessel and rescue the affected person, Rescuer #1 will lay the affected
person on ground then lifeline will be fastened with the safety harness belt hook and rescuer#2 will
drag/pull the affecter immediately.
 First Aider will assess affected worker for injuries and then decides how to proceed and treat the person.
 Once the worker has been brought out to a safe location, first aider will treat the person for CPR (Cardio
Pulmonary Resuscitation) for 10 to 15 minutes.
 If worker could not be normal then the worker will shifted to the nearby hospital.
22
 Arrange ambulance for transportation of affected person for further medical treatment.
23
HOT WORK
Hot Work
Any activity that involves open flame, spark or heat is known as hot work.
Fire Triangle:
Fire is a chemical chain reaction between Heat, Oxygen and Fuel (HOF)
Hazards of Hot Work:

FF_SHIEF_TP
1. Fire and Explosion

2. Welding fumes and dusts
3. Skin and eye burn from the sparks or flame
4. Heat stress specially in summer season
5. Infrared or UV radiation from the welding arc
6. Electrocution
7. Flying particles
8. Trip over trailing cables
9. Physical injury from grinders and other tools
Controls of Hot Work:

Documents:
1. Permit to work
2. Method statement and TRA
3. Welding machine third party certified
4. Welder and fire watcher should be 3rd Party Certified
Area:
5. Remove all the combustibles and heavy oil deposits from the area and contain the sparks with fire blanket
- 8 meters
6. All the valves, drains and canals where possible flammables should be covered - 15m radius
7. Frequent Gas testing should be done - 15m radius
8. Barricade the area and put signage
9. Wet the area with water and pressurized fire water hose should be kept near the hot work area.
10. Certified and valid fire extinguisher should be there
Equipment:
11. Welding machine should be 3rd party certified

12. GFCI or ELCB should be there
13. Grounding of the welding machine
24
14. All cables must be properly double insulated
People:
15. Fire watcher must be present

16. Welder should wear fire resistant leader PPEs (hand gloves, Apron), face shield
17. Clean the area after job done
Welding Machine Inspection:

1. Grounding/Earthling
2. TPC (third party certificate)
3. ELCB (Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)
4. Emergency STOP Button
5. Drip Tray
6. Spark arrester (Atec standard- 1 year validity)
7. Fire extinguisher
What is the difference between flammable and combustible substances?

According to NFPA 30 Classification of flammable and combustible substances:
 Flammable - Substances which have a flash point less than 100.0 °F are called flammable.
 Combustible - Whereas fuels having a flash point above that temperature are called combustible.
What are the contents of Welding Fumes?

Welding fumes consist number of hazardous gases such as:
 Nitrous Oxide (Oxides of Nitrogen, NOx).

 Carbon dioxide (CO2).
 Carbon monoxide (CO).
 Shielding gas (e.g., Argon gas used in welding).
 Ozone (O3).
 Note- Stainless steel fume is more hazardous than Carbon steel fume due to higher chromium and nickel
contents.
Safe Use & Storage of Gas Cylinders:

PPGHHH_FSC_CSD_UCP
1. Pressure regulators that filters the gas and provide constant delivery pressure should incorporate safety
diaphragm that burst before bonnet is blown off. (in accordance with BS 5741: 1979)
2. Pressure gauges with safety backs which reflect bursting should be used.
3. Gas cylinders shall be color coded in accordance with the content and as per the international color code
system such as BS 349 and 1319.
25
Color Of Cylinder
GAS
Name Symbol Nominal
Acetylene C2H2 Maroon
Argon A Blue
Oxygen O2 Black
Propane - Red
4. Standard hose (BS 5120) that is used to connect torch to gas cylinder shall be kept as short as possible.
5. Hose shall be in good working condition and should be color coded

 Oxygen - Blue
 Acetylene - Red
 Propane - Orange
6. Hose check valve (non-return valves), which allows gases to blowpipe but not
back from it, shall be fitted to each hose at the torch.
7. Flash back arrester (restricts the back flow of gases into the equipment or
supply line and stops the flame) must be installed in both oxygen and fuel gas
lines.
8. Storage compounds should have 2 means of exit and storage area should be
properly ventilated.
9. Cut-off valve shall also be incorporated for automatically shutting of the gas
supply.
10. Store cylinders at cool well ventilated and dry area away from the
combustibles
11. Segregate empty and full cylinders
12. Store cylinders at designated area
13. with chains
14. Store cylinders upright with valve outlet seals and valve
protection caps
15. Use cylinder cage and cradle to lift a cylinder
16. Proper hand truck or cart must be used to move cylinders.
17. Do not drag the cylinders.
 Store cylinders at least 30m from hot work location and

combustible materials in a dry, ventilated place.
 Keep oxygen cylinders at least 20 feet from fuel gas
cylinders.
Flashback Arrestor:
A flashback arrestor is a special gas safety device most commonly used in
oxy-fuel welding and cutting to stop the flame or reverse flow of gas back
up into the equipment or supply line and it prevents the user and
equipment from damage or explosions.
 There are two types of flashback arrestor
 Wet flashback arrestor
 Dry flashback arrestor
 Flashbacks are commonly caused by a reverse flow of oxygen into the fuel gas hose (or fuel into the oxygen
hose), producing an explosive mixture within the hose. The flame can then burn back through the torch,
into the hose and may even reach the regulator and the cylinder. Flashbacks can result in damage or
destruction of equipment, and could even cause the cylinder to explode.
26
Chalwyn Valve:
Operating diesel engines in hazardous environments is a serious safety risk. A release of flammable gas or
hydrocarbon vapor can occur at any time and be drawn into the engine's air intake. The most effective way of
shutting down a runaway diesel engine is with an automatic air intake shutoff valve.
Spark Arrestor:
A spark arrester is a device which prevents the emission of flammable debris from combustion sources, such as
internal combustion engines, fireplaces, and wood burning stoves. Spark arresters play a critical role in the
prevention of wild land fire and ignition of explosive atmospheres.
Principle Causes of the Spread of Fire or Transmission of Fire:

 Conduction: The movement of heat through material.
 Convection: The movement of hotter gases up through the air.
 Radiation: Transfer of heat through the sun glows.
 Direct burn: Combustible material is contact with naked flame.
Methods for extinguishing the fire:

There are three main methods to extinguish a fire. These involves removing one of the essential elements of fire
(Fuel, Heat and Oxygen):
1. Cooling - removal of Heat (by water generally for class A fire)

2. Smothering - removal of Oxygen (by using CO2 or DCP)
3. Starvation - removal of Fuel (by cutting fuel supply)
PASS method
PASS is the acronym for Pull the safety pin, Aim nozzle at base of the fire, Squeeze the lever and Sweep side to side.
Types of Fire:
 Class A: Ordinary combustible fire (E.g. Wood, paper, cloth etc.)
 Class B: Liquid or liquefiable solids (E.g. Petrol, diesel, kerosene etc.).
 Class C: Gaseous fire {E.g. LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), H2S, NG (Natural gas)}.
 Class D: Metal fire (E.g. Magnesium, potassium, Zirconium, Titanium, Phosphorous).
 Class E: Electrical Fire: Fire involving energized electrical equipment as electrical cable electric motor etc.
27
Firefighting Equipment Inspection:

1. All personal shall know the location of firefighting equipment in their work / camp areas;
2. Access to firefighting equipment must never be blocked by any material or equipment;
3. All firefighting equipment shall be inspected monthly to ensure it is in place.(Portable Fire Extinguishers),
Pressure gauges show adequate pressure (a CO2 extinguisher must be weighed to determine whether
leakage has occurred)
4. Pins and seals are in place.
5. No visual signs of damage.
6. Fire extinguishers and hoses are to be ready and available in the location of any hot work.
7. Never use water on fixtures that contain live electrical outlets, such as an electrical breaker panel .
What is fire extinguisher, its types and application of each, and color coding for different fire
extinguisher?
A portable device that discharges a jet of water, foam, gas, or other material to extinguish a fire is called fire
extinguisher.
Types of fire extinguishers and their application:
 Water type extinguisher – Water fire extinguishers have a class A rating and are suitable for fighting
fires involving solid combustibles such as wood, paper and textiles.
 AFFF Foam type extinguisher – AFFF (aqueous film forming foam) foam fire extinguishers are highly
effective on class A and class B fires (the foam agent helps to prevent re-ignition). Some foam extinguishers
have been dielectrically tested to 35000 Volt (35kV) and can be used on or near electrical appliances.
 Carbon dioxide (CO2) type extinguisher – They are ideal for electrical fires, as CO2 is not a
conductor and they do not leave behind any harmful residue.
28
 ABC Dry chemical powder type extinguisher – ABC powder fire extinguishers are extremely
versatile and can be used on class A, class B, class C and electrical fires.
 Water mist type extinguisher – They are highly effective on class A, B, C, F and electrical.
 Wet chemical type extinguisher – Wet chemical fire extinguishers are designed specifically for use
on class F kitchen fire
Color Coding for Fire Extinguishers:

 Water type Red
 AFFF Foam Cream

 Carbon dioxide Black
 ABC Powder Blue
 Water mist White
 Wet Chemical Yellow
Types of firefighting Equipment:

1. Portable first aid & firefighting appliances.
2. Fixed installation.
3. Mobile equipment
What are four legs of fire safety?

1. Fire protection
2. Fire prevention
3. Quantity control
4. Preventive Maintenance
Fire prevention System

Fire prevention is about taking steps to prevent a fire from happening. For example regular inspection, provision of
booths for hot work, housekeeping, properly storing materials etc.
Fire Protection System

Fire protection is the combination of different fire safety equipment and procedures that are used to control the fire
and to protect the people and property. Fire protection often includes equipment like fire alarms, extinguishers and
fire sprinkler system
What is smoke detector?

Smoke detector: A smoke detector is a device that senses smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.
Types:
 Ionization smoke detector – ionization smoke detector uses a radio isotope, typically americium-241 (an
alpha emitter) to ionize air. A difference is detected in ionizing process due to smoke and an alarm is
generated.
 Photoelectric or optical smoke detector – It contains a source of infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
(typically incandescent light bulb or LED), a lens, and a photoelectric receiver (typically a photodiode). The
light emitted by the light source passes through the air being tested and reaches the photo sensor. They
29
receives light intensity will be reduced because light is scattered due to smoke particles. The circuit detects
the intensity reduction and generates the alarm.
 Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide detection – fire produces carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, and
they can be detected through these detection systems. They are particularly suitable for dusty and dirty
environment where ionizing and optical detection systems tend to give false alarms.
What is Fire Sprinkler System?

A fire sprinkler system is an active fire protection method that consists pressurized water supply through piping
distribution and provides water flow through the sprinkler heads when fire is detected.
Sprinkler Head
Sprinkler head is a component of the fire sprinkler system that discharges water when fire is detected or temperature
of that location exceeds the predetermined level. It has color-coded heat sensitive glass bulb filled with liquid
(mixture of alcohol and water or glycerin and water) that works as a plug which prevents water from flowing. The
color of the bulb indicates the activation temperature. When temperature
around the sprinkler head exceeds the activation temperature, the bulb
breaks and water starts flowing through the head.
Color-code and activation temp. Of bulb

Orange - 57 °C Green - 93°C
Red - 68°C Blue - 141°C
Yellow - 79°C Purple - 182°C
Zone Classification relating Flammable Atmosphere:

 ZONE-0: Explosive gas atmosphere are present continuously of present long period.
 ZONE-1: Explosive gas atmosphere likely to occur normal operation.
 ZONE-2: Explosive gas atmosphere not likely to occur in normal operation. If it occurs it will only exist for a
short time.
Emergency Response during Fire Emergency:

 If you discover a fire;
 Stop the work- Make sure all tools placed in a safe manner and equipment and machinery turned off.
 Activate the nearest fire alarm if available or call for help before attempting to extinguish a fire (shout:
“Fire” “Fire” “Fire”).
 Notify Fire station if possible
 Attempt to extinguish the fire if the fire is small.
 If the fire is too big to control with the equipment at hand, retreat.
 Proceed to assembly point for head count (name check).
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WORKING AT HEIGHT
WORKING AT HEIGHT
Work where there is a risk of a fall liable to cause personal injury unless precautions are taken.
Hazards:
SCAFFF_MOVE_WHAT
1. Slip, trip, fall

2. Collapse of scaffolding
3. Improper access and egress
4. Falling from height
5. Falling objects
6. Flying objects
7. Manual Handling
8. Overhead Live lines
9. Vehicle
10. Ergonomics
11. Working beneath the scaffolding
12. Heat stress
13. Adverse weather
14. Transportation of material
Scaffolding Work Control Measures:

BAG_FSC_MOB_DDD
1. Provide Barricades and Signage.

2. Ensure all access/egress routes are kept clear at all times, to maintain work area clean during and end of
work.
3. Maintain good housekeeping to avoid the slip, trip, and fall.
4. Use full body harness with double lanyard and maintain 100% tie-off.
5. Secure all the materials and tools.
6. Only competent person can doing the scaffolding works (Erection, Modification and Dismantling). Close
supervision should be required. Good communication should be established among the crew.
7. Follow Manual handling procedure.
8. Maintain distance from overhead power lines.
9. Do not allow anybody to work beneath the scaffolding work.
10. Do not exceed the maximum load.
11. Drink plenty of water, take rest in shaded area (resting shelter), take regular intervals, and follow the client
procedure.
12. Do not allow any body to work due to adverse weather like heavy wind. Stop the activity and wait for the
further client instruction.
31
 Overlapping of two adjacent planks in a platform should not less than 12 inches
 Scaffold platform and access should be at least 18 inches wide.
 Any gap on scaffolding platform should not be greater than 1 inch.
 Minimum height of a toe-board is 6 inches.
 The height of top-rail is 42 inches plus minus 3 inches.
 Mid rail should be 21 inches high.
 The distance between guardrails and toe boards shall not exceed 765 mm.
 Standard boards are nominally 225mm wide and 37mm thick, but 50mm and 63mm are
available.
 Boards shall not be painted or treated in any way, which shall conceal defects in them. The ends
of all scaffold boards shall be bound and protected by metal hoops
 Ladder must be at correct angle of 75 degrees (1:4)
 Ladder must be 3 feet above the platform for safe landing.
 The base width to height ratio of scaffold is 1:4. For example if base width is 2 m, the maximum
height would be 8 m.
 Each scaffold and scaffold components must support without failure its own weight and at least
4 times the maximum intended load applied to it. (Suspended scaffold must support its own
weight and at least 6 times of intended load).
 PFAS should be used when working at height at 1.8m.
 Strength of the scaffolding /Loading Capacity depends upon the vice versa of ledger size. Greater
the size of ledger lesser the loading capacity.
 Length of Harness lanyard as per OSHA is 6ft and Maximum Arresting Force of harness is 1,800
lbs. (13 KN) and capacity is: 130 lbs. - 310 lbs. (59 kg - 141 kg).
 Work at height should be stopped at 17 knots
 Ladders shall be placed inside a scaffold wherever possible, and landing places shall be provided
vertical intervals of no more than 9.0 meter.
 There is no maximum height for using a ladder. However, where a ladder rises 9 meters or more
above its base, landing areas or rest platforms should be provided at suitable intervals
 Chin strap for Helmet is compulsory when High windy times & Working at height.
Types of Fall Protective System:

1. Guardrail system (e.g. Edge protection)
2. Safety net system
3. Lifeline
4. Personal Fall arrest system (e.g. full body harness, lifeline)
Safety Net System
Types Hole Size Outline Rope Size
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Man 100 mm 8 mm
Material 25 mm 12 mm
Vertical Distance from Working Level to Horizontal Minimum Required Horizontal Distance of Outer Edge of Net from Edge of
Plane of Net Working Surface
Up to 5 feet 8 feet
More than 5 feet, up to 10 feet 10 feet

More than 10 feet, up to 30 feet 13 feet
More than 30 feet Safety net not permitted as fall protection
Full Body Harness
4 Components of Full body Harness
HARDWARE Any metal including D rings, buckles, snap hooks, carabiners, etc
FABRIC/Webbing Any straps, lanyard, packs, pouches and include wire cable (even though it's not fabric)
STITCHING Any tack point where two pieces of fabric are attached or sewn
TAGS OR LABELS Any written information on the product
Inspection of Safety Harness
Webbing check
 Hold the harness up by the shoulder straps and ensure that the webbing hangs evenly
 Connect buckles and ensure harness is not distorted and hangs correctly
 Check webbing for signs of UV damage
 Check webbing for signs of chemical damage (staining is a good indication of chemical damage and can be
identified if the harness appears brittle or hardened)
 Check the condition of the webbing by running through thumb and forefinger
 In all cases software, must be free from: -
- Cuts
- Fraying
- Excessive abrasion
 If you encounter any problems or you are unsure that your harness fits to the standard defined above,
replace it.
 It is worth noting that proper care and cleaning of a fall arrest harness is just as important as the inspection
itself.
 Cuts, nicks or tears
 Broken fibers/cracks
33
 Overall deterioration
 Webbing thickness uneven
 Missing Straps
 Excessive hardness or brittleness (Indicates heat or UV damage)
Stitching check
 Pulled stitches
 Stitching that is missing
 Hard or shiny spots (Indicates heat damage)
Hardware Check
 Distortion (twists, bends)

 Rough or sharp edges
 Rust or corrosion
 Cracks or breaks
 Broken/distorted grommets
 Modification by users
 Discoloration
Tags or Labels
 Check tag for date of manufacture and remove from service if past adopted service life policy
 If tagging system is missing or not legible remove harness from service.
 Don’t Use Safety Harness

 If the D ring, plastic back plate, fasteners, web tidies, adjusters or connectors do not look
right (check the 'Hardware inspection' question for details).
 If the webbing does not look right (check the 'Webbing inspection' question for details).
 If you cannot find an inspection date recorded within the last 12 months.
 If you cannot find a manufacturing date.
 If you do not have an individual serial number.
 Vertical lifelines and lanyards must have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds
 Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards that automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet or less must
be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 3,000 pounds applied to the device with the
lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended position
Scaffolding:
A temporary structure which is used to provide access, support material or plant or from which person works.
34
Components of Scaffolds
 Base plate- 150*150*50mm
 Sill board
 Screw Jack
 Standards
 Ledgers
 Transoms
 Bracings
 Couplers
 Platforms
 Toe Boards
 Hand rails
 Mid rails
 Ladder
Typical Scaffold Components

Include:
 Sole plate- first component of scaffold putted on ground to distribute the load.
 Base plate/jack- in which the standard or vertical tube is fitted. it provides stability to scaffold.
 Standard- the vertical scaffold poles that bear weight of the scaffolding.
 Coupler- a fitting used to join components together.
 Plank/board- they are used to make working platform.
 Mid rails & guardrails- the scaffolding tubes fixed to the edges of scaffold to prevent fall of persons.
 Toe boards- they are planks or boards fitted to the edges to prevent material fall.
 Braces- they are scaffold tubes fitted diagonally or horizontally to provide strength to the scaffold.
 Transoms- a horizontal cross-section load-bearing component which holds the boards or decking unit.
 Ledgers- a horizontal brace attached 90 degree to the transoms.
 Ladder- used to get access to the
scaffold.
 Gin Wheel - a simple form of tackle
block, having one wheel, over which a
pulley rope runs. The device is used to
lift or lower lightweight properly
secured materials and/ or object.
 Kicker Lift / Foot Tie: The vertical
distance measured from ground to the
center of first ledger, normally this
distance is 150 mm from ground and
provided when scaffold is more than
6.0M height or scaffold carrying heavy
load.
 Lift Height: The vertical distance
measured between centers of two
ledgers. Normal lift height is 2.2 M.
 Base lift or First Lift : is the first lift above ground level, other than foot tie or kicker lift
 Base lift or First Lift : is the first lift above ground level, other than foot tie or kicker lift
35
Standards:
 Scaffold: BS 5973:1993
 Scaffolding Clamps: EN74.
 Put log: BS1139.
 Scaffolding Plank: BS 2482.
 Tube: BS1139, EN39
Types of Scaffolds:
 Independent Scaffold.
 Bird-Cage Scaffold.
 Mobile Scaffold.
 Tube and Coupler scaffolding
 Bridge Scaffold
 Hanging Scaffolds
Based on Load Capacity:

 Very light duty- 75 kg/m2- 2.7m Bay length
 Light duty- 150 kg/m2- 2.4m
 Medium duty- 200 kg/m2- 2.1m
 Heavy duty- 250 kg/m2 - 1.8m
 Special purpose- 300+ kg/m2
Types of Safety Tags:

Tag is a paper system that is put on a scaffolding indicating the present condition of scaffolding.
 Red Tag: Do not use

 Yellow Tag: being erected (can use with 100% fall protection)
 Green Tag : Safe to use
Details in Scaffold Tag:

 Location
 Max Loading Capacity (kg/m²)
 Date of erection
 Inspection date
 Name and signature of certified Scaffolding Supervisor
Inspection of Scaffolding:
 After Erection completed
 Before the start of work
 Every 7 days
 Any Alteration done
 Extreme weather conditions
Types of Lanyard:
 Shock-absorbing lanyards
 Self-retracting lanyards (or SRLS)
 Positioning lanyards.
36
Types of Couplers:
RS_PSL
A coupler used to connect two Class A-safe working slip load of 6.1
Right Angle scaffold tubes at right angle. kN
Coupler Class B - safe working slip load of
9.1 kN
Torque – 50Nm
A coupler used to connect Class A-safe working slip load of 6.1

Swivel Coupler tubes at an angle other than a kN
right angle. Class B - safe working slip load of
E.g. ledger bracing 9.1 kN
Torque – 50Nm
A coupler used for fixing a Safe working slip load of .63 kN

Putlog Couplers
putlog or transom to a ledger
for the support of scaffold
boards, or to connect a tube
used only as a guard-rail to a
standard.
A coupler used to join two Class A-safe working slip load of 3.6
Sleeve Coupler scaffold tubes to another kN
externally end-to-end. Class B - safe working slip load of
5.5 kN
Torque – 50Nm
Used to secure ladders

Ladder Coupler
Provide end-to-end Shear Strength – 21 kN

Expanding Joint Pin connection to scaffold tubes.
37
Types of Bracing:
Two diagonal braces joined at their center to form an “X.” Also called “X” bracing
Cross or cross braces
Bracing
A scaffold tube placed diagonally with respect to the vertical and horizontal
Diagonal members of a scaffold and fixed to them to give the scaffold stability.
Brace
Diagonal braces installed in the plane of the longer dimension (length) of the
Longitudinal scaffold.
(Facade or
Sway)
Bracing
Diagonal braces placed end-to-end and that alternate back and forth.
Zig-Zag
(Dog-leg)
Bracing
Transverse Diagonal braces installed in the plane of the shorter dimension (width) of the
(Sectional scaffold.
or Ledger)
Bracing
38
39
Ladder Terminology:
Beam, Bed section, Heel, Shoes, Fly sections, Pads, Hooks & rungs;
Types of Ladders
 Straight ladder.
 Step ladder.
 Extension ladder.
 Roof/ Hook ladder.

 Folding ladder.
Ladder Hazards:
 Fall from height- falling of ladders, toppling of ladders to sideways, ladder base slipping out from the wall.
 Falling of Objects.
 Over reach
 Contact with overhead lines.
Ladder Control Measures:

 Do not handle the ladder near overhead lines.
 Site on a solid, flat base, weight should only be supported on the styles, never on the rungs.
 Angle of the ladder should be 75 degree to the horizontal or at a ratio 1:4 distance away from the wall to
height.
 Do not over reach from the ladder.
 Top of the ladder must be 1 meter (3 rungs) from the landing and secured properly.
 The base should also be secured or be footed by someone standing on the bottom rungs.
 Face the ladder when ascending or descending.
 Maintain 3 point contact on the ladder
Rescue Procedure for Working at Heights
Emergency Planning
The three main parts of emergency planning are:

1. Creating a training and testing plan
2. Creating an emergency plan
3. Outlining rescue procedures.
Emergency Response Plan
40
If a worker falls and is suspended by a safety harness, implement the emergency response plan by following the
steps below. Note: It’s important for everyone to know their role.
1. The site supervisor (or alternate foreperson) takes control of the situation.
2. The site supervisor sounds the emergency alarm—two long blasts from a horn. All workers in the immediate
vicinity of the incident stop working.
3. The site supervisor or their designate goes to get help if workers are close by. If no one is close enough, the
site supervisor calls for help.
4. The site supervisor calls 911 to notify local police, fire, and ambulance if required.
5. The crane operator remains on standby.
6. The site supervisor (or a worker assigned to the task) isolates the accident zone and its perimeter to limit
further exposure.
7. The site supervisor (or a worker assigned to the task) moves all non-affected personnel to a safe zone or
directs them to remain where they are.
8. The site supervisor enables radio silence on the jobsite, except for crisis communications from emergency
responders. These communications are conducted on a pre-selected "emergency only" radio channel.
9. The site supervisor sends a designated worker to the site gate to meet the response team (police, medical,
fire, etc.) and ensure that they have a safe access path to the accident scene.
10. The site supervisor assembles the emergency rescue team at the accident site as quickly as possible to
determine the best rescue procedure for the situation.
Rescue Procedures
The following rescue procedures are ordered (A) through (D), with (A) being the preferred method and (D) being the
method used when there is no other means of rescue.
A. Elevating Work Platform Rescue—If an elevating work platform (EWP) is available on site and the
suspended worker can be reached by the platform, follow the procedure below.
1. Bring the EWP to the accident site and use it to reach the suspended worker.
2. Ensure that rescue workers are wearing full-body harnesses attached to appropriate anchors in the EWP.
3. Ensure that the EWP has sufficient load capacity for both the rescuer(s) and the victim.
4. If the victim is not conscious, two rescuers will be needed to safely handle the weight of the victim.
5. When the worker is safely on the EWP, reattach the lanyard to an appropriate anchor point on the EWP, if
possible.
6. Lower the worker and arrange for treatment of the victim for suspension trauma and any other injuries.
7. Arrange for transport to nearest hospital.
B. Ladder Rescue—if an elevating work platform is not available, use ladders to rescue the fallen worker with the
procedure outlined below.
 Where possible, use ladder(s) to reach the victim.
41
 Rig separate lifelines and fall arrest equipment for rescuers to use while assessing the victim from the
ladder(s).
 If victim is not conscious or cannot reliably help with their own rescue, at least two rescuers will be needed.
 If victim is suspended from a lifeline, move them to an area that can be safely reached by the ladder(s),
where possible.
 If victim is suspended directly from their lanyard or from a lifeline, securely attach a separate lowering line
to the victim’s harness. Other rescuers will lower the victim while being guided by the rescuer on the ladder.
 In no case should ladders be used to support the weight of more than one worker.
 Once the victim has been brought to a safe location, administer First Aid and treat the person for suspension
trauma and any other injuries.
 Arrange for transport to nearest hospital.
C. Rescue from Work Area or Floor Below—If the fallen worker is suspended near a work area and can be
safely reached from the area from which they fell or the floor below, use the following procedure:
 Ensure that rescuers are protected against falling.

 If possible, securely attach a second line to the workers’ harnesses to assist in pulling them to a safe area.
(Note: more than two strong workers will be needed to pull a victim upwards for rescue.)
 Ensure that any slack in the retrieving lines is taken up to avoid slippage.
 Once the victim has been brought to a safe location, administer First Aid and treat the person for suspension
trauma and any other injuries.
 Arrange for transport to the nearest hospital.
D. Basket Rescue—if a worker has fallen and is suspended in an inaccessible area, you may need to perform a
basket rescue.
For basket rescues, the basket must be designed by a professional engineer and constructed in accordance with
good manufacturing processes to withstand all loads to which it may be subjected. It must be kept on site at all times
in an accessible location where it is clear of material or other equipment.
Fit the rescue basket with a double connection to the crane and appropriate rigging for quick hookup by the crane
operator.
Always keep the following items in the rescue basket.
1. First-aid kit
2. Three lanyards equipped with shock absorbers
3. One full-body harness
4. Tag line attached to the basket at all times
5. Descent controller rescue device in good working condition
6. Secondary safety line to tie the basket above the headache ball of the crane.
To perform a basket rescue, follow the steps below.
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1. Make sure preferred methods A, B, and C are not possible.
2. Notify the crane operator immediately to position the crane to attach the basket.
3. While the basket is being attached, the crew leader checks that all safety rigging is done and all the required
safety equipment is available.
4. With two rescuers in the basket, hoist it to a position that is above and as close as possible to the fallen
worker. A designated worker on the ground guides the basket with a tag line. The designated worker must
make sure that when the rescue basket reaches the right elevation, the door of the basket is facing the
structural steel to provide an easy exit for rescuer #1.
5. Rescuer #1 exits the rescue basket and gets into a position to reach the fallen worker. When doing this,
rescuer #1 must be tied-off at all times to either the structure or the rescue basket.
6. Rescuer #2, who is still in the rescue basket, lowers the line that will be used to retrieve the worker. Rescuer
#2 attaches an extra lanyard to the line if required.
7. Rescuer #1 assesses the fallen worker for injuries and then decides how to proceed (i.e., treat injuries first,
guide the fallen worker into the rescue basket, or lower the basket to the ground with the fallen worker
attached to it).
8. Once the fallen worker has been brought to a safe location, administer first aid. Treat the person for
suspension trauma and any other injury.
9. Arrange transportation to hospital. A designated worker must accompany the injured worker to hospital.
If the basket rescue is the method used, keep the following points in mind.
 Perform a basket rescue only when it is not possible to use conventional equipment to rescue the fallen
worker in a safe manner.
 Never exceed the maximum number of workers in the basket as indicated on the nameplate.
 Ensure that a competent worker inspects the crane and equipment being used prior to lifting rescuers.
 Always equip the crane with a fail-safe mechanism to prevent the boom from descending in the event of a
power source or system failure.
 Maintain an adequate means of communication between the rescuers in the basket and the crane operator
at all times.
 Ensure that workers in the rescue basket wear full-body safety harnesses attached to a lanyard and
anchored to appropriate points in the basket at all times.
 Make sure that all rigging used to attach the rescue basket to the hook of a load line has a safety factor of
10 against failure. There should be a safety line attached to the load line directly from the basket.
 Do not allow cranes to travel while rescuers are in the basket.
Do not use suspended rescue baskets during high winds, electrical storms, snow, ice, sleet, or other adverse
conditions that could affect the safety of personnel on the platform or in the basket.
43
NDT (Non Destructive Test)
Radiography:
It is a process of using electromagnetic waves like X-rays and Gamma rays to examine internal strength and integrity
of various manufactured components.
 Through this process any defects like discontinuity or internal porosity in a welding can be detected.
 Cobalt - 60 and Iridium-192 is usually used for radiation source.
Acute Effect:
When a person exposure to high concentration of Chemical for a short period of time and this effect generate in his
body which is reversible;
E.g. Exposure to Ammonia can cause temporary breathing troubles, dizziness, etc.
Acute Effects of RT:

 Radiation sickness (symptoms-nausea, vomiting and diarrhea).
 Blistering and ulceration of the skin.
 Hair loss.
 Dermatitis (symptoms- itchiness, inflammation, red skin, rash etc.).
 Cataracts (clouding of the lenses in the eyes that affects vision).
 Anemia (due to red blood cell damage).
 Reduced immune system (due to white blood cell damage).
 Infertility (inability to conceive after having regular unprotected intercourse
Chronic Effect:
When a person exposure to low concentration of chemical for a prolong period of time and this effect generate in
his body which may or may not be reversible.
E.g. Exposure to Ammonia on long time basis can cause Asthma, cancer etc.
Chronic Effects of RT:

 Leukemia (blood cancer) and thyroid cancer.
 Kidney damage.
 Genetic mutations.
 Birth defects.
44
Requirements for RT:
PM_ELCB_MURAD_JOOSH
1. Permit to work should be obtained (Restrict area need radiation certificate & Cold work permit, Outside of
the restricted area only radiography certificate, X-ray with high tension transformer HOT Work Permit).
2. Method Statement and TRA.
3. Emergency action plan should be available at the site. Emergency kit should be present.
4. Radiographic person should have valid license (Certification from NRPB- National Radiation Protection
Board) to handle the radiographic source. Medical History Should also be present.
5. Find out controlled area with survey meter (With Calibration Certificate).
6. Isolate / barricade the area with yellow and black warning tape.
7. Magenta color safety signage should be used reading “CAUTION-RADIATION AREA” OR “CAUTION-
RADIOGRAPHY IN PROGRESS”
8. Unauthorized personnel are prohibited inside the barricade while the source is exposed.
9. All personal entering the barricade area must wear a TLD badge and a self-reading dosimeter
10. Arrange access, lighting, Source transportation vehicle (shall be approved by FANR (Federal authority for
nuclear authority)).
11. Keeping radiation dose As Low as Reasonably Achievable (ALARA), by using beam limiting device like
collimator or by other method.
12. Minimizing the exposure duration, through job rotation etc.
13. Performing RT in off time (at night, during lunch break etc.).
14. The operators should wear personal alarm dosimeter, electronic dosimeter and PPEs like lead containing
hand gloves, goggles, aprons etc.
15. Providing shielding screen for operator and the operator should stay behind the screen or at least 6 feet
away from the source of radiation.
16. Health surveillance of the workers involved in radiography must be done at regular basis.
Safety Devices for Radiography:

 TLD Badges
 Personal Dosimeter
 Koli Meter
 Surveyor meter
 Emergency Kit
 Emergency Action Plan
 Beepers
Important Definitions:
Controlled Areas: Any area where radiation dose is more than 0.75 MREM/h (7.5 Micro
Sever)
Dosimeter Electronic instrument device used to measure personnel accumulated

external radiation exposure (Gamma).
Dosimetry: The process of measuring radiation dose rate;
45
Geiger meter: An instrument used to measure radiation dose.
Film Badge: The badge is worn by the personnel who is exposed to radiation due to
their nature of job. This badge is processed to measure received
radiation dose per month. TLD (Thermoluminescent dosimeter)
Decay Chart: It is a chart showing the change of radioactivity of source for a period at
regular interval of time.
Survey Meters: Some suitably hand-held radiation detectors used in the field during the
assessment of NORM mm contamination area. To determine the area of

barricading (Analog and digital surveyor meter is available).
NDT Types
VAMPURE
1. Visual Testing (VT)
2. Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
3. Radiography Testing (RT)
4. Eddy Current (Electromagnetic) Testing (ET)
5. Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)
6. Acoustic Emission Testing (AE)
7. Liquid Penetrant testing (PT)
8. Leak Testing (LT)
46
MANUAL HANDLING
Manual Handling
The lifting, carrying, pushing and pulling of a load by bodily force.
Manual Handling Injuries

 Back injury
 Tendon and ligament injuries – tendons and ligaments are the connective tissues that join muscle to bone,
and bone to bone respectively
 Muscle injuries – overloaded muscle tissue can tear
 Hernias – when the sheet muscle that surrounds the gut is overloaded, it can distort and tear
 WRULDs – chronic soft-tissue injuries can occur to the arms, wrists and hands as a result of repetitive
movements.
 Cuts, burns, dislocation and broken bones
Manual Handling Hazards

 Back pain,
 Fatigue,
 Overloading,
 Improper manual handling technique.
 awkward postures,
 repetitive movements of arms & legs,
 Lack of awareness.
 Slip, falls,
Ergonomics:
The relationship of science between worker, equipment and working environment;
Ergonomic Assessment:
It Depends on TILE (Task, Individual, Load &Environmental).
 The task – to strenuous, require awkward posture or movements.

 The individual – level of competency, physical capability etc.
 The load – too heavy, too large, difficult to grasp, unbalanced or unstable and difficult to reach.
 The environment – space available, floor, climate and lighting.
Good Handling Technique

Before Lifting
 Check the weight, center of gravity and stability of the load.
 Plan the route of the carry.
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 Establish a firm grip.
The Lift
 Bend the knees and use the leg muscles to lift.
 Keep the back relatively upright but try to maintain its natural S-shaped curve.
 Keep the load close to the body.
 Avoid twisting, overreaching and jerking.
Setting Down

Use the same principles as when lifting.

 Maintain good balance.
 Set the load down and then adjust its position using body weight.
If You Need To Use Lifting Equipment

1. Consider whether you can use a lifting aid, such as a forklift truck, electric or hand-powered hoist, or a
conveyor;
2. Think about storage as part of the delivery process – maybe heavy items could be delivered directly, or
closer, to the storage area.
3. Reduce carrying distances where possible.
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CHEMICAL HANDLING
Chemical Hazards:
 Liquids
 Dust
 Fumes, Mist,
 Vapor & gas.
 It is color coded, Red for fire, Blue for health, Yellow for reactivity and White for specific hazard
like oxidizer, alkali, acid and corrosive etc.
Routes of Entry or Modes of Entry:
1. Inhalation (through nose);

2. Ingestion (through mouth);
3. Absorption (through skin); and
4. Injection (force full entry of chemical).
Toxicity
 Ability of the substance to harm the body and the manner in which it harms the body
 Quantity + Duration + Toxicity = Dose
 The dose makes the poison
Health Effect:
 Acute Effect.
 Chronic effect.
Acute Effect:
When a person exposure to high concentration of Chemical for a short period of time and this effect generate in his
body which is reversible.
E.g. Exposure to Ammonia can cause temporary breathing troubles, dizziness, etc
Chronic Effect:
When a person exposure to low concentration of chemical for a prolong period of time and this effect generate in
his body which may or may not be reversible.
E.g. Exposure to Ammonia on long time basis can cause Asthma, cancer etc.
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Control Measures:
1. Chemical Approval Panel - MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet).

2. Elimination, Substitution
3. Changed Method of work, Engineering Control (extraction)
4. Information, Instruction & Training - COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health).
5. Personal Protection Equipment.
6. Monitoring.
7. Recovery Measures (Emergency Plan)
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet):
Material Safety Data Sheet is detailed information about the physical and chemical characteristics of the chemicals
as well as the health, safety, fire, reactivity and environmental hazards and its precautions. It is provided by
manufacturer.
The details of following things;
 Information about chemical: (Name of the product, Composition, Ingredients, Physical and Chemical
Properties, Reactivity /Stability, Manufactures details),
 Information about hazards: (Identify the hazard, Health hazard),
 Information about Precautionary measures: (First aid Measures, Firefighting technique, Spill control,
Exposure controls, Handling/Storage Procedure, PPE),
 Environmental Impact information: ( Ecological Information, Disposal consideration),
 Other: (Regulations, Standards).
Basic Requirement of Chemical Storage Area:
 Label storage areas according to the type of chemical family or hazard classification found there.
 Display MSDS according to the chemical.
 Keep aisles, hallways, doorways, exits, and entryways clear.
 Keep storage areas well lit, appropriately ventilated, and at a consistent, cool temperature.
 Eliminate ignition sources such as open flames, heat sources, or direct sunlight.
 Keep emergency equipment such as fire extinguishers handy and in good working order. .
 Confine chemical storage areas so that leaks or spills are controlled. Prevent chemicals from running down
sink, floor, or storm water drains. Clean up spills and drips immediately.
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ELECTRICAL SAFETY
Electrical Hazards:
BE_SAFE
 B-Burn.

E- Electrocution.
 S-Shock.
 Arching.
 F- Fire.
 E- Explosion.
10 mA Minor Shock.
Above 30 mA Severe Shock.
100 mA Death.
HIGH VOLTAGE (H.V) APPARATUS Any equipment and conductor system normally
operated above 650 Volts.
MEDIUM VOLTAGE (M.V) APPARATUS Any equipment and conductor system normally
operated above 250 Volts, but not exceeding
than 650 Volts.
LOW VOLTAGE (L.V) APPARATUS Any equipment and conductor system normally
operated below 250 Volts.
 According to HSE legislations high voltage is defined as voltage exceeding 1000V (AC) and 1500V (DC)
 High Voltage transformers should be protected by 2.4 m (8 feet) high fence.
Electrical Protection Devices:

Various protective systems can be used for electrical equipment, such as:
 Fuses - a weak link in the circuit.

 Earthling - a low-resistance path to earth for fault current.
 Isolation - cutting the power.
 Double insulation - separating people from the conductors using two layers of insulation.
 Residual Current Devices (RCDs) - sensitive and fast-acting trips.
 Reduced and low voltage -so that less current flows during an electric shock accident.
Electric Shock:
Instructions for the treatment of persons suffering from electric shock shall be prominently displayed in all switch
rooms, workshops etc., where electric equipment is located. All personal, who are exposed to the possibility of
electric shock, shall be trained in emergency procedures, with regard to treatment of electric shock victims.
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Factors of Severity of the Effect of Electric Shock:
1. The level of voltage,
2. The amount of body resistance of current flow,
3. The path the current taken through your body,
4. The length of time of current flow through your body.
Electrical Fires and Explosions Causes

 Electrical equipment may be faulty and overheat as a result, leading to a fire.
 The system may be overloaded; as too much current passes through, it overheats, causing fire or explosion.
 Overheating during charging. Many portable or mobile devices can become hot during the charging
process. This is particularly the case if the equipment is faulty or of poor quality (e.g. counterfeit mobile
phone batteries and chargers).
 Equipment may be misused (e.g. it may be connected into the mains supply by pushing bare wires into the
socket rather than using the proper plug).
 A flammable atmosphere may be present which electricity ignites. This can happen in two different sets of
circumstances:
 The wrong type of electrical equipment is brought into an already known existing flammable atmosphere.
 A flammable atmosphere is accidentally created in an area where it would not be expected (e.g. due to
spillage).
 Electrical equipment may produce heat or sparks as part of its normal operation (e.g. a fan heater gets hot
during use). If it is poorly positioned next to a full waste paper bin, it may start a fire.
 One common cause of overheating electrical equipment is poor internal connections. When two electrical
components are joined together, the connection between them must be well made and secure
Arcing: Arcing is where electricity jumps across an air gap.
The main risks associated with arcing are:

 Electric shock as a result of being struck by the arc.
 Direct burns as a result of being struck by the arc.
 Indirect burns from the radiant heat given off by the arc and from the melting of any equipment struck.
 Damage to the eye as a result of the ultraviolet (UV) light that is emitted by the arc.
Safety precautions for electricity:

1. Suitable electrical equipment should be selected for the purpose.
2. Power should be isolated before working on electricity and lock-out tag-out procedure should be followed.
3. Electrical works should be restricted to the competent workers only.
4. All electrical installations, equipment and appliances should be subject to user checks, formal visual
inspections and testing.
5. Electrical equipment should not be used in wet condition.
6. Various protective systems should be used such as fuses, RCB, ELCB, GFCI, earthing etc.
7. Non-conductive tools to be used while working with electricity.
8. Work permit system should be followed.
9. Workers should wear appropriate PPEs such as electric shock proof gloves, boots etc.
Control:
SFARRI_CSD
1. Selecting Right Tool for the Job
2. Fuses and Miniature Circuit Breakers
3. Earthing
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4. Residual Current Devices
5. Reduced and Low-Voltage Systems
6. Isolation of Supply
7. Competent Person
8. SSOW
9. Double Insulation
Selecting Right Tool for the Job

Electrical equipment must be carefully selected to ensure that it is suitable for the:
 Electrical system that it will become a part of (No electrical equipment should be put into use
where its electrical strength and capability may be exceeded and give rise to danger)
 Task that it will perform; (Select right tool for the job)
 Environment in which it will be used (Weather, Natural hazards, Extremes of temperature and
pressure, Dirty conditions, Corrosive conditions, Liquids and vapors, Flammable substances)
Fuses and Miniature Circuit Breakers
A fuse is a device used to prevent current overload.
Advantages: – Are very cheap and reliable. – Offer a good level of protection for the electrical equipment against
current overload.
Limitations: – A fuse does not stop current flow quickly enough to prevent – Are very easy to bypass
 Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) are electromechanical devices that work in a similar way to fuses to
protect equipment from current overload (i.e. they provide overcurrent protection). One significant
difference is that a MCB does not melt in response to current overload; it simply trips out and can be reset
by pressing a button. This gives one of the main advantages of MCBs – they do not have to be removed in
order to be reset and so they are more tamperproof than fuses. The limitations of MCBs are similar to those
for fuses.
Types of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

There are two types of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
 Voltage Operated ELCB
 Current Operated ELCB
How to Check Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
Earth leakage circuit breaker must be check once a year to whether that is working properly or not. Usually, the
circuit breakers are in the ON position. Here we have listed the step by step process for how to test the earth
leakage circuit breaker.
 If the ELCBs are not working properly, then we should contact sales otherwise service engineers nearby us.
 To deactivate the breaker, just push the operation switch, so that the power supply turns off.
 Press the test button of the earth leakage circuit breaker by using a pointed object or a ballpoint pen.
 Verify that the ELCB goes to the OFF position.
 Revisit the ELB to the ON position.
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 Switch ON the main power.
ELCB MCB
The short form of an Electric Leakage Circuit Breaker The short form of MCB is Molded Case Circuit
is ELCB. Breaker.
ELCB refers to voltage-operated earth leakage MCB is an electromechanical device.

device.
ELCB is an advanced one and it responds simply MCB is a fundamental protection device used to
once the circuit leaks current toward earth. restrict the current & fault within a circuit.
The earth leakage circuit breaker works on the According to the principle of the MCB which works
principles of current balancing which means it on incoming current measurement for the circuit as
computes the net of inward current as well as well as its increase
outgoing current.
ELCB is simply instant type simply because it must MCB is a different type depending on the
work instantly for any earth fault. application as well as its characteristics
Therefore, with different reset of MCB, it’s optional The trip ELCB specifies more alarming problem in
to verify the circuit thoroughly before resetting the circuit as compared with the MCB
ELCB.
The rated current of ELCB ranges from 5 to 50A, at The MCB rated current is not above 125 A.
240VAC
Earthing
Earthing is a way of protecting equipment so that, in the event of an electrical fault, current flows safely to earth
rather than flowing through a person who might be touching the equipment.
 The earth wire of an item of electrical equipment is usually connected to the outer metal casing or chassis
of the equipment. Electricity always takes the path of least resistance, and since the earth wire will have
very low resistance, the majority of fault current will flow safely to earth through the wire. Any person
touching the casing will receive a minor shock.
 The color code for earthing wire is Yellow and Green.
Advantages: – Protects the person from fatal electric shock. – Often provides secondary protection to the equipment
because a large fault current flowing to earth will overrate and trip the fuse or MCB.
Limitations: – A poor or broken earth connection will prevent the earth from working properly; since the earth wire
does not take part in the normal functioning of the equipment, this fault can go completely undetected– It is easy
to disconnect and disable.
Residual Current Devices
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A Residual Current Device (RCD) is specifically designed to protect human life in the event of electric shock. It does
so on the basis that it is very sensitive to small current imbalance (30 mA) in a circuit and is able to break the circuit
very quickly (40 milliseconds).
 The principle of a RCD is that it constantly compares the amount of current flowing down the live and
neutral lines and, if an imbalance is detected, it trips the circuit.
 RCDs (and earth leakage circuit breakers which work on a similar basis) can be:
- Incorporated into electrical equipment (as part of the plug)
- Used as standalone devices placed between a portable appliance plug and the power socket
- Hard-wired into distribution systems, such as the ‘consumer unit’ of a domestic house (which, in
many countries, has become standard practice for new or rewired houses).
Advantage: They provide excellent protection for people in the event of electric shock.
Limitation: The limitations of RCDs are that they:
- Do not provide overcurrent protection (they are not a fuse and work on a completely different
principle).
- Have to be tested periodically, to ensure that they are still working effectively, and this is often not
done.
- Can cause repeated circuit tripping if there is a fault and this can encourage people to not use them
or to disable them.
Reduced and Low-Voltage Systems
Voltage can be reduced using a transformer to step the voltage down to 110 V for portable power tools where mains
supply is 230 V.
 For hand-held portable tools and the smaller transportable units, a 110 V centre-tap earth system is
recommended, using a transformer to reduce the voltage from the public supply. The system relies on the
mid-point of the transformer to be earthed (center-tapped). The maximum shock voltage to earth is then
half the supply voltage, i.e. 55 V in the event of direct contact. As most shocks occur between a live part
and earth, this is a major step in the reduction of the shock effect. The full 110 V supply is available to power
the equipment.
 Lower-voltage systems (which are called ‘safety extra low voltage’) are created by using a safety isolating
transformer. This transformer ensures that the voltage between conductors in a circuit (which are
isolated from the supply mains and from earth) does not exceed 50 V AC.
Isolation of Supply
Isolation is the removal of electrical power from a circuit or system.

 This might be achieved using a switch (isolator) or by pulling the plug out (LOTO). This makes the system or
circuit dead and safe to work on (unless electrical energy is stored in the system).
Advantages: – It is a very effective method of ensuring that people cannot be injured by electrical energy when
working on an electrical system.
Limitations: – Certain types of testing, fault-finding and electrical installation and repair work have to be carried out
with the electrical system on and live. In these circumstances, isolation cannot be used.
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Use of Safe Systems of Work
This SSW is likely to make use of the following controls:

 Permit-to-work system.
 Competent persons.
 Insulating PPE (such as gauntlets and boots).
 Insulated tools and equipment (such as screwdrivers).
 Designated work areas (such as ‘earth-free zones’).
Double Insulation
Double insulation (or Class II equipment) is that there are two layers of insulation between any potentially live
conducting surface that the user might touch (such as the metal casing of the equipment) and any live conductors,
or the equipment has a non-conducting plastic casing.
Advantage: Double insulation is that it relies on insulation rather than the electrical system itself for safety.
Limitation: Insulation must be routinely visually inspected because there is no earth protection.
 A commonly used device for detecting the location of buried cables is the Cable Avoidance Tool (‘CAT
scanner’).
Types of Electricity:
1. Static electricity.
2. Dynamic electricity
Static Electricity:
Electricity which is produces by friction of two non-conducting substances. Static Electricity means electricity
at rest, it can be transferred from one place to another and hence of no use at all.
Dynamic Electricity:
Electricity which is produces by conservation of energy such as mechanical into electrical, chemical into
electrical, thermal in to electrical, etc...It can be transferred from one place to another and can be safely
utilized.
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Static Electricity Hazards:
 Four conditions required for explosive ignition.
 Mechanisms for producing hazardous conditions.
 Static generation, Accumulation of charge and potential.
 Spark discharge, Flammable vapor.
Method to Control the Accumulation of Static Electricity:

 Grounding & Bonding;

 Humidification of the process area (about 70%);
 To make material conductive (e.g. belts coated with metals);
 Discharge method (Static eliminators);
 Ionizers (Radioactive);and
 Metallic spiral on pipe lines.
Emergency Procedures Following an Electrical Incident
 Do not touch the casualty.

 Call for help and an ambulance.
 Turn off the power supply.
 If the power supply cannot be switched off, then carefully push or pull the casualty away from the live part
using non-conducting material, such as timber or dry clothing.
 Check breathing:
- If the casualty is breathing, place them in the recovery position.
- If they are not breathing, apply cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
 Treat any obvious burns.
 Treat for physiological shock.
 Make sure they get professional medical treatment (heart problems and internal burns may not be
apparent to the casualty or first aider).
Inspection and Maintenance of Electrical Equipment:
 Third party certification

 Inspection tag
 Color coding
 Guarding system
 Double insulated
 Rating
 Defects in the wiring or cable
 Visual Inspection
 CE marking and EU conformity
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LOTO:
It is a procedure in which dangerous mechanical machineries are properly shut-off and restricts them to self-start
prior to the maintenance work.
 Key operated padlocks and Tag shall be used to apply LOTO with numbering
LOTO Procedure:
SISI_LR_VPR
1. Identify the energy source

2. Inform all the people
3. Shutdown the equipment
4. Isolate equipment
5. LOTO equipment
6. Release stored Energy
7. Verify Isolation
8. Perform Servicing- shutdown work
9. Release from LOTO
Types of LOTO:
 Electrical. RED
 Mechanical BLUE
 Instrumental GREEN
 Contractor YELLOW
 Production WHITE
When LOTO is applied:

Adjusting, cleaning, lubricating, inspecting, modifying, replacing parts, tool changes
Exceptions of LOTO:
1. Routine, repetitive
2. Guards/safety not bypassed
3. No human contact in the point of operation
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P.P.E
P.P.E:
1. Head protection - Hard hat, cap, and helmet Made - aluminum, PVC, fiber glass, Plastic Protect - heal, spark,
danger materials
2. Face and eye protection - Spectacles, Welding goggles, face shield Protect- flying particles, radiation
3. Hand protection - Gloves, hand pads Made - leather, rubber, PVC, asbestos Protect - acid, oil grease, pure
Alex rubber gloves electrical

4. Foot and leg protection - Safety shoes, gum boots, foot leg guard Made - Metal, leather, rubber Project -
falling materials and electrical work
5. Body protection - Apron, hood, coverall, jacket Made rubber, leather canvas, lead, PVC asbestos hood -
Firefighting Rubber, PVC full suit - ( Corrosively liquid, fumes, vapor Safety belts - work exceeds 3 mts
6. Ear production - earmuff - noise - 30 - 135DB 7. Ear plug - 115 - 120 DB
PPE Standards:
 Safety Helmet: ANSIZ89.1, EN 166.
 Safety Goggle: ANSI Z87.1, EN 397.
 Ear Protection: ANSI/ASSE A10.46-2013.
 Safety shoes: ANSI Z41.1
 Safety Harness: ANSI/ASSE Z359.11-2014, EN 361.
Types of Gloves:
CHEM_PNL
7. Mitten (Gloves for vibration)

8. Heat Resistant gloves
9. PVC Gloves
10. Electrical Rubber gloves (LV)
11. Chemical Resistant gloves (battery room)
12. Normal cotton gloves
13. Leather gloves
 Helmet’s expiry date is 3 years.
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PERMIT TO WORK
Permit to Work:
PTW is a formal written document authorizing a person or group to do an activity in a safe manner that is potentially
hazardous to prevent:
PEAR
 Harm to people
 Harm to environment
 Damage to Asset/property
 Damage to company reputation
Contents of PTW:
 Title
 Date
 Location
 Details of activity
 Hazard identification and defining Control Measures
 Any gas testing needed.
 Required documents
 Responsible person
 Authorization
 Permit closeout
Sections of PTW:
1. Work Address and Scope of work
2. Hazards identification, Precautions and Approval
3. Gas Testing
4. Permit Issue
5. Re-Validation
6. Cancellation/Close-out
Types of PTW:
1. Hot Work Permit - 8 Days
2. Cold Work Permit - 8 Days
Types of Certificates:
 Isolation Certificate (IC) - Open
 De-Isolation for Test Certificate (DTC) – 1 Day
 Excavation Certificate (EXC) – 8 Days
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 Confined Space Entry Certificate (CSEC) – 8 Days
 Control Protection Prohibition Certificate (CPIC) - Open
 High Voltage Electrical Certificate (HVAC) > 650 volts - Open
 Radiography/NORM Certificate (RNC) - 8 Days
 Formal Procedures Certificate ( FPC) - 1 Day
 Vehicle Entry Certificate (VEC) – 1 Day
Formal Procedure Activities:

 Changing of Bulb in No-Hazardous Ares

 Changing of Wind Socks
 Fire Extinguisher/ Fire Hydrants Check
 Painting of Equipment using paint brush
 Water filling in clusters
 Installation of road Safety Signs
 AA - 25 Permits (max 4 Nasked Flame)
 IA - 13 Permits ( 2 Naked Flame)
Pre-requisites:
1. Understanding hazards and precautions in PTW
2. Isolation and LOTO
3. Excavation - hazards and controls
4. Confined space entry
5. TRA
6. Good work practices
 The biggest drawback of PTW is its implementation.
Works exempted from requirement of permit:

 Routine works carried out into the workshop (except Hot Work Permit)
 Routine testing of samples and handling chemicals in Quality Control laboratory (except Hot Work Permit)
 Jobs carried out during emergencies (fire/explosion, uncontrolled release of hazardous chemicals, rescue,
natural disaster etc.) to control the emergency.
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LSR of ADNOC
WWE_BTS_HOLD
1. Work Authorization
2. Working at height
3. Energy isolation
4. Bypassing the safety controls

5. Toxic gases
6. Safe Mechanical lifting
7. Hot work
8. Confined space
9. Line of Fire
10. Driving
Engineering Controls for Any Machinery:

 Safe Guards
 Emergency stop button
 Grounding/Earthling
 ELCB/GFCI
 Cable Insulation
 LEV (local exhaust Ventilation)
 Spark arrester
 Dip tray
 Protective shields
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RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk Assessment:
“A risk assessment is simply a careful examination of what in your work, could cause harm to people, so that you
can weigh up whether you have taken enough precautions or should do more to prevent harm.”
Steps of Risk Assessment: (IDERR)
 Step 1: Identify the hazards.

 Step 2: Decide who might be harmed and how.
 Step 3: Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions.
 Step 4: Record your findings and implement them.
 Step 5: Review your assessment and update if necessary
Step 1: Identify the hazards

Hazard Detection Techniques (OF_TIC)
A. Observation
 It is an analysis of work being done, working conditions and worker’s act to find out
 Actual and potential hazards
 Less obvious 'invisible' hazards
 Behavioral aspects of workers at the workplace.
 Rely on observation by the assessor(s) and are dependent on the experience and knowledge of the assessor.
 Safety Inspection: It is a process of looking for safety hazards, unsafe acts and unsafe conditions at the work
place.
B. Failure Tracing Techniques

 This breaks down a system such as a chemical process into different sections and then systematically asks
what could go wrong in that section, what would be the consequences, and what measures could be
introduced to reduce the likelihood of the failure occurring or, if it does fail, might mitigate the
consequences.
 Example: Hazard and Operability Study (or HAZOP)
C. Task Analysis
 The process of dividing the task into a number of steps, considering each step separately, and analyzing
safety aspects of each of the steps to develop safe working procedures.
 Example: JSA( Job Safety Analysis)
D. Incident Reports
 This is a technique of using reactive data.
 Rely only on the reported or noticeable incident, accident and incident reports.
E. Checklists
 To ensure a consistent and comprehensive approach to check all the safety elements to be covered during
an inspection, a checklist or inspection form is usually developed which covers the key issues.
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 One helpful method of structuring a checklist is by using the “4 Ps”, as recommended by the UK Health and
Safety Executive (HSE):
 Premises, including: – Access/escape. – Housekeeping. – Working environment.
 Plant and substances, including: – Machinery guarding. – Local exhaust ventilation. –
Use/storage/separation of materials/chemicals.
 Procedures, including: – Permits-to-work. – Use of personal protective equipment. –
Procedures followed.
 People, including: – Health surveillance. – People's behavior. – Appropriate authorized
person
 Checklists do have some limitations in that although they prompt the assessor when looking for hazards,
any hazard not identified in the list is less likely to be noticed.
Step 2: Decide Who Might be Harmed and How

 The categories might include
 Workers carrying out a task, e.g. operating a lathe
 Other workers working nearby who might be affected
 Visitors/members of the public
 Maintenance staff
 New/young workers
 Persons with a disability
 Persons who work for another employer in a shared workplace
Step 3: Evaluate the Risks and Decide On Precautions
Risk = Likelihood × Consequence
Likelihood: measure of frequency at which the hazardous event occur.
Severity: measure of adverse effects/outcomes of the event.
Risk estimation:
Risk estimation is determining the magnitude of the size of the risk. This may range from being a relatively crude
estimation, e.g. high, medium or low, to a more accurate estimation based on data. “Estimation” is used because
risk deals with uncertainty and even the most detailed risk assessments have to make a number of assumptions.
Evaluation:
Evaluation is the decision-making process whereby we decide, on the basis of the risk we have estimated, as to
whether it is acceptable or otherwise.
 Evaluating the risk is done by comparing one’s practices with recognized guidance.
Decide on Precautions:
When deciding on what action to be taken always follow the hierarchy of controls.
ERICDP
 Elimination - Hazard elimination is a hazard control strategy based on completely removing a material or
process C)
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 Substitution - Hazard substitution is a hazard control strategy in which a material or process is replaced
with another that is less hazardous. Ex- Replacing silica sand or coal slag with alternative less toxic blasting
material like sodium bi carbonate, Dry ice etc.
 Engineering Control – Engineering controls are strategies designed to protect workers from hazardous
conditions by placing a barrier between the worker and the hazard or by removing a hazardous substance
through air ventilation. Ex- machine guards, positive ventilation system etc.
 Administrative Control – Administrative controls are training, procedure, policy, or shift designs that lessen
the threat of a hazard to an individual. Ex- job rotation, safe system of work etc.
 Discipline- rely on the competence of the individual.

Personal protective equipment (PPE) – The purpose of PPE is to reduce employee exposure to hazards. It
is used in combination with other more effective control measures. PPE does not eliminate the hazard and
may result in employees being exposed to hazards if the equipment fails.
 Welfare arrangements - provide washing facilities to remove contamination and first aid facilities.
Step 4: Record your findings and implement them.
It is good practice to record the details of risk assessment. The significant findings should include:
 A record of the preventive and protective measures in place to control the risks
 What further action, if any, needs to be taken to reduce risk sufficient level?
Timing/Review of Risk Assessment:

 Performing a non-routine task
 Performing a new task
 When new people are involved
 When third party people are involved
 When significant changes in process or system.
Examples of Risk Assessment:

1. HAZID (Hazard identification)
2. HAZOP (Hazard operability )
3. FMEA (Failure mode and effect analysis)
4. FTA (Fault tree analysis)
5. TRA (Task Risk Assessment)
6. What-if Analysis
7. Checklist
Risk assessment should be Suitable and sufficient:
A suitable and sufficient risk assessment needs,
 Identification of the significant risks arising from or in connection with the work.
 Hazard record should be straightforward based on informed judgment and reference to relevant guidance.
 Responsible persons should be competent and know legislation and guidance, manufacturers’ instructions.
 The risk assessment should indicate the period of time for which it is likely to be valid.
65
Types of Risk Assessment
1. Qualitative
2. Quantitative
3. Semi-Quantitative
Qualitative risk assessment

“A qualitative risk assessment is the comprehensive identification and description of hazards from a specified
activity, to people or the environment. The range of possible events may be represented by broad categories, with
classification of the likelihood and consequences, to facilitate their comparison and the identification of priorities.”
Example: HAZOP Studies
Quantitative risk assessment

“A quantitative risk assessment is the application (use) of methodology to produce a numerical representation of
the frequency and extent of (consequences) a specified level of exposure or harm, to specified people or the
environment, from a specified activity. This will facilitate comparison of the results with specified criteria.”
Example: Fault tree analysis and event tree analysis
 This is sometimes referred to as QRA or Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA).

 This may use advanced simulation or modelling techniques to investigate possible accidents and will utilize
plant component reliability data
 Quantitative methods are also used in setting workplace exposure limits (WEL) for airborne contaminants
Semi-Quantitative risk assessment

Semi-quantitative risk assessments uses a simple matrix to combine estimates of likelihood and consequence in
order to place risks in rank order.
 This may involve measuring the exposure of a worker to a hazardous substance or noise which can then be
used to assess whether the risks to the workers are acceptable or not.
 The semi-quantitative approach depends on a select team of experienced personnel who have access to
accident, historical and failure data to make “professional” probability decisions.
Risk Management/ Risk Assessment Process

It is a systematic process of identifying potential hazardous event occurring and their potential consequences,
evaluating the hazard, manage the risk to medium level of ALARP risk level and review the finding on regular basis.
ALARP:
“As Low As is Reasonably Practicable”
This is the risk that can be endured on the following assumptions:
 They are properly assessed to determine adequate control measures.
 The residual risk (after the implementation of control measures) is not unduly high.
 The risks are periodically reviewed to ensure they remain ALARP.
66
TRA:
It is a type of risk assessment specified to a unique task consisting of 6 key steps.
(IDERR)
1. Task identification
2. Hazard identification
3. Decide who might be harmed
4. Evaluate the Risk (Quantifying the risk)
5. Applying control measure
6. Re-appraising the residual risk
People involved in performing TRA:

1. TRA Team leader
2. JO (Job Originator)
3. JP (job performer)
4. AA (Area Authority)
5. Specialists
67
Risk Matrix:
 If cannot find ALARP for an activity, the control measure shall be under close supervision from higher
authority and give more care on that activity more than Normal control measure or stop the activity.
 Probably comes from industry benchmarking.
 Severity is defined by the company itself standards.
68
ROAD SAFETY
Road Safety:
 All drivers should attend ADSD (ADNOC Document for safe driving course) and DDC (Defensive Driving
Course).
 IVMS should be installed and RAG report should be submitted regularly to client.
 Log book should be there and properly filled.

 Summer 8:00pm winter 7:00 no driving without journey Management Plan
Speed limit:
 Asphalt Road 100
 Part 80 slop
 turning 40
 Guich Road 40
 Sand 20-30
RAG Report:
1. Red（Reject/unsafe)
2. Amber (Average-Need more training)
3. Green (Good behavior)
JMP: Journey Management Plan--- 3 factors: Driver, vehicle, road
 Fog Level: 100 meters
Vehicles Check:
ZID_RASCAL_FSJ
1. Zone 2 certificate
2. IVMS-in-Vehicle Monitoring System-GPS to track and monitor the vehicle activity (location, driving speed,
seatbelt, struck)
3. ADSD
4. Spark arrester (Atec standard 1 year)
5. Chewlyn valve
6. ABS: Anti breaking system
7. Roll-over protection bar with screen
8. Desert kit
9. First-Aid kit
10. JMP - journey management plan- Road, Vehicle and driver
11. Safety signage
69
Contents of Desert Safety Kit:
 Smoke Canister (2).
 Heliograph signal mirror (1)
 Space Blanket (1)
 Light stick (2)
 First aid kit
 Heavy duty jaw rope (steel)
 Tire Pressure gauge.
 Foldable shovel
 Water for 2 days
 Flag pole (3 meters)

 Glace Paper role
Equipment Checklist:
 Zone 2 certificate
 TPC
 Spark arrester
 Emergency stop button
 Dip tray
 Insulation of cables
 Winch for pressure joints
 Safety and warning signage
70
HEAT STRESS
Heat Stress
Heat stress occurs when the body’s means of controlling its internal temperature starts to fail. As well as air
temperature, factors such as work rate, humidity and clothing worn while working may lead to heat stress.
Dehydration
The body excretes too much water, leading to dehydration.
Effects of Heat Stress

Heat stress can affect individuals in different ways, and some people are more susceptible to it than
others.
Typical Symptoms
 An inability to concentrate
 Muscle cramps
 Heat rash
 Severe thirst - a late symptom of heat stress
 Fainting
 Heat exhaustion - fatigue, giddiness, nausea, headache, moist skin
 Heat stroke - hot dry skin, confusion, convulsions and eventual loss of consciousness.
 This is the most severe disorder and can result in death if not detected at an early stage.
Heat Stress Prevention:

 Provide mechanical aids
 Prevent dehydration
 Drinking water & shaded rest area
 Training
 Acclimatization
 Identify who is at risk
 Monitor health
 Site working hours during summer
 Toilet
 Monitor TWL
71
TWL:
(Thermal working limit)
LOW RISK- GREEN FLAG MEDIUM RISK-YELLOW FLAG HIGH RISK-RED FLAG
TWL >140 TWL =/> 115 </= 140 TWL <115
Safe for Light work 45 Minutes work - 15
all continuous self-paced Light work –safe for continuous.
Minutes rest /
work
Heavy work 40 minutes work - 20 Heavy work 20 minutes work - 40
Minutes rest minutes Minutes rest
 Flag system shall be followed according to the per TWL monitoring
72
COMMON WORKPLACE HAZARDS
Common Workplace Hazards

HOT_HFFEEM_LNT_LPADA_SERVICES
1. Hot materials
2. Oxygen deficiency
3. Toxic materials
4. H2S zone
5. Flammable materials
6. Flying particles
7. Electricity
8. Equipment generation sparks
9. Moving machinery
10. Liquid and gas under pressure
11. Naked flame and arcs
12. High temperature
13. Lifting and crane operations
14. Pressure testing
15. Adjacent structures
16. Danger of falling
17. Access and egress
18. Substance harmful to health
19.
20. Explosives
21. Radioactivity
22. Vehicles
23. Isolation or overriding of safety system
24. Corrosive materials
25. Environment, Wind and weather conditions
26. Stress
Night Shift Hazards:
 Negligence in prevailing hazards

 Low Lighting
 Sleep loss/fatigue
 Disturbed sleep patterns
 Lowered Performance
 Increased Accidents
 Stress
 Headaches
 Lack of motivation
73
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE (H2S)
HYDROGEN SULPHIDE (H2S)
Characteristics
FSC_PEC_PHIT
1. Flammable
2. Soluble in water and oil and make H2SO4 with water
3. Colorless
4. Poisonous
5. Explosive
6. Corrosive
7. Pyrophoric
8. Heavier than Air (1.189 times)
9. Invisible
10. Toxic
Safety Precautions
 Carry a H2S personal monitor & escape mask at every opportunity.

Know at least 2 Escape routes from your work place.
 Always check wind direction.
 Be aware of updated emergency action drill.
 Notify and prominently display information relating to safety measures and emergency procedures in the
site.
Never go to a low-lying area during H2S leak.
 Display H2S warning sign in H2S prone areas.
H2S Safety induction training should be given to all employees
TLV (THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUE)/ TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TWA):
The concentration to which it is believed that a person can be exposed continuously for 8 hours/ day (or 40
hours/week) of time without suffering from irritation, chronic of irreversible tissue damage and reduce work
efficiency.
STEL (SHORT TIME EXPOSURE LIMIT):
The maximum concentration chemical to which workers may be exposed continuously for up to 15 minutes without
danger to health or work efficiency and safety.
 Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) when exposed only for a short period of 15 minutes. This maximum concentration
can be allowed to breathe 4 times during 8 hours with minimum 1-hour interval between exposures.
74
GAS TLV- TWA STEL IDLH
(PPM) (PPM) (PPM)
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) 10 15 100
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) 2 5 100

Carbon Monoxide (CO) 25 50 1200
Health effects of H2S:
 Low concentration - irritation of eyes, nose, throat, or respiratory system.

 Moderate concentration - more severe eye and respiratory effects, headache, dizziness, nausea,
coughing, vomiting and difficulty breathing.
 High concentration - shock, convulsions, unable to breathe, coma, death; effects can be extremely rapid
(within a few breaths).
LEL (Lower Explosive Limit)
It is the lowest concentration of fuel in air that will just support a self-propagating flame.
UEL (Upper Explosive Limit)
It is the highest concentration of fuel in air that will just support a self-propagating flame
 Note: Concentrations lower than the Lower Explosive Limit are 'too lean' to burn; those above the Upper Explosive
Limit (UEL) are too rich to burn. Fuels will burn, only if their concentration in air is within the range of their LEL and
UEL.
LEL / LFL UEL / UFL

AIT
Flammable GAS (by volume in (by volume in
(by volume in air)
air) air)
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) 4.3% 46% 260 C / 500F
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 12.4% 74.2%
75
Immediate Danger To Life And Health (IDLH):(100 PPM)
An atmosphere that poses an immediate threat to life, would cause irreversible adverse health effects, or would
impair an individual’s ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere.
 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) is 10 PPM for 8 hours.

 Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) is 15PPM.
 Lower Exposure Limit (LEL) is 4.3 %( 43000PPM).
 Upper Exposure Limit (UEL) is 46 %( 460000PPM).
 Auto ignition temperature is 500 F (260 c).
 1% H2S is10000 PPM
Devices to Identify H2s At Site:
1. Fixed Detector
2. Personal monitor
3. Multi gas detector
4. Wireless detectors
Emergency Response While Your Personnel Monitor Giving Alarm:
 Stop the activity what you are doing;

 Shut off the equipment ;( to avoid any other emergency because of running equipment).
 Hold the breath;
 Don the EEBA(Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus);
 Watch wind direction;
 Proceed to safe location by cross wind direction;
 Then upwind direction and go to nearest assembly point ,
 Check the roll call/ head count and Inform as per incident protocol.
 Monitoring for sign or symptoms of exposure;
 Providing or requesting assistance if needed; and
 Being prepared to direct employees as to instructions given by senior management
Self-contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA), its types and components?
A self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is a type of respiratory protection equipment or device worn by
rescuers, fire-fighters and others to provide breathable air in an Immediate Dangerous to Life of Health (IDLH)
atmosphere. SCBA supply fresh air or oxygen to the wearier for 30-60 minutes.
SCBA are found in two types:

1. Closed-circuit type (or Rebreather) – This type of SCBA filters, supplements and recirculates exhaled
gas. CO2 from exhaled gas absorbed and fresh O2 recirculated. Closed-circuit SCBA contains pure oxygen in
their cylinder.
2. Open-circuit type – This type of SCBA are filled with filtered, compressed air rather than pure oxygen.
76
Components of SCBA:
SCBA typically has three main components –
1. High pressure tank (e.g., 153 to 310 bars) - air cylinders are made of aluminum, steel or of a composite
construction (usually carbon-fiber). Carbon fiber cylinders are the lightest in weight, therefore preferred,
2. A pressure regulator,
3. Inhalation connection (e.g., mouth-piece, mouth mask or face mask).
Breathing Apparatus:
EEBA (Emergency escape breathing Apparatus)
For evacuation purpose.-15 Minutes of duration.
SCBA (Self Contained breathing apparatus) :

For Rescue operation and confined space workpurpose.-30/45 Minutes of duration.
77
CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)
What is CPR and process of giving CPR?

CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) it is a lifesaving medical procedure which is given to someone who is in cardiac
arrest. It helps to pump blood around person’s body when their heart unable to do this. It combines chest
compression and artificial breathing.
Steps to follow:
Step 1- shout for help and bring the victim to the safe place.
Step 2- check for response by shaking victim’s shoulder and asking something.
Step 3- check for normal breathing by looking, listening and feeling. If the person is breathing normally then put
them in recovery position and call ambulance.
If the victim is not breathing:
Step 4- ask someone to call ambulance immediately.
Step 5- Place one hand on the person’s forehead, gently tilt their head back, then lift their chin using two fingers
of your other hand under their chin, this is for opening airways.
Step 6- start CPR:
 Kneel next to the person.
 Place the heel of one hand in the center of their chest. Place your other hand on top of the first. Interlock
your fingers.
 With straight arms, use the heel of your hand to push the breastbone down firmly and smoothly, so that
the chest is pressed down between 5–6 cm, and release.
 Do this at a rate of 100 to 120 chest compression per minute – that’s around 2 per second.
 Give 30 chest compressions.
 Open the airway again by tilting the head back and lifting the chin. Pinch the soft part of the person’s nose
closed.
 Give 2 rescue breath.
 The person’s chest should rise and fall. Keeping the person’s head back and the chin lifted, take your mouth
away, take another normal breath, and give a second rescue breath. The two breaths should take no longer
than five seconds.
 Repeat 30 compressions and two rescue breaths until ambulance arrives.
78
ABBREVIATIONS
Sr. No
SHORT FORM Abbreviations
1 NEBOSH National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and Health.
2 IOSH Institution of Occupational Safety and Health.
3 OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration

4 SMART S: Specific M: Measurable A: Achievable R: Realistic T: Time scale
5 COSHH Control of Substance Hazard to Health.
6 MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet.
7 COMAH Control of Major Accident Hazards.
8 ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practicable.
9 SFAIRP So Far As Is Reasonably Practicable.
10 HAZOP Hazard Operability.
11 HAZID: Hazard Identification.
12 IDLH Immediate Danger to Life and Health.
13 NIHL Noise Induced Hearing Loss.
15 WRULD: Work Related Upper Limb Disorder.
16 HVAS: Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome.
17 MSD: Muscular Skeletal Disorders.
18 CPR: Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation.
19 LEV: Local Exhaust Ventilation.
20 LEL: Lower Exposure Limit.
21 PPE: Personnel Protective Equipment.
22 PPM: Parts Per Million.
23 SIMOP Simultaneous Operation.
24 HIRA Hazard Identification Risk Assessment.
25 JSA Job Safety Analysis.
26 JHA Job Hazard Analysis.
27 TRA Task Risk Assessment.
28 ARA Activity Risk Assessment.
29 OJRA On Job Risk Assessment.
30 SRA Site Risk Assessment.
31 ERA Environmental Risk Assessment.
32 QRA Quantitative Risk Assessment/Qualitative Risk Assessment.
33 JSRA Job Specific Risk Assessment.
34 RAM Risk Assessment Matrix.
35 RAMS Remote Area Medical Service.
36 SPOs Safe Practice Observations
79
37 PASS Pull the pin, Aim the base, Squeeze lever below the handle,
Sweep side to side.
38 SWL Safe Working Load.
39 MBL Maximum Breaking Load.
40 ASLI Automatic Safe Load Indicator.
41 COG Centre of Gravity.
42 ELCB Electrical leakage circuit breaker.
43 GFCI Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter.
44 LOTO Lock Out Tag Out

45 HMIS Health Flammability Instability Specific.
46 NRV Non Return Valve.
47 B.A Breathing Apparatus
48 FBA Forced Breathing Apparatus/ Flash Back Arrestor.
49 ELSA Emergency Life Saving Apparatus.
50 CABA Compressed Air Breathing Apparatus.
51 UV Ultra Violet.
52 IR Infra-Red.
53 BIS Bureau of Indian Standards.
54 BSI British Standard Institution.
55 ISO International Standard Organization.
56 NBC National Building Codes.
57 DRDO Defense Research and Development Organization.
58 RPE Respiratory Protection Equipment.
59 AFFF Aqueous Film Forming Form.
60 FMB Foam Breaking Branch.
61 FMC Foam Making Chamber.
62 ERT Emergency Response Team.
63 FRP Facilitate Response Plan.
64 TRIR Total Recordable incident Rate
65 FAC First Aid Case.
66 MTC Medical Treatment Case
67 BLEVE Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor cloud Explosion.
68 UCEVE Un Confined Vapor Expanding Cloud Explosion.
69 FANR Federal Authority of Nuclear Regulations.
70 INIS International Nuclear Information System
80

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Accident Investigation .....................................................................................................................................................................................5

CONFINED SPACE ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 19

Electrical Hazards: .........................................................................................................................................................................................51

Steps of Risk Assessment: (IDERR) .................................................................................................................................................................63

Steps to follow: ..............................................................................................................................................................................................78

Why we maintain Safety?

There are three reasons behind it:

There are three types of safety.

 Physical hazard (Noise, vibration, Electricity, Temperature &Lighting)

Risk = likelihood * severity

Likelihood: measure of frequency at which the hazardous event occur

There are three main parts or sections of HSE policy:

Health, Safety & Environment Management Systems (HSEMS) 8 Elements: (LPORPIAM)

1. Leadership & Commitment.

Examples of Management System Standards include:

ISO-50001: Energy Management System.

Important Elements in HSEMS:

Safe System of Work (SSOW):

Contents of HSE Plan:

23. Monitoring and Review

Audit is based on three different types of evidences:

Objectives of HSE Audit:

1. How well it is performing in Health & Safety,

Auditors use three methods to gather factual information:

What is Safety Inspection? AND it’s Types?

Safety inspections are based on 4Ps:

A safety inspection may be concentrated on one, more or all above aspects.

Types of Safety Inspection:

Benefits of investigating an accident/incident:

 It identifies causes of the incidents.

Steps of Accident Investigation.

How to Investigate an Accident:

Types of Accidents in Construction:

 Note: Every accident and near-miss are incident.

TBT (Tool Box Talk)

There Are Majorly 3 Contents

Typical Headings of Method Statement:

Emergency Response Plan:

Types of Emergency Drills:

 Stop the activity what you are doing;

 Check the head count and inform as per incident protocol.

Briefing Of HSE Induction Included But Not Limited To :

Mandatory Trainings as Per ADNOC Requirement:

Standard Safety Signs:

1. Prohibition - directed at stopping dangerous behavior, e.g. “No Smoking”.

Yellow Warning sign Be careful; take Triangular

1. Collapse of walls of excavation (Cave in)

Protective Systems for Excavation:

Types of Protective Systems:

 Compressive strength is 1.5 tons per square foot or more

 CS between 0.5-1.5 tons/square feet

 CS less than 0.5 tons /square feet

1. Collision with adjacent structures and overhead power lines

4. Failure of load bearing lifting equipment

Elements of Lifting Plan:

Safety Devices in Crane:

1. Hooks (Hooks open 15% of normal throat are unsafe)

WLL (working load limit)

Formula for calculating WLL of slings at specified angle

WLL=vertical hitch WLL X no. of legs X sling angle factor

WLL=vertical hitch WLL x no. of legs x sling angle factor

SWL (Safe working load), RC (Rated Capacity)